Saturday, November 19, 2011

Novel Prion Protein in BSE-affected Cattle, Switzerland

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.111225 Suggested citation for this article: Seuberlich T, Gsponer M, Drögemüller C, Polak MP, McCutcheon S, Heim D, et al. Novel prion protein in BSE-affected cattle, Switzerland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012 Jan; [Epub ahead of print]

Novel Prion Protein in BSE-affected Cattle, Switzerland

To the Editor:

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a feed-borne prion disease that affects mainly cattle but also other ruminants, felids, and humans (1). Currently, 3 types of BSE have been distinguished by Western immunoblot on the basis of the signature of the proteinase K–resistant fragment of the pathologic prion protein (PrPres): the classic type of BSE (C-BSE) and 2 so-called atypical types of BSE with higher or lower molecular masses of PrPres (H-BSE and L-BSE, respectively) (2). C-BSE is transmitted to cattle by ingestion of contaminated meat-and-bone meal, a feed supplement produced from animal carcasses and by-products. H-BSE and L-BSE have been identified by active disease surveillance, and incidence in aged cattle is low; but little is known about their epidemiology, pathobiology, and zoonotic potential (3). We describe 2 recent cases of BSE in aged cattle in Switzerland in which a PrPres phenotype distinct from those of C-, L- and H-BSE was unexpectedly displayed.

In April 2011, an 8-year-old cow (cow 1) died of accidental injury, with no apparent precedent clinical signs, on a farm in the canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland. In the context of active surveillance for BSE, the medulla oblongata was tested and found to be BSE positive by using the PrioStrip test (Prionics AG, Schlieren, Switzerland), a lateral-flow immunochromatographic assay for detection of PrPres. One month later, another cow (cow 2), 15 years of age, in the canton of Berne, Switzerland, was slaughtered because of a hind limb fracture. Information on this animal’s health status before death was unavailable. Statutory testing of the medulla oblongata gave a BSE-positive result by using the Prionics Check Western, a rapid Western blot technique (4). Medulla oblongata samples from the 2 animals were forwarded to the National Reference Laboratory for confirmatory testing.

In accordance with the guidelines of the World Organisation for Animal Health (5), BSE was confirmed for each animal by positive test results in independent, approved screening tests, of which 1 must be a Western blot (online Technical Appendix, wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/pdfs/11-1225-Techapp.pdf). Because the tissues were severely autolyzed, target structures for the diagnosis of BSE could not be identified, and histopathologic and immunohistochemical results were inconclusive.

The Prionics Western blot detected a similar 3-band PrPres glycoprofile with molecular masses of roughly 16, 20, and 25 kDa for each animal, lower than equivalent PrP protein bands detected in animals with C-BSE (Figure). Sequencing of the open reading frame of the PRNP gene of cow 2 (which was unsuccessful for cow 1) indicated that the encoded protein was identical to the common bovine PrP amino acid sequence (as translated from GenBank accession no. AJ298878) and therefore was not likely to account for the differences observed by Western blot testing.

We next investigated which region of the prion protein was present in these abberant PrPres fragments by probing with a panel of antibodies in the Western blot that bind to different regions of the prion protein (online Technical Appendix). PrPres in cows 1 and 2 was readily detected by antibodies Sha31, 94B4, and JB10. By contrast, antibody 9A2, which maps to the PrPres N terminus, bound only to PrPres in samples from animals with C-, L- and H- BSE but not in samples from cows 1 and 2. The molecular masses of the PrPres moieties from the 2 cows were also clearly distinct from those from controls with L- and H-BSE (Figure). For samples from animals with H-BSE, enzymatic deglycosylation demonstrated PrPres subtypes, 1 and 2, the latter being a C-terminal PrPres fragment of 12–14 kDa (6). To investigate whether the novel PrPres type corresponds to PrPres subtype 2, we compared samples from cow 2 with those from the H-BSE control by Western blot. The PrPres type from the 2 cows reported here and PrPres subtype 2 from the H-BSE control were indeed distinct (Figure).

We report a novel PrPres signature in 2 cows with BSE diagnoses determined according to established criteria. Combining Western blot analysis with an epitope mapping strategy, we ascertained that these animals displayed an N terminally truncated PrPres different from currently classified BSE prions (Figure). The interpretation of these findings remains difficult because neuropathologic and systematic clinical data for the 2 cases are not available. Moreover, the tissue samples were autolyzed, and the question of whether this affected the PrPres molecular signature is of concern. Nonetheless, our findings raise the possibility that these cattle were affected by a prion disease not previously encountered and distinct from the known types of BSE. To confirm this possibility and to assess a potential effect on disease control and public health, in vivo transmission studies using transgenic mouse models and cattle are ongoing. Until results of these studies are available, molecular diagnostic techniques should be used so that such cases are not missed.

Acknowledgments

We thank the BSE screening laboratories at the Center of Laboratory Medicine (ZLM, St. Gallen, Switzerland), Prionics AG, and the veterinary services of the cantons of St. Gallen and Berne for their support. We also thank Jan P.M. Langeveld for kindly providing antibodies 9A2 and 94B4.

This work was financed with resources provided by the Swiss Federal Veterinary Office.

Torsten Seuberlich, Michaela Gsponer, Cord Drögemüller, Miroslaw P. Polak, Sandra McCutcheon, Dagmar Heim, Anna Oevermann, and Andreas Zurbriggen

Author affiliations: University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland (T. Seuberlich, M. Gsponer, C. Drögemüller, A. Oevermann, A. Zurbriggen); National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland (M.P. Polak); University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (S. McCutcheon); and Federal Veterinary Office, Liebefeld, Switzerland (Dagmar Heim)

References

snip...full text ;

http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/pdfs/11-1225-ahead_of_print.pdf?source=govdelivery


=========UPDATE DECEMBER 16, 2011========


TSENEWS


New atypical BSE in two Swiss cows?


In spring 2011, two new cases of BSE were discovered in Switzerland. Both cases were detected using the Prionics®-Check BSE tests. A report has now been published showing that these cases represent a novel type of BSE. What are the consequences of these new BSE cases?


After a period of four years without BSE positive cows, in spring this year Switzerland was shaken by the discovery of two new BSE cases detected only one month apart from each other. The cases appeared in different areas of Switzerland and involved animals aged 8 and 15 years, which were tested with the Prionics®-Check BSE tests as part of the active disease surveillance program. Bettina Bernhard, Head of the Prionics diagnostic laboratory reported that: “It was the first time in 4½ years that we had found a BSE positive sample in our laboratory. Based on the results from the Prionics®-Check WESTERN, we immediately saw that the fingerprint of the prion protein was not that of the classical BSE cases we have detected before. We then informed the Swiss National Reference Laboratory and veterinary authorities and the positive result was confirmed with the Prionics®-Check PrioSTRIP.”


Novel type of BSE? BSE cases that differ from the classical BSE strain have been detected before, however, with low incidence. These atypical strains, designated BASE/L-BSE and H-BSE, were first reported in 2004 in Italy and France. Both strains were detected as part of routine surveillance using the Prionics®-Check WESTERN and ELISA tests. The recent publication by Torsten Seuberlich of the Swiss National and OIE1 Reference Laboratories for BSE and Scrapie and his colleagues, is showing that these two Swiss cases not only differ from classical BSE, but also from the atypical BSE cases found in other countries (see figure "Fingerprint of prion proteins"). It appears that the two BSE cases detected in Switzerland seem to represent a novel type of atypical BSE. Dr. Seuberlich explains: “We are now undertaking further investigations into these two cases and until there is more clarity, surveillance should continue to be carried out at a high level and disease awareness should be increased. Furthermore, we have to ensure that diagnostic techniques are applied that identify such cases.”


Continued vigilance needed Whereas consumption of meat from cows affected by classical BSE has been associated with vCJD, the public health hazard from atypical BSE is unclear. Little is known about its origin and whether it can be transmitted to other animals. These cases show, however, that BSE has not been completely eradicated and that the disease can continue to occur even with current preventive measures (e.g. the meat-and-bone meal ban) in place. The appearance of new strains of the prion protein could also indicate that BSE is still evolving. Continuous monitoring will be needed to keep these new strains under surveillance.


1World Organisation for Animal Health





tss


=======END UPDATE DECEMBER 16, 2011=============

P.4.23

Transmission of atypical BSE in humanized mouse models

Liuting Qing1, Wenquan Zou1, Cristina Casalone2, Martin Groschup3, Miroslaw Polak4, Maria Caramelli2, Pierluigi Gambetti1, Juergen Richt5, Qingzhong Kong1 1Case Western Reserve University, USA; 2Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, Italy; 3Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany; 4National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland; 5Kansas State University (Previously at USDA National Animal Disease Center), USA

Background: Classical BSE is a world-wide prion disease in cattle, and the classical BSE strain (BSE-C) has led to over 200 cases of clinical human infection (variant CJD). Atypical BSE cases have been discovered in three continents since 2004; they include the L-type (also named BASE), the H-type, and the first reported case of naturally occurring BSE with mutated bovine PRNP (termed BSE-M). The public health risks posed by atypical BSE were largely undefined.

Objectives: To investigate these atypical BSE types in terms of their transmissibility and phenotypes in humanized mice. Methods: Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were inoculated with several classical (C-type) and atypical (L-, H-, or Mtype) BSE isolates, and the transmission rate, incubation time, characteristics and distribution of PrPSc, symptoms, and histopathology were or will be examined and compared.

Results: Sixty percent of BASE-inoculated humanized mice became infected with minimal spongiosis and an average incubation time of 20-22 months, whereas only one of the C-type BSE-inoculated mice developed prion disease after more than 2 years. Protease-resistant PrPSc in BASE-infected humanized Tg mouse brains was biochemically different from bovine BASE or sCJD. PrPSc was also detected in the spleen of 22% of BASE-infected humanized mice, but not in those infected with sCJD. Secondary transmission of BASE in the humanized mice led to a small reduction in incubation time.*** The atypical BSE-H strain is also transmissible with distinct phenotypes in the humanized mice, but no BSE-M transmission has been observed so far.

Discussion: Our results demonstrate that BASE is more virulent than classical BSE, has a lymphotropic phenotype, and displays a modest transmission barrier in our humanized mice. BSE-H is also transmissible in our humanized Tg mice. The possibility of more than two atypical BSE strains will be discussed.

Supported by NINDS NS052319, NIA AG14359, and NIH AI 77774.

http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf



P26 TRANSMISSION OF ATYPICAL BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE) IN HUMANIZED MOUSE MODELS

Liuting Qing1, Fusong Chen1, Michael Payne1, Wenquan Zou1, Cristina Casalone2, Martin Groschup3, Miroslaw Polak4, Maria Caramelli2, Pierluigi Gambetti1, Juergen Richt5*, and Qingzhong Kong1 1Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; 2CEA, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, Italy; 3Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany; 4National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland; 5Kansas State University, Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology Department, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA. *Previous address: USDA National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA

Classical BSE is a world-wide prion disease in cattle, and the classical BSE strain (BSE-C) has led to over 200 cases of clinical human infection (variant CJD). Two atypical BSE strains, BSE-L (also named BASE) and BSE-H, have been discovered in three continents since 2004. The first case of naturally occurring BSE with mutated bovine PrP gene (termed BSE-M) was also found in 2006 in the USA. The transmissibility and phenotypes of these atypical BSE strains/isolates in humans were unknown. We have inoculated humanized transgenic mice with classical and atypical BSE strains (BSE-C, BSE-L, BSE-H) and the BSE-M isolate. We have found that the atypical BSE-L strain is much more virulent than the classical BSE-C.*** The atypical BSE-H strain is also transmissible in the humanized transgenic mice with distinct phenotype, but no transmission has been observed for the BSE-M isolate so far.

III International Symposium on THE NEW PRION BIOLOGY: BASIC SCIENCE, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY 2 - 4 APRIL 2009, VENEZIA (ITALY)

http://www.istitutoveneto.it/prion_09/Abstracts_09.pdf



I ask Professor Kong ;

Thursday, December 04, 2008 3:37 PM Subject: RE: re--Chronic Wating Disease (CWD) and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathies (BSE): Public Health Risk Assessment

''IS the h-BSE more virulent than typical BSE as well, or the same as cBSE, or less virulent than cBSE? just curious.....''

Professor Kong reply ;

.....snip

''As to the H-BSE, we do not have sufficient data to say one way or another, but we have found that H-BSE can infect humans. I hope we could publish these data once the study is complete. Thanks for your interest.''

Best regards, Qingzhong Kong, PhD Associate Professor Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH 44106 USA

END...TSS



Thursday, December 04, 2008 2:37 PM

"we have found that H-BSE can infect humans."

personal communication with Professor Kong. ...TSS


BSE-H is also transmissible in our humanized Tg mice.

The possibility of more than two atypical BSE strains will be discussed.

Supported by NINDS NS052319, NIA AG14359, and NIH AI 77774.

http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf


http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/06/experimental-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html



=====================



"The origin of atypical BSE is not yet determined. According to EFSA's scientific opinion published in 2008, all the cases of atypical BSE were reported with birth dates before the real feed ban in January 2001 in Europe. Therefore, the possibility of those atypical cases attributing to the contaminated feeds, just as in classical BSE, cannot be completely denied."


=====================



atypical BSE TSE cases have been around for a long long time, so yes indeed MBM or SRM could very well and most likely did contain atypical TSE of all strains in the USA, and the typical strains as well, of all species. the North America and the USA has typical and atypical BSE, typical and atypical Scrapie, and two strains now of Chronic Wasting Disease, call them typical and atypical, or call them what you want, all this has been rendered and fed to food producing livestock for humans and animals for years in the USA. these are the facts, like them or not. please see ;


1992

IN CONFIDENCE

BSE - ATYPICAL LESION DISTRIBUTION (RBSE 92-21367)

http://tna.europarchive.org/20080609145105/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/03/14001001.pdf



1992

NEW BRAIN DISORDER

3. WHAT ABOUT REPORTS OF NEW FORM OF BSE ?

THE VETERINARY RECORD HAS PUBLISHED AN ARTICLE ON A NEW BRAIN DISORDER OF CATTLE DISCOVERED THROUGH OUR CONTROL MEASURES FOR BSE. ALTHOUGH IT PRESENTS SIMILAR CLINICAL SIGNS TO BSE THERE ARE MAJOR DIFFERENCES IN HISTOPATHOLOGY AND INCUBATION PERIODS BETWEEN THE TWO. MUST EMPHASISE THAT THIS IS _NOT_ BSE.

4. IS THIS NEW BRAIN DISORDER A THREAT ?

WE DO NOT EVEN KNOW WHETHER THE AGENT OF THIS DISEASE IS TRANSMISSIBLE. IN ANY CASE, CASES SO FAR IDENTIFIED HAD SHOWN SIMILAR SYMPTOMS TO THOSE OF BSE, AND THEREFORE HAVE BEEN SLAUGHTERED AND INCINERATED, SO THAT IF A TRANSMISSIBLE AGENT WERE INVOLVED IT WOULD HAVE BEEN ELIMINATED. ...

http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090114131343/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/10/26001001.pdf



Tuesday, November 17, 2009

SEAC NEW RESULTS ON IDIOPATHIC BRAINSTEM NEURONAL CHROMATOLYSIS (IBNC) FROM THE VETERINARY LABORATORIES AGENCY (VLA) SEAC 103/1

http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/11/seac-new-results-on-idiopathic.html


NEW RESULTS ON IDIOPATHIC BRAINSTEM NEURONAL CHROMATOLYSIS



"All of the 15 cattle tested showed that the brains had abnormally accumulated PrP"


2009

http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/02/new-results-on-idiopathic-brainstem.html


''THE LINE TO TAKE'' ON IBNC $$$ 1995 $$$


1995

page 9 of 14 ;

30. The Committee noted that the results were unusual. the questioned whether there could be coincidental BSE infection or contamination with scrapie. Dr. Tyrell noted that the feeling of the committee was that this did not represent a new agent but it was important to be prepared to say something publicly about these findings. A suggested line to take was that these were scientifically unpublishable results but in line with the policy of openness they would be made publicly available and further work done to test their validity. Since the BSE precautions were applied to IBNC cases, human health was protected. Further investigations should be carried out on isolations from brains of IBNC cases with removal of the brain and subsequent handling under strict conditions to avoid the risk of any contamination.

31. Mr. Bradley informed the Committee that the CVO had informed the CMO about the IBNC results and the transmission from retina and he, like the Committee was satisfied that the controls already in place or proposed were adequate. ...

snip... see full text



http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102204938/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf



http://web.archive.org/web/20030327015011/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf



NOW, what about the 'obex only' mode of testing used by the USDA et al for TSE, prions $$$ works for them too, a sure fire way NOT TO FIND MAD COW DISEASE $$$

NOW, read the following please, and then ask yourself, WHY the USDA et al were ONLY TESTING THE OBEX PART OF THE BRAIN in USA cattle for BSE $$$

BECAUSE they knew that would be the least likely way to find BSE/TSE in USA cattle $$$...TSS

Tuesday, November 02, 2010

IN CONFIDENCE

The information contained herein should not be disseminated further except on the basis of "NEED TO KNOW".

BSE - ATYPICAL LESION DISTRIBUTION (RBSE 92-21367) statutory (obex only) diagnostic criteria CVL 1992

http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/11/bse-atypical-lesion-distribution-rbse.html


1979

In May, 1990 (J/AVMA/196/1679) a paper was published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association detailing work on the transmission of scrapie to cattle initiated by the USDA at Mission, Texas, in January, 1979. In this study, ten calves were each challenged intracerebrally, orally, intramuscularly and subcutaneously with scrapie which had been subpassaged in either a sheep or a goat.Three of these animals went on to develop clinical symptoms of a spongiform encephalopathy which differed from those seen with BSE infection. PrP was detected in tissues from these cattle, but neurohistologically the changes seen in the brains from these cattle were consistent with scrapie and differed from BSE. Material from the affected cattle was bioassayed in mice which were observed for 2 years. The mice remained clinically and neurohistologically negative *** apart from one group which,although they showed CNS signs, were histologically negative.

http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s100bxii.pdf


http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:Geyf-zmNTSkJ:www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s100bxii.pdf+mission+texas+bse+inquiry+yb&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us



3.56 A further difference in the transmission properties of the two diseases was the pattern of disease caused in the brains of experimental animals. Mice inoculated with scrapie material from geographically and temporally distinct sources were found to have variable brain lesions, whereas mice inoculated with BSE material similarly derived from different sources all had very similar patterns of disease. 30 These results showed that, unlike scrapie, only one strain of BSE was present in the inocula derived from different sources. As the current hypothesis suggested that scrapie had transmitted to cattle at a number of geographically separate sites, it might have been expected that several strains of BSE would have been evident, given that over 20 strains of scrapie were known. Since 1996, strain-typing studies in mice have shown that the lesion profile produced by BSE is different to all known scrapie strains. 31

3.57 The experiment which might have determined whether BSE and scrapie were caused by the same agent (ie, the feeding of natural scrapie to cattle) was never undertaken in the UK. It was, however, performed in the USA in 1979, when it was shown that cattle inoculated with the scrapie agent endemic in the flock of Suffolk sheep at the United States Department of Agriculture in Mission, Texas, developed a TSE quite unlike BSE. 32 The findings of the initial transmission, though not of the clinical or neurohistological examination, were communicated in October 1988 to Dr Watson, Director of the CVL, following a visit by Dr Wrathall, one of the project leaders in the Pathology Department of the CVL, to the United States Department of Agriculture. 33 The results were not published at this point, since the attempted transmission to mice from the experimental cow brain had been inconclusive. The results of the clinical and histological differences between scrapie-affected sheep and cattle were published in 1995. Similar studies in which cattle were inoculated intracerebrally with scrapie inocula derived from a number of scrapie-affected sheep of different breeds and from different States, were carried out at the US National Animal Disease Centre. 34 The results, published in 1994, showed that this source of scrapie agent, though pathogenic for cattle, did not produce the same clinical signs of brain lesions characteristic of BSE.

3.58 There are several possible reasons why the experiment was not performed in the UK. It had been recommended by Sir Richard Southwood (Chairman of the Working Party on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) in his letter to the Permanent Secretary of MAFF, Mr (now Sir) Derek Andrews, on 21 June 1988, 35 though it was not specifically recommended in the Working Party Report or indeed in the Tyrrell Committee Report (details of the Southwood Working Party and the Tyrell Committee can be found in vol. 4: The Southwood Working Party, 1988-89 and vol. 11: Scientists after Southwood respectively). The direct inoculation of scrapie into calves was given low priority, because of its high cost and because it was known that it had already taken place in the USA. 36 It was also felt that the results of such an experiment would be hard to interpret. While a negative result would be informative, a positive result would need to demonstrate that when scrapie was transmitted to cattle, the disease which developed in cattle was the same as BSE. 37 Given the large number of strains of scrapie and the possibility that BSE was one of them, it would be necessary to transmit every scrapie strain to cattle separately, to test the hypothesis properly. Such an experiment would be expensive. Secondly, as measures to control the epidemic took hold, the need for the experiment from the policy viewpoint was not considered so urgent. It was felt that the results would be mainly of academic interest. 38

3.59 Nevertheless, from the first demonstration of transmissibility of BSE in 1988, the possibility of differences in the transmission properties of BSE and scrapie was clear. Scrapie was transmissible to hamsters, but by 1988 attempts to transmit BSE to hamsters had failed. Subsequent findings increased that possibility.

http://web.archive.org/web/20010224062436/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/report/volume2/chaptea3.htm#820550



The findings of the initial transmission, though not of the clinical or neurohistological examination, were communicated in October 1988 to Dr Watson, Director of the CVL, following a visit by Dr Wrathall, one of the project leaders in the Pathology Department of the CVL, to the United States Department of Agriculture. 33

http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf

http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/report/volume2/chaptea3.htm#820546


The results were not published at this point, since the attempted transmission to mice from the experimental cow brain had been inconclusive. The results of the clinical and histological differences between scrapie-affected sheep and cattle were published in 1995. Similar studies in which cattle were inoculated intracerebrally with scrapie inocula derived from a number of scrapie-affected sheep of different breeds and from different States, were carried out at the US National Animal Disease Centre. 34 The results, published in 1994, showed that this source of scrapie agent, though pathogenic for cattle, did not produce the same clinical signs of brain lesions characteristic of BSE.

3.58 There are several possible reasons why the experiment was not performed in the UK. It had been recommended by Sir Richard Southwood (Chairman of the Working Party on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) in his letter to the Permanent Secretary of MAFF, Mr (now Sir) Derek Andrews, on 21 June 1988, 35 though it was not specifically recommended in the Working Party Report or indeed in the Tyrrell Committee Report (details of the Southwood Working Party and the Tyrell Committee can be found in vol. 4: The Southwood Working Party, 1988-89 and vol. 11: Scientists after Southwood respectively). The direct inoculation of scrapie into calves was given low priority, because of its high cost and because it was known that it had already taken place in the USA. 36 It was also felt that the results of such an experiment would be hard to interpret. While a negative result would be informative, a positive result would need to demonstrate that when scrapie was transmitted to cattle, the disease which developed in cattle was the same as BSE. 37 Given the large number of strains of scrapie and the possibility that BSE was one of them, it would be necessary to transmit every scrapie strain to cattle separately, to test the hypothesis properly. Such an experiment would be expensive. Secondly, as measures to control the epidemic took hold, the need for the experiment from the policy viewpoint was not considered so urgent. It was felt that the results would be mainly of academic interest. 38

http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/report/volume2/chaptea3.htm#820550


http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/report/volume2/chaptea3.htm


Saturday, June 25, 2011

Transmissibility of BSE-L and Cattle-Adapted TME Prion Strain to Cynomolgus Macaque



"BSE-L in North America may have existed for decades"


http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/06/transmissibility-of-bse-l-and-cattle.html




EFSA Journal 2011 The European Response to BSE: A Success Story

This is an interesting editorial about the Mad Cow Disease debacle, and it's ramifications that will continue to play out for decades to come ;

Monday, October 10, 2011

EFSA Journal 2011 The European Response to BSE: A Success Story

snip...

EFSA and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) recently delivered a scientific opinion on any possible epidemiological or molecular association between TSEs in animals and humans (EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) and ECDC, 2011). This opinion confirmed Classical BSE prions as the only TSE agents demonstrated to be zoonotic so far but the possibility that a small proportion of human cases so far classified as "sporadic" CJD are of zoonotic origin could not be excluded. Moreover, transmission experiments to non-human primates suggest that some TSE agents in addition to Classical BSE prions in cattle (namely L-type Atypical BSE, Classical BSE in sheep, transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) and chronic wasting disease (CWD) agents) might have zoonotic potential.

snip...



http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/e991.htm?emt=1



http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/e991.pdf



see follow-up here about North America BSE Mad Cow TSE prion risk factors, and the ever emerging strains of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy in many species here in the USA, including humans ;

http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/10/efsa-journal-2011-european-response-to.html



Wednesday, March 31, 2010

Atypical BSE in Cattle

To date the OIE/WAHO assumes that the human and animal health standards set out in the BSE chapter for classical BSE (C-Type) applies to all forms of BSE which include the H-type and L-type atypical forms. This assumption is scientifically not completely justified and accumulating evidence suggests that this may in fact not be the case. Molecular characterization and the spatial distribution pattern of histopathologic lesions and immunohistochemistry (IHC) signals are used to identify and characterize atypical BSE. Both the L-type and H-type atypical cases display significant differences in the conformation and spatial accumulation of the disease associated prion protein (PrPSc) in brains of afflicted cattle. Transmission studies in bovine transgenic and wild type mouse models support that the atypical BSE types might be unique strains because they have different incubation times and lesion profiles when compared to C-type BSE. When L-type BSE was inoculated into ovine transgenic mice and Syrian hamster the resulting molecular fingerprint had changed, either in the first or a subsequent passage, from L-type into C-type BSE.

In addition, non-human primates are specifically susceptible for atypical BSE as demonstrated by an approximately 50% shortened incubation time for L-type BSE as compared to C-type. Considering the current scientific information available, it cannot be assumed that these different BSE types pose the same human health risks as C-type BSE or that these risks are mitigated by the same protective measures.

This study will contribute to a correct definition of specified risk material (SRM) in atypical BSE. The incumbent of this position will develop new and transfer existing, ultra-sensitive methods for the detection of atypical BSE in tissue of experimentally infected cattle.

http://www.prionetcanada.ca/detail.aspx?menu=5&dt=293380&app=93&cat1=387&tp=20&lk=no&cat2




Thursday, August 12, 2010

Seven main threats for the future linked to prions

First threat

The TSE road map defining the evolution of European policy for protection against prion diseases is based on a certain numbers of hypotheses some of which may turn out to be erroneous. In particular, a form of BSE (called atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy), recently identified by systematic testing in aged cattle without clinical signs, may be the origin of classical BSE and thus potentially constitute a reservoir, which may be impossible to eradicate if a sporadic origin is confirmed.

***Also, a link is suspected between atypical BSE and some apparently sporadic cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. These atypical BSE cases constitute an unforeseen first threat that could sharply modify the European approach to prion diseases.

Second threat

snip...

http://www.neuroprion.org/en/np-neuroprion.html



Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport References Committee

The possible impacts and consequences for public health, trade and agriculture of the Government's decision to relax import restrictions on beef Final report June 2010

2.66 Dr Fahey also told the committee that in the last two years a link has been established between forms of atypical CJD and atypical BSE. Dr Fahey said that: They now believe that those atypical BSEs overseas are in fact causing sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. They were not sure if it was due to mad sheep disease or a different form. If you look in the textbooks it looks like this is just arising by itself. But in my research I have a summary of a document which states that there has never been any proof that sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has arisen de novo-has arisen of itself. There is no proof of that. The recent research is that in fact it is due to atypical forms of mad cow disease which have been found across Europe, have been found in America and have been found in Asia. These atypical forms of mad cow disease typically have even longer incubation periods than the classical mad cow disease.50

http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/rrat_ctte/mad_cows/report/report.pdf




And last but not least, similarities of PrPres between Htype BSE and human prion diseases like CJD or GSS have been put forward [10], as well as between L-type BSE and CJD [17]. These findings raise questions about the origin and inter species transmission of these prion diseases that were discovered through the BSE active surveillance.

full text 18 pages ;

http://www.vetres.org/index.php?option=article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/vetres/pdf/2008/04/v07232.pdf




please see full text ;

http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/06/review-on-epidemiology-and-dynamics-of.html




[Terry S. Singeltary Sr. has added the following comment:

"According to the World Health Organisation, the future public health threat of vCJD in the UK and Europe and potentially the rest of the world is of concern and currently unquantifiable. However, the possibility of a significant and geographically diverse vCJD epidemic occurring over the next few decades cannot be dismissed.

http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2003/9241545887.pdf




Terry S. Singeltary Sr. has added the following comment:

"According to the World Health Organisation, the future public health threat of vCJD in the UK and Europe and potentially the rest of the world is of concern and currently unquantifiable. However, the possibility of a significant and geographically diverse vCJD epidemic occurring over the next few decades cannot be dismissed.

The key word here is diverse. What does diverse mean? If USA scrapie transmitted to USA bovine does not produce pathology as the UK c-BSE, then why would CJD from there look like UK vCJD?"

http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=20100405.1091




CJD RISING SWITZERLAND




CJD is a predominantly sporadic disorder but can also occur as a dominantly inherited or infective condition. Only one of the 26 most recent confirmed cases was identified as carrying a disease related mutation of the PRNP gene, none had identifiable iatrogenic exposure, and none resembled variant CJD. Thus 25 of the 26 cases appear to be sporadic cases. Sporadic CJD is distributed worldwide with a reported incidence of about one in a million per year. Raised awareness of the disease in recent years could account for an increase in reported cases of CJD, although neither an increase in the average age of patients nor more frequent recognition of CJD amongst residents of nursing homes (where dementing illness is prevalent and misdiagnosis might be expected) were seen in the Swiss cases. Moreover, improved ascertainment as an explanation for the observed increase would imply levels of under-reporting in countries other than Switzerland, which appear implausible. The authors of the Lancet report suggest that the rise in cases might be due to some form of unidentified iatrogenic transmission or to exposure to a zoonotic source of infection, though cases do not resemble variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). The ongoing surveillance of CJD in Switzerland and the rest of Europe is essential to monitor the situation to see if this rise is sustained in Switzerland, and if a similar rise occurs in other countries (see http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk).



http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=1921




Prion data suggest BSE link to sporadic CJD Declan Butler



Predicting the number of cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in people as a result of transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has just got more difficult.Whereas it was thought that BSE only caused a new form of the disease called variant CJD (vCJD), a study in mice from a team led by John Collinge at University College London suggests that it may also cause a disease indistinguishable from the commonest form of classical, or 'sporadic', CJD (E.



http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6915/full/420450a.html




Switzerland sporadic CJD ;



Swiss rise in CJD raises concerns over possible BSE link [LONDON] THE LANCET



Plaque attack: Swiss patients have spongiform patterns in the brain typical of sporadic CJD. The number of people dying from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has risen sharply in Switzerland -- sparking fears of a possible link with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).



BSE is thought to be the cause of a distinctive form of the brain-wasting disease known as variant CJD. The Swiss cases, in contrast, are standard 'sporadic' CJD. Each year between 1997 and 2000, no more than 11 Swiss people developed CJD. But 19 cases were reported in 2001, and seven were recorded in the first quarter of this year. This is some four times higher than the incidence elsewhere, reports a team led by Adriano Aguzzi of the University Hospital Zurich (M. Glatzel et al. Lancet 360, 139-141; 2002).



The increase could be a mere statistical blip, or it may be due to increased awareness of the disease leading to more diagnoses. More disturbing is the possibility that the cases are linked to the consumption of BSE-infected meat products -- which would mean that the BSE agent can cause two distinct forms of CJD.



Possible links between the Swiss CJD cases and BSE will now be explored by strain-typing experiments in which the disease is transmitted to mice. These tests will take at least a year to complete. "It's the best way to establish or exclude any suspected link," says Moira Bruce of the UK Institute for Animal Health's Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh.



======================================



Experiences in England and Switzerland -- two countries that discovered mad cow disease in their cattle -- have heightened concerns about the possibility some cases of sporadic CJD are due to consuming mad-cow-tainted beef. Both countries have reported increases in sporadic CJD since mad cow was first detected in British herds in 1986.



Switzerland discovered last year its CJD rate was twice that of any other country in the world. Switzerland had been seeing about eight to 11 cases per year from 1997 to 2000. Then the incidence more than doubled, to 19 cases in 2001 and 18 cases in 2002.



http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030721-102924-4786r





Mouse model sheds new light on human prion disease



snip...



Professor John Collinge said We are not saying that all or even most cases of sporadic CJD are as a result of BSE exposure, but some more recent cases may be the incidence of sporadic CJD has shown an upward trend in the UK over the last decade. While most of this apparent increase may be because doctors are now more aware of CJD and better at diagnosing it, serious consideration should be given to a proportion of this rise being BSE-related. Switzerland, which has had a substantial BSE epidemic, has noted a sharp recent increase in sporadic CJD.



snip...



http://www.mrc.ac.uk/txt/index/public-interest/public-news-4/public-news_archive/public-news-archive_nov_dec_02/public-bse_and_sporadic_cjd.htm


 
please see ;
 
 
http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2011/04/sporadic-cjd-rising-text-and-figures-of.html
 
 



DR. Adriano Agutzy is one of the world's experts on prion diseases. He says he has ruled out most of the other explanations, and now his main working hypothesis is that at least some Sporadic C.J.D. in Switzerland could be another form of human Mad Cow Disease.



ADRIANO AGUTZY (SCIENTIST):



But this by no means excludes that B.S.E. may manifest itself in humans with different characteristics, and maybe B.S.E. in Switzerland is also different from B.S.E. in the U.K., and then variant C.J.D. will also be different. So I think from the U.K. experience, it's impossible to draw the conclusion that B.S.E. will only give rise to what we know as variant C.J.D.




http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/usa-hiding-mad-cow-disease-victims-as.html



please see ;



http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2011/02/imported-cow-from-switzerland-aged-over.html



 

 
When L-type BSE was inoculated into ovine transgenic mice and Syrian hamster the resulting molecular fingerprint had changed, either in the first or a subsequent passage, from L-type into C-type BSE. In addition, non-human primates are specifically susceptible for atypical BSE as demonstrated by an approximately 50% shortened incubation time for L-type BSE as compared to C-type. Considering the current scientific information available, it cannot be assumed that these different BSE types pose the same human health risks as C-type BSE or that these risks are mitigated by the same protective measures.

This study will contribute to a correct definition of specified risk material (SRM) in atypical BSE. The incumbent of this position will develop new and transfer existing, ultra-sensitive methods for the detection of atypical BSE in tissue of experimentally infected cattle.

http://www.prionetcanada.ca/detail.aspx?menu=5&dt=293380&app=93&cat1=387&tp=20&lk=no&cat2




Tuesday, July 14, 2009

U.S. Emergency Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Response Plan Summary and BSE Red Book Date: February 14, 2000 at 8:56 am PST

WHERE did we go wrong $$$

http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2009/07/us-emergency-bovine-spongiform.html



SEE FULL TEXT OF ALL THIS HERE ;

2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006

http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html




Thursday, June 23, 2011

Experimental H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy characterized by plaques and glial- and stellate-type prion protein deposits

http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/06/experimental-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html



LET'S take a closer look at this new prionpathy or prionopathy, and then let's look at the g-h-BSEalabama mad cow.

This new prionopathy in humans? the genetic makeup is IDENTICAL to the g-h-BSEalabama mad cow, the only _documented_ mad cow in the world to date like this, ......wait, it get's better. this new prionpathy is killing young and old humans, with LONG DURATION from onset of symptoms to death, and the symptoms are very similar to nvCJD victims, OH, and the plaques are very similar in some cases too, bbbut, it's not related to the g-h-BSEalabama cow, WAIT NOW, it gets even better, the new human prionpathy that they claim is a genetic TSE, has no relation to any gene mutation in that family. daaa, ya think it could be related to that mad cow with the same genetic make-up ??? there were literally tons and tons of banned mad cow protein in Alabama in commerce, and none of it transmitted to cows, and the cows to humans there from ??? r i g h t $$$

ALABAMA MAD COW g-h-BSEalabama

In this study, we identified a novel mutation in the bovine prion protein gene (Prnp), called E211K, of a confirmed BSE positive cow from Alabama, United States of America. This mutation is identical to the E200K pathogenic mutation found in humans with a genetic form of CJD. This finding represents the first report of a confirmed case of BSE with a potential pathogenic mutation within the bovine Prnp gene. We hypothesize that the bovine Prnp E211K mutation most likely has caused BSE in "the approximately 10-year-old cow" carrying the E221K mutation.

http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156


http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF



Saturday, August 14, 2010

BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY



(see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS)


http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html



her healthy calf also carried the mutation (J. A. Richt and S. M. Hall PLoS Pathog. 4, e1000156; 2008).

This raises the possibility that the disease could occasionally be genetic in origin. Indeed, the report of the UK BSE Inquiry in 2000 suggested that the UK epidemic had most likely originated from such a mutation and argued against the scrapierelated assumption. Such rare potential pathogenic PRNP mutations could occur in countries at present considered to be free of BSE, such as Australia and New Zealand. So it is important to maintain strict surveillance for BSE in cattle, with rigorous enforcement of the ruminant feed ban (many countries still feed ruminant proteins to pigs). Removal of specified risk material, such as brain and spinal cord, from cattle at slaughter prevents infected material from entering the human food chain. Routine genetic screening of cattle for PRNP mutations, which is now available, could provide additional data on the risk to the public. Because the point mutation identified in the Alabama animals is identical to that responsible for the commonest type of familial (genetic) CJD in humans, it is possible that the resulting infective prion protein might cross the bovine-human species barrier more easily. Patients with vCJD continue to be identified. The fact that this is happening less often should not lead to relaxation of the controls necessary to prevent future outbreaks.

Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith Cambridge University Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK e-mail: maf12@cam.ac.uk Jürgen A. Richt College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K224B Mosier Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5601, USA

NATURE|Vol 457|26 February 2009

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7233/full/4571079b.html




P.9.21

Molecular characterization of BSE in Canada

Jianmin Yang1, Sandor Dudas2, Catherine Graham2, Markus Czub3, Tim McAllister1, Stefanie Czub1 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Canada; 2National and OIE BSE Reference Laboratory, Canada; 3University of Calgary, Canada

Background: Three BSE types (classical and two atypical) have been identified on the basis of molecular characteristics of the misfolded protein associated with the disease. To date, each of these three types have been detected in Canadian cattle.

Objectives: This study was conducted to further characterize the 16 Canadian BSE cases based on the biochemical properties of there associated PrPres. Methods: Immuno-reactivity, molecular weight, glycoform profiles and relative proteinase K sensitivity of the PrPres from each of the 16 confirmed Canadian BSE cases was determined using modified Western blot analysis.

Results: Fourteen of the 16 Canadian BSE cases were C type, 1 was H type and 1 was L type. The Canadian H and L-type BSE cases exhibited size shifts and changes in glycosylation similar to other atypical BSE cases. PK digestion under mild and stringent conditions revealed a reduced protease resistance of the atypical cases compared to the C-type cases. N terminal- specific antibodies bound to PrPres from H type but not from C or L type. The C-terminal-specific antibodies resulted in a shift in the glycoform profile and detected a fourth band in the Canadian H-type BSE.

Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases from Europe and Japan. This supports the theory that the importation of BSE contaminated feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada. *** It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries.


http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf



Saturday, July 23, 2011

CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS, BEEF TONGUES, SPINAL CORD, SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS (SRM's) AND PRIONS, AKA MAD COW DISEASE

http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html




Saturday, November 6, 2010

TAFS1 Position Paper on Position Paper on Relaxation of the Feed Ban in the EU Berne, 2010 TAFS

INTERNATIONAL FORUM FOR TRANSMISSIBLE ANIMAL DISEASES AND FOOD SAFETY a non-profit Swiss Foundation

http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/11/tafs1-position-paper-on-position-paper.html



Archive Number 20101206.4364 Published Date 06-DEC-2010 Subject PRO/AH/EDR> Prion disease update 2010 (11)

PRION DISEASE UPDATE 2010 (11)

http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=20101206.4364



October 2009

O.11.3

Infectivity in skeletal muscle of BASE-infected cattle

Silvia Suardi1, Chiara Vimercati1, Fabio Moda1, Ruggerone Margherita1, Ilaria Campagnani1, Guerino Lombardi2, Daniela Gelmetti2, Martin H. Groschup3, Anne Buschmann3, Cristina Casalone4, Maria Caramelli4, Salvatore Monaco5, Gianluigi Zanusso5, Fabrizio Tagliavini1 1Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute,Italy; 2IZS Brescia, Italy; 33FLI Insel Riems, D, Germany; 4CEA-IZS Torino, Italy; 5University of Verona, Italy

Background: BASE is an atypical form of bovine spongiform encephalopathy caused by a prion strain distinct from that of BSE. Upon experimental transmission to cattle, BASE induces a previously unrecognized disease phenotype marked by mental dullness and progressive atrophy of hind limb musculature. Whether affected muscles contain infectivity is unknown. This is a critical issue since the BASE strain is readily transmissible to a variety of hosts including primates, suggesting that humans may be susceptible.

Objectives: To investigate the distribution of infectivity in peripheral tissues of cattle experimentally infected with BASE. Methods: Groups of Tg mice expressing bovine PrP (Tgbov XV, n= 7-15/group) were inoculated both i.c. and i.p. with 10% homogenates of a variety of tissues including brain, spleen, cervical lymph node, kidney and skeletal muscle (m. longissimus dorsi) from cattle intracerebrally infected with BASE. No PrPres was detectable in the peripheral tissues used for inoculation either by immunohistochemistry or Western blot.

Results: Mice inoculated with BASE-brain homogenates showed clinical signs of disease with incubation and survival times of 175±15 and 207±12 days. Five out of seven mice challenged with skeletal muscle developed a similar neurological disorder, with incubation and survival times of 380±11 and 410±12 days. At present (700 days after inoculation) mice challenged with the other peripheral tissues are still healthy. The neuropathological phenotype and PrPres type of the affected mice inoculated either with brain or muscle were indistinguishable and matched those of Tgbov XV mice infected with natural BASE.

Discussion: Our data indicate that the skeletal muscle of cattle experimentally infected with BASE contains significant amount of infectivity, at variance with BSE-affected cattle, raising the issue of intraspecies transmission and the potential risk for humans. Experiments are in progress to assess the presence of infectivity in skeletal muscles of natural BASE.

http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf



18.173 page 189

Experimental Challenge of Cattle with H-type and L-type Atypical BSE

A. Buschmann1, U. Ziegler1, M. Keller1, R. Rogers2, B. Hills3, M.H. Groschup1. 1Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany, 2Health Canada, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Products & Food Branch, Ottawa, Canada, 3Health Canada, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Secretariat, Ottawa, Canada

Background: After the detection of two novel BSE forms designated H-type and L-type atypical BSE the question of the pathogenesis and the agent distribution of these two types in cattle was fully open. From initial studies of the brain pathology, it was already known that the anatomical distribution of L-type BSE differs from that of the classical type where the obex region in the brainstem always displays the highest PrPSc concentrations. In contrast in L-type BSE cases, the thalamus and frontal cortex regions showed the highest levels of the pathological prion protein, while the obex region was only weakly involved.

Methods:We performed intracranial inoculations of cattle (five and six per group) using 10%brainstemhomogenates of the two German H- and L-type atypical BSE isolates. The animals were inoculated under narcosis and then kept in a free-ranging stable under appropriate biosafety conditions.At least one animal per group was killed and sectioned in the preclinical stage and the remaining animals were kept until they developed clinical symptoms. The animals were examined for behavioural changes every four weeks throughout the experiment following a protocol that had been established during earlier BSE pathogenesis studies with classical BSE.

Results and Discussion: All animals of both groups developed clinical symptoms and had to be euthanized within 16 months. The clinical picture differed from that of classical BSE, as the earliest signs of illness were loss of body weight and depression. However, the animals later developed hind limb ataxia and hyperesthesia predominantly and the head. Analysis of brain samples from these animals confirmed the BSE infection and the atypical Western blot profile was maintained in all animals. Samples from these animals are now being examined in order to be able to describe the pathogenesis and agent distribution for these novel BSE types. Conclusions: A pilot study using a commercially avaialble BSE rapid test ELISA revealed an essential restriction of PrPSc to the central nervous system for both atypical BSE forms. A much more detailed analysis for PrPSc and infectivity is still ongoing.

http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/14th_ICID_ISE_Abstracts.pdf



STRICTLY PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL 25, AUGUST 1995

snip...

To minimise the risk of farmers' claims for compensation from feed compounders.

To minimise the potential damage to compound feed markets through adverse publicity.

To maximise freedom of action for feed compounders, notably by maintaining the availability of meat and bone meal as a raw material in animal feeds, and ensuring time is available to make any changes which may be required.

snip...

THE FUTURE

4..........

MAFF remains under pressure in Brussels and is not skilled at handling potentially explosive issues.

5. Tests _may_ show that ruminant feeds have been sold which contain illegal traces of ruminant protein. More likely, a few positive test results will turn up but proof that a particular feed mill knowingly supplied it to a particular farm will be difficult if not impossible.

6. The threat remains real and it will be some years before feed compounders are free of it. The longer we can avoid any direct linkage between feed milling _practices_ and actual BSE cases, the more likely it is that serious damage can be avoided. ...

SEE full text ;

http://web.archive.org/web/20060517074958/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/08/24002001.pdf




2011


Monday, September 26, 2011

L-BSE BASE prion and atypical sporadic CJD

http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2011/09/l-bse-base-prion-and-atypical-sporadic.html



Monday, May 23, 2011

Atypical Prion Diseases in Humans and Animals 2011 Top Curr Chem (2011)

DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_161

# Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011

Atypical Prion Diseases in Humans and Animals

Michael A. Tranulis, Sylvie L. Benestad, Thierry Baron, and Hans Kretzschmar

Abstract

Although prion diseases, such as Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) in humans and scrapie in sheep, have long been recognized, our understanding of their epidemiology and pathogenesis is still in its early stages. Progress is hampered by the lengthy incubation periods and the lack of effective ways of monitoring and characterizing these agents. Protease-resistant conformers of the prion protein (PrP), known as the “scrapie form” (PrPSc), are used as disease markers, and for taxonomic purposes, in correlation with clinical, pathological, and genetic data. In humans, prion diseases can arise sporadically (sCJD) or genetically (gCJD and others), caused by mutations in the PrP-gene (PRNP), or as a foodborne infection, with the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) causing variant CJD (vCJD). Person-to-person spread of human prion disease has only been known to occur following cannibalism (kuru disease in Papua New Guinea) or through medical or surgical treatment (iatrogenic CJD, iCJD). In contrast, scrapie in small ruminants and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids behave as infectious diseases within these species. Recently, however, so-called atypical forms of prion diseases have been discovered in sheep (atypical/Nor98 scrapie) and in cattle, BSE-H and BSE-L. These maladies resemble sporadic or genetic human prion diseases and might be their animal equivalents. This hypothesis also raises the significant public health question of possible epidemiological links between these diseases and their counterparts in humans.

M.A. Tranulis (*)

Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway

e-mail: Michael.Tranulis@nvh.no

S.L. Benestad

Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway

T. Baron

Agence Nationale de Se´curite´ Sanitaire, ANSES, Lyon, France

H. Kretzschmar

Ludwig–Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Keywords Animal Atypical Atypical/Nor98 scrapie BSE-H BSE-L Human Prion disease Prion strain Prion type

http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=f433r34h34ugg617&size=largest



see full text and more here ;

http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2011/05/atypical-prion-diseases-in-humans-and.html



Wednesday, February 16, 2011

IN CONFIDENCE

SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES

IN CONFIDENCE

http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-confidence-scrapie-transmission-to.html



Sunday, April 18, 2010

SCRAPIE AND ATYPICAL SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION STUDIES A REVIEW 2010

http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html



Monday, April 25, 2011

Experimental Oral Transmission of Atypical Scrapie to Sheep

Volume 17, Number 5-May 2011

http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2011/04/experimental-oral-transmission-of.html



Thursday, June 2, 2011

USDA scrapie report for April 2011 NEW ATYPICAL NOR-98 SCRAPIE CASES Pennsylvania AND California

http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2011/06/usda-scrapie-report-for-april-2011-new.html



Monday, June 20, 2011 2011

Annual Conference of the National Institute for Animal Agriculture ATYPICAL NOR-98 LIKE SCRAPIE UPDATE USA

http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2011/06/2011-annual-conference-of-national.html



Thursday, July 14, 2011

Histopathological Studies of "CH1641-Like" Scrapie Sources Versus Classical Scrapie and BSE Transmitted to Ovine Transgenic Mice (TgOvPrP4)

http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/histopathological-studies-of-ch1641.html



Wednesday, October 12, 2011

White-tailed deer are susceptible to the agent of sheep scrapie by intracerebral inoculation

http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/10/white-tailed-deer-are-susceptible-to.html



Monday, November 14, 2011

WYOMING Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, CWD, TSE, PRION REPORTING 2011

http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/wyoming-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cwd.html



UPDATED DATA ON 2ND CWD STRAIN



Wednesday, September 08, 2010

CWD PRION CONGRESS SEPTEMBER 8-11 2010

http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2010/09/cwd-prion-2010.html



Wednesday, January 5, 2011

ENLARGING SPECTRUM OF PRION-LIKE DISEASES Prusiner Colby et al 2011

Prions

David W. Colby1,* and Stanley B. Prusiner1,2

http://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2011/01/enlarging-spectrum-of-prion-like.html



Wednesday, November 09, 2011

Case report Sporadic fatal insomnia in a young woman: A diagnostic challenge: Case Report TEXAS

HOW TO TURN A POTENTIAL MAD COW VICTIM IN THE USA, INTO A HAPPENSTANCE OF BAD LUCK, A SPONTANEOUS MUTATION FROM NOTHING.

OR WAS IT $$$

http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2011/11/case-report-sporadic-fatal-insomnia-in.html



Tuesday, November 08, 2011

Can Mortality Data Provide Reliable Indicators for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance? A Study in France from 2000 to 2008 Vol. 37, No. 3-4, 2011

Original Paper

Conclusions:These findings raise doubt about the possibility of a reliable CJD surveillance only based on mortality data.

http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2011/11/can-mortality-data-provide-reliable.html



U.S.A. HIDING MAD COW DISEASE VICTIMS AS SPORADIC CJD ? (see video at bottom)

http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/usa-hiding-mad-cow-disease-victims-as.html



2006

USA sporadic CJD cases rising ;

There is a growing number of human CJD cases, and they were presented last week in San Francisco by Luigi Gambatti(?) from his CJD surveillance collection.

He estimates that it may be up to 14 or 15 persons which display selectively SPRPSC and practically no detected RPRPSC proteins.

http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/transcripts/1006-4240t1.htm


http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/06/transcripts/2006-4240t1.pdf



2008

The statistical incidence of CJD cases in the United States has been revised to reflect that there is one case per 9000 in adults age 55 and older. Eighty-five percent of the cases are sporadic, meaning there is no known cause at present.

http://www.cjdfoundation.org/fact.html



CJD USA RISING, with UNKNOWN PHENOTYPE ;

5 Includes 41 cases in which the diagnosis is pending, and 17 inconclusive cases;

*** 6 Includes 46 cases with type determination pending in which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded.

http://www.cjdsurveillance.com/pdf/case-table.pdf



Thursday, August 4, 2011

Terry Singeltary Sr. on the Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Public Health Crisis, Date aired: 27 Jun 2011 (SEE VIDEO)

http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/08/terry-singeltary-sr-on-creutzfeldt.html




Sunday, August 21, 2011

The British disease, or a disease gone global, The TSE Prion Disease (SEE VIDEO)

http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/08/british-disease-or-disease-gone-global.html



Saturday, March 5, 2011

MAD COW ATYPICAL CJD PRION TSE CASES WITH CLASSIFICATIONS PENDING ON THE RISE IN NORTH AMERICA

http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/03/mad-cow-atypical-cjd-prion-tse-cases.html



Friday, November 04, 2011

Diagnostic accuracy of cerebrospinal fluid protein markers for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Canada: a 6-year prospective study Research article

http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2011/11/diagnostic-accuracy-of-cerebrospinal.html




WHO WILL FOLLOW THE CHILDREN FOR CJD SYMPTOMS ???

Saturday, May 2, 2009

U.S. GOVERNMENT SUES WESTLAND/HALLMARK MEAT OVER USDA CERTIFIED DEADSTOCK DOWNER COW SCHOOL LUNCH PROGRAM



http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2009/05/us-government-sues-westlandhallmark.html


http://downercattle.blogspot.com/




Friday, November 18, 2011

country-of-origin labeling law (COOL) violates U.S. obligations under WTO rules WT/DS384/R WT/DS386/R

http://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2011/11/country-of-origin-labeling-law-cool.html



Thursday, November 17, 2011

International cattle ID and traceability: Competitive implications for the US

Food Policy Volume 37, Issue 1, February 2012, Pages 31-40

http://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2011/11/international-cattle-id-and.html



Tuesday, November 15, 2011

Alternative BSE Risk Assessment Methodology of Imported Beef and Beef Offal to Japan Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

Advance Publication

http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/alternative-bse-risk-assessment.html



TSS

Wednesday, November 16, 2011

Wisconsin Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, CWD, TSE, PRION REPORTING 2011

Wisconsin Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, CWD, TSE, PRION REPORTING 2011


CWD surveillance plans for 2011

Weekly News Article Published: November 15, 2011 by the Central Office

MADISON – State wildlife officials will conduct sampling and testing of hunter-harvested deer for chronic wasting disease primarily within the disease management zone of in southern Wisconsin during the 2011 deer season.

Surveillance Areas for 2011 [PDF 4.8MB] The CWD-Management Zone covers all or parts of 18 counties and 22 deer management units (DMU) in southern Wisconsin.

“Our goal is to continue to track trends in disease prevalence and distribution and to assess the impacts of CWD management,” said CWD Assistant Coordinator Tim Marien.

Mandatory sampling of adult deer will take place in the western (parts of Dane and Iowa counties) and eastern (parts of Rock and Walworth counties) monitoring areas, and within an 84 square-mile area that encompasses Devil’s Lake State Park. Active surveillance utilizing solicited but voluntary sampling will also be conducted in the area surrounding the western monitoring area in parts of Dane, Iowa, Richland, and Sauk counties.

Surveillance a tool in disease management

Surveillance – the sampling and testing of deer for disease – is one of the key components of DNR’s disease management strategy, according to agency biologists and researchers.

“It is important that we know where the disease is and what it is doing for containment efforts to be effective,” Marien said.

This year, DNR biologists will implement new strategies aimed at optimizing the “efficiency and efficacy of detecting changes in the location and trends in prevalence of this disease” in the management zone, Marien said.

Additionally, DNR will be implementing a pilot program to potentially replace the current system of regional, intensive-surveillance sweeps conducted statewide every five years with a new low-level annual surveillance plan. This plan will focus surveillance on adult deer because, if CWD is in an area, adult deer are the ones most likely to have it. This pilot program will take place in Waupaca, Waushara, Waukesha, Milwaukee, Racine, Kenosha, Buffalo, and Burnett counties.

Wildlife biologists will also be asking hunters to submit deer for sampling from areas around two former deer farms in Portage County where CWD has previously been found in captive cervids.

The Hunt.Harvest.Help CWD outreach campaign is now in full swing. Working with landowners and hunters from the CWD-MZ and a professional communications firm, the DNR developed this campaign to help inform Wisconsin residents about the details of Wisconsin’s CWD Response Plan and what they can do to help. Hunt.Harvest.Help is focused on promoting the fact that in order to successfully manage CWD, DNR, hunters, and landowners will have to work together as a team. Learn more about these efforts, about what CWD is doing out west, and more at [www.knowcwd.com] (exit DNR).

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT: Tim Marien, assistant CWD coordinator - 608-264-6046

View all articles in this issue or check our previous Weekly News Issues.

http://dnr.wi.gov/news/DNRNews_article_Lookup.asp?id=1975




Baiting, feeding regulations remain important




Weekly News Article Published: October 4, 2011 by the Central Office



MADISON – State wildlife officials and conservation wardens are reminding hunters that baiting and feeding of deer is banned in 28 Wisconsin counties and that current law places restrictions on the timing and amount of bait that can be used for hunting purposes in all remaining counties. Additional information on baiting and feeding regulations can be found in the 2011 Deer Hunting regulations (pdf).



http://dnr.wi.gov/org/land/wildlife/hunt/regs/deer.pdf




Baiting and Chronic Wasting Disease



Wildlife health officials say chronic wasting disease is transmitted through deer to deer contact, so baiting is banned in the CWD zone. Concentrations of deer at bait and feeding sites are likely to promote the transmission of infectious agents. CWD is also transmitted through exposure to a contaminated environment. Scientific studies have concluded that CWD, the always fatal disease in deer, can be spread through saliva passed between deer at baiting and feeding locations.



Practices impact deer behavior



“Deer hunters know that baiting and feeding decrease deer movement which reduces deer sightings and hunting opportunities away from the baiting site,” said acting DNR big game biologist, Dan Hirchert. “These practices can also draw deer into residential areas where hunting may be prohibited or restricted”



Officials: “We’re making progress”



Illegal baiting and feeding are among the most frequent violations cited by conservation law enforcement officers and one of the most frequent sources of citizen complaints according to law enforcement officials. However, awareness of baiting and feeding restrictions and impacts is growing through outreach and education.



In 2010, the top violation encountered by conservation wardens during the gun deer season was illegal baiting of deer. But there is promising news. The number of arrests for illegal baiting at 216 represented a 35 percent decline from 2009



The 2010 deer season report said complaints to the DNR Hotline regarding illegal baiting and feeding also were down 50 percent. The volume of material found in bait piles also dropped.



Read more about baiting and feeding regulations on the DNR website.



http://dnr.wi.gov/org/land/wildlife/hunt/regs/bait.htm





FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT: Dan Hirchert - (608) 264-6023



http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/news/DNRNews_Article_Lookup.asp?id=1933





Hunt. Harvest. Help. New CWD website launched



Weekly News Article Published: August 16, 2011



by the Central Office



Matt Kenseth WDNR Photo



MADISON – Hunters and landowners can learn more about what they can do to maintain a healthy deer herd and Wisconsin’s strong hunting traditions through a new website dedicated to sharing information on Chronic Wasting Disease.



The website, www.knowcwd.com, carries the theme of “Hunt. Harvest. Help” and features racing champion Matt Kenseth, a deer hunter and Cambridge, Wis., native, in a public service announcement talking about the importance of teamwork in tackling CWD.



"As a deer hunter, I'm concerned about CWD," Kenseth says in a video public service announcement on the website. "But it's going to take more than one person to slow the spread of CWD…It's a team effort Wisconsin. So get out there and hunt, harvest and help."



Hunt, Harvest, Help. WDNR Photo



Department of Natural Resources wildlife officials say the website was developed to share information on how CWD is spread, where the disease exists in the Wisconsin deer population and what other states with CWD are doing about it. There also is information about human health risks. Several additional tabs on the website direct visitors to information on how individuals can help, frequently asked questions and videos.



The website also links to important CWD management information including Wisconsin’s CWD Response Plan and current and past CWD research and statistics.



“CWD has the potential for significant, negative impacts on the future of deer and deer hunting anywhere it exists,” said Davin Lopez, DNR’s CWD coordinator. “Minimizing the area of Wisconsin where the disease occurs is the responsible thing to do. Wisconsin’s current CWD policy is containment, rather than elimination of the disease. Hunter and landowner participation is key to this effort.



Beginning the week of Aug. 15 TV viewers in the CWD management zone will see CWD public service announcements featuring Kenseth. Also the "Hunt. Harvest. Help." theme will appear on billboards, in print ads and in other online sources.



The website and materials were developed with the aid of a U.S. Department of Agriculture/Veterinary Services grant and a private sector communications firm.



FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT: Davin Lopez (608)267-2948



http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/news/DNRNews_Article_Lookup.asp?id=1870



 

 


Wednesday, July 06, 2011 2011

Wisconsin Deer Hunting Regulations (CWD)

http://dnr.wi.gov/org/land/wildlife/hunt/regs/deer.pdf




Thursday, April 28, 2011

Chronic Wasting Disease Testing and Prevalence Wisconsin April 2011

http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/04/chronic-wasting-disease-testing-and.html




Thursday, March 18, 2010

175 DEER TEST POSITIVE FOR CWD IN WISCONSIN

http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2010/03/175-deer-test-positive-for-cwd-in.html




February 21, 2003 / 52(07);125-127

Fatal Degenerative Neurologic Illnesses in Men Who Participated in Wild Game Feasts --- Wisconsin, 2002

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a fatal neurologic disorder in humans. CJD is one of a group of conditions known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, that are believed to be caused by abnormally configured, host-encoded prion proteins that accumulate in the central nervous tissue (1). CJD has an annual incidence of approximately 1 case per million population in the United States (1) and occurs in three forms: sporadic, genetically determined, and acquired by infection. In the latter form, the incubation period is measured typically in years. Recent evidence that prion infection can cross the species barrier between humans and cattle has raised increasing public health concerns about the possible transmission to humans of a TSE among deer and elk known as chronic wasting disease (CWD) (2). During 1993--1999, three men who participated in wild game feasts in northern Wisconsin died of degenerative neurologic illnesses. This report documents the investigation of these deaths, which was initiated in August 2002 and which confirmed the death of only one person from CJD. Although no association between CWD and CJD was found, continued surveillance of both diseases remains important to assess the possible risk for CWD transmission to humans.

Case Reports

Case 1. In December 1992, a Wisconsin man aged 66 years with a history of seizures since 1969 sought treatment for recurring seizures, increasing forgetfulness, and worsening hand tremors. Electroencephalographic (EEG) examination demonstrated focal epileptiform activity and nonspecific diffuse abnormalities, but no specific diagnosis was made. In February 1993, he was hospitalized for increasing confusion, ataxia, and movement tremors of his extremities. A magnetic resonance image (MRI) demonstrated mild, nonspecific enhancement along the inferior parasagittal occipital lobe. A repeat EEG showed bifrontal intermittent, short-interval, periodic sharp waves, suggesting a progressive encephalopathy; a diagnosis of CJD was suspected. The man died later that month; neuropathologic examination of brain tissue during autopsy indicated subacute spongiform encephalopathy, compatible with CJD.

The man was a lifelong hunter who ate venison frequently. He hunted primarily in northern Wisconsin but also at least once in Montana. He hosted wild game feasts at his cabin in northern Wisconsin from 1976 until shortly before his death. Fixed brain tissue obtained during the autopsy was sent for analysis to the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC) and reexamined at the institution where the autopsy was conducted. Histopathologic examination did not substantiate the diagnosis of prion disease. In addition, 27 brain tissue sections were negative for prions by immunostaining despite positive antibody reactions against other proteins (controls), which indicated that other epitopes in the tissue samples were preserved.

Case 2. In May 1999, a Minnesota man aged 55 years with no previous history of a neurologic disease sought evaluation and treatment following a 3-month history of progressive difficulty in writing and unsteadiness of gait. A computerized tomography (CT) scan and MRI examination of his head did not indicate any abnormality. In June 1999, he was hospitalized following onset of dementia, speech abnormalities, and myoclonic jerking. An EEG indicated left-hemispheric periodic sharp waves and moderate generalized background slowing; CJD was diagnosed clinically. In July 1999, following worsening symptoms and development of right upper extremity dystonia, the patient died. Neuropathologic evaluation of brain tissue during autopsy demonstrated widespread subcortical spongiform lesions, consistent with CJD.

The man was not a hunter but had a history of eating venison. He made an estimated 12 visits to the cabin where the wild game feasts were held, but he participated in only one feast during the mid-1980s. Sections of fixed and frozen brain tissue obtained during autopsy were analyzed at NPDPSC, and prion disease was confirmed by immunohistochemical and Western blot testing. The Western blot characteristics and prion disease phenotype in this patient were consistent with the most common form of sporadic CJD, classified as M/M (M/V) 1 (3). Subsequent genetic typing confirmed the presence of methionine homozygosity (M/M) at codon 129 of the patient's prion protein gene.

Case 3. In June 1992, a Wisconsin man aged 65 years sought treatment for progressive slowing of speech, worsening memory, and personality changes. By January 1993, his speech was reduced to one-word utterances. Neurologic examination showed a flat affect, decreased reflexes, and apraxia. A CT head scan showed mild atrophy, and an EEG was normal. Pick's disease was diagnosed. By May, he was unable to perform any daily living activities; he died in August 1993. Neuropathologic evaluation of brain tissue during autopsy showed symmetrical frontal lobe cerebral cortical atrophy and mild temporal lobe atrophy. No Pick's bodies or spongiform lesions were observed.

The man had a history of eating venison and participated regularly in wild game feasts held at the cabin owned by patient 1. He was a lifelong hunter and hunted mostly in Wisconsin but also in Wyoming and British Columbia. No game was brought to the wild game feasts from his hunting trips outside of Wisconsin. Examination of fixed brain tissue sent to NPDPSC demonstrated no lesions indicative of CJD, and immunohistochemical testing with antibody to the prion protein did not demonstrate the granular deposits seen in prion diseases.

Epidemiologic Investigation

Wild game feasts consisting of elk, deer, antelope, and other game that occurred at a cabin in northern Wisconsin owned by patient 1 began in 1976 and continued through 2002. These feasts typically involved 10--15 participants and usually occurred on weekends before or during hunting seasons in the fall and occasionally in the spring. Wild game brought to these feasts usually were harvested in Wisconsin, but three men who attended these feasts reported hunting in the western United States and bringing game back to Wisconsin. These activities took place in Colorado (near the towns of Cortez, Trinidad, Collbran, Durango, and Meeker), Wyoming (near the towns of Gilette and Cody), and Montana (near the town of Malta). CWD was not known to be endemic in these areas at the time that these hunting activities took place.

Information was obtained for 45 (85%) of 53 persons who were identified as possibly participating in the wild game feasts; all were male. Information was obtained by direct interview or from family members of decedents. Of the 45 persons, for whom information was obtained, 34 were reported to have attended wild game feasts. Seven of the 34 feast attendees were deceased, including the three patients. None of the four other decedents had a cause of death attributed to or associated with a degenerative neurologic disorder. None of the living participants had any signs or symptoms consistent with a degenerative neurologic disorder.

Reported by: JP Davis, MD, J Kazmierczak, DVM, M Wegner, MD, R Wierzba, Div of Public Health, State of Wisconsin Dept of Health and Family Svcs. P Gambetti, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. L Schonberger, MD, R Maddox, MPH, E Belay, MD, Div of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases; V Hsu, MD, EIS Officer, CDC.

Editorial Note:

CWD was first described in the United States in the 1960s and classified as a TSE in 1978. Previously localized to a contiguous endemic area in northeastern Colorado and southeast Wyoming, since 2000, CWD has been found in free-ranging deer or elk in Illinois, Nebraska, New Mexico, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and outside the previously known endemic areas of Colorado and Wyoming. CWD has been identified also in captive deer or elk in Colorado, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Wisconsin (4). Because a variant form of CJD, with specific neuropathologic and molecular characteristics that distinguish it from sporadic CJD, has been associated with eating cattle products infected with a prion that causes bovine spongiform encephalopathy (5), concern has been raised about the possibility that the prion associated with CWD might be transmitted to humans in a similar way.

In this investigation, because only one of the three cases in Wisconsin had neuropathologic confirmation of a prion disease, no association could be made between case participation in the wild game feasts and the development of CJD. Although patient 2 had confirmed CJD, he was unlikely to have eaten CWD-infected venison at these feasts because venison and other game from outside Wisconsin that was served at these feasts did not originate from known CWD-endemic areas, and the man participated in the feasts only once. In addition, the prion disease in this case was consistent with the most common form of sporadic CJD, without apparent unusual neuropathologic or molecular characteristics that might occur if the prion related to CWD had been responsible for the disease.

The findings in this report are subject to at least two limitations. First, not all members participating in wild game feasts could be identified, and not all persons listed as participating could be contacted for interviews. Second, interviews that were conducted required recall of events that occurred up to 25 years ago, limiting the detail or accuracy of events. However, the similar responses obtained from different sources support the accuracy of the investigation findings.

A previous investigation of unusually young CJD patients in whom the transmission of CWD was suspected also did not provide convincing evidence for a causal relationship between CWD and CJD (2). However, limited epidemiologic investigations cannot rule out the possibility that CWD might play a role in causing human illness. Ongoing surveillance of CJD, particularly in states with CWD, is important to assess the risk, if any, for CWD transmission to humans. Because the confirmation of CJD and the detection of a new prion disease require neuropathologic study of brain tissue, physicians are encouraged to contact NPDPSC (http://www.cjdsurveillance.com; telephone, 216-368-0587) to confirm diagnoses of CJD and to distinguish its various subtypes. Because of the known severity of TSEs in humans and the possibility that the CWD prion can affect humans, animals with evidence of CWD should be excluded from the human food or animal feed chains. Hunters and wild venison consumers should follow precautionary guidelines available from the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection (http://datcp.state.wi.us/core/consumerinfo) to prevent potential exposures to the CWD agent.

References

http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5207a1.htm



From: TSS

Subject: CWD--THE FEAST--Investigators find no common source in hunters' deaths $$$ (or did they???)

Date: November 22, 2002 at 6:22 am PST


Investigators find no common source in hunters' deaths 2 of 3 show absence of prions By JOHN FAUBER and LEE BERGQUIST jfauber@journalsentinel.com Last Updated: Nov. 21, 2002

Three hunters who ate wild game together and later died of rare brain disorders did not contract their diseases from a common source such as venison, a four-month-long investigation concluded Thursday. [19335] Chronic Wasting Disease For complete archived coverage of chronic wasting disease in Wisconsin, go to our SPECIAL SECTION Quotable The idea here is that there is no fear now. These cases are one of the things that stopped many spouses, or hunters from hunting, because it sounded so plausible - and now it is completely debunked. - Fred Bannister, Chetek physician who attended many game dinners with the late Wayne Waterhouse Related Coverage Deer hunting: Season starts saturday Section: Outdoors Section: Chronic wasting disease

A report by federal and state health investigators found that one of the men apparently had been misdiagnosed with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a neurological disorder caused by prions. Prions are the same unusual infectious agents that cause chronic wasting disease in deer and elk.

Pathologists were able to run new tests of brain tissue from Wayne Waterhouse of Chetek, who died in 1993, and determined that there was no evidence of a prion-related illness, said Jeffrey Davis, the state epidemiologist for communicable diseases.

Health officials said they did not know what brain disorder killed Waterhouse, an avid hunter and outdoorsman.

In September, health officials said new test results from brain tissue samples of another man, Roger Marten of Mondovi, also showed no evidence of prions or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. A third man, James Botts of Minneapolis, did die of the disease, the new analysis of his tissue confirmed.

"These results are important because if all three men had developed a rare disease like CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease), such a cluster would suggest a common source of exposure," Davis said. "Thanks to a new testing process not available at the time of the initial diagnosis of CJD in these patients, we were able to demonstrate the absence of prions in brain tissues of two of the patients."

The new analysis, part of a joint investigation by the Wisconsin Division of Health and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, contradicts a 1993 diagnosis made at the Mayo Clinic, where Waterhouse died.

The new report could buoy the confidence of deer hunters. The report was issued two days before the start of the 2002 gun deer season.

The hunt is considered the most important in decades because of a plan by the state Department of Natural Resources to eradicate 25,000 deer in a 411-square-mile region of Dane, Iowa and Sauk counties to control the spread of chronic wasting disease.

The disease has prompted questions about the safety of venison and has helped drive down the number of deer hunters buying licenses this year.

"From a hunters' standpoint, (the report) may give hunters a little more confidence about consuming venison," said Darrell Bazzell, secretary of the DNR.

Sales of deer-hunting licenses have picked up in the past few weeks, but as of Wednesday sales lagged 16% behind the same time last year, according to the DNR. So far this year, there have been 118,441 fewer licenses sold.

Bazzell said the new findings could give an additional last-minute boost to license sales.

Thursday's report contradicts the findings of a Mayo Clinic doctor, who in a May 17, 1993, letter to Waterhouse's family said a postmortem exam of Waterhouse confirmed that he died of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

In fact, when reached at home on Thursday night, Joseph Parisi, a Mayo pathologist, said the new tests on Waterhouse were "inconclusive" and could not confirm that he died of the disease.

That differs from a statement issued Thursday by Davis' office, which says that Waterhouse did not have Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Davis also said the latest analysis was confirmed by pathologists at the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center in Cleveland.

The center receives federal funding to monitor prion diseases, including the human version of mad cow disease, and is considered one of the top prion labs in the country.

Davis said it was his understanding that pathologists at the lab concurred with pathologists at Mayo and also were in agreement on the new analysis of Waterhouse's tissue.

The case of the three outdoorsmen was first reported in the Journal Sentinel in July and has since attracted widespread attention and heightened concerns about the safety of venison.

Waterhouse, Marten and Botts, a former Chetek resident who later moved to Minneapolis, all had eaten wild game at the Waterhouse family cabin on the Brule River in northern Wisconsin.

Chetek physician Fred Bannister, who attended many of the game dinners with Waterhouse, emphasized that no deer from the dinners came from the 411-square-mile eradication zone.

Bannister, also a deer hunter, said he had been waiting for scientific corroboration that his friend had not died of Creutzfeld-Jacob disease.

"How can you have good news about someone who died?" Bannister said. "But the idea here is that there is no fear now. These cases are one of the things that stopped many spouses, or hunters from hunting, because it sounded so plausible - and now it is completely debunked."

However, Judy Botts, wife of James Botts, said the new findings had not changed her mind.

Botts still suspects that her husband's consumption of venison played a role in his death, "but it can't be proven," she said. "I knew it all along."

Botts died in 1999. New analysis of his tissue confirmed his diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, which occurs at the annual rate of about one per million people.

Marten died in 1993. He initially was diagnosed with Pick's disease, another rare brain disease. A new analysis of his brain tissue found that although he did have Pick's, he did not have a prion disease.

About 75 men were known to attend the wild game feasts, Davis said. Investigators have been able to contact about 45 of them. No other case of rare brain disease has been found.

Davis said the new findings were consistent with earlier statements by health organizations that chronic wasting disease prion "has not been shown to cause human illness."

Some neurologists and prion researchers have cautioned that the question of whether chronic wasting disease can jump to people remains unanswered.

Some have said that until proved otherwise, it is reasonable to assume that the disease may jump to people in a manner similar to mad cow disease. Mad cow disease is believed to have caused at least 130 cases of variant-Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, an always fatal disorder, in about 130 people, mainly in Great Britain.

The new information could entice some wavering hunters to head into the woods, said David Ladd, chairman of the Big Game Committee of the Conservation Congress, a citizens group that advises the DNR.

But Ladd said the discovery of chronic wasting disease had altered the psyche of the 2002 hunt.

"A lot of hunters are probably not going to make a decision until they pull the trigger," he said.

A version of this story appeared in the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel on Nov. 22, 2002.

http://www.jsonline.com/news/state/nov02/97866.asp




HMMM???????


SNIP...


Thursday's report contradicts the findings of a Mayo Clinic doctor, who in a May 17, 1993, letter to Waterhouse's family said a postmortem exam of Waterhouse confirmed that he died of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

In fact, when reached at home on Thursday night, Joseph Parisi, a Mayo pathologist, said the new tests on Waterhouse were "inconclusive" and could not confirm that he died of the disease.

That differs from a statement issued Thursday by Davis' office, which says that Waterhouse did not have Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Davis also said the latest analysis was confirmed by pathologists at the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center in Cleveland.

The center receives federal funding to monitor prion diseases, including the human version of mad cow disease, and is considered one of the top prion labs in the country.


SNIP...


$$$

TSS



11/21/02, LAB FINDINGS RELEASED ON FATAL CASES OF NEUROLOGIC DISEASES IN OUTDOORSMEN

Contact: Jeffrey P. Davis, M.D. (608) 267-9003 James Kazmierczak, DVM (608) 266-2154 CDC Press Office (404) 639-3286

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

(MADISON ? November 21, 2002) -- The Wisconsin Division of Public Health today released completed test results related to the investigation into the fatal cases of degenerative neurological illnesses in three men who consumed wild game served during a series of feasts.

The test results announced today indicate that Wayne Waterhouse, a northern Wisconsin resident who died in 1993, did not have Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) or any other evidence of prions or prion-related illness. Results already made public indicated that another of the patients, Roger Marten, a northern Wisconsin resident who died in 1993, also did not have CJD or any other evidence of prions or prion-related illness. Only one of the three men, James Botts, a Minnesota resident who died in 1999, had a confirmed diagnosis of CJD.

"These results are important because if all three men had developed a rare disease like CJD, such a cluster would suggest a common source of exposure," said Dr. Jeffrey Davis, Wisconsin State Epidemiologist for Communicable Diseases, in reporting the findings. "Thanks to a new testing process not available at the time of the initial diagnosis of CJD in these patients, we are able to demonstrate the absence of prions in the brain tissues of two of the patients. Therefore, these three cases cannot be attributed to a common source of illness."

The current investigation, conducted by the Division of Public Health and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was initiated after reports surfaced that rare degenerative neurological diseases had occurred in three acquaintances who shared meals of wild game in northern Wisconsin. The reports generated considerable public interest due to the concern that these illnesses might somehow be linked to chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer and elk.

"These findings are consistent with earlier statements by the CDC and the World Health Organization that the CWD prion has not been shown to cause human illness," Dr. Davis added. "They also illustrate the ongoing need to apply the most current scientific techniques to the important issue of understanding CWD and other prion-related conditions."

Specimens of brain tissue from each of the three men had been collected during the individuals? autopsies. The tissues were recently forwarded to the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center in Cleveland, Ohio, where pathologists examined the specimens for evidence of CJD and the presence of abnormal prion proteins which cause the illness. This pathology center was established during 1996-1997 by CDC in collaboration with the American Association of Neuropathologists to enable state-of-the-art laboratory investigation of physician-diagnosed and suspected cases of prion disease in the United States.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a fatal degenerative brain condition of humans believed to be caused by an abnormally-shaped protein called a prion. It occurs at a rate of about one case per million people per year throughout much of the world, and was first described in the 1920s. Chronic wasting disease in deer and elk is also believed to be caused by a prion and produces lesions in the brain, but the deer CWD prion has not been shown to affect humans.

Dr. Davis reiterated that while these new results are reassuring, it is still impossible to say with absolute certainty that the CWD prion will never cause human illness. As a precaution, he continues to advise that hunters process their venison in a safe manner and not ingest tissues where the CWD prion is known to concentrate. These tissues include brain, spinal cord, eyes, lymph nodes and spleen. The Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection has issued recommendations on processing deer. These can be found on their website at


http://datcp.state.wi.us/ah/agriculture/animals/disease/chronic/pdf/venison_safety_2side.pdf



-30-

Last Revised: November 21, 2002

http://www.dhfs.state.wi.us/news/pressreleases/2002/112102CWD.htm


TSS




Date: Fri, 22 Nov 2002 14:14:12 -0600

Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

Sender: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."

Subject: Re: Investigators find no common source in hunters' deaths $$$ (or did they???)

######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########


greetings list members,

"jimmeny cricket" !!!

how about a statement from Gambetti et al, instead of a bunch of alleged second hand statements.

does state epidemiologist or even mayo really have access to a specialized panel of _proven_ antibodies and know how with prion ihc??? probably not.

only gambetti and prusiner have the necessary reference collections if i am not mistaken $$$

who validated it, false positive, false negatives?

what's going on here???

just in time too to avert a public panic and at the opening weekend of deer hunting season at that, how convenient and excellent timing$$$

unpublished, unpeer-reviewed = unreliable

and just more BSeee.

and what did deep throat tell me many moons ago;

..."I thought I would fall out of my chair when I read about how there was no worry about infectivity from a histopath slide or tissues because they are preserved in formic acid, or formalin or formaldehyde.....for God's sake........ Ask any pathologist in the UK what the brain tissues in the formalin looks like after a year.......it is a big fat sponge...the agent continues to eat the brain ......you can't make slides anymore because the agent has never stopped........and the old slides that are stained with Hemolysin and Eosin......they get holier and holier and degenerate and continue...what you looked at 6 months ago is not there........Gambetti better be photographing every damned thing he is looking at....."

snip...

Okay, you need to know. You don't need to pass it on as nothing will come of it and there is not a damned thing anyone can do about it. Don't even hint at it as it will be denied and laughed at.......... USDA is gonna do as little as possible until there is actually a human case in the USA of the nvcjd........if you want to move this thing along and shake the earth....then we gotta get the victims families to make sure whoever is doing the autopsy is credible, trustworthy, and a saint with the courage of Joan of Arc........I am not kidding!!!! so, unless we get a human death from EXACTLY the same form with EXACTLY the same histopath lesions as seen in the UK nvcjd........forget any action........it is ALL gonna be sporadic!!!

And, if there is a case.......there is gonna be every effort to link it to international travel, international food, etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. They will go so far as to find out if a sex partner had ever traveled to the UK/europe, etc. etc. .... It is gonna be a long, lonely, dangerous twisted journey to the truth. They have all the cards, all the money, and are willing to threaten and carry out those threats....and this may be their biggest downfall...

i sure would be interested to know more about this new test they are using now, and why it has not been used in the past, or were they just waiting for the opening weekend of deer season? so many things to ponder$

all these new test (cjd now, CWD, Scrapie), but absolutely nothing on any sort of rapid testing TSE 1 M cattle annually in the USA$$$ (more convienience)

i have serious doubts about the _new_ CJD Foundation and their intentions. you know the one, the one that _refuses_ to make up a CJD Quesionnaire asking questions to seek answers as to the route and source of sporadic CJDs in the USA, the same one funded by the CDC??? i have one email from a family member of a very young CJD victim in the USA (sporadic of course) that wrote me questioning the fact that the _new_ CJD Foundation/CDC questionnaire was useless. the family wrote telling them more info on there own, cause they said there were not many questions being asked. see comments snip;

I also sent xxxx a follow-up email with more info because I didn't think the questionnaire asked enough, or perhaps I just needed to write about it. I sent it on xxxx. See next...

snip...

also;

i am seeing more and more confirmed sporadic CJDs, that are being negated by the _new_ CDC funded CJD Foundation? see ref;


Subject: HUMAN TSEs WITH INSOMNIA ; _new_ CJD Foundation Questionnaire ???

Date: Sun, 17 Nov 2002 16:57:58 -0600

From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."

Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

To: BSE-L

(this was the one where they changed the diagnosis of CJD to just dementia, from after death analysis of only a small diamond shape piece from back of brain. the victim could not sleep for 3 to 4 days at a time etc. the family told me that the original diagnosis was made from MRI and spinal, before being changed by CJD Foundation/CDC to only dementia.)

now i am back to here;

Thursday's report contradicts the findings of a Mayo Clinic doctor, who in a May 17, 1993, letter to Waterhouse's family said a postmortem exam of Waterhouse confirmed that he died of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

In fact, when reached at home on Thursday night, Joseph Parisi, a Mayo pathologist, said the new tests on Waterhouse were "inconclusive" and could not confirm that he died of the disease.

That differs from a statement issued Thursday by Davis' office, which says that Waterhouse did not have Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Davis also said the latest analysis was confirmed by pathologists at the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center in Cleveland.

The center receives federal funding to monitor prion diseases,

snip...

what's going on here??? heck, just more of my conspiracy theories i suppose...


not picks, not cjd ???


CWD and neurological disease cluster link investigated

Mary Quirk

No link to chronic wasting disease (CWD) is suggested from the re-examination of one case in a cluster of degenerative neurological diseases involving three men who participated in wild game feasts, according to public health officials.

Figure. CWD incidence: Red--wild deer and elk. Blue--farmed elk. Purple--farmed deer. Courtesy of US Department of Agriculture

Of one group of 75 people who regularly attended these annual meals in the US midwest since the late 1970s, 43 have been contacted and interviewed. "We are not aware of any other related health events in this group", Jeffrey Davis (Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, WI, USA) told TLID.

Brain autopsy samples from the three men were sent to the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC) in Cleveland, OH, USA. The centre examines an estimated 50-60% of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) cases in the USA, according to Shu G Chen, director of their Prion Protein Analysis Laboratory. Archived tissues may be re-examined to confirm prion disease, and to conduct up-to-date immunohistochemistry and prion protein genetic testing.

Until now findings have been reported on one case. NPDPSC pathologists have concluded that, although they did not concur with the previous diagnosis of Pick's disease, a form of dementia, the autopsy tissue from 1993 showed no evidence of a prion-related disorder. Information is still pending on the other two, both suspected cases of CJD; one man died in 1993 and the other in 1999.

Davis has participated in CWD information meetings for the public in Wisconsin, where he focuses on current knowledge about CWD, recommending that residents heed WHO precautions, and directs hunters to advice on the internet

( http://datcp.state.wi.us/ah/agriculture/animals/disease/chronic/pdf/venison_safety_2side.pdf ).



At the feasts, people shared game that they had harvested throughout the USA. "We are not aware of any meat having come from known CWD-endemic areas", says Davis.

Previously, researchers have reviewed CJD cases from CWD-endemic areas to look for differences in clinical symptoms, pathology, or the characteristics of the prion protein. "So far, we haven't found a link", Chen told TLID. "For us to be able to tell whether these cases would have any relationship to CWD, they need to have distinguishable characteristics."

John Pape (Disease Control and Environmental Epidemiology Division, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA) told TLID that he and colleagues are taking a broad- brush look at deaths due to neurological diseases in Colorado. "We are examining the death certificates of all Colorado residents for a 32-year period." Pape hopes to get sufficient numbers to compare rates of death from various neurological disorders, including CJD, in CWD-endemic and non-endemic areas of Colorado.

http://infection.thelancet.com/journal/vol2/iss11/full/laid.2.11.newsdesk.22819.1



greetings list members,


===================


"Until now findings have been reported on one case. NPDPSC pathologists have concluded that, although they __did not concur with the previous diagnosis of Pick's disease__,


a form of dementia, the autopsy tissue from 1993 showed no evidence of a prion-related disorder."


=========================


if CDC/NPDPSC says it's not CJD, NPDPSC/CDC says it's not Picks, then who do we call, ghostbusters???

what the heck is it then?

"For us to be able to tell whether these cases would have any relationship to CWD, they need to have distinguishable characteristics."

what if sCJD does _not_ have distinguishable characteristics, do we sit on our butts and just continue to say everything is o.k. it's all sporadic/spontaneous CJDs, even though we are getting more variants? plus, will these distinguishable characteristics look the same after lying around for 10 years? what if these distinguishable characteristics that they use to distinguish between various TSE have nothing to do with actually distinguishing anything other than a single TSE, but the titre of infectivity, the route, and the source is what plays the role in the different distinguishable characterisics they speak of?



'As implied in the Inset 25 we must not assume that transmission of BSE to other species will invariably present pathology typical of a scrapie-like disease.'


http://web.archive.org/web/20010305222642/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1991/01/04004001.pdf




and i would _assume_ (sorry Roland;-), that this would apply with other TSEs as well...

oh Lord, thank you for the weekend, i could not stand anymore of this BSeee going around...

still disgusted in Bacliff, Texas USA



=====================



2011



WISCONSIN REPORTABLE Disease Reporting for CJD

NO (not here anyway)

http://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/communicable/diseasereporting/





SEEMS Wisconsin is in the progress of making CJD TSE prion reportable by the document below ;




PRION DEMENTIA


Information for Wisconsin Medical Providers from the Wisconsin Division of Public Health and the Prion Disease Advisory Workgroup*


Introduction


The Wisconsin Division of Public Health (DPH) is in the _process_ of making human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) an officially reportable condition. Clinicians are strongly encouraged to report suspected TSE cases to the DPH. TSEs consist of any prion-related disease, including sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (sCJD), new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), Fatal Familial Insomnia and Gerstmann-Straüssler-Scheinker Syndrome. Of these, only sCJD is known to occur with any frequency in the US (incidence ~ 1 per million).


A workgroup consisting primarily of Wisconsin neurologists and neuropathologists was convened to develop the clinical criteria that should elicit a report of a possible TSE case. This expert panel has also developed guidelines to assist health care providers in the management /diagnosis of suspected prion-related dementias and has established a referral network consisting of clinicians with expertise in prion diseases. This document discusses these clinical guidelines and the referral network.


Criteria for Reporting a Suspect Case of TSE in Wisconsin


A prion-related disorder, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), should be suspected and reported to the Wisconsin Division of Public Health in any patient with:


Dementia of early onset ( < 55 years) OR


Rapidly progressive dementia with one or more of the following:


· Movement disorders (e.g., myoclonus, ataxia)


· Painful sensory symptoms


· Visual disturbances


Diagnosis and Work-Up



It is the choice of the clinician whether to manage a patient with a suspected prion disease or whether to refer the patient to a specialty center or neurologist as discussed below. As in any patient with dementia, treatable causes should first be sought. Routine blood work would include a CBC, electrolytes, hepatic and renal function tests, B12 level and thyroid testing.


A careful neurological history and examination may reveal findings supportive of a diagnosis of a TSE, such as an insidious, nonspecific prodrome (fatigue, behavioral change, depression, weight loss, sleep disturbance), leading within months to relentless dementia, with prominent neurological signs such as myoclonus, ataxia, visual disturbance, corticospinal and extrapyramidal dysfunction, and akinetic mutism. Confirmatory diagnostic studies include:


· Cerebrospinal fluid: constituents are usually normal, except for elevated levels of the 14-3-3 neuron-specific enolase; sensitivity and specificity may approach 90%, however the usefulness of this test is questionable early in the disease. Research is ongoing to determine when in the course of the illness this becomes positive.


· Electroencephalogram: early in sCJD the EEG may be normal or may show non-specific slowing; later biphasic or triphasic synchronous complexes may be superimposed on a slow background; terminally, the EEG will show periodic sharp wave complexes in up to 90% of patients. These characteristic EEG findings are usually absent in cases of vCJD.


· Magnetic Resonance Imaging: CJD typically shows increased T2 and FLAIR signal in the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex in ~ 80% of patients at presentation. Diffusion-weighted MRI sequences are critical for optimal detection, with sensitivity and specificity approaching 100% in the appropriate clinical setting. For this reason, it is essential to order a diffusion-weighted-MRI study and consult with an experienced neuroradiologist when considering the diagnosis of CJD.


· Brain biopsy and Autopsy: Conventional pathological investigation will show spongiform encephalopathy and will allow submission of tissues to the national registry laboratory for specialized studies. We strongly recommend specimens be sent to the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Telephone: 216-368-0587, e-mail cjdsurv@po.cwru.edu. This Center can also perform genotyping on frozen specimens to determine the type of CJD and diagnose related conditions such as GSS and FFI. These services are offered free of charge.


· Infection Control Considerations – Autopsy and Embalming: World Health Organization (WHO) Infection Control Guidelines for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) should be followed during autopsy. An autopsied or To report a case, call Jim Kazmierczak, DVM, at the Division of Public Health at 608-266-2154 traumatized body of a suspected or confirmed TSE patient can be embalmed using the precautions outlined in the WHO TSE Infection Control Guidelines. www.who.int/emc-documents/tse/docs/whocdscsraph2003.pdf . Bodies that have not been autopsied or traumatized can be embalmed using Standard Precautions.


· Funding for Autopsies: Funds are available through the Division of Public Health to provide for transport for autopsy and / or autopsy costs of suspect TSE patients at a Wisconsin prion disease center. Please contact Dr, Jim Kazmierczak at 608-266-2154 for details.


Differential Diagnosis of CJD and other Prion Dementias


The differential diagnosis of CJD includes treatable conditions such as B12 deficiency, hypothyroidism, syphilis, other central nervous system infections (HIV/AIDS, chronic meningitis, Whipple’s disease etc), cerebrovascular disease, direct and indirect (paraneoplastic) effects of cancer, Wilson’s disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus, toxic exposure, organ failure, psychiatric disorders, unusual presentation of Parkinson’s disease or Parkinson-plus syndromes, and others.


Incurable conditions which may enter into the differential diagnosis of CJD include unusual presentations of Alzheimer’s disease, Pick’s disease, diffuse Lewy body disease, frontotemporal dementia, corticobasilar degeneration, mitochondrial diseases, leukodystrophies, and spinocerebellar degenerations.


New variant CJD (vCJD) was linked to beef consumption during the occurrence of a large outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, commonly known as mad cow disease) among cattle in the United Kingdom (UK) in the 1990’s. To date, despite an active USDA surveillance program, no case of this cattle disease has been identified in the US. The vCJD should not be confused with the classic form of sCJD that is endemic throughout the world. The median age at death of patients with sCJD is 68 years and very few cases occur in persons under 30 years of age. In contrast, the median age at death of patients with vCJD in the UK is 28 years. The vCJD can be confirmed only through examination of brain tissue. The incubation period for vCJD is unknown; however, it is likely that it will be measured in years or decades. In contrast to sCJD, vCJD in the UK predominantly affects younger people, has atypical clinical features, with prominent psychiatric or sensory symptoms at the time of clinical presentation and delayed onset of neurologic abnormalities, including ataxia within weeks or months, dementia and myoclonus late in the illness, a duration of illness of at least 6 months and a diffusely abnormal non-diagnostic EEG.


Further Resources: Wisconsin Prion Centers and Neurologists A network of medical centers and neurologists in Wisconsin has been established in order to assist health care professionals in the diagnosis, care, and reporting of possible human prion disease such as CJD. At each center, there are identified neurologists, neuro-radiologists, neuropathologists, and other professionals with expertise in prion diseases available for consultation or referral. If you would like to refer a patient to one of the centers, please call Jim Kazmierczak, at the Wisconsin Division of Public Health, 608-266-2154. Dr. Kazmierczak will fax this document and other pertinent information to the caller.


The goals of the network are to assist primary clinicians and neurologists in the accurate diagnosis of patients with suspected prion diseases, advise on the care of persons with prion diseases, promote public safety, enhance reporting to state health officials for surveillance purposes, and facilitate interactions with national prion research centers.


Tier 1 Prion Centers City Contact Person Phone E-mail University of Wisconsin Madison John O. Fleming, MD 608-263-5421 fleming@neurology.wisc.edu Marshfield Clinic Marshfield Susan F. Mickel, MD 715-387-5351 mickel.susan@marshfieldclinic.org Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Malgorzata Franczak, MD 414-805-5224 mfran@mcw.edu


Tier 2 Referral Neurologists City Phone E-mail John O. Fleming, MD Madison 608-263-5421 fleming@neurology.wisc.edu Benjamin R. Brooks, MD Madison 608-263-5421 brooks@neurology.wisc.edu Susan F. Mickel, MD Marshfield 715-387-5351 mickel.susan@marshfieldclinic.org Malgorzata B. Franczak, MD Milwaukee 414-805-5224 mfran@mcw.edu Gizelle R. Larson, MD Neenah 920-725-9373 gizell.larson@thedacare.org Piero G. Antuono, MD Milwaukee 414-805-5224 antuono@mcw.edu Vincent T. Miller, MD Chippewa Falls 715-726-4123 miller.vincent@marshfieldclinic.org


*Wisconsin Prion Disease Advisory Workgroup: Benjamin R. Brooks, MD; John O. Fleming, MD; Malgorzata B. Franczak, MD; Bradley C. Hiner, MD; Khang-Cheng Ho, MD, PhD; Jeffrey M. Jentzen, MD; Susan F. Mickel, MD; Vincent T. Miller, MD; Denis C. Nathan, MD; Robert J. Przybelski, MD, MS; Roger E. Riepe, MD; Howard A. Rowley, MD; M. Shahriar Salamat, MD, PhD.


http://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/communicable/resources/pdffiles/PrionClinicianFS.pdf



However, by this, CJD was made reportable April 8, 2008 in Wisonsin. I don't know why they have not updated the Government sites with this data ? Also, in the above official document from the Wisconsin DPH, they state, if this is true today, this is a total flaw in the surveillance program ;


A prion-related disorder, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), should be suspected and reported to the Wisconsin Division of Public Health in any patient with: Dementia of early onset (  < 55 years ) OR...




BY only being concerned with CJD TSE prion victims of only less than 55 years old victims, you will continue to spread the agent via iatrogenic routes and sources. what do these officials think, that 55 years and older, that may or may not have clinical TSE prion disease, yet sub-clinically, they go on to have surgical, dental, donate blood, tissue, organs etc., that these 55 years and older will NEVER have a medical or surgical procedure? let me remind you that the very old can get nvCJD as well, if you are one of the fools that still believe in the UKBSEnvCJD only theory. ...and a fool you are if you still believe in the UKBSEnvCJD only theory. ...tss



Subject: Alaska, Illinois and Wisconsin Add Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease To Their Required Reportable Conditions List Date: April 9, 2008 at 2:51 pm PST




Alaska, Illinois and Wisconsin Add Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease To Their Required Reportable Conditions List



NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA April 08, 2008 Health News



(PRLEAP.COM) Alaska, Illinois and Wisconsin have all added Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to their required reportable conditions list. "This is wonderful to hear", remarked Christy Brom, the director/founder of CJD Aware!, a non-profit, information organization based in New Orleans, Louisiana. "State Health Departments are on the front-lines when dealing with public health issues, such as infectious diseases. By making CJD a reportable condition, health officials can gather data that shows how often the disease occurs, monitor the trends of the disease and continue their tracking of outbreaks." added Ms. Brom. All states have reportable conditions list, but requirements for reporting diseases varies from state-to-state.



Since its inception in the spring of 2002, CJD Aware! continues to grow at a steady pace. The information organization has nearly tripled its database of individuals, medical professionals and educators who have contacted the organization requesting information about Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). In addition to monitoring several state Health Departments as some revise their rules/regulations, CJD Aware! is also continuing their annual ‘CJD Awareness Week’ campaign.



"This campaign will go on until we have proclamations from the governors of all 50 states," remarked Sandy Rouse, a CJD Aware! volunteer. "We have volunteers ready to assist us this year with Virginia, Oklahoma, South Carolina and Florida," added Ms. Rouse. CJD Aware! has seen a surge in requests for their information packets, as well as a recent request from a dementia clinic for all their available information.



As CJD Aware! begins a very busy and growth-oriented time, they find it fitting that this year, 2008, is the 25th anniversary of the Orphan Drug Act. Signed on Janury 4, 1983 by President Ronald Reagan, this legislation brings new hope to the 25 million Americans who suffer from rare diseases. The staff and volunteers continue with CJD Aware’s! mission of "sharing information to find a cure" in each packet that is mailed out, each email that is responded to and each phone call that is answered. "In our 6 years of existence, it is extremely gratifying for CJD Aware! to feel that we have helped families understand and deal with this very rare and devastating disease" says Ms. Brom. Contact Information Christy Brom CJD Aware!



504.708.7956



Email CJD Aware!



http://www.prleap.com/pr/117290/




---------- https://lists.aegee.org/cjd-l.html ----------



GREAT WORK CJD AWARE !!!



Terry S. Singeltary Sr.



snip...end...tss



Hospital Patients Possibly Exposed To Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease



Officials Say There Is No Threat To Public



Updated: 9:03 am CDT July 24, 2009



MADISON, Wis. -- University of Wisconsin Hospital officials said Thursday that at least 53 patients were potentially exposed to a rare neurological disease. A woman in her 50s died of classic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Tuesday. She underwent surgery at UW Hospital on June 11, WISC-TV reported. The disease was diagnosed Monday, after a brain biopsy. The state Department of Health Services said the patient died from the classic case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a naturally occurring but very rare neurological disorder. UW Hospital officials said they believe there is a small chance that 53 other patients there were exposed to the disease, but the hospital has alerted those involved. Health officials said there is not a public health threat beyond the 53 people. Those patients underwent surgeries or procedures where instruments used on the CJD patient were possibly used during their procedures, either on brain tissue or spinal tissue. So far, none of the 53 people have shown any symptoms of the neurological disorder, but the disease can take years to show symptoms, WISC-TV reported. Clinical signs and symptoms of classic CJD include dementia and early neurologic signs. The median age of those with CJD is 68.



http://www.channel3000.com/health/20159630/detail.html




Thursday, July 23, 2009



UW Hospital warning 53 patients about possible exposure to rare brain disease



http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/uw-hospital-warning-53-patients-about.html




Oral.42:


Prion Seeding Activity in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Patients Using Real-Time QuIC Analysis: A Potential New Diagnostic Test?




Lynne I. McGuire,1,† Alexander H. Peden,1 Nigel Appleford,2 Gary Mallinson,2 Christina Orru,3 Jason Wilham,3 Greg Raymond,3 Mary Andrews,1 Mark W. Head,1 Byron Caughey,3 Robert Will,1 Richard Knight1 and Alison Green,1



1 NCJDSU, University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, UK; 2 Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, NHS Blood and Transplant; Bristol, UK; 3 Laboratory of Persistent Viral Disease, NIAID Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health; Hamilton, MT USA†Presenting author; Email: lmcguir1@staffmail.ed.ac.uk



Since its introduction into the diagnostic criteria for sporadic CJD in 1998, the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for 14-3-3 has become a widely accepted investigation in patients with suspected sporadic CJD. However, a number of reports have raised concerns about its lack of specificity. This has prompted the search for a more specific and disease-related pre-mortem diagnostic test for sporadic CJD. The ability of PrPSc to convert PrPC into protease-resistance isoforms has been exploited using a variety of techniques such as protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) and quaking induced conversion (QuIC). A recent adaptation of QuIC (real-time QuIC) has been described which incorporates thioflavin T (ThT) in the reaction mixture. The ThT binds to the aggregated PrP causing a change in the ThT emission spectrum that can be monitored in real-time. Recent studies have shown that CSF samples from hamsters inoculated with experimental scrapie, sheep with scrapie and patients with sporadic CJD can be correctly identified using real-time QuIC.1,2 We now describe the findings of an investigation into the value of real-time QuIC in the diagnosis of sCJD. A blinded panel of CSF samples from 56 neuropathologically confirmed cases of sCJD and from 53 patients who were initially suspected of having sCJD but who were found to have an alternative diagnosis were analyzed. Of the 56 patients with sCJD 51 were found to give a positive response with real-time QuIC. In contrast only one patient from the control group was found to be positive. The sensitivity and specificity was 91% and 98%, respectively. The corresponding sensitivity and specificity of CSF 14-3-3 was 91% and 55%, respectively. These results suggest that real-time QuIC has the potential to be a more specific pre-mortem CSF test for sCJD than CSF 14-3-3.




References



1. Atarashi R, Satoh K, Sano K, Fuse T, Yamanaka H, Yamaguchi N, et al. Ultrasensitive human prion detection in cerebrospinal fluids by real-time quaking induced conversion. Prion 2010; 4:214



2. Wilham JM, Orru CD, Benssen RA, Atarashi R, Sano K, Race B, et al. Rapid end-point quantitation of prion seeding activity with sensitivity comparable to bioassays. PLoS 2010; 6:1-15



http://www.prion2011.ca/files/PRION_2011_-_Posters_(May_5-11).pdf




HOW RELIABLE IS REVIEWING DEATH CERTIFICATE DATA FOR SURVIELLANCE OF CJD, instead of making CJD and all Prion disease reportable Nationally ???



it's not reliable at all, that's the whole purpose of only _reviewing_ death certificate data for CJD TSE prion disease, and not making it reportable Nationally, Government officials do NOT want the public to know how many cases there are. IT's the same as with mad cow disease, if you don't look, you don't find. simple as that. ...tss



PLEASE SEE ;



***



Tuesday, November 08, 2011



Can Mortality Data Provide Reliable Indicators for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance? A Study in France from 2000 to 2008 Vol. 37, No. 3-4, 2011



Original Paper



***Conclusions:These findings raise doubt about the possibility of a reliable CJD surveillance only based on mortality data.



http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2011/11/can-mortality-data-provide-reliable.html





THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CJD RG WILL 1984 (182 PAGES)



snip...



One reason for this was the _inaccuracy_ in coding of cases correctly certified as CJD Coding is carried out by staff who are not medically qualified and it is not surprising that coding errors occur in the processing of large numbers of certificates. In 1982, 12,000 certificates per week were processed at the office of population censuses and surveys bu 15 coders and 6 checkers (Alderson et al., 1983). The occurrence of both inter- and intra-observer coding errors has been described (Curb et al., 1983) and the _inaccuracies_ of BOTH certification and coding discovered in this study _support_ the introduction of a more accurate system of death certificates and a more detailed and specific coding system...



snip...



http://web.archive.org/web/20040521215716/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m26/tab01.pdf




Draft Proposal For The Monitoring of Creutzfeldt-Kakob Disease 1989 Dr. R. Will



snip...



IDENTIFICATION OF CASES



Cases of CJD may be identified from death certificates, but this alone is unlikely to provide adequate monitoring. ERRORS are made in certification and diagnosis; in the Oxford study death certificates were obtained on a series of known confirmed cases and CJD was mentioned in only 66% of certificates. In another series of 175 certified cases, 42 patients were judged not to have suffered from CJD after examination of case notes (7)...



full text;



http://web.archive.org/web/20050526035006/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/00005001.pdf





AS implied in the Inset 25 we must not _ASSUME_ that transmission of BSE to other species will invariably present pathology typical of a scrapie-like disease.



snip...



http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063542/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1991/01/04004001.pdf





FULL TEXT BELOW, with further updated data on sCJD, CWRU, CJD Foundation Gambetti et al toward the bottom ;



http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd&root=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd




Friday, November 04, 2011



Diagnostic accuracy of cerebrospinal fluid protein markers for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Canada: a 6-year prospective study Research article



http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2011/11/diagnostic-accuracy-of-cerebrospinal.html




PLUS, THE CDC DID NOT PUT THIS WARNING OUT FOR THE WELL BEING OF THE DEER AND ELK ;



Thursday, May 26, 2011



Travel History, Hunting, and Venison Consumption Related to Prion Disease Exposure, 2006-2007 FoodNet Population Survey



Journal of the American Dietetic Association Volume 111, Issue 6 , Pages 858-863, June 2011.



http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/05/travel-history-hunting-and-venison.html





NOR IS THE FDA recalling this CWD positive elk meat for the well being of the dead elk ;



Wednesday, March 18, 2009



Noah's Ark Holding, LLC, Dawson, MN RECALL Elk products contain meat derived from an elk confirmed to have CWD NV, CA, TX, CO, NY, UT, FL, OK RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: FOODS CLASS II



http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/noahs-ark-holding-llc-dawson-mn-recall.html





Envt.06: Zoonotic Potential of CWD: Experimental Transmissions to Non-Human Primates



Emmanuel Comoy,1,† Valérie Durand,1 Evelyne Correia,1 Aru Balachandran,2 Jürgen Richt,3 Vincent Beringue,4 Juan-Maria Torres,5 Paul Brown,1 Bob Hills6 and Jean-Philippe Deslys1



1Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; 2Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Ottawa, ON Canada; 3Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS USA; 4INRA; Jouy-en-Josas, France; 5INIA; Madrid, Spain; 6Health Canada; Ottawa, ON Canada†Presenting author; Email: emmanuel.comoy@cea.fr



The constant increase of chronic wasting disease (CWD) incidence in North America raises a question about their zoonotic potential. A recent publication showed their transmissibility to new-world monkeys, but no transmission to old-world monkeys, which are phylogenetically closer to humans, has so far been reported. Moreover, several studies have failed to transmit CWD to transgenic mice overexpressing human PrP.



Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is the only animal prion disease for which a zoonotic potential has been proven. We described the transmission of the atypical BSE-L strain of BSE to cynomolgus monkeys, suggesting a weak cattle-to-primate species barrier. We observed the same phenomenon with a cattle-adapted strain of TME (Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy). Since cattle experimentally exposed to CWD strains have also developed spongiform encephalopathies, we inoculated brain tissue from CWD-infected cattle to three cynomolgus macaques as well as to transgenic mice overexpressing bovine or human PrP. Since CWD prion strains are highly lymphotropic, suggesting an adaptation of these agents after peripheral exposure, a parallel set of four monkeys was inoculated with CWD-infected cervid brains using the oral route.



Nearly four years post-exposure, monkeys exposed to CWD-related prion strains remain asymptomatic. In contrast, bovinized and humanized transgenic mice showed signs of infection, suggesting that CWD-related prion strains may be capable of crossing the cattle-to-primate species barrier. Comparisons with transmission results and incubation periods obtained after exposure to other cattle prion strains (c-BSE, BSE-L, BSE-H and cattle-adapted TME) will also be presented, in order to evaluate the respective risks of each strain.



link url not available, please see PRION 2011 ;



http://www.prion2011.ca/files/PRION_2011_-_Posters_(May_5-11).pdf





see more here on CWD and the Zoonotic Potential potential there from, and then the pass it forward mode through multiple routes and sources, i.e. iatrogenic CJD. ...tss



Monday, June 27, 2011



Zoonotic Potential of CWD: Experimental Transmissions to Non-Human Primates



http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/06/zoonotic-potential-of-cwd-experimental.html





Thursday, April 03, 2008



A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease



2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41



A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease



Sigurdson CJ.



snip...



*** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***,



snip...



full text ;



http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html





CJD9/10022



October 1994



Mr R.N. Elmhirst Chairman British Deer Farmers Association Holly Lodge Spencers Lane BerksWell Coventry CV7 7BZ



Dear Mr Elmhirst,



CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD) SURVEILLANCE UNIT REPORT



Thank you for your recent letter concerning the publication of the third annual report from the CJD Surveillance Unit. I am sorry that you are dissatisfied with the way in which this report was published.



The Surveillance Unit is a completely independant outside body and the Department of Health is committed to publishing their reports as soon as they become available. In the circumstances it is not the practice to circulate the report for comment since the findings of the report would not be amended. In future we can ensure that the British Deer Farmers Association receives a copy of the report in advance of publication.



The Chief Medical Officer has undertaken to keep the public fully informed of the results of any research in respect of CJD. This report was entirely the work of the unit and was produced completely independantly of the the Department.



The statistical results reqarding the consumption of venison was put into perspective in the body of the report and was not mentioned at all in the press release. Media attention regarding this report was low key but gave a realistic presentation of the statistical findings of the Unit. This approach to publication was successful in that consumption of venison was highlighted only once by the media ie. in the News at one television proqramme.



I believe that a further statement about the report, or indeed statistical links between CJD and consumption of venison, would increase, and quite possibly give damaging credence, to the whole issue. From the low key media reports of which I am aware it seems unlikely that venison consumption will suffer adversely, if at all.



http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf





From: TSS (216-119-163-189.ipset45.wt.net)



Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???



Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST



From: "Belay, Ermias"



To:



Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"



Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM



Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS



Dear Sir/Madam,



In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.



That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091). Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.



Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention



-----Original Message-----



From:



Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM



To: rr26k@nih.gov; rrace@niaid.nih.gov; ebb8@CDC.GOV



Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS



Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM ......snip........end..............TSS



http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html





Wednesday, October 12, 2011



White-tailed deer are susceptible to the agent of sheep scrapie by intracerebral inoculation



http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/10/white-tailed-deer-are-susceptible-to.html





http://www.mad-cow.org/colorado_exp.html




Wednesday, July 06, 2011



Swine Are Susceptible to Chronic Wasting Disease by Intracerebral Inoculation



http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/07/swine-are-susceptible-to-chronic.html





THE ROLE OF PREDATION IN DISEASE CONTROL: A COMPARISON OF SELECTIVE AND NONSELECTIVE REMOVAL ON PRION DISEASE DYNAMICS IN DEER



Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 47(1), 2011, pp. 78-93 © Wildlife Disease Association 2011



http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/02/role-of-predation-in-disease-control.html





Wednesday, September 21, 2011



Evidence for distinct CWD strains in experimental CWD in ferrets



http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/09/evidence-for-distinct-cwd-strains-in.html





Tuesday, May 31, 2011



Chronic Wasting Disease DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_159 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011



http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/05/chronic-wasting-disease-doi.html





Chronic Wasting Disease Susceptibility of Four North American Rodents



Chad J. Johnson1*, Jay R. Schneider2, Christopher J. Johnson2, Natalie A. Mickelsen2, Julia A. Langenberg3, Philip N. Bochsler4, Delwyn P. Keane4, Daniel J. Barr4, and Dennis M. Heisey2 1University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biosciences, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison WI 53706, USA 2US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison WI 53711, USA 3Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 101 South Webster Street, Madison WI 53703, USA 4Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, 445 Easterday Lane, Madison WI 53706, USA *Corresponding author email: cjohnson@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu



We intracerebrally challenged four species of native North American rodents that inhabit locations undergoing cervid chronic wasting disease (CWD) epidemics. The species were: deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), white-footed mice (P. leucopus), meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), and red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi). The inocula were prepared from the brains of hunter-harvested white-tailed deer from Wisconsin that tested positive for CWD. Meadow voles proved to be most susceptible, with a median incubation period of 272 days. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of PrPd in the brains of all challenged meadow voles. Subsequent passages in meadow voles lead to a significant reduction in incubation period. The disease progression in red-backed voles, which are very closely related to the European bank vole (M. glareolus) which have been demonstrated to be sensitive to a number of TSEs, was slower than in meadow voles with a median incubation period of 351 days. We sequenced the meadow vole and red-backed vole Prnp genes and found three amino acid (AA) differences outside of the signal and GPI anchor sequences. Of these differences (T56-, G90S, S170N; read-backed vole:meadow vole), S170N is particularly intriguing due its postulated involvement in “rigid loop” structure and CWD susceptibility. Deer mice did not exhibit disease signs until nearly 1.5 years post-inoculation, but appear to be exhibiting a high degree of disease penetrance. White-footed mice have an even longer incubation period but are also showing high penetrance. Second passage experiments show significant shortening of incubation periods. Meadow voles in particular appear to be interesting lab models for CWD. These rodents scavenge carrion, and are an important food source for many predator species. Furthermore, these rodents enter human and domestic livestock food chains by accidental inclusion in grain and forage. Further investigation of these species as potential hosts, bridge species, and reservoirs of CWD is required.



http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/08/third-international-cwd-symposium-july.html




please see ;



http://www.cwd-info.org/pdf/3rd_CWD_Symposium_utah.pdf




Thursday, June 09, 2011



Detection of CWD prions in salivary, urinary, and intestinal tissues of deer: potential mechanisms of prion shedding and transmission



http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/06/detection-of-cwd-prions-in-salivary.html




UPDATED DATA ON 2ND CWD STRAIN



Wednesday, September 08, 2010



CWD PRION CONGRESS SEPTEMBER 8-11 2010



http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2010/09/cwd-prion-2010.html





Wednesday, January 5, 2011



ENLARGING SPECTRUM OF PRION-LIKE DISEASES Prusiner Colby et al 2011



Prions



David W. Colby1,* and Stanley B. Prusiner1,2



http://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2011/01/enlarging-spectrum-of-prion-like.html




UPDATED SCIENCE ON CWD 2011



CWD



Oral.22: Transmission and Pathogenesis of Chronic Wasting Disease in Cervid and Non-Cervid Species



Edward Hoover,† Candace K. Mathiason, Nicholas J. Haley, Timothy D. Kurt, Davis M. Seelig, Amy V. Nalls, Mark D. Zabel, Glenn C. Telling



Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and Neurology; University of Kentucky Medical Center; Lexington, KY USA†Presenting author



Now recognized in 18 states in the US, two Canadian provinces, and one Asian country, efficient horizontal transmission is a signature trait of chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids. The facile spread of CWD appears linked to the prion/host relationship facilitating efficient mucosal uptake, peripheral lymphoreticular amplification, and horizontal dissemination exploiting excretory tissues and their products. In addition, recent studies suggest the likelihood of early life mother to offspring transmission. Growing evidence from studies of cervid CWD exposure by natural routes indicate that the incubation period for overt infection detection and disease onset (if any) may be much longer than originally thought.



Whether non-cervid species (including humans) may be susceptible to CWD infection and/or act as reservoirs for infection in nature remains unknown. In vitro and in vivo studies of the CWD species barrier indicate the potential for a host range extending beyond cervid species, although no evidence for this has thus far been detected in nature. Interestingly, rodent and mustelid species sympatric with free ranging cervids have been shown susceptible to CWD prions and such trans-species infection broadens the host range/strain characteristics of CWD prions. While the origins of CWD remain unknown, the relationship between sheep scrapie and CWD and the existence of multiple CWD prion strains/quasispecies remain interesting and merit further investigation.



Oral.26: Minor Oral Lesions Facilitate CWD Infection



Nathaniel D. Denkers,1,† Glenn C. Telling2 and Edward A. Hoover1



1Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA; 2University of Kentuckty; Lexington, KY USA†Presenting author; Email: nddenk@colostate.edu



Purpose: While the exact mechanisms of chronic wasting disease (CWD) prion transmission, entry, and trafficking remain incompletely elucidated, transmission by exposure of the oral and/or nasal mucous membranes seems certain. As part of foraging, cervids likely experience minor lesions in the oral mucous membranes; these could have impact on susceptibility to prion entry and subsequent infection. To explore this potential co-factor, we used cervid PrP transgenic mice to assess whether or not micro-abrasions to the tongue may enhance susceptibility to oral CWD infection and whether or not infectious CWD PrPCWD could be detected immediately after exposure.



Methods: Two sets of FVB mice transgenically expressing the normal cervid PrPC protein [Tg(CerPrP-E226)5037+/-], with or without abrasions on the lingual mucosa, were inoculated orally with 10µl of a 10% w/v brain homogenate from either CWD-positive or negative deer. Abrasions were created by lightly scratching the dorsal lingual epithelium with a 27g needle. Cohorts were sacrificed at either early [0, 1, and 4 h post inoculation (pi)] or late [3, 12, and 24 months pi] time points or when signs of neurologic disease were observed. Tongue, lymphoid tissue, and the brain were assessed by western blotting and tyramide signal amplification (TSA) immunohistochemistry to detect the CWD abnormal prion protein (PrPCWD).



Results: Between 296 and 515 dpi, 9 of the 9 CWD-inoculated mice with lingual lesions developed clinical signs of neurologic dysfunction mandating euthanasia. Only the brain in all nine mice was positive for PrPCWD by western blot and TSA immunohistochemistry. Conversely, all mice without oral lesions remained asymptomatic for >700 dpi and no evidence of PrPCWD was detected in these mice terminally. Moreover, no evidence of PrPCWD could be detected when the micro-abrasion sites were examined at 0, 1, or 4 h after oral exposure or at any pre-terminal time point thereafter.



Conclusions: Micro-abrasions to the lingual surface substantially facilitated CWD transmission, suggesting that minor oral mucosal lesions may be a significant co-factor facilitating infection in foraging cervids or other species.



Oral.27: Identification of PrPCWD in the Salivary Gland Epithelium of White-Tailed Deer: Novel Insights Into Mechanisms of CWD Horizontal Transmission



Davis Seelig,1,† Gary Mason,1 Glenn Telling2 and Edward Hoover1



1Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA; 2University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY USA†Presenting author; Email: davis.seelig@colostate.edu



Background. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids is characterized by its efficient transmission among animals. Although bioassay and in vitro amplification studies have confirmed the infectious nature of saliva, urine, blood and feces, uncertainties remain regarding the mechanisms of this facile horizontal transmission. Notable among these is a specific understanding of the means by which prion infectivity is transferred to a body fluid or excretion.



Objectives. The chief objective of this work was to provide tissue-level insights into the process of prion shedding via the salivary glands by means of enhanced immunohistochemistry (IHC).



Methods. Formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from CWD-infected white-tailed deer (WTD) were evaluated for the presence of PrPCWD using sensitive amplified immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods employing, citrate buffer-based heat-induced epitope retrieval, tyramide signal amplification (TSA), and a polyclonal anti-prion protein antisera.



Results. Here we show that enhanced IHC techniques are capable of detecting pathogenic prion protein (PrPCWD) in the salivary glands of infected WTD. Utilizing optimized TSA we have detected granular to clumped, intra-cytoplasmic PrPCWD deposits in parotid and mandibular salivary gland ductular epithelial cells of WTD infected with CWD for 19 to 27 months. Salivary PrPCWD was not detected in sham-inoculated or naïve WTD. PrPCWD was not identified in any other salivary gland cell types.



Discussion. We present immunohistochemical evidence for PrPCWD accumulation in the salivary gland ductules, which provides a tissue level correlate to the infectivity present in cervid saliva and may explain the manner by which prions transit to saliva, and thereby facilitate the high degree of CWD horizontal transmission. These findings complement work by Haley et al. (this symposium) demonstrating the presence of CWD prions in salivary glands through the in vitro amplification assay PMCA. 12 Prion Volume 5 Supplement



Oral.28: Differential CWD Infection and Mortality of PRNP Genotypes in White-Tailed Deer: Implications for Genetic Selection, Disease Modeling and Management



Michael D. Samuel,1,† Stacie J. Robinson,1 Chad J. Johnson,1 Marie Adams1 and Debbie I. McKenzie2



1University of Wisconsin; Madison, WI USA; 2University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada†Presenting author; Email: mdsamuel@wisc.edu



Infectious diseases are increasingly recognized as an important force driving population dynamics, conservation biology and natural selection in wildlife populations. Infectious agents have been implicated in the decline of small or endangered populations and may act to constrain population size, distribution, or growth rates. Further, diseases may provide selective pressures that shape the genetic diversity of populations or species. Thus understanding disease dynamics and selective pressures from pathogens is crucial to understanding population processes, managing wildlife diseases, and conserving biological diversity. There is ample evidence that variation in the PRNP gene impacts host susceptibility to TSEs. Research in human TSEs and scrapie, as well as chronic wasting disease (CWD) has demonstrated that PRNP variation influences the susceptibility and progression of prion diseases. Still, little is known about how these genetic differences might influence natural selection within cervid populations or how genetic make-up might shape disease dynamics and the population response to CWD. Here we determine the links between genetic variation, CWD transmission, and susceptibility of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with implications for fitness and disease-driven genetic selection. We developed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay to efficiently genotype deer at the 96th codon of the PRNP gene. We then used a Bayesian modeling approach to calculate genotype-specific infection and disease mortality rates. We found that the more susceptible (homozygous) genotype had over four times greater risk of CWD infection and, once infected, deer with the resistant (heterozygous) genotype survived 49% longer (8.25 more months). We used these epidemiological parameters in a multi-stage population matrix model to evaluate genotype-specific population growth. The differences in disease infection and mortality rates allowed genetically resistant deer to achieve higher population growth and obtain a long-term fitness advantage. This differential fitness produced a selection coefficient of over 1% favoring the heterozygous CWD-resistant genotype. Such strong selective pressure suggests that the resistant allele could become dominant in the population within just a few hundred years, extremely rapid on the evolutionary time scale. Our results have direct implications for the epidemiology, dynamics, and future trends in CWD transmission and spread.



Oral.29: Susceptibility of Domestic Cats to CWD Infection



Amy Nalls, Nicholas J. Haley, Jeanette Hayes-Klug, Kelly Anderson, Davis M. Seelig, Dan S. Bucy, Susan L. Kraft, Edward A. Hoover and Candace K. Mathiason†



Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA†Presenting author; Email: ckm@lamar.colostate.edu



Domestic and non-domestic cats have been shown to be susceptible to one prion disease, feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE), thought to be transmitted through consumption of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contaminated meat. Because domestic and free ranging felids scavenge cervid carcasses, including those in CWD affected areas, we evaluated the susceptibility of domestic cats to CWD infection experimentally. Groups of n = 5 cats each were inoculated either intracerebrally (IC) or orally (PO) with CWD deer brain homogenate. Between 40–43 months following IC inoculation, two cats developed mild but progressive symptoms including weight loss, anorexia, polydipsia, patterned motor behaviors and ataxia—ultimately mandating euthanasia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on the brain of one of these animals (vs. two age-matched controls) performed just before euthanasia revealed increased ventricular system volume, more prominent sulci, and T2 hyperintensity deep in the white matter of the frontal hemisphere and in cortical grey distributed through the brain, likely representing inflammation or gliosis. PrPRES and widely distributed peri-neuronal vacuoles were demonstrated in the brains of both animals by immunodetection assays. No clinical signs of TSE have been detected in the remaining primary passage cats after 80 months pi. Feline-adapted CWD was sub-passaged into groups (n=4 or 5) of cats by IC, PO, and IP/SQ routes. Currently, at 22 months pi, all five IC inoculated cats are demonstrating abnormal behavior including increasing aggressiveness, pacing, and hyper responsiveness. Two of these cats have developed rear limb ataxia. Although the limited data from this ongoing study must be considered preliminary, they raise the potential for cervid-to-feline transmission in nature.



Oral.44: Genetic Variability and Association with Prion Disease Susceptibility of the Prion Gene in the Mammalian Order Carnivora



Paula Stewart,1 Karen Griffin,8 Jon E. Swenson,2 Jens Persson,11 Olof Liberg,11 Jon M. Arnemo,3, 4 Thierry Baron,5 Martin Groschup,6 Danielle Gunn-Moore,9 Simon Girling,10 Michael W. Miller,8 Michael Tranulis7 and Wilfred Goldmann,1,†



1The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh; Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK; 2Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences; As, Norway; 3Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Hedmark University College; Campus Evenstad, Norway; 4Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Umea, Sweden; 5Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments; Lyon, France; 6Friedrich Loeffler Institut; Riems, Germany; 7Department of Basic Sciences & Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science; Oslo, Norway; 8Wildlife Research Center, Colorado Division of Wildlife; Fort Collins, CO USA; 9Small Animal Hospital, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, UK; 10The Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh Zoo; Edinburgh, UK; 11Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences ; Riddarhyttan, Sweden†Presenting author; Email: wilfred.goldmann@roslin.ed.ac.uk



Carnivores are exposed to significant levels of CWD in some regions of the US and Canada. Indeed it has been proposed recently that mountain lions prey selectively on prion–infected mule deer. It is likely that predators have also at least occasionally been exposed to other prion diseases, such as sheep scrapie in other countries. How susceptible are predators and scavengers to prion diseases? It is well known that the prion protein sequence is important as a major modulator of susceptibility and pathogenesis of prion disease. For example, prion disease susceptibility in sheep, goats and deer is modulated by at least 15 different polymorphisms of the PrP protein. PrP sequencing of carnivore species has not been done in great numbers and the degree of genetic variation of their PrP in wild and domesticated populations has not been addressed in any detail. However, to estimate the genetic risk of populations to diseases such as CWD one needs to understand the genetic variation of the target species.



We have analyzed the prion protein sequence of over 450 samples from over 20 species/subspecies of the suborders feliformia (cat-like) and caniformia (dog-like) representing ~320 samples from wild populations (US, Europe), ~110 samples from companion animals and ~25 samples from zoo collections. Within these samples were nine FSE cat cases, including the index case from the UK and six FSE cheetahs.



We established the PrP protein variants in our sample set and conclude that the number of PrP variants is small, with slightly more variability in caniformia than feliformia. All feline prion sequences have a characteristic alanine change in their repeat region that is not seen in any other species; all canine PrP encode aspartic acid in position 163, which is not present in any other species with the exception of wolverines. We hypothesis that these differences may explain some of the difference observed in prion disease susceptibility. The analysis of the FSE cases revealed no additional mutations therefore excluding the possibility of particularly susceptible PrP genotypes.



Although the general susceptibility of predators to CWD has not been established, we predict that it is unlikely that species



such as mountain lion and black bear will be protected by resistant alleles, whereas wolf and wolverine may have a slightly higher susceptibility threshold.



W.G. and P.S. supported by Institute Strategic Grant funding from the BBSRC, UK.



Oral.39: Crisis and Opportunity: Chronic Wasting Disease, Indigenous Peoples and Cross-Cultural Research and Communication Regarding Wildlife and Environmental Health



Stephane McLachlan,1,† Helen Cote-Quewezance,2 Stefan Epp,1 Carmen Fuentealba,3 Katie Peterson,1 Misty Potts-Sanderson,4 Dean Rennie,1 Manon Roy,1 Joyce Slater,1 Tamara Steffensen,1 Troy Stozek1 and Anna Weier1



1 University of Manitoba; Winnipeg, MB Canada; 2 Cote First Nation; Kamsack, SK Canada; 3 University of Calgary; Calcary, AB Canada; 4 Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation; Glenevis, AB Canada†Presenting author



Many Indigenous communities in western Canada are concerned about increases in wildlife disease and environmental contamination that threaten their longstanding use of moose, elk and deer. Over the last three years we have been exploring the implications of these changes in close collaboration with two First Nations in Alberta (Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation and Paul First Nation) and a third First Nation in Saskatchewan (Cote First Nation). The overall goal of our project has been to better understand and respond to chronic wasting disease and other potential threats to wildlife and environmental health that confront these communities. The project is holistic and cross-cultural in approach, bridging Western science with Traditional Knowledge, and has been shaped and controlled by the community partners at all stages.



The objective of the first phase of the project was to better understand the implications of CWD as well as the role of cervids (i.e. moose, elk, and deer) in the diets and culture of these communities. It focused on interviews and participatory mapping. The objective of the second phase was to identify any factors responsible for ongoing declines in the health of cervids, and to assess to what degree these declines have been associated with CWD and the adverse effects of surrounding oil and gas extraction, agriculture and deforestation. Hunters collected samples of moose, deer, and elk and these samples have been tested for CWD, parasites, heavy metals, and other contaminants.



The objective of third phase was to explore the role of risk communication regarding CWD as it affects Indigenous communities and other stakeholders. This was, in part, achieved by evaluating media coverage and governmental communication with Indigenous communities regarding CWD and more generally wildlife health. Results show there has been little effective communication with or inclusion of Indigenous Peoples in government risk communication strategies. What communication did exist was generally culturally inappropriate, inaccessible, and, often generated community concern and even fear. However, we have developed a number of effective approaches to knowledge exchange in this collaborative project. They include an interactive website (www.inlandandlife.ca), plain-language newsletters, participatory video, and campouts on the land.



Outcomes of all three phases of this project have important implications for the understanding and communication of risks associated with CWD as they affect Indigenous communities. Yet, our findings are also relevant for risk communication with many stakeholders and a wide variety of threats associated with declining wildlife and environmental health.



Oral.40: Monitoring the Potential Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease to Humans



Ermias D. Belay,1,† Joseph Abrams,1 Janell Kenfield,2 Kelly Weidenbach,3 Ryan A. Maddox,1 Elisabeth Lawaczeck2 and Lawrence B. Schonberger1



1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, GA USA; 2 Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment; Denver, CO USA; 3 Wyoming Department of Health; Cheyenne, WY USA†Presenting author; Email: EBelay@cdc.gov



Introduction: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been occurring for several decades among wild cervids in Colorado and Wyoming. The increasing detection of CWD in an additional 12 US states and two Canadian provinces may have resulted in increased human exposure to CWD. Although studies have evaluated the possible transmission of CWD to humans in laboratory models, a reliable assessment requires conducting epidemiologic and laboratory studies designed to identify prion disease among humans exposed to CWD and generating scientific evidence causally linking the two illnesses.



Methods: In collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Wyoming Department of Health and the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment established a long-term follow-up study of hunter data to monitor the potential CWD transmission to humans. Personal identifiers from deer or elk hunter database are cross-checked with mortality data to determine their mortality status and causes of death.



Results: In Colorado, the hunter data include about 4.9 million records of licenses purchased during 1995–2008, representing about 1.1 million hunters. Overall, 48% of hunters purchased a license to hunt in areas that included CWD positive game units and 47% to hunt anywhere in Colorado. In Wyoming, the data include about 1.2 million records of licenses purchased during 1996-2009, representing about 0.5 million hunters; 34% of hunters purchased a license to hunt in areas that included CWD positive game units and 28% to hunt anywhere in Wyoming. During the study period three Colorado hunters (expected number: 3-15 cases) and three Wyoming hunters (expected number: 0-6 cases) were identified to have died of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).



Conclusions: No evidence suggests that the CJD incidence is higher than expected among persons who hunted in Colorado or Wyoming. The hunter data are valuable for monitoring the potential transmission of CWD to humans. Ongoing assessment and long-term follow-up of the hunter population is necessary because human prion diseases are associated with long latency periods and the pathogenicity of CWD might change over time.



Bio.048: PRNP Polymorphisms Generate Different PrPCWD Proteins in Orally Inoculated White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus)



Juan C. Duque Velasquez,1,† Allen Herbst,1 Chad Johnson,2 Judd Aiken1 and Debbie McKenzie1



1Centre For Prions and Protein Folding Diseases-University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada; 2Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin; Madison, WI USA;†Presenting author; Email: duquevel@ualberta.ca



Prion strains have been identified in virtually every species affected by these transmissible neurological disorders. Prion strains can exhibit unique clinical symptoms, disease incubation period, biochemical characteristics of the prion protein, as well as species tropism. We have previously demonstrated that specific PRNP polymorphisms are linked to resistance to chronic wasting disease (CWD) infection in free-ranging white-tailed deer populations. In hunter-harvested CWD-positive deer, the "wild-type" alleles (with glutamine at 95 aa and glycine at 96 aa) were over-represented while the 95 (95H) and 96 (96S) polymorphisms were under-represented. Experimental oral infection of white-tailed deer with known PRNP genotypes (with inoculum from CWD-positive wt/wt deer) confirmed this link between prion protein primary sequence and incubation period. All orally infected animals became clinically positive for CWD. The wt/wt had the shortest incubation period (693 dpi); the animal heterozygous for 95H/96S the longest (1596 dpi). Analysis of the CWD isolates revealed biochemical and biophysical differences between PrPCWD from wt/wt deer and H95/S96 deer. These proteins can be distinguished by full-length PrP glycoform patterns, proteinase K resistance, molecular weight, sedimentation properties in N-Lauroylsarkosine and structural stability to chaotropes. The presence of these PrPCWD isoforms suggests that white-tailed deer can generate several different strains of CWD agent; potentially with different transmission properties.



==============tss===============



http://www.landesbioscience.com/




Prion



http://www.prion2011.ca/files/PRION_2011_-_Posters_(May_5-11).pdf




Sunday, July 27, 2008



DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability



-------- Original Message --------



Subject: DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability



Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 -0500



From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."



To: fdadockets@oc.fda.gov



Greetings FDA,



i would kindly like to comment on;



Docket 03D-0186



FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability



Several factors on this apparent voluntary proposal disturbs me greatly, please allow me to point them out;



1. MY first point is the failure of the partial ruminant-to-ruminant feed ban of 8/4/97. this partial and voluntary feed ban of some ruminant materials being fed back to cattle is terribly flawed. without the _total_ and _mandatory_ ban of all ruminant materials being fed back to ruminants including cattle, sheep, goat, deer, elk and mink, chickens, fish (all farmed animals for human/animal consumption), this half ass measure will fail terribly, as in the past decades...



2. WHAT about sub-clinical TSE in deer and elk? with the recent findings of deer fawns being infected with CWD, how many could possibly be sub-clinically infected. until we have a rapid TSE test to assure us that all deer/elk are free of disease (clinical and sub-clinical), we must ban not only documented CWD infected deer/elk, but healthy ones as well. it this is not done, they system will fail...



3. WE must ban not only CNS (SRMs specified risk materials), but ALL tissues. recent new and old findings support infectivity in the rump or ass muscle. wether it be low or high, accumulation will play a crucial role in TSEs.



4. THERE are and have been for some time many TSEs in the USA. TME in mink, Scrapie in Sheep and Goats, and unidentified TSE in USA cattle. all this has been proven, but the TSE in USA cattle has been totally ignored for decades. i will document this data below in my references.



5. UNTIL we ban all ruminant by-products from being fed back to ALL ruminants, until we rapid TSE test (not only deer/elk) but cattle in sufficient numbers to find (1 million rapid TSE test in USA cattle annually for 5 years), any partial measures such as the ones proposed while ignoring sub-clinical TSEs and not rapid TSE testing cattle, not closing down feed mills that continue to violate the FDA's BSE feed regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) and not making freely available those violations, will only continue to spread these TSE mad cow agents in the USA. I am curious what we will call a phenotype in a species that is mixed with who knows how many strains of scrapie, who knows what strain or how many strains of TSE in USA cattle, and the CWD in deer and elk (no telling how many strains there), but all of this has been rendered for animal feeds in the USA for decades. it will get interesting once someone starts looking in all species, including humans here in the USA, but this has yet to happen...



6. IT is paramount that CJD be made reportable in every state (especially ''sporadic'' cjd), and that a CJD Questionnaire must be issued to every family of a victim of TSE. only checking death certificates will not be sufficient. this has been proven as well (see below HISTORY OF CJD -- CJD QUESTIONNAIRE)



7. WE must learn from our past mistakes, not continue to make the same mistakes...



snip...



Oral transmission and early lymphoid tropism of chronic wasting disease PrPres in mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus ) Christina J. Sigurdson1, Elizabeth S. Williams2, Michael W. Miller3, Terry R. Spraker1,4, Katherine I. O'Rourke5 and Edward A. Hoover1



Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523- 1671, USA1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA 2 Colorado Division of Wildlife, Wildlife Research Center, 317 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, CO 80526-2097, USA3 Colorado State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1671, USA4 Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 337 Bustad Hall, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7030, USA5



Author for correspondence: Edward Hoover.Fax +1 970 491 0523. e-mail ehoover@lamar.colostate.edu



Mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus) were inoculated orally with a brain homogenate prepared from mule deer with naturally occurring chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion-induced transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Fawns were necropsied and examined for PrP res, the abnormal prion protein isoform, at 10, 42, 53, 77, 78 and 80 days post-inoculation (p.i.) using an immunohistochemistry assay modified to enhance sensitivity. PrPres was detected in alimentary-tract-associated lymphoid tissues (one or more of the following: retropharyngeal lymph node, tonsil, Peyer's patch and ileocaecal lymph node) as early as 42 days p.i. and in all fawns examined thereafter (53 to 80 days p.i.). No PrPres staining was detected in lymphoid tissue of three control fawns receiving a control brain inoculum, nor was PrPres detectable in neural tissue of any fawn. PrPres-specific staining was markedly enhanced by sequential tissue treatment with formic acid, proteinase K and hydrated autoclaving prior to immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibody F89/160.1.5. These results indicate that CWD PrP res can be detected in lymphoid tissues draining the alimentary tract within a few weeks after oral exposure to infectious prions and may reflect the initial pathway of CWD infection in deer. The rapid infection of deer fawns following exposure by the most plausible natural route is consistent with the efficient horizontal transmission of CWD in nature and enables accelerated studies of transmission and pathogenesis in the native species.



snip...



These results indicate that mule deer fawns develop detectable PrP res after oral exposure to an inoculum containing CWD prions. In the earliest post-exposure period, CWD PrPres was traced to the lymphoid tissues draining the oral and intestinal mucosa (i.e. the retropharyngeal lymph nodes, tonsil, ileal Peyer's patches and ileocaecal lymph nodes), which probably received the highest initial exposure to the inoculum. Hadlow et al. (1982) demonstrated scrapie agent in the tonsil, retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, ileum and spleen in a 10-month-old naturally infected lamb by mouse bioassay. Eight of nine sheep had infectivity in the retropharyngeal lymph node. He concluded that the tissue distribution suggested primary infection via the gastrointestinal tract. The tissue distribution of PrPres in the early stages of infection in the fawns is strikingly similar to that seen in naturally infected sheep with scrapie. These findings support oral exposure as a natural route of CWD infection in deer and support oral inoculation as a reasonable exposure route for experimental studies of CWD.



snip...



http://vir.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/80/10/2757




snip...see full text ;



-------- Original Message --------



Subject: DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability



Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 -0500



From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."



To: fdadockets@oc.fda.gov



Greetings FDA,



i would kindly like to comment on;



Docket 03D-0186



FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability



http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html




Article



Experimental oral transmission of chronic wasting disease to red deer



(Cervus elaphus elaphus): Early detection and late stage distribution



of protease-resistant prion protein



Aru Balachandran, Noel P. Harrington, James Algire, Andrei Soutyrine, Terry R. Spraker,



Martin Jeffrey, Lorenzo González, Katherine I. O’Rourke



Abstract — Chronic wasting disease (CWD), an important emerging prion disease of cervids, is readily transmitted by intracerebral or oral inoculation from deer-to-deer and elk-to-elk, suggesting the latter is a natural route of exposure. Studies of host range susceptibility to oral infection, particularly of those species found in habitats where CWD currently exists are imperative. This report describes the experimental transmission of CWD to red deer following oral inoculation with infectious CWD material of elk origin. At 18 to 20 months post-inoculation, mild to moderate neurological signs and weight loss were observed and animals were euthanized and tested using 3 conventional immunological assays. The data indicate that red deer are susceptible to oral challenge and that tissues currently used for CWD diagnosis show strong abnormal prion (PrPCWD) accumulation. Widespread peripheral PrPCWD deposition involves lymphoreticular tissues, endocrine tissues, and cardiac muscle and suggests a potential source of prion infectivity, a means of horizontal transmission and carrier state.



SNIP...



There is a strong correlation between the presence of PrPTSE and infectivity in prion diseases. Although the epidemiologic evidence strongly suggests that CWD is not transmissible to humans, this study and others suggest caution in this regard. The finding of PrPCWD in various organs, albeit in clinical CWD, suggests that humans who consume or handle meat from CWD-infected red deer may be at risk of exposure to CWD prions. This study found that red deer tissues other than nervous and lymphoid tissue can support CWD prion replication and accumulation. As a result, the consumption or handling of meat from CWD-infected red deer will put humans at risk of exposure to CWD prions. In spite of a well-documented species barrier, a cautious approach would involve preventing such tissues from entering the animal and human food chains. Future studies will require sensitive and quantitative techniques such as bioassays in transgenic mice that assess tissue infectivity and quantitative immunoassays adapted to PrPCWD detection in peripheral tissues.



SNIP...



The exact mode of transmission of CWD in nature remains unclear but is believed to involve direct animal-to-animal contact or environmental contamination. As TSE agents are extremely resistant in the environment (39), oral exposure is the most plausible pathway by which the CWD prion may be introduced to deer in nature and represents a significant obstacle to eradication of CWD from either farmed or free-ranging cervid populations. The distribution of PrPCWD in gut-associated lymphoid tissues, salivary glands, and nasal mucosa in the red deer of this study suggests potential routes of PrPCWD shedding into the environment via fluids such as saliva or feces. However, this study did not identify the point at which an animal may become infectious during the course of infection. An improved understanding of the mechanisms of shedding and transmission will be important in the future management of CWD.



SNIP...



In summary, this study demonstrates the potential for oral transmission of CWD to red deer and describes the pattern of PrPCWD accumulation for this species. The current surveillance testing regime for cervids would be expected to identify CWD-infected red deer should it occur in North America. These results confirm the usefulness of rapid tests such as ELISA but with generally slightly lower sensitivity when compared with IHC when testing tissues with patchy or sporadic PrPCWD deposition. The finding of PrPCWD in several extraneural tissues including cardiac muscle and the endocrine system suggests that further investigation and monitoring of the potential transmissibility to other species including humans is warranted.



SNIP...



(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières)



Can Vet J 2010;51:169–178



Ottawa Laboratory — Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario (Balachandran, Harrington, Algire,



Soutyrine); Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (Spraker); Veterinary



Laboratory Agency, Department for the Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, Lasswade, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom



(Jeffrey, González); Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman,



Washington, USA (O’Rourke).



Address all correspondence to Dr. Aru Balachandran; e-mail: BalachandranA@inspection.gc.ca



http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1109&context=zoonoticspub




Saturday, November 6, 2010



TAFS1 Position Paper on Position Paper on Relaxation of the Feed Ban in the EU Berne, 2010 TAFS



INTERNATIONAL FORUM FOR TRANSMISSIBLE ANIMAL DISEASES AND FOOD SAFETY a non-profit Swiss Foundation



http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2010/11/tafs1-position-paper-on-position-paper.html




Archive Number 20101206.4364 Published Date 06-DEC-2010 Subject PRO/AH/EDR>



Prion disease update 2010 (11)



PRION DISEASE UPDATE 2010 (11)



http://www.promedmail.org/direct.php?id=20101206.4364




Sunday, November 13, 2011



Atypical Scrapie Isolates Involve a Uniform Prion Species with a Complex Molecular Signature



PrPres peptides of low molecular mass have also been described in other types of prion disease, such as Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease [32], [33] and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease [34], [35] in humans as well as in H-BSE in cattle [36], [37]. Forthcoming directions of research are likely to focus on more precise comparative analyses of truncated PrPres peptides and their role in the biology of human and animal prion diseases...



http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2011/11/atypical-scrapie-isolates-involve.html





Thursday, July 14, 2011



Histopathological Studies of "CH1641-Like" Scrapie Sources Versus Classical Scrapie and BSE Transmitted to Ovine Transgenic Mice (TgOvPrP4)



http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/histopathological-studies-of-ch1641.html




Monday, May 23, 2011



Atypical Prion Diseases in Humans and Animals 2011 Top Curr Chem (2011)



DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_161



# Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011



Atypical Prion Diseases in Humans and Animals



Michael A. Tranulis, Sylvie L. Benestad, Thierry Baron, and Hans Kretzschmar



Abstract



Although prion diseases, such as Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) in humans and scrapie in sheep, have long been recognized, our understanding of their epidemiology and pathogenesis is still in its early stages. Progress is hampered by the lengthy incubation periods and the lack of effective ways of monitoring and characterizing these agents. Protease-resistant conformers of the prion protein (PrP), known as the “scrapie form” (PrPSc), are used as disease markers, and for taxonomic purposes, in correlation with clinical, pathological, and genetic data. In humans, prion diseases can arise sporadically (sCJD) or genetically (gCJD and others), caused by mutations in the PrP-gene (PRNP), or as a foodborne infection, with the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) causing variant CJD (vCJD). Person-to-person spread of human prion disease has only been known to occur following cannibalism (kuru disease in Papua New Guinea) or through medical or surgical treatment (iatrogenic CJD, iCJD). In contrast, scrapie in small ruminants and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids behave as infectious diseases within these species. Recently, however, so-called atypical forms of prion diseases have been discovered in sheep (atypical/Nor98 scrapie) and in cattle, BSE-H and BSE-L. These maladies resemble sporadic or genetic human prion diseases and might be their animal equivalents. This hypothesis also raises the significant public health question of possible epidemiological links between these diseases and their counterparts in humans.



M.A. Tranulis (*)



Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway



e-mail: Michael.Tranulis@nvh.no



S.L. Benestad



Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway



T. Baron



Agence Nationale de Se´curite´ Sanitaire, ANSES, Lyon, France



H. Kretzschmar



Ludwig–Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany



Keywords Animal Atypical Atypical/Nor98 scrapie BSE-H BSE-L Human Prion disease Prion strain Prion type



http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=f433r34h34ugg617&size=largest




see full text and more here ;



http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2011/05/atypical-prion-diseases-in-humans-and.html




Wednesday, February 16, 2011



IN CONFIDENCE



SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES



IN CONFIDENCE



http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-confidence-scrapie-transmission-to.html




Sunday, April 18, 2010



SCRAPIE AND ATYPICAL SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION STUDIES A REVIEW 2010



http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html




Monday, April 25, 2011



Experimental Oral Transmission of Atypical Scrapie to Sheep



Volume 17, Number 5-May 2011



http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2011/04/experimental-oral-transmission-of.html




J Vet Diagn Invest 21:454-463 (2009)



Nor98 scrapie identified in the United States



Christie M. Loiacono,' Bruce V. Thomsen, S. Mark Hall, Matti Kiupe!, Diane Sutton, Katherine O'Rourke, Bradd Barr, Lucy Anthenill, Deiwyn Keane



Abstract.



A distinct strain of scrapic identified in sheep of Norway in 1998 has since been identified in numerous countries throughout Europe. The disease is known as Nor98 or Not-98-like scrapic. among other names. Distinctions between classic scrapie and Nor98 scrapie are made based on histopathologv and immunodiagnostic results. There are also differences in the epidemiology, typical signalment, and likelihood of clinical signs being observed. In addition, sheep that have genotypes associated with resistance to classic scrapie are not spared from Nor98 disease. The various differences between classic and Nor98 scrapie have been consistently reported in the vast majority of cases described across Europe. The current study describes in detail the patholo gic changes and diagnostic results of the first 6 cases of' Nor98 scrapic disease diagnosed in sheep of the United States.



Key words: Hisiopathology: Nor98: PrP imniunolabeling; scrapie: sheep.



snip...



Results



Case I



The first case identified as consistent with Nor98 scrapie had nonclassic PrP distribution in brain tissue, no PrPSC in lymph tissue, and nonclassic migration of protein bands on a Western blot test. The animal was an aged, mottled-faced ewe that was traced back to a commercial flock in Wyoming. ...



Case 2



The second case was a clinically normal 8-year-old Suffolk ewe that had been in a quarantined flock for 5 years at a USDA facility in Iowa.



Case 3



A 16-year-old, white-faced, cross-bred wether was born to a black-faced ewe. He lived his entire life as a pet on a farm in California.



Case 4



The fourth case of Nor98 scrapie was identified in an approximately 8-year-old Dorset ewe that was born into a flock of approximately 20 ewes in Indiana.



Case 5



The fifth case was a clinically normal, approximately 3-year-old, white-faced, cross-bred ewe from an approximately 400 head commercial flock in Minnesota.



Case 6



The sixth case of Nor98 scrapie was identified in a 4-year-old, white-faced ewe that was purchased and added to a commercial flock in Pennsylvania



snip...



see full text ;



http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/33943/1/IND44241920.pdf




Thursday, June 2, 2011



USDA scrapie report for April 2011 NEW ATYPICAL NOR-98 SCRAPIE CASES Pennsylvania AND California



http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2011/06/usda-scrapie-report-for-april-2011-new.html




Monday, June 20, 2011 2011



Annual Conference of the National Institute for Animal Agriculture ATYPICAL NOR-98 LIKE SCRAPIE UPDATE USA



http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2011/06/2011-annual-conference-of-national.html





Wednesday, October 12, 2011



White-tailed deer are susceptible to the agent of sheep scrapie by intracerebral inoculation



http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/10/white-tailed-deer-are-susceptible-to.html




Saturday, June 25, 2011



Transmissibility of BSE-L and Cattle-Adapted TME Prion Strain to Cynomolgus Macaque



"BSE-L in North America may have existed for decades"



http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/06/transmissibility-of-bse-l-and-cattle.html





Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME.



snip...



The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle...



http://web.archive.org/web/20030516051623/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf





This is an interesting editorial about the Mad Cow Disease debacle, and it's ramifications that will continue to play out for decades to come ;



Monday, October 10, 2011



EFSA Journal 2011 The European Response to BSE: A Success Story



snip...



EFSA and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) recently delivered a scientific opinion on any possible epidemiological or molecular association between TSEs in animals and humans (EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) and ECDC, 2011). This opinion confirmed Classical BSE prions as the only TSE agents demonstrated to be zoonotic so far but the possibility that a small proportion of human cases so far classified as "sporadic" CJD are of zoonotic origin could not be excluded. Moreover, transmission experiments to non-human primates suggest that some TSE agents in addition to Classical BSE prions in cattle (namely L-type Atypical BSE, Classical BSE in sheep, transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) and chronic wasting disease (CWD) agents) might have zoonotic potential.



snip...



http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/e991.htm?emt=1




http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/e991.pdf




see follow-up here about North America BSE Mad Cow TSE prion risk factors, and the ever emerging strains of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy in many species here in the USA, including humans ;



http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/10/efsa-journal-2011-european-response-to.html





Thursday, August 4, 2011



Terry Singeltary Sr. on the Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Public Health Crisis, Date aired: 27 Jun 2011 (SEE VIDEO)



http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/08/terry-singeltary-sr-on-creutzfeldt.html





Sunday, August 21, 2011



The British disease, or a disease gone global, The TSE Prion Disease (SEE VIDEO)



http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/08/british-disease-or-disease-gone-global.html




Saturday, March 5, 2011



MAD COW ATYPICAL CJD PRION TSE CASES WITH CLASSIFICATIONS PENDING ON THE RISE IN NORTH AMERICA



http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/03/mad-cow-atypical-cjd-prion-tse-cases.html




9th Annual CJD Foundation Family Conference July 10, 2011



The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Report: Prion Disease Activities at CDC



Ryan A. Maddox, MPH Epidemiologist CJD 2011 and the 9th Annual CJD Foundation Family Conference July 10, 2011



Surveillance mechanisms - Periodic review of national cause-of-death data



Ongoing review of clinical and pathologic records of CJD decedents aged <55 years



Death certificate data review is effective as a surveillance tool for CJD:



SNIP...



Hunter study Goal: To determine whether chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of deer and elk, can cause disease in humans ćStudy: Follow-up of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming, where CWD is found, and identifying those who died of prion disease



Results: Prion disease cases among this group within expected range so far



SNIP...



The lower incidence of CJD among Hispanics in the US may be at least partly due to: Underreporting of Hispanic ethnicity on death certificates relative to surveys and censuses.



SNIP...



Conclusion Collaboration with medical and public health personnel, NPDPSC, the CJD Foundation, and CDC is essential.



http://www.cjdfoundation.org/presentations/15.pdf




http://cjdquestionnaire.blogspot.com/2007/11/cjd-questionnaire.html




http://cjdquestionnaire.blogspot.com/




"Conclusion Collaboration with medical and public health personnel, NPDPSC, the CJD Foundation, and CDC is essential."



yada, yada, yada...same old song and dance $$$



YEP, it's ESSENTIAL for one thing, and one thing only, keeping all human TSE prion disease in the USA 'SPORADIC' CJD or 'SPORADIC' HUMAN TSE OF A NEW PHENOTYPE $$$



Isn't it amazing that in the above report from Ryan A. Maddox, MPH Epidemiologist CJD 2011 and the 9th Annual CJD Foundation Family Conference July 10, 2011, none of the information about what the rest of the world is worried about, this new threat from the atypical TSE's. USA Typical and Atypical BSE, USA Typical and Atypical Scrapie, and USA Typical and Atypical Chronic Wasting Disease as having zoonotic potential. The USDA, FDA, CDC et al are still relying on science that is almost 30 years old i.e. the UKBSEnvCJD only theory.



stupid is, as stupid does, and some times you just can't fix stupid $$$



TSS



DEEP THROAT TO TSS 2000-2001 (take these old snips of emails with how ever many grains of salt you wish. ...tss)



The most frightening thing I have read all day is the report of Gambetti's finding of a new strain of sporadic cjd in young people...Dear God, what in the name of all that is holy is that!!! If the US has different strains of scrapie.....why????than the UK...then would the same mechanisms that make different strains of scrapie here make different strains of BSE...if the patterns are different in sheep and mice for scrapie.....could not the BSE be different in the cattle, in the mink, in the humans.......I really think the slides or tissues and everything from these young people with the new strain of sporadic cjd should be put up to be analyzed by many, many experts in cjd........bse.....scrapie Scrape the damn slide and put it into mice.....wait.....chop up the mouse brain and and spinal cord........put into some more mice.....dammit amplify the thing and start the damned research.....This is NOT rocket science...we need to use what we know and get off our butts and move....the whining about how long everything takes.....well it takes a whole lot longer if you whine for a year and then start the research!!! Not sure where I read this but it was a recent press release or something like that: I thought I would fall out of my chair when I read about how there was no worry about infectivity from a histopath slide or tissues because they are preserved in formic acid, or formalin or formaldehyde.....for God's sake........ Ask any pathologist in the UK what the brain tissues in the formalin looks like after a year.......it is a big fat sponge...the agent continues to eat the brain ......you can't make slides anymore because the agent has never stopped........and the old slides that are stained with Hemolysin and Eosin......they get holier and holier and degenerate and continue...what you looked at 6 months ago is not there........Gambetti better be photographing every damned thing he is looking at.....



Okay, you need to know. You don't need to pass it on as nothing will come of it and there is not a damned thing anyone can do about it. Don't even hint at it as it will be denied and laughed at.......... USDA is gonna do as little as possible until there is actually a human case in the USA of the nvcjd........if you want to move this thing along and shake the earth....then we gotta get the victims families to make sure whoever is doing the autopsy is credible, trustworthy, and a saint with the courage of Joan of Arc........I am not kidding!!!! so, unless we get a human death from EXACTLY the same form with EXACTLY the same histopath lesions as seen in the UK nvcjd........forget any action........it is ALL gonna be sporadic!!!



And, if there is a case.......there is gonna be every effort to link it to international travel, international food, etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. They will go so far as to find out if a sex partner had ever traveled to the UK/europe, etc. etc. .... It is gonna be a long, lonely, dangerous twisted journey to the truth. They have all the cards, all the money, and are willing to threaten and carry out those threats....and this may be their biggest downfall...



Thanks as always for your help. (Recently had a very startling revelation from a rather senior person in government here..........knocked me out of my chair........you must keep pushing. If I was a power person....I would be demanding that there be a least a million bovine tested as soon as possible and agressively seeking this disease. The big players are coming out of the woodwork as there is money to be made!!! In short: "FIRE AT WILL"!!! for the very dumb....who's "will"! "Will be the burden to bare if there is any coverup!"



again it was said years ago and it should be taken seriously....BSE will NEVER be found in the US! As for the BSE conference call...I think you did a great service to freedom of information and making some people feign integrity...I find it scary to see that most of the "experts" are employed by the federal government or are supported on the "teat" of federal funds. A scary picture! I hope there is a confidential panel organized by the new government to really investigate this thing.



You need to watch your back........but keep picking at them.......like a buzzard to the bone...you just may get to the truth!!! (You probably have more support than you know. Too many people are afraid to show you or let anyone else know. I have heard a few things myself... you ask the questions that everyone else is too afraid to ask.)



END...TSS



USDA ET AL said it long long, ago, and they meant it $



In Confidence - Perceptions of unconventional slow virus diseases of animals in the USA - APRIL-MAY 1989 - G A H Wells



3. Prof. A Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs. BSE was not reported in the USA.



http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf




2011



Monday, September 26, 2011



L-BSE BASE prion and atypical sporadic CJD



http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2011/09/l-bse-base-prion-and-atypical-sporadic.html





Monday, June 27, 2011



Zoonotic Potential of CWD: Experimental Transmissions to Non-Human Primates



http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/06/zoonotic-potential-of-cwd-experimental.html





Tuesday, November 08, 2011



Can Mortality Data Provide Reliable Indicators for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance? A Study in France from 2000 to 2008 Vol. 37, No. 3-4, 2011



Original Paper



***Conclusions:These findings raise doubt about the possibility of a reliable CJD surveillance only based on mortality data.



http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2011/11/can-mortality-data-provide-reliable.html






ALSO, Dr. Maddox states;



"make routine mortality surveillance a useful surrogate for ongoing CJD surveillance"



THIS has proven not very useful in the U.K.;



THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CJD RG WILL 1984 (182 PAGES)



snip...



One reason for this was the _inaccuracy_ in coding of cases correctly certified as CJD Coding is carried out by staff who are not medically qualified and it is not surprising that coding errors occur in the processing of large numbers of certificates. In 1982, 12,000 certificates per week were processed at the office of population censuses and surveys bu 15 coders and 6 checkers (Alderson et al., 1983). The occurrence of both inter- and intra-observer coding errors has been described (Curb et al., 1983) and the _inaccuracies_ of BOTH certification and coding discovered in this study _support_ the introduction of a more accurate system of death certificates and a more detailed and specific coding system...



snip...



http://web.archive.org/web/20040521215716/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m26/tab01.pdf





Draft Proposal For The Monitoring of Creutzfeldt-Kakob Disease 1989 Dr. R. Will



snip...



IDENTIFICATION OF CASES



Cases of CJD may be identified from death certificates, but this alone is unlikely to provide adequate monitoring. ERRORS are made in certification and diagnosis; in the Oxford study death certificates were obtained on a series of known confirmed cases and CJD was mentioned in only 66% of certificates. In another series of 175 certified cases, 42 patients were judged not to have suffered from CJD after examination of case notes (7)...



full text;



http://web.archive.org/web/20050526035006/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/00005001.pdf





AS implied in the Inset 25 we must not _ASSUME_ that transmission of BSE to other species will invariably present pathology typical of a scrapie-like disease.



snip...



http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063542/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1991/01/04004001.pdf





DR. Maddox states here;



In collaboration with appropriate local and state health departments and the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, CDC is facilitating or conducting such surveillance and case- investigations, including related laboratory studies to characterize CJD and CWD prions.



HOWEVER in a recent article in the UPI out of Washington;



CJD screening may miss thousands of cases



By Steve Mitchell UPI Medical Correspondent Published 7/21/2003 3:00 PM



snip...



In addition, the NPDPSC sees less than half of all the CJD cases each year, so the CDC's investigational system not only is missing many of the misdiagnosed CJD cases, it also is not conducting autopsies on most of the detected cases.



snip...



http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030721-102924-4786r




FULL TEXT ;



http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd&root=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd




CENTAUR GLOBAL NETWORK INFORMATION



[ProMED-mail thanks Terry S Singeltary Sr for drawing attention to this comprehensive document which provides a current evaluation of experimental work designed to explore the zoonotic potential of the various recently recognised TSEs of domestic and other animals. It is concluded that at present the only TSE agent demonstrated to be zoonotic is the classical BSE agent. Nor can it be entirely excluded at the present time that a small proportion of cases of sporadic CJD may be environmentally acquired. - Mod.CP]



http://centaur.vri.cz.web.atin.cz/docs/cnfi/2011-06-16-110.pdf




CANADA CJD UPDATE 2011



CJD Deaths Reported by CJDSS1, 1994-20112 As of January 31, 2011



3. Final classification of 49 cases from 2009, 2010, 2011 is pending.



snip...



http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/hcai-iamss/cjd-mcj/cjdss-ssmcj/pdf/stats_0111-eng.pdf




USA 2011



USA



National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center



Cases Examined1



(November 1, 2010)



Year Total Referrals2 Prion Disease Sporadic Familial Iatrogenic vCJD



1996 ; earlier 51 33 28 5 0 0



1997 114 68 59 9 0 0



1998 87 51 43 7 1 0



1999 121 73 65 8 0 0



2000 146 103 89 14 0 0



2001 209 119 109 10 0 0



2002 248 149 125 22 2 0



2003 274 176 137 39 0 0



2004 325 186 164 21 0 13



2005 344 194 157 36 1 0



2006 383 197 166 29 0 24



2007 377 214 187 27 0 0



2008 394 231 205 25 0 0



2009 425 258 215 43 0 0



2010 333 213 158 33 0 0



TOTAL 38315 22656 1907 328 4 3



1 Listed based on the year of death or, if not available, on year of referral;



2 Cases with suspected prion disease for which brain tissue and/or blood (in familial cases) were submitted;



3 Disease acquired in the United Kingdom;



4 Disease was acquired in the United Kingdom in one case and in Saudi Arabia in the other case;



5 Includes 18 cases in which the diagnosis is pending, and 18 inconclusive cases;



6 Includes 23 (22 from 2010) cases with type determination pending in which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded.



http://www.cjdsurveillance.com/pdf/case-table.pdf




Please notice where sporadic CJD cases in 1996 went from 28 cases, to 215 cases in 2009, the highest recorded year to date. sporadic CJD is on a steady rise, and has been since 1996.



I also urge you to again notice these disturbing factors in lines 5 and 6 ;



5 Includes 18 cases in which the diagnosis is pending, and 18 inconclusive cases;



6 Includes 23 (22 from 2010) cases with type determination pending in which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded.



========end=====tss=====2011



UPDATE JULY 2011 MORE OF THE "PENDING CLASSIFICATION CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE'' STEADY INCREASING...TSS



case; 5 Includes 13 cases in which the diagnosis is pending, and 18 inconclusive cases; 6 Includes 18 (15 from 2011) cases with type determination pending in which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded.



http://www.cjdsurveillance.com/pdf/case-table.pdf



PLEASE NOTE GAMBETTI ET AL AT CWRU, CDC, CJD FOUNDATION HAVE NOT UPDATE THE CJD FIGURES SINCE AUGUST OF 2011. ...TSS



Saturday, March 5, 2011



MAD COW ATYPICAL CJD PRION TSE CASES WITH CLASSIFICATIONS PENDING ON THE RISE IN NORTH AMERICA



http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/03/mad-cow-atypical-cjd-prion-tse-cases.html





Sunday, August 21, 2011



The British disease, or a disease gone global, The TSE Prion Disease



http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/08/british-disease-or-disease-gone-global.html




Thursday, August 4, 2011



Terry Singeltary Sr. on the Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Public Health Crisis, Date aired: 27 Jun 2011



see video here ;



http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/08/terry-singeltary-sr-on-creutzfeldt.html





U.S.A. HIDING MAD COW DISEASE VICTIMS AS SPORADIC CJD ? (see video at bottom)



http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/usa-hiding-mad-cow-disease-victims-as.html





Saturday, January 2, 2010



Human Prion Diseases in the United States January 1, 2010 ***FINAL***



http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/01/human-prion-diseases-in-united-states.html





Manuscript Draft Manuscript Number: Title: HUMAN and ANIMAL TSE Classifications i.e. mad cow disease and the UKBSEnvCJD only theory Article Type: Personal View Corresponding Author: Mr. Terry S. Singeltary, Corresponding Author's Institution: na First Author: Terry S Singeltary, none Order of Authors: Terry S Singeltary, none; Terry S. Singeltary Abstract: TSEs have been rampant in the USA for decades in many species, and they all have been rendered and fed back to animals for human/animal consumption. I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2007.



http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=090000648027c28e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf





my comments to PLosone here ;



http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd&root=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd





Sunday, August 09, 2009



CJD...Straight talk with...James Ironside...and...Terry Singeltary... 2009



http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/08/cjdstraight-talk-withjames.html





Tuesday, August 18, 2009



BSE-The Untold Story - joe gibbs and singeltary 1999 - 2009



http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/08/bse-untold-story-joe-gibbs-and.html





THE PATHOLOGICAL PROTEIN



BY Philip Yam



Yam Philip Yam News Editor Scientific American www.sciam.com



Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the U.S. under- counts CJD, Schonberger conceded that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population.



CHAPTER 14



Laying Odds



Are prion diseases more prevalent than we thought?



Researchers and government officials badly underestimated the threat that mad cow disease posed when it first appeared in Britain. They didn't think bovine spongiform encephalopathy was a zoonosis-an animal disease that can sicken people. The 1996 news that BSE could infect humans with a new form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease stunned the world. It also got some biomedical researchers wondering whether sporadic CJD may really be a manifestation of a zoonotic sickness. Might it be caused by the ingestion of prions, as variant CJD is?



Revisiting Sporadic CJD



It's not hard to get Terry Singeltary going. "I have my conspiracy theories," admitted the 49-year-old Texan.1 Singeltary is probably the nation's most relentless consumer advocate when it comes to issues in prion diseases. He has helped families learn about the sickness and coordinated efforts with support groups such as CJD Voice and the CJD Foundation. He has also connected with others who are critical of the American way of handling the threat of prion diseases. Such critics include Consumers Union's Michael Hansen, journalist John Stauber, and Thomas Pringle, who used to run the voluminous www.madcow. org Web site. These three lend their expertise to newspaper and magazine stories about prion diseases, and they usually argue that prions represent more of a threat than people realize, and that the government has responded poorly to the dangers because it is more concerned about protecting the beef industry than people's health.



Singeltary has similar inclinations. ...



snip...



THE PATHOLOGICAL PROTEIN



Hardcover, 304 pages plus photos and illustrations. ISBN 0-387-95508-9



June 2003



BY Philip Yam



CHAPTER 14 LAYING ODDS



Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the U.S. under- counts CJD, Schonberger conceded that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population.



http://www.thepathologicalprotein.com/





http://books.google.com/books?id=ePbrQNFrHtoC&pg=PA223&lpg=PA223&dq=the+pathological+protein+laying+odds+It%E2%80%99s+not+hard+to+get+Terry+Singeltary+going&source=bl&ots=um0PFAZSZD&sig=JWaGR7M7-1WeAr2qAXq8D6J_jak&hl=en&ei=MhtjS8jMJM2ztgeFoa2iBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false





http://www.springerlink.com/content/r2k2622661473336/fulltext.pdf?page=1





http://www.thepathologicalprotein.com/





http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2009/04/national-prion-disease-pathology.html




Newsdesk



The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Volume 3, Issue 8, Page 463, August 2003 doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00715-1Cite or Link Using DOI



Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America



Xavier Bosch



"My name is Terry S Singeltary Sr, and I live in Bacliff, Texas. I lost my mom to hvCJD (Heidenhain variant CJD) and have been searching for answers ever since. What I have found is that we have not been told the truth. CWD in deer and elk is a small portion of a much bigger problem." 49-year-old Singeltary is one of a number of people who have remained largely unsatisfied after being told that a close relative died from a rapidly progressive dementia compatible with spontaneous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). So he decided to gather hundreds of documents on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) and realised that if Britons could get variant CJD from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Americans might get a similar disorder from chronic wasting disease (CWD)-the relative of mad cow disease seen among deer and elk in the USA. Although his feverish.



http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1473309903007151




http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(03)00715-1/fulltext



http://www.mdconsult.com/das/article/body/180784492-2/jorg=journal&source=&sp=13979213&sid=0/N/368742/1.html?issn=14733099




Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease



Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA



Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease



To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.



Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex



1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323. FREE FULL TEXT



http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/285/6/733?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=singeltary&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT




http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/285/6/733?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=singeltary&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT




RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States



26 March 2003



Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) CJD WATCH



I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?



http://www.neurology.org/cgi/eletters/60/2/176





2 January 2000



British Medical Journal



U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as well



http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/320/7226/8/b#6117





15 November 1999



British Medical Journal



vCJD in the USA * BSE in U.S.



http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/319/7220/1312/b#5406





14th ICID International Scientific Exchange Brochure -



Final Abstract Number: ISE.114



Session: International Scientific Exchange



Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America update October 2009



T. Singeltary



Bacliff, TX, USA



Background:



An update on atypical BSE and other TSE in North America. Please remember, the typical U.K. c-BSE, the atypical l-BSE (BASE), and h-BSE have all been documented in North America, along with the typical scrapie's, and atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and to date, 2 different strains of CWD, and also TME. All these TSE in different species have been rendered and fed to food producing animals for humans and animals in North America (TSE in cats and dogs ?), and that the trading of these TSEs via animals and products via the USA and Canada has been immense over the years, decades.



Methods:



12 years independent research of available data



Results:



I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc.



Conclusion:



I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. Restricting the reporting of CJD and or any human TSE is NOT scientific. Iatrogenic CJD knows NO age group, TSE knows no boundaries. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route.



http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/14th_ICID_ISE_Abstracts.pdf





Wednesday, August 24, 2011



There Is No Safe Dose of Prions



http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/08/there-is-no-safe-dose-of-prions.html





Wednesday, August 24, 2011



All Clinically-Relevant Blood Components Transmit Prion Disease following a Single Blood Transfusion: A Sheep Model of vCJD



http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/08/all-clinically-relevant-blood.html





http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/





http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/





http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/




http://nor-98.blogspot.com/





http://bseusa.blogspot.com/





http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/





http://felinespongiformencephalopathyfse.blogspot.com/





http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/





http://equinespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/




http://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/





http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/




http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/





http://sporadicffi.blogspot.com/





http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/





http://prionopathy.blogspot.com/





http://vcjd.blogspot.com/





http://vcjdblood.blogspot.com/




http://cjdquestionnaire.blogspot.com/2007/11/cjd-questionnaire.html




http://cjdquestionnaire.blogspot.com/




Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, CWD, TSE, PRION REPORTING BY STATE 2011



(or the lack of reporting, due to flawed CJD Surveillance system of only periodically reviewing death certificates. ...tss)



TEXAS



Wednesday, November 09, 2011



Case report Sporadic fatal insomnia in a young woman: A diagnostic challenge: Case Report TEXAS



HOW TO TURN A POTENTIAL MAD COW VICTIM IN THE USA, INTO A HAPPENSTANCE OF BAD LUCK, A SPONTANEOUS MUTATION FROM NOTHING. OR WAS IT $$$



Case report Sporadic fatal insomnia in a young woman: A diagnostic challenge: Case Report



Karen M Moody , Lawrence B Schonberger , Ryan A Maddox , Wen-Quan Zou , Laura Cracco and Ignazio Cali



BMC Neurology 2011, 11:136doi:10.1186/1471-2377-11-136



Published:



31 October 2011



http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2011/11/case-report-sporadic-fatal-insomnia-in.html





CJD TEXAS 38 YEAR OLD FEMALE WORKED SLAUGHTERING CATTLE EXPOSED TO BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD MATTER



"Up until about 6 years ago, the pt worked at Tyson foods where she worked on the assembly line, slaughtering cattle and preparing them for packaging. She was exposed to brain and spinal cord matter when she would euthanize the cattle."



http://www.recordandoalinda.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19:cjd-english-info&catid=9:cjd-ingles&Itemid=8




http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/03/irma-linda-andablo-cjd-victim-she-died.html




CJD TEXAS 38 YEAR OLD FEMALE WORKED SLAUGHTERING CATTLE EXPOSED TO BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD MATTER



http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2010/03/cjd-texas-38-year-old-female-worked.html




MAD COW DISEASE, TEXAS STYLE



http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_23850.cfm




Wednesday, June 15, 2011



Galveston, Texas - Isle port moves through thousands of heifers headed to Russia, none from Texas, Alabama, or Washington, due to BSE risk factor



http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/06/galveston-texas-isle-port-moves-through.html




Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance in Texas



http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2010/06/usa-cases-of-dpcjd-rising-with-24-cases.html





Sunday, July 11, 2010



CJD or prion disease 2 CASES McLennan County Texas population 230,213 both cases in their 40s



http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/07/cjd-2-cases-mclennan-county-texas.html





http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/





see the continuing rise of sporadic CJD in Texas here ;



http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/idcu/disease/creutzfeldt-jakob/data/





CALIFORNIA



Sunday, November 13, 2011



California BSE mad cow beef recall, QFC, CJD, and dead stock downer livestock



http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/california-bse-mad-cow-beef-recall-qfc.html





COLORADO



Sunday, November 13, 2011



COLORADO CWD CJD TSE PRION REPORTING 2011



http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/colorado-cwd-cjd-tse-prion-reporting.html





WYOMING



Monday, November 14, 2011



WYOMING Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, CWD, TSE, PRION REPORTING 2011



http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/wyoming-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cwd.html




HOW many of you recieved a written CJD Questionnaire asking real questions pertaining to route and source (and there are many here in North America) ?



IS every case getting a cjd questionnaire asking real questions ???



Friday, November 30, 2007



CJD QUESTIONNAIRE USA CWRU AND CJD FOUNDATION USA PRION UNIT



http://cjdquestionnaire.blogspot.com/2007/11/cjd-questionnaire.html



TSS

TSS