tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25607066740036215462024-03-25T11:35:42.827-05:00Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathya group of progressive and fatal conditions that are associated with prions and affect the brain and nervous system of many animals and humans.Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.comBlogger415125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-23331792145758279422024-03-25T11:34:00.005-05:002024-03-25T11:34:48.980-05:00Elucidating the Pathobiology and Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 2023 Annual Report<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Research Project: Elucidating the Pathobiology and Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies </span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">2023 Annual Report</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Objectives</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Objective 1: Develop highly sensitive detection tools to determine the distribution of CWD and scrapie prions in natural hosts (sheep, goats, cervids) and their environment.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Objective 2: Investigate the pathobiology of CWD, scrapie prion strains, and atypical TSEs in natural hosts including potential cross species transmission events.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Objective 3: Investigate the genetics of CWD susceptibility and resistance in white-tailed deer.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Objective 4: Evaluate the presence of and determine the appropriate methodology for CWD strain determination.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Approach</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Eradication or control of a family of diseases is unlikely or impossible when an understanding of the basic mechanisms and influences on transmission are unknown and for which methods to evaluate disease status are lacking. Scrapie and BSE represent the most thoroughly studied TSEs; however, significant knowledge gaps persist with regard to the atypical variants of these diseases. Further, much of the research emphasis to date on genetics of prion disease has focused on the recipient genotype rather than the source. Since both atypical BSE and atypical scrapie have been suggested to occur spontaneously, eradication of these diseases may not be possible unless we expand our understanding of the disease at both the source and recipient level. A better understanding of the tissue distribution and potential transmission of these atypical isolates is critical to understanding what risk these disease variants may pose to ongoing control and eradication efforts. The European epizootic of BSE is waning and efforts to eradicate scrapie in the U.S. and abroad have progressed but are not complete. In the U.S., chronic wasting disease (CWD) presents the most serious challenge to regulatory efforts. CWD appears to be spreading unchecked in both free-ranging and farmed cervids. Methods for antemortem detection of TSEs in general and CWD in particular are needed to fulfill the goal of eradicating scrapie and controlling CWD. Performing these studies will allow us to address critical knowledge gaps that are relevant to developing measures to restrict further disease expansion beyond current, affected populations. Understanding prion disease persistence in animal populations is challenging due to lack of tools for study and a less than complete understanding of transmission among animals within a flock or herd or in naturally occurring reservoirs. In addition to transmission between hosts of like species, free-ranging cervids may come in contact with numerous other species including cattle, sheep, and other susceptible hosts. Transmission of CWD to other species has been studied but limited with regard to the source genotype used. The four primary objectives are inherently linked. Our focus is on developing tools needed for control and research, and using those tools to advance our understanding the complex disease process with the overall goal of eradication and control of disease in livestock, wildlife of economic importance, and potential wildlife reservoirs.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Progress Report</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In work toward addressing</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Objective 1, Develop highly sensitive detection tools to determine the distribution of chronic wasting disease (CWD) and scrapie prions in natural hosts (sheep, goats, cervids) and their environment, we have worked closely with ARS researchers in Pullman, Washington, to develop a unified protocol for the detection of CWD prions byreal-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) that utilizes an enrichment step that is capable of detection of disease in antemortem samples. This protocol has been distributed to diagnostic laboratories for evaluation. We have also made significant progress on novel sampling procedures for detection of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) utilizing rectal brush sampling that does not require in depth training or knowledge of anatomy. We have also developed protocols for amplification-based TSE diagnosis using alternate choices of amyloid binding fluorescent dye.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Objective 2, Investigate the pathobiology of CWD, scrapie prion strains, and atypical TSEs in natural hosts including potential cross species transmission events, the studies in question have been initiated and observation of the animals is ongoing.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Objective 3, Investigate the genetics of CWD susceptibility and resistance in white-tailed deer, consists of two subobjectives: A) Investigate the susceptibility of white-tailed deer to CWD modeling direct contact exposure with infected deer, and B) Investigate the susceptibility of white-tailed deer to CWD after direct inoculation. The first of these has been initiated on schedule while the second has been delayed considerably (two years at this point) due to insufficient animal space.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Objective 4, Evaluate the presence of and determine the appropriate methodology for CWD strain determination, is dependent upon obtaining a diverse set of CWD isolates. We have begun, but not completed the acquisition of these samples. In summary, the goals of the project plan for FY22 consisted of 11 milestones, ten of which were either fully or substantially met. The one milestone in this plan that was not met was due to insufficient animal availability and space constraints and will be initiated when those have been resolved.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Accomplishments</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">1. Sheep scrapie agent can infect white-tailed deer after oronasal exposure. The origin of chronic wasting disease (CWD) is not known, but it has many similarities to the prion disease of sheep called scrapie. It has long been hypothesized that CWD could have arisen through transmission of sheep scrapie to deer. ARS researches in Ames, Iowa, conducted a study to determine if scrapie derived from sheep could be transmitted to white-tailed deer. This study reports that the deer inoculated with sheep scrapie developed clinical signs of TSE and that the abnormal prion protein could be detected in a wide range of neural and lymphoid tissues. These results indicate that deer may be susceptible to sheep scrapie if exposed to the disease in natural or agricultural settings. In addition, several strong similarities between CWD in white-tailed deer and the experimental cases of scrapie in white-tailed deer in this report suggest that it would be difficult to identify scrapie in deer were a case to occur. This information should be considered when developing plans to reduce or eliminate TSEs or advising farmers that wish to keep their deer herds free from prion diseases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">2. A novel sampling method was developed for monitoring CWD in farmed cervids to help maintain a CWD free environment. While the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) have been largely controlled through selective breeding and a ruminant feed ban respectively, neither approach is applicable to chronic wasting disease (CWD). At this point the only method for protecting farmed cervids is maintenance of a CWD free environment. To accomplish this highly sensitive antemortem diagnostic methods using a non-invasive sampling protocol are needed to ensure that animals leaving or being introduced to new herds are free of CWD. ARS researchers in Ames, Iowa, developed a method using a rectal brush procedure for sampling coupled with the highly sensitive test known as real time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC). The rectal brush eliminates the need for trained personnel in the sample collection and allows for repeat sampling without reduction of available lymphoid tissue as might occur for rectal biopsy. This method will assist in the monitoring of CWD status aiding producers in preventing the introduction of CWD into their herd.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Review Publications</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Cassmann, E.D., Brown, Q.L., Frese, A.J., Lambert, Z.J., West Greenlee, H.M., Greenlee, J.J. 2022. Effect of inoculation with prion dilutions within the dynamic range of ELISA absorbance on prion incubation period. Veterinary Research Communications. 46(4):1377-1380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-022-10013-w.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Greenlee, J.J., Moore, S.J., Cassmann, E.D., Lambert, Z.J., Kokemuller, R., Smith, J.D., Kunkle, R.A., Kong, Q., West Greenlee, H.M. 2022. Characterization of classical sheep scrapie in white-tailed deer after experimental oronasal exposure. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 227(12):1386-1395. Article jiac443. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac443.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Silva, C.J., Cassmann, E.D., Greenlee, J.J., Erickson-Beltran, M.L., Requena, J.R. 2023. A mass spectrometry-based method of quantifying the contribution of the lysine polymorphism at position 171 in sheep PrP. Journal of American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 34(2):245-254. https://doi.org/10.1021/jasms.2c00277.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Harm, T.A., Smith, J.D., Cassmann, E.D., Greenlee, J.J. 2022. Combinatorial treatment of brain samples from sheep with scrapie using sodium percarbonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and proteinase K increases survival time in inoculated susceptible sheep. Research in Veterinary Science. 152:497-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.002.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Last Modified: 03/24/2024</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=440677&fy=2023" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=440677&fy=2023</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">''1. Sheep scrapie agent can infect white-tailed deer after oronasal exposure. The origin of chronic wasting disease (CWD) is not known, but it has many similarities to the prion disease of sheep called scrapie. It has long been hypothesized that CWD could have arisen through transmission of sheep scrapie to deer. ARS researches in Ames, Iowa, conducted a study to determine if scrapie derived from sheep could be transmitted to white-tailed deer. This study reports that the deer inoculated with sheep scrapie developed clinical signs of TSE and that the abnormal prion protein could be detected in a wide range of neural and lymphoid tissues. These results indicate that deer may be susceptible to sheep scrapie if exposed to the disease in natural or agricultural settings. In addition, several strong similarities between CWD in white-tailed deer and the experimental cases of scrapie in white-tailed deer in this report suggest that it would be difficult to identify scrapie in deer were a case to occur. This information should be considered when developing plans to reduce or eliminate TSEs or advising farmers that wish to keep their deer herds free from prion diseases.''</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=440677&fy=2023" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=440677&fy=2023</a></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">COLORADO THE ORIGIN OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD. The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr. Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had previously been occupied by sheep.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IN CONFIDENCE, REPORT OF AN UNCONVENTIONAL SLOW VIRUS DISEASE IN ANIMALS IN THE USA 1989</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CWD TO PIGS <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item Moore, Sarah item Kunkle, Robert item Kondru, Naveen item Manne, Sireesha item Smith, Jodi item Kanthasamy, Anumantha item West Greenlee, M item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2017 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. We previously demonstrated that disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) can be detected in the brain and retina from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent. In that study, neurological signs consistent with prion disease were observed only in one pig: an intracranially challenged pig that was euthanized at 64 months post-challenge. The purpose of this study was to use an antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (QuIC) to determine whether PrPSc is present in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the CWD agent.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods: At two months of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 month challenge groups). The remaining pigs (>6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). The retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) was screened for the presence of PrPSc by EIA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The RPLN, palatine tonsil, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) from 6-7 pigs per challenge group were also tested using EIA and QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period.. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see much more here ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 05, 2017</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/disease-associated-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/disease-associated-prion-protein.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 05, 2017</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/disease-associated-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/disease-associated-prion-protein.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> CWD TO CATTLE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Comparing the Distribution of Ovine Classical Scrapie and Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Italy: Spatial and Temporal Associations (2002-2014)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim: This study aims to investigate potential spatial and temporal associations between Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans (2010-2014) and ovine classical scrapie (CS) (2002- 2006) in Italy, serving as a proxy for exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: The analysis of data at the district level revealed no significant association. However, when considering aggregated regional data, all four models consistently indicated a statistically significant positive association, suggesting a higher incidence of the disease in humans as the regional incidence of sheep scrapie increased.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: While the results are intriguing, it is important to acknowledge the inherent limitations of ecological studies. Nevertheless, these findings provide valuable evidence to formulate a hypothesis regarding the zoonotic potential of classical scrapie. Further investigations are necessary, employing specific designs such as analytical epidemiology studies, to test this hypothesis effectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Idiopathic human prion disease CJD MM1 to small ruminant mouse models (Tg338 and Tg501).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: No evidence of transmission was found on a first passage in Tg338 nor Tg501ovinized mice, but on second passage, 4/10 Tg338 mice succumbed to CJDMM1 (40% attack rate after 645 dpi) and 1/12 Tg501 mice (519dpi, 10 still alive). The remaining 2nd passages are still ongoing. Conclusions: In this poster, the neuropathological features of the resulting strain are discussed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014),</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE),</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 1933-690X</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Experimental transmission of ovine atypical scrapie to cattle</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Timm Konold, John Spiropoulos, Janet Hills, Hasina Abdul, Saira Cawthraw, Laura Phelan, Amy McKenna, Lauren Read, Sara Canoyra, Alba Marín-Moreno & Juan María Torres </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Veterinary Research volume 54, Article number: 98 (2023) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle was caused by the recycling and feeding of meat and bone meal contaminated with a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agent but its origin remains unknown. This study aimed to determine whether atypical scrapie could cause disease in cattle and to compare it with other known TSEs in cattle. Two groups of calves (five and two) were intracerebrally inoculated with atypical scrapie brain homogenate from two sheep with atypical scrapie. Controls were five calves intracerebrally inoculated with saline solution and one non-inoculated animal. Cattle were clinically monitored until clinical end-stage or at least 96 months post-inoculation (mpi). After euthanasia, tissues were collected for TSE diagnosis and potential transgenic mouse bioassay. One animal was culled with BSE-like clinical signs at 48 mpi. The other cattle either developed intercurrent diseases leading to cull or remained clinical unremarkable at study endpoint, including control cattle. None of the animals tested positive for TSEs by Western immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. Bioassay of brain samples from the clinical suspect in Ov-Tg338 and Bov-Tg110 mice was also negative. By contrast, protein misfolding cyclic amplification detected prions in the examined brains from atypical scrapie-challenged cattle, which had a classical BSE-like phenotype. This study demonstrates for the first time that a TSE agent with BSE-like properties can be amplified in cattle inoculated with atypical scrapie brain homogenate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This is the first study in cattle inoculated with naturally occurring scrapie isolates that found the presence of prions resembling classical BSE in bovine brain although this was limited to detection by the ultrasensitive PMCA. The results from thermostability assay confirmed that the isolates were as thermoresistant as the BSE agent as proven in other studies [36, 48]. Previous PMCA studies with various British atypical scrapie isolates did not find any evidence of amplification [49, 50]. This may be explained by the use of ovine brain as substrate rather than brain from Bov-Tg110 mice, which may facilitate conversion to classical BSE prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Two hypotheses for prion strain propagation in cross-species transmission experiments have been proposed: conformational selection favours a particular strain conformation out of a mixture of conformations in a scrapie isolate whilst mutation results in the conformational shift of one conformation into another [51]. Following on from the study in mice [17], it has been subsequently suggested that classical BSE properties that arise in atypical scrapie isolates transmitted to cattle may be due to conformational mutation in a new host [52]. It does not confirm that the atypical scrapie agent is the origin of the classical BSE epidemic and further transmission studies would be required to see whether classical BSE can be generated.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Would PMCA applied to brains from cattle exposed to TSE agents other than classical BSE and atypical scrapie also produce a classical BSE-like molecular phenotype? The PMCA product obtained in the thermostability test using a thermosensitive classical scrapie control showed a profile unlike classical BSE. Atypical BSE has been linked to the origin of classical BSE because of its conversion into classical BSE following serial passages in wild-type mice (L-type BSE [11]) and bovine transgenic mice (H-type BSE [53]). Although we have not tested PMCA products of atypical BSE isolates as part of this study, there is no evidence that PMCA products from atypical BSE convert into classical BSE, at least for H-type BSE using bovine brain as substrate [54]. In fact, we were unable to propagate H-type BSE using the same methodology (S Canoyra, A Marín-Moreno, JM Torres, unpublished observation).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The study results support the decision to maintain the current ban on animal meal in feedstuffs for ruminants, particularly as atypical scrapie occurs world-wide, and eradication is unlikely for a sporadic disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, experimental inoculation of cattle with the atypical scrapie agent may produce clinical disease indistinguishable from classical BSE, which cannot be diagnosed by conventional diagnostic tests, but prions can be amplified by ultrasensitive tests in both clinically affected and clinically unremarkable cattle, which reveal classical BSE-like characteristics. Further studies are required to assess whether a BSE-like disease can be confirmed by conventional tests, which may initially include a second passage in cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-023-01224-3" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-023-01224-3</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract for Prion 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Transmission of atypical BSE: a possible origin of Classical BSE in cattle</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Authors: Sandor Dudas1, Samuel James Sharpe1, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Stefanie Czub1, Waqas Tahir1,2, *</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Affiliation: 1National and WOAH reference Laboratory for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Canadian Food inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, Canada. 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*Corresponding and Presenting Author: waqas.tahir@inspection.gc.ca</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle and is categorized into classical and atypical forms. Classical BSE (CBSE) is linked to the consumption of BSE contaminated feed whereas atypical BSE is considered to be spontaneous in origin. The potential for oral transmission of atypical BSE is yet to be clearly defined.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: To assess the oral transmissibility of atypical BSE (H and L type) in cattle. Should transmission be successful, determine the biochemical characteristics and distribution of PrPSc in the challenge cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: For oral transmission, calves were fed with 100 g of either H (n=3) or L BSE (n=3) positive brain material. Two years post challenge, 1 calf from each of the H and L BSE challenge groups exhibited behavioural signs and were euthanized. Various brain regions of both animals were tested by traditional and novel prion detection methods with inconclusive results. To detect infectivity, brain homogenates from these oral challenge animals (P1) were injected intra-cranially (IC) into steer calves. Upon clinical signs of BSE, 3/4 of IC challenged steer calves were euthanized and tested for PrPSc with ELISA, immunohistochemistry and immunoblot.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: After 6 years of incubation, 3/4 animals (2/2 steers IC challenged with brain from P1 L-BSE oral challenge and 1/2 steer IC challenged with brain from P1 H-BSE oral challenge) developed clinical disease. Analysis of these animals revealed high levels of PrPSc in their brains, having biochemical properties similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusion: These results demonstrate the oral transmission potential of atypical BSE in cattle. Surprisingly, regardless of which atypical type of BSE was used for P1 oral challenge, PrPSc in the P2 animals acquired biochemical characteristics similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE, suggesting atypical BSE as a possible origin of C-BSE in UK.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presentation Type: Oral Presentation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: CFIA, Health Canada, Alberta Livestock and Meat Agency, Alberta Prion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Institute</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant Number: ALMA/APRI: 201400006, HC 414250</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract for Prion 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: TSE unit NCAD, Lethbridge (Jianmin Yang, Sarah Bogart, Rachana Muley, Yuanmu Fang, Keri Colwell, Renee Anderson, John Gray, Rakhi Katoch) (CFIA, Canada), Dr. Catherine Graham (NSDA, Canada), Dr. Michel Levy (UCVM, Canada), Dr. Martin Groschup (FLI, Germany), Dr. Christine Fast (FLI, Germany), Dr. Bob Hills (Health Canada, Canada)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">PLoS Pathog. 2023 Dec; 19(12): e1011815.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published online 2023 Dec 4. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011815</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCID: PMC10721168</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMID: 38048370</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Disease phenotype of classical sheep scrapie is changed upon experimental passage through white-tailed deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Robyn D. Kokemuller, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, 1 S. Jo Moore, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, 1 Jifeng Bian, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing, 1 M. Heather West Greenlee, Conceptualization, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing, 2 and Justin J. Greenlee, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editingcorresponding author 1 ,* Jason C. Bartz, Editor</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion agents occur in strains that are encoded by the structure of the misfolded prion protein (PrPSc). Prion strains can influence disease phenotype and the potential for interspecies transmission. Little is known about the potential transmission of prions between sheep and deer. Previously, the classical US scrapie isolate (No.13-7) had a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after oronasal challenge. The purpose of this study was to test the susceptibility of sheep to challenge with the scrapie agent after passage through white-tailed deer (WTD scrapie). Lambs of various prion protein genotypes were oronasally challenged with WTD scrapie. Sheep were euthanized and necropsied upon development of clinical signs or at the end of the experiment (72 months post-inoculation). Enzyme immunoassay, western blot, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc in 4 of 10 sheep with the fastest incubation occurring in VRQ/VRQ sheep, which contrasts the original No.13-7 inoculum with a faster incubation in ARQ/ARQ sheep. Shorter incubation periods in VRQ/VRQ sheep than ARQ/ARQ sheep after passage through deer was suggestive of a phenotype change, so comparisons were made in ovinized mice and with sheep with known strains of classical sheep scrapie: No. 13–7 and x-124 (that has a more rapid incubation in VRQ/VRQ sheep). After mouse bioassay, the WTD scrapie and x-124 isolates have similar incubation periods and PrPSc conformational stability that are markedly different than the original No. 13–7 inoculum. Furthermore, brain tissues of sheep with WTD scrapie and x-124 scrapie have similar patterns of immunoreactivity that are distinct from sheep with No. 13–7 scrapie. Multiple lines of evidence suggest a phenotype switch when No. 13–7 scrapie prions are passaged through deer. This represents one example of interspecies transmission of prions resulting in the emergence or selection of new strain properties that could confound disease eradication and control efforts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author summary</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Passage of the sheep-derived US No. 13–7 classical scrapie isolate through white-tailed deer results in a change in disease phenotype that is observed when the deer-passaged scrapie agent is inoculated back into sheep or ovinized mice. Upon passage back to sheep, the relationship between incubation period and sheep PRNP genotype is reversed from the original inoculum. Whereas inoculation with the original No.13-7 scrapie agent results in a shorter incubation period in sheep with the ARQ/ARQ genotype as compared to VRQ/VRQ sheep, the deer-passaged scrapie agent results in a shorter incubation period in VRQ/VRQ sheep. In addition, passage of the No.13-7 isolate through deer results in a change in the pattern of PrPSc deposition in the brain of affected sheep. Taken together with the results of bioassay and conformational stability assays this work supports emergence of strain properties different from the No. 13–7 inoculum and consistent with another classical scrapie strain called x-124. Interspecies transmission of the classical scrapie agent can result in a phenotype switch through emergence of new scrapie strain properties that could potentially expand the potential host range.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10721168/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10721168/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Experimental Oral Transmission of Atypical Scrapie to Sheep</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marion M. Simmons, S. Jo Moore,1 Timm Konold, Lisa Thurston, Linda A. Terry, Leigh Thorne, Richard Lockey, Chris Vickery, Stephen A.C. Hawkins, Melanie J. Chaplin, and John Spiropoulos</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To investigate the possibility of oral transmission of atypical scrapie in sheep and determine the distribution of infectivity in the animals’ peripheral tissues, we challenged neonatal lambs orally with atypical scrapie; they were then killed at 12 or 24 months. Screening test results were negative for disease-specifi c prion protein in all but 2 recipients; they had positive results for examination of brain, but negative for peripheral tissues. Infectivity of brain, distal ileum, and spleen from all animals was assessed in mouse bioassays; positive results were obtained from tissues that had negative results on screening. These fi ndings demonstrate that atypical scrapie can be transmitted orally and indicate that it has the potential for natural transmission and iatrogenic spread through animal feed. Detection of infectivity in tissues negative by current surveillance methods indicates that diagnostic sensitivity is suboptimal for atypical scrapie, and potentially infectious material may be able to pass into the human food chain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">imals; the incubation periods of sheep orally infected with classical scrapie were signifi cantly shorter in sheep challenged at 14 days of age than those challenged at 6 months of age (31). If, however, oral transmission is only effective in such young animals, then fi eld exposure would most likely have to be through milk, which is known to be a highly effective route of transmission for classical scrapie (32). No data are currently available on the potential infectivity of milk from animals with atypical scrapie.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Successful oral transmission also raises questions regarding the pathogenesis of this form of disease. There must be passage of the infectious agent from the alimentary canal to the brain through one of several possible routes, most likely those that have been suggested and discussed in detail for other TSEs, for example, retrograde neuronal transportation either directly (33–35) or through lymphoid structures or hematogenously (36). Infectivity in the absence of readily demonstrable PrPSc has been reported (37–39), and although the mouse bioassay may detect evidence of disease in other tissues, these data may not be available for at least another 2 years. More protease-sensitive forms of PrPSc may be broken down more effi ciently within cells and thus do not accumulate in peripheral tissues (19), enabling atypical PrPSc to transit the digestive tract and disseminate through other systems in small amounts before accumulating detectably in the central nervous system.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although we do not have epidemiologic evidence that supports the effi cient spread of disease in the fi eld, these data imply that disease is potentially transmissible under fi eld situations and that spread through animal feed may be possible if the current feed restrictions were to be relaxed. Additionally, almost no data are available on the potential for atypical scrapie to transmit to other food animal species, certainly by the oral route. However, work with transgenic mice has demonstrated the potential susceptibility of pigs, with the disturbing fi nding that the biochemical properties of the resulting PrPSc have changed on transmission (40). The implications of this observation for subsequent transmission and host target range are currently unknown.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3321785/pdf/10-1654_finalR.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3321785/pdf/10-1654_finalR.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">BSE: TIME TO TAKE HB PARRY SERIOUSLY<div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HB Parry Seriously’ (YB88/6.8/4.1) IF the scrapie agent is generated from ovine DNA and thence causes disease in other species, then perhaps, bearing in mind the possible role of scrapie in CJD of humans (Davinpour et al, 1985), scrapie and not BSE should be the notifiable disease. https://web.archive.org/web/20030714133556/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/08004001.pdf</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://jcp.bmj.com/content/jclinpath/s3-6/1/110.full.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://jcp.bmj.com/content/jclinpath/s3-6/1/110.full.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1988: Letter entitled ‘Scrapie, Time to take HB Parry Seriously’ (YB88/6.8/4.1) 24. In this letter I stated that BSE had been officially confirmed as a TSE (when much of the veterinary profession still favoured a variety of alternate hypotheses). I also suggested that scrapie should be made a notifiable disease, and drew attention to the work of HB 'James' Parry and the possibility that natural scrapie in sheep might be of genetic origin. 25. I withdrew the letter following advice from Professor Barlow (who as far as I can recall had been contacted by MAFF and the Veterinary Record) that it might not be in my interests to pursue publication at that moment in time. 26. I received a letter from the then editor, Edward Boden, questioning my permission to release the information that BSE was indeed a proven TSE. I had no permission, though was unaware that any was needed, to inform my profession of this urgent and important fact.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1992: McGill and Wood 27. This paper summarises views as to why an open debate on TSEs and in particular scrapie were and remain essential. We drew attention to the work of Parry, Prusiner and others, and outlined novel explanations for recent research findings in light of such work. We suggested that not all the relevant questions were being asked in the interpretation of data. In particular, the possibility that the infectious agent was being generated de novo from the genome (the PrP gene) in certain families of sheep, was still not being considered, despite a body of scientific data going back over 30 years. It was to be a further 5 years before publications from Government laboratories would start to cite Parry’s work as a possibly correct theory. 28. The refereeing process for this work was at the time not transparent, and I have yet to be informed as to why this remains unpublished.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SNIP...SEE;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102155239/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s067.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102155239/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s067.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMID: 6997404</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">76/10.12/4.6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2. Determined that pigs naturally exposed to chronic wasting disease (CWD) may act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Chronic wasting disease is a naturally occurring, fatal, neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of CWD disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation. Pigs were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: intracranially inoculated; orally inoculated; or non-inoculated. At market weight age, half of the pigs in each group were tested ('market weight' groups). The remaining pigs ('aged' groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) by multiple diagnostic methods. Brain samples from selected pigs were bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Some pigs from each inoculated group were positive by one or more tests. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed. Although only small amounts of PrPSc were detected using sensitive methods, this study demonstrates that pigs can serve as hosts for CWD. Detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Currently, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from deer or elk. In addition, feral swine could be exposed to infected carcasses in areas where CWD is present in wildlife populations. The current feed ban in the U.S. is based exclusively on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from entering animal feeds. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to CWD, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie and CJD, Suspect Symptoms, Like Lambs To the Slaughter, a review 2022<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Suspect symptoms</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What if you can catch old-fashioned CJD by eating meat from a sheep infected with scrapie?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">28 Mar 01</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Like lambs to the slaughter</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 March 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">by Debora MacKenzie Magazine issue 2284.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FOUR years ago, Terry Singeltary watched his mother die horribly from a degenerative brain disease. Doctors told him it was Alzheimer's, but Singeltary was suspicious. The diagnosis didn't fit her violent symptoms, and he demanded an autopsy. It showed she had died of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Most doctors believe that sCJD is caused by a prion protein deforming by chance into a killer. But Singeltary thinks otherwise. He is one of a number of campaigners who say that some sCJD, like the variant CJD related to BSE, is caused by eating meat from infected animals. Their suspicions have focused on sheep carrying scrapie, a BSE-like disease that is widespread in flocks across Europe and North America.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Now scientists in France have stumbled across new evidence that adds weight to the campaigners' fears. To their complete surprise, the researchers found that one strain of scrapie causes the same brain damage in mice as sCJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"This means we cannot rule out that at least some sCJD may be caused by some strains of scrapie," says team member Jean-Philippe Deslys of the French Atomic Energy Commission's medical research laboratory in Fontenay-aux-Roses, south-west of Paris. Hans Kretschmar of the University of Göttingen, who coordinates CJD surveillance in Germany, is so concerned by the findings that he now wants to trawl back through past sCJD cases to see if any might have been caused by eating infected mutton or lamb.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie has been around for centuries and until now there has been no evidence that it poses a risk to human health. But if the French finding means that scrapie can cause sCJD in people, countries around the world may have overlooked a CJD crisis to rival that caused by BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deslys and colleagues were originally studying vCJD, not sCJD. They injected the brains of macaque monkeys with brain from BSE cattle, and from French and British vCJD patients. The brain damage and clinical symptoms in the monkeys were the same for all three. Mice injected with the original sets of brain tissue or with infected monkey brain also developed the same symptoms.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As a control experiment, the team also injected mice with brain tissue from people and animals with other prion diseases: a French case of sCJD; a French patient who caught sCJD from human-derived growth hormone; sheep with a French strain of scrapie; and mice carrying a prion derived from an American scrapie strain. As expected, they all affected the brain in a different way from BSE and vCJD. But while the American strain of scrapie caused different damage from sCJD, the French strain produced exactly the same pathology.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"The main evidence that scrapie does not affect humans has been epidemiology," says Moira Bruce of the neuropathogenesis unit of the Institute for Animal Health in Edinburgh, who was a member of the same team as Deslys. "You see about the same incidence of the disease everywhere, whether or not there are many sheep, and in countries such as New Zealand with no scrapie." In the only previous comparisons of sCJD and scrapie in mice, Bruce found they were dissimilar.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But there are more than 20 strains of scrapie, and six of sCJD. "You would not necessarily see a relationship between the two with epidemiology if only some strains affect only some people," says Deslys. Bruce is cautious about the mouse results, but agrees they require further investigation. Other trials of scrapie and sCJD in mice, she says, are in progress.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">People can have three different genetic variations of the human prion protein, and each type of protein can fold up two different ways. Kretschmar has found that these six combinations correspond to six clinical types of sCJD: each type of normal prion produces a particular pathology when it spontaneously deforms to produce sCJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But if these proteins deform because of infection with a disease-causing prion, the relationship between pathology and prion type should be different, as it is in vCJD. "If we look at brain samples from sporadic CJD cases and find some that do not fit the pattern," says Kretschmar, "that could mean they were caused by infection."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There are 250 deaths per year from sCJD in the US, and a similar incidence elsewhere. Singeltary and other US activists think that some of these people died after eating contaminated meat or "nutritional" pills containing dried animal brain. Governments will have a hard time facing activists like Singeltary if it turns out that some sCJD isn't as spontaneous as doctors have insisted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Deslys's work on macaques also provides further proof that the human disease vCJD is caused by BSE. And the experiments showed that vCJD is much more virulent to primates than BSE, even when injected into the bloodstream rather than the brain. This, says Deslys, means that there is an even bigger risk than we thought that vCJD can be passed from one patient to another through contaminated blood transfusions and surgical instruments.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16922840.300-like-lambs-to-the-slaughter.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">www.newscientist.com/article/mg16922840.300-like-lambs-to-the-slaughter.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Adaptation of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent to primates and comparison with Creutzfeldt– Jakob disease: Implications for human health</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Jean-Guy Fournier, Virginie Nouvel, +8, and Jean-Philippe DeslysAuthors Info & Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">March 20, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">98 (7) 4142-4147</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.041490898" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.041490898</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is substantial scientific evidence to support the notion that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has contaminated human beings, causing variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD). This disease has raised concerns about the possibility of an iatrogenic secondary transmission to humans, because the biological properties of the primate-adapted BSE agent are unknown. We show that (i) BSE can be transmitted from primate to primate by intravenous route in 25 months, and (ii) an iatrogenic transmission of vCJD to humans could be readily recognized pathologically, whether it occurs by the central or peripheral route. Strain typing in mice demonstrates that the BSE agent adapts to macaques in the same way as it does to humans and confirms that the BSE agent is responsible for vCJD not only in the United Kingdom but also in France. The agent responsible for French iatrogenic growth hormone-linked CJD taken as a control is very different from vCJD but is similar to that found in one case of sporadic CJD and one sheep scrapie isolate. These data will be key in identifying the origin of human cases of prion disease, including accidental vCJD transmission, and could provide bases for vCJD risk assessment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">One aim of this study was to determine the risk of secondary transmission to humans of vCJD, which is caused not by a primarily human strain of TSE agent but by the BSE strain having passed the species barrier to humans. This risk is tightly linked to the capacity of the BSE agent to adapt to primates and harbor enhanced virulence (i.e., induce disease after a short incubation period and provoke disease even if highly diluted) and to its pathogenicity after inoculation by the peripheral route. With respect to the latter, there are huge variations between different TSE agent strains and hosts. For example, the BSE agent is pathogenic to pigs after i.c. inoculation but not after oral administration (23). Thus, we wanted to know to what extent the BSE/vCJD agent is pathogenic to humans by the i.c. and i.v. routes. To achieve this, we used the macaque model. To monitor the evolution of the BSE agent in primates, but also to verify the identity of French vCJD, we conducted parallel transmission to C57BL/6 mice, allowing strain-typing. The experimental scheme is depicted in Fig. 1.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Characterization of the BSE Agent in Primates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The identity of the lesion profiles obtained from the brains of the French patient with vCJD, two British patients with vCJD, and nonhuman primates infected with BSE provides experimental demonstration of the fact that the BSE agent strain has been transmitted to humans both in the U.K. and in France. Further, it lends support to the validity of the macaque model as a powerful tool for the study of vCJD. As far as the evolution of the BSE agent in primates is concerned, we observed an interesting phenomenon: at first passage of BSE in macaques and with vCJD, there was a polymorphism of the lesion profile in mice in the hippocampal region, with about half of them harboring much more severe vacuolation than the mice inoculated with cattle BSE. At second passage, the polymorphism tended to disappear, with all mice showing higher vacuolation scores in the hippocampus than cattle BSE mice. This observation suggests the appearance of a variant of the BSE agent at first passage in primates and its clonal selection during second passage in primates. The lesion profiles showed that it was still the BSE agent, but the progressive appearance of a “hippocampal signature” hallmarked the evolution toward a variant by essence more virulent to primates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Characterization of the CJD and Scrapie Strains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Controls were set up by transmitting one French and one U.S. scrapie isolate from ruminants as well as French sCJD and iCJD cases from humans. None of these revealed a lesion profile or transmission characteristics similar or close to those of BSE or vCJD, respectively, thus extending to the present French scrapie isolate the previous observation that the BSE agent was different from all known natural scrapie strains (4, 24).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The lesion profiles of sCJD and iCJD differed only slightly in severity of the lesions, but not in shape of the profile, revealing the identity of the causative agents. One of us reported the absence of similarity between sCJD (six cases) and U.K. scrapie (eight cases) in transmission characteristics in mice (4). Herein, we made the striking observation that the French natural scrapie strain (but not the U.S. scrapie strain) has the same lesion profile and transmission times in C57BL/6 mice as do the two human TSE strains studied. This strain “affiliation” was confirmed biochemically. There is no epidemiological evidence for a link between sheep scrapie and the occurrence of CJD in humans (25). However, such a link, if it is not a general rule, would be extremely difficult to establish because of the very low incidence of CJD as well as the existence of different isolates in humans and multiple strains in scrapie. Moreover, scrapie is transmissible to nonhuman primates (26). Thus, there is still a possibility that in some instances TSE strains infecting humans do share a common origin with scrapie, as pointed out by our findings.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of vCJD and BSE to Nonhuman Primates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">vCJD transmitted readily to the cynomolgus macaque after 2 years of incubation, which was comparable to the transmission obtained from first-passaged macaque BSE and much shorter than the interspecies transmission of BSE. Starting with 100 mg of BSE–macaque brain material, dilutions up to 4 μg still provoked disease. These data suggest that the BSE agent rapidly adapts to primates accompanied by enhanced virulence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Examination of macaque brain inoculated with vCJD revealed a similar pathology to that with second-passage BSE. The distribution of vacuolation and gliosis, as well as the pattern of PrP deposition, including the dense, sometimes florid plaques, were similar to the human vCJD and the BSE hallmarks of the first passage (1, 2). These data show that the phenotype of BSE in primates is conserved over two passages. Moreover, they confirm that the BSE agent behaves similarly in humans and macaques, a precious finding that will prove useful in the near future for the design of pathogenesis or therapeutic studies. Because of the number of macaques examined in this study, we can now reliably state that the pathology, in particular the PrP deposition pattern provoked by BSE, is similar in older and very young animals. However, plaque deposition is greater, and mature florid plaques were more numerous, in the young, which may be correlated with a longer duration of the clinical phase observed in this animal (2). This is important with regard to the fact that vCJD has been diagnosed mainly in teenagers and young adults, which raises the concern that older patients may have been misdiagnosed because of an alternative phenotype of the disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">One should bear in mind, however, that cynomolgus macaques are all homozygotes for methionine at codon 129 of the PrP gene. Thus, our observations may not be relevant to humans carrying one or both valine alleles; however, all patients with vCJD reported to date have been M/M at this position (27). Intravenous Transmissions to Nonhuman Primates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Brain pathology was identical in macaques inoculated i.c. and i.v. The i.v. route proved to be very efficient for the transmission of BSE, as shown by the 2-year survival of the animals, which is only 5 months longer than that obtained after inoculating the same amount of agent i.c. As the i.v. injection of the infectious agent implies per se a delayed neuroinvasion compared with a direct inoculation in the brain, this slight lengthening of the incubation period cannot, at this stage, be interpreted as a lower efficiency of infection as regards the i.c. route. These data should be taken into account in the risk assessment of iatrogenic vCJD transmission by i.v. administration of biological products of human origin. They also constitute an incentive for a complete i.v. titration.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From BSE and vCJD transmissions in nonhuman primates, a number of conclusions can be drawn that are of major importance for human health: (i) human-adapted BSE appears to be a variant of the BSE agent that is more virulent for humans than cattle BSE and is efficiently transmitted by the peripheral route; (ii) the detection of vCJD in unusually young patients is probably not because of a lack of diagnosis of cases in older patients, thus raising the question of the source of human contamination with BSE early in life; and (iii) iatrogenic transmissions from patients with vCJD would be readily recognized by using the same diagnostic criteria as those applied to vCJD [clinical and pathological criteria (27) comprising neuronal loss and gliosis in the thalamus correlated with high MRI signal (28, 29)], whether such contaminations had occurred by the central or i.v. route. Primary and iatrogenic cases of vCJD could be distinguished on the basis of the patient's clinical history.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The risk assessment of biological products of human origin, notably those derived from blood, has been deeply modified by the appearance of vCJD. We confirm that the BSE agent has contaminated humans not only in the U.K. and the Republic of Ireland but also in France, and we show that its pathogenic properties for primates are being enhanced by a primary passage in humans. Considering the flow of potentially contaminated bovine-derived products between 1980 and 1996, it is obvious that further vCJD cases may occur outside the U.K. Thus, and in the light of the present study, it is necessary to sustain worldwide CJD surveillance regardless of national BSE incidence and to take all precautionary measures to avoid iatrogenic transmissions from vCJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.041490898" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.041490898</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 4, 2024</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Disease phenotype of classical sheep scrapie is changed upon experimental passage through white-tailed deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2024/01/disease-phenotype-of-classical-sheep.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2024/01/disease-phenotype-of-classical-sheep.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 3, 2024</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PROCEEDINGS ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING USAHA CWD, Scrapie, and BSE, October 2022 updated science 2024</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2024/01/proceedings-one-hundred-and-twenty.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2024/01/proceedings-one-hundred-and-twenty.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, MAY 20, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MAY 19, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 weeks before the announcement of this recent mad cow case in the USA, i submitted this to the APHIS et al;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> APPRX. 2 weeks before the recent mad cow case was confirmed in the USA, in Tennessee, atypical L-Type BSE, I submitted this to the APHIS et al;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission May 2, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical''...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">spontaneous BSE? big outbreak of spontaneous mad cow disease evidently, around the same time, strange;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 08, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ireland Atypical BSE confirmed November 3 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ireland Atypical BSE case, 3 progeny of case cow to be culled</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 16, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland Atypical BSE detected in a cow in the canton of St. Gallen</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, March 20, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PLEASE NOTE, USDA ET AL ONLY TESTING <25k CATTLE FOR MAD COW DISEASE, woefully inadequate, yet USDA just documented a case Atypical L-Type BSE, the most virulent strain to date...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, May 22, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> BSE TSE Prion MAD COW TESTING IN THE USA COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 20, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SCRAPIE IN THE UNITED STATES </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2023/01/epidemiology-of-scrapie-in-united-states.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2023/01/epidemiology-of-scrapie-in-united-states.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 03, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie TSE Prion United States of America a Review February 2021 Singeltary et al</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 16, 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SHEEP BY-PRODUCTS AND WHAT ABOUT Scrapie TSE PrP and Potential Zoonosis? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/03/sheep-by-products-and-what-about.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/03/sheep-by-products-and-what-about.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–2009–0095] RIN 0579–AD10</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 10, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">USDA APHIS National Scrapie Eradication Program October 2021 Monthly Report Fiscal Year 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/usda-aphis-national-scrapie-eradication.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/usda-aphis-national-scrapie-eradication.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 29, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Experimental Oronasal Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease Agent from White-Tailed Deer to Suffolk Sheep Volume 27, Number 12—December 2021 Dispatch</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/experimental-oronasal-transmission-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/experimental-oronasal-transmission-of.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 10, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie at Abattoir: Monitoring, Control, and Differential Diagnosis of Wasting Conditions during Meat Inspection </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/scrapie-at-abattoir-monitoring-control.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/scrapie-at-abattoir-monitoring-control.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;">(Long Version) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(Short Version) <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, MARCH 07, 2024 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Texas TPWD CWD Cases Jump to 663 Confirmed To Date </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/03/texas-tpwd-cwd-cases-jump-to-663.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/03/texas-tpwd-cwd-cases-jump-to-663.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div>terry</div></div></div></span></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-2597182391758238582024-01-04T11:27:00.000-06:002024-01-04T11:27:02.852-06:00PICKS AND PRIONS, WHAT IF?<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Biomedicines. 2023 Jun; 11(6): 1646.</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Published online 2023 Jun 6.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11061646" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11061646</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PMCID: PMC10296437</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PMID: 37371741</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Pick’s Disease, Seeding an Answer to the Clinical Diagnosis Conundrum</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Nicole Tamvaka,1,2 Sireesha Manne,1 Naveen Kondru,1 and Owen A. Ross1,2,3,4,5,* Carmela Matrone, Academic Editor</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Pick’s disease (PiD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by dementia, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and the aggregation of 3R tau in pathognomonic inclusions known as Pick bodies. The term PiD has adopted many meanings since its conception in 1926, but it is currently used as a strictly neuropathological term, since PiD patients cannot be diagnosed during life. Due to its rarity, PiD remains significantly understudied, and subsequently, the etiology and pathomechanisms of the disease remain to be elucidated. The study of PiD and the preferential 3R tau accumulation that is unique to PiD is imperative in order to expand the current understanding of the disease and inform future studies and therapeutic development, since the lack of intervention strategies for tauopathies remains an unmet need. Yet, the lack of an antemortem diagnostic test for the disease has further complicated the study of PiD. The development of a clinical diagnostic assay for PiD will be a vital step in the study of the disease that will greatly contribute to therapeutic research, clinical trial design and patient recruitment and ultimately improve patient outcomes. Seed aggregation assays have shown great promise for becoming ante mortem clinical diagnostic tools for many proteinopathies, including tauopathies. Future research on adapting and optimizing current seed aggregation assays to successfully detect 3R tau pathogenic forms from PiD samples will be critical in establishing a 3R tau specific seed aggregation assay that can be used for clinical diagnosis and treatment evaluation.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Keywords: Pick’s disease, primary tauopathy, 3R tau, seed aggregation assays</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">1. Pick’s Disease Definition and History</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">6. Protein Aggregation Disorders and Seeding Assays SAA were first developed to improve the understanding and assist in diagnosis of prion diseases, a group of infectious diseases otherwise known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). TSEs are characterized by misfolded forms of the prion protein, spongiform changes in the central nervous system (CNS), progressive neurodegeneration and are invariably fatal [34,35]. Example of human prion diseases include Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) [34], Kuru [36], variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) [37,38], and Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker disease (GSS) [39].</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The basis of prion disease pathogenesis lies In the conformational change in the normal, cellular prion protein (PrPC) to its deleterious form (PrPSC; sc = scrapie) [40]. This post-translational process is thought to occur either spontaneously or upon exposure to prion-contaminated tissue and includes the refolding of the secondary structure of the protein into a β-sheet [41]. For this discovery and his work in understanding prion disease, Dr. Stanley Prusiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1977 [42]. Dr. Prusiner proposed for the first time that a pathogenic form of the prion protein (PrPSC) can act as an infectious agent, interacting with native forms of the prion protein (PrPC) and using it as a template for replication and further spread throughout a living system, organ, or tissue; a concept known as seeding [40].</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">For years, the gold standard of prion disease diagnosis has been a post mortem brain autopsy, and a subsequent series of immunoassays for prion protein detection [43]. However, these assays lack the ability to detect low levels of abnormal prion protein and therefore cannot be used in evaluating the presence of prions in accessible biospecimens (blood, CSF, saliva, etc.) of infected humans and animals, which is imperative in understanding the transmission patterns of these diseases [44,45,46]. Thus, SAA have been introduced, with the goal of amplifying ultralow levels of the pathogenic prion protein (seed) to higher levels that can be detected and quantified [47]. SAA can be thought of as being conceptually analogous to the protein equivalent of a PCR for DNA [48], with their goal being to amplify low levels of the pathogenic protein (or seed) to detectable levels that can be measured and quantified. These assays exploit the ability of the pathogenic prion protein to act as a seed, that can interact with healthy protein and induce its oligomerization and conversion into a pathogenic form that will in turn interact with more native protein molecules and induce their misfolding (Figure 4).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">One of the first SAA was the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) assay introduced in 2001 by Saborio, Permannem and Soto [47]. PMCA consists of multiple cycles of incubation of extremely low levels of PrPSC with high levels PrPC to induce pathogenic conversion, followed by sonication to dissociate the newly formed polymeric aggregates giving them the ability to interact with more PrPC molecules and induce their pathogenic misfolding and aggregation [47]. Caughey and colleagues later developed another SAA known as quacking-induced conversion (QuIC) [49]. QuIC allows the use of recombinant protein, expressed and purified in various cellular systems. This assay substitutes the sonication methods with shaking, minimizes the handling of infectious material and reduced assay time. The addition of Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence as a quantifiable readout in real time, further improved the assay giving rise to the real-time QuIC (RT-QuIC). RT-QuIC was introduced in 2010 by Dr. Caughey’s group to assist in the diagnosis and management of prion diseases by providing the ability to detect and quantify prion species in real time [50].</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">9. Conclusions PiD is a rare neurodegenerative disorder that can only be diagnosed upon brain autopsy based on the presence of its neuropathological hallmarks: 3R tau pick bodies and atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes. The inability to diagnose PiD in life, in combination with its rarity, has contributed to our lack of understanding of disease risk factors and modifiers and biological processes that contribute to disease pathogenesis or that are dysregulated as a result of 3R tau pathology. Without a deeper understanding of the disease etiology, the development of disease-modifying therapeutics and treatments for PiD will remain unattainable. Without accurate ante mortem diagnosis, the creation of PiD clinical trials or the identification of PiD patients fit for these studies will remain unfeasible. Thus, there is an urgent need for the establishment of a clinical diagnostic test for the diagnosis of PiD. Given the tremendous advancements that have taken place in the world of SAA over the past decade, we believe that they would be excellent candidates for fulfilling this need. Many groups have successfully demonstrated the efficacy, sensitivity, and versatility of the SAA in synucleinopathies and, to a lesser extent, tauopathies, yet the use of PiD samples in these assays has been scarce. The majority of the described assays, however, would still require invasive biopsies that may not be appealing to most patients. As we start thinking about non-invasive methods, blood-derived extracellular vesicles might become the optimal biospecimen for a PiD—specific diagnostic SAA. A better understanding of 3R tau pathology in PiD will improve the current understanding of 3R tau aggregation and its effects on neurodegeneration and cellular dysfunction, as well as inform future studies for other diseases with tau aggregation.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">see;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://europepmc.org/article/MED/37371741" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://europepmc.org/article/MED/37371741</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">i remember way back, THE FEAST, what if?</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">Case 3. In June 1992, a Wisconsin man aged 65 years sought treatment for progressive slowing of speech, worsening memory, and personality changes. By January 1993, his speech was reduced to one-word utterances. Neurologic examination showed a flat affect, decreased reflexes, and apraxia. A CT head scan showed mild atrophy, and an EEG was normal. Pick's disease was diagnosed. By May, he was unable to perform any daily living activities; he died in August 1993. Neuropathologic evaluation of brain tissue during autopsy showed symmetrical frontal lobe cerebral cortical atrophy and mild temporal lobe atrophy. No Pick's bodies or spongiform lesions were observed.</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">The man had a history of eating venison and participated regularly in wild game feasts held at the cabin owned by patient 1. He was a lifelong hunter and hunted mostly in Wisconsin but also in Wyoming and British Columbia. No game was brought to the wild game feasts from his hunting trips outside of Wisconsin. Examination of fixed brain tissue sent to NPDPSC demonstrated no lesions indicative of CJD, and immunohistochemical testing with antibody to the prion protein did not demonstrate the granular deposits seen in prion diseases.</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">One of the three men who died was a lifelong hunter and hosted wild game feasts at his Wisconsin cabin from 1976 until he died in 1993, the CDC reported. Evidence from autopsy initially suggested that he had died of CJD, but further tests did not support that finding. A second man was also a Wisconsinite and lifelong hunter who regularly took part in the game meals at the cabin. He died in 1993 of what was thought to be Pick's disease; postmortem examination did not point to CJD.</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The man whose disease was found to be CJD was a Minnesotan who died in 1999, the report says. He had visited the Wisconsin cabin about a dozen times but had eaten wild game only once. Analysis of his brain tissue suggested that his disease was the most common form of sporadic CJD, "without apparent unusual neruopathologic or molecular characteristics that might occur if the prion related to CWD had been responsible for the disease," the CDC said.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The CDC reported it could not interview some of the people who were thought to have eaten game at the Wisconsin cabin. "Limited epidemiologic investigations cannot rule out the possibility that CWD might play a role in causing human illness," and continued surveillance of CJD is important, the article states.</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CWD TO HUMANS, ZOONOSIS, ZOONOTIC, POTENTIAL, OR HAS IT ALREADY HAPPENED?</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1 , Francisca Bravo1,2, J. Hunter Reed3 , Mitch Lockwood3 , Glenn Telling4 , Rodrigo Morales1,2 1 Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; 2 Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins. Santiago, Chile; 3 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA. 4 Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: identify the presence of CWD prions in processed meats derived from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a CWD-positive (pre-clinical) free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. The presence of CWD-prions in these samples were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. The same analyses were performed in grilled and boiled meats to evaluate the resistance of the infectious agent to these procedures. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH and USDA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: 1R01AI132695 and APP-20115 to RM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank TPWD personnel for providing us with valuable samples</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">"Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities."</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">end... </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (Tg12), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the Tg12 mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (Tg12; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> with fecal homogenates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">© The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650 [12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 17 January 2018 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">also, see; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kong, Qingzhong </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # 9037884 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <flounder9@verizon.net> wrote:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">qxk2@case.edu </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 30.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</span></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 6.4 to 7.10</span> years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip.... </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> *** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">404-639-3091</span></span>). </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">-----Original Message----- From: </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM To: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">rr26k@nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">ebb8@CDC.GOV</span></span> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">snip... full text ; </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">deal@airtime.co.uk</span> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet <</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was warning England and the BSE Inquiry about just this, way back in 1998, and was ask to supply information to the BSE Inquiry. for anyone that might be interested, see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION... I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease. just saying...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100 3 July 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr. E-Mail: Flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span> Ref: E2979</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Mr Singeltary, Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments. Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died. As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments. Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.bse.org.uk</span>.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it? In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on... snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year previously and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. both cases confirmed. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX, mad by standard process; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. also; what about potential mad cow candy bars ? see their potential mad cow candy bar list too... THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply out of a health concern.'' DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE Friday, January 19, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 Open Public Hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 DR. FREAS: We are opening the open public hearing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 now. We have received one response to speak in this</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 afternoon's open public hearing. That is from Dr. Scott</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 Norton. If Dr. Norton is here, would you please come</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 forward. You can either use the podium or the microphone,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 whichever is your choice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 DR. NORTON: I am Scott Norton and I am a</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 physician in the Washington D.C. area. I am here speaking</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 as a private citizen today.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 I first became concerned about the presence of 231</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 tissues from ruminant animals in dietary supplements about</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 six months ago and expressed my concern in a letter that was 3 published in New England Journal of Medicine in July of Year 4 2000. 5 A couple of the products that I had looked at, and 6 examined their labels, that raised these concerns I brought 7 in right here. I will just read some of the organs that are 8 found in one that is called Male Power. Deer antler, 9 pancreas, orchic--despite what we just heard that the FDA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 prefers the term "testicular tissue" to be written on the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 labels, I have never seen a dietary supplement say</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 "testicle." They always say "orchis" or "orchic" which may</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 sound rather flowery to the etymologically impaired--thymus,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 adrenal, heart, lymph node, prostate, spleen and pituitary.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 There are actually seventeen organs in that particular</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 product.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 There is another product that is called Brain</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 Nutrition that tells us that it is vitamins and minerals</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 essential for important brain function. It does not mention</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 that there is any glandulars on at least the bold print. 21 But if you look at the small print on the back, we learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 that it has brain extract and pituitary extract, raw, in</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 there.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 We know that many of the organs that can be found</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 in the dietary supplements do fall in that list of organs</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">232</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 that are suspect for contamination with TSEs, the labels, in 2 nearly all cases, identify neither the animal source nor the 3 geographic location from which the organs were derived. I 4 have seen one line that did specify from New Zealand cattle 5 but no other manufacturer will list either the species or 6 the geographic location. 7 The FDA's and the USDA's import alerts that we 8 just learned about prohibit the use of these organs in 9 foods, medicines and medical devices. But my reading of the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 alert, 17-04, suggests that DSHEA does allow some loopholes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 for these tissues to possible slip in.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 I will just read <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 17-04</span> that we heard. On the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 first page, it says that, "This alert does not establish any</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14 obligations on regulated entities." I love seeing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 legislation that starts out with that caveat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 Then it says, further, "The USDA regulations do</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 not apply to bovine-derived materials intended for human</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 consumption as finished dietary supplements." We also learn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 that the prohibition, or the import alert, is limited to</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 bulk lots of these tissues, completed tissues, from BSE-</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 derived countries. It does not mention if it is not a bulk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 import or if it is raw materials rather than finished</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 materials.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 Further, we know that it is strongly recommended</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 but not actually prohibited in the language here. So I have</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">233</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 not taken the assurances from that import alert that Dr. 2 Moore was trying to convey to us. 3 So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United 4 States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed 5 sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't 6 think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, 7 but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with 8 those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply 9 out of a health concern.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10 So my question to the advisory committee is this;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11 is my caution reasonable and, if it is, should we take</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12 further efforts to inform, or even protect, the American</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13 public from such exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">14 I was curious about Dr.</span> Moore's remarks. I sensed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 two messages. One was the initial reassurance that FDA has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16 the regulatory authority but then I also learned that it is</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 the manufacturer's responsibility to provide those 18 assurances, that the FDA doesn't actually inspect.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 I think that the FDA commissioners from Harvey</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 Wylie to David Kessler would say that that track record has</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 proven itself.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 Thank you very much.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 [Applause.]</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 DR. BROWN: Thanks, Dr. Norton. 25 Committee Discussion snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite 18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary 19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified- 20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material. 21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something 22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood 23 donors. 24 That is probably worse than spending six months in 25 the U.K. 1/19/01 3681t2.rtf(845) page 501 <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Advisory Committees: CBER 2001 Meeting Documents</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see actual paper;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: METABOLIFE AND TSEs GAO-03-494 ''URGENT DATA''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Thu, 01 May 2003 11:23:01 -0500</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: NelliganJ at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">gao.gov</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The General Accounting Office (GAO) today released the following reports and testimonies:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REPORTS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Dietary Supplements: Review of Health-Related Call Records for Users of Metabolife 356. GAO-03-494, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">March 31.</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see updated url link;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GREETINGS GAO:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was surprised that i did not see any listing of bovine tissue in metabolife on it's label. have they ceased using these desiccated tissues???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i see that the lable on this product METABOLIFE 356, does not state that it has any tissues of desiccated bovine organs? i no the product use to, so i am curious if they have ceased the use of the tissues of cattle they use to use (see below)???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">METABOLIFE 356 BOVINE COMPLEX/GLANDULAR SYSTEM OVARIES, PROSTATE, SCROTUM AND ADRENAL USDA SOURCE CATTLE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i tried warning them years ago of this potential threat of CJD/TSEs;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Randy Smith To: "'flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span>'" Subject: Metabolife Date: Mon, 7 Dec 1998 14:21:35 -0800</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Sir,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We are looking at reformulation. I agree that slow virus diseases present a problem in some areas of the world.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our product uses healthy USDA inspected cattle for the glandular extract.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If you have any links to more information on this subject I would like to examine them.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you for your interest and concern,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Smith ============</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full text links of this archived information ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">with that, there is abundance of other scientific studies that show it's very likely CWD will or already has, transmit to humans, it's just that no one wants to believe it, they simply don't want it to happen, neither do i, but in the real world, imo, it's already happened and is being masked as sporadic CJD imo, you can see this science archived here, skroll down to about the halfway point of this blog on the recent cases of cwd in Texas;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see about half way down to;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></span></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"> </div><div><br /></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-54348481047317781382024-01-04T10:23:00.003-06:002024-01-04T10:23:42.529-06:00Disease phenotype of classical sheep scrapie is changed upon experimental passage through white-tailed deer<p> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">PLoS Pathog. 2023 Dec; 19(12): e1011815. Published online 2023 Dec 4. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011815" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011815</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"> </span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCID: PMC10721168 PMID: 38048370 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Disease phenotype of classical sheep scrapie is changed upon experimental passage through white-tailed deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Robyn D. Kokemuller, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, 1 S. Jo Moore, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, 1 Jifeng Bian, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing, 1 M. Heather West Greenlee, Conceptualization, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing, 2 and Justin J. Greenlee, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing corresponding author 1 ,* Jason C. Bartz, Editor Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Associated Data Supplementary Materials Data Availability Statement </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion agents occur in strains that are encoded by the structure of the misfolded prion protein (PrPSc). Prion strains can influence disease phenotype and the potential for interspecies transmission. Little is known about the potential transmission of prions between sheep and deer. Previously, the classical US scrapie isolate (No.13-7) had a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after oronasal challenge. The purpose of this study was to test the susceptibility of sheep to challenge with the scrapie agent after passage through white-tailed deer (WTD scrapie). Lambs of various prion protein genotypes were oronasally challenged with WTD scrapie. Sheep were euthanized and necropsied upon development of clinical signs or at the end of the experiment (72 months post-inoculation). Enzyme immunoassay, western blot, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc in 4 of 10 sheep with the fastest incubation occurring in VRQ/VRQ sheep, which contrasts the original No.13-7 inoculum with a faster incubation in ARQ/ARQ sheep. Shorter incubation periods in VRQ/VRQ sheep than ARQ/ARQ sheep after passage through deer was suggestive of a phenotype change, so comparisons were made in ovinized mice and with sheep with known strains of classical sheep scrapie: No. 13–7 and x-124 (that has a more rapid incubation in VRQ/VRQ sheep). After mouse bioassay, the WTD scrapie and x-124 isolates have similar incubation periods and PrPSc conformational stability that are markedly different than the original No. 13–7 inoculum. Furthermore, brain tissues of sheep with WTD scrapie and x-124 scrapie have similar patterns of immunoreactivity that are distinct from sheep with No. 13–7 scrapie. Multiple lines of evidence suggest a phenotype switch when No. 13–7 scrapie prions are passaged through deer. This represents one example of interspecies transmission of prions resulting in the emergence or selection of new strain properties that could confound disease eradication and control efforts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author summary Passage of the sheep-derived US No. 13–7 classical scrapie isolate through white-tailed deer results in a change in disease phenotype that is observed when the deer-passaged scrapie agent is inoculated back into sheep or ovinized mice. Upon passage back to sheep, the relationship between incubation period and sheep PRNP genotype is reversed from the original inoculum. Whereas inoculation with the original No.13-7 scrapie agent results in a shorter incubation period in sheep with the ARQ/ARQ genotype as compared to VRQ/VRQ sheep, the deer-passaged scrapie agent results in a shorter incubation period in VRQ/VRQ sheep. In addition, passage of the No.13-7 isolate through deer results in a change in the pattern of PrPSc deposition in the brain of affected sheep. Taken together with the results of bioassay and conformational stability assays this work supports emergence of strain properties different from the No. 13–7 inoculum and consistent with another classical scrapie strain called x-124. Interspecies transmission of the classical scrapie agent can result in a phenotype switch through emergence of new scrapie strain properties that could potentially expand the potential host range.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, this work demonstrates that interspecies transmission of prion isolates can result in the emergence of new strain properties that could alter the host range or require different management strategies to control disease spread.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38048370" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38048370</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of classical BSE prions in asymptomatic cows after inoculation with atypical/Nor98 scrapie</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marina Betancor1, Belén Marín1, Alicia Otero1#, Carlos Hedman1, Antonio Romero2, Tomás Barrio3, Eloisa Sevilla1, Jean Yves Douet3, Alvina Huor3, Juan José Badiola1, Olivier Andréoletti3, Rosa Bolea1.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain. 2 Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain 3 UMR École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT) - Institut National pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) - 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), 31300 Toulouse, France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions from atypical scrapie has been recently proved in rodent and swine models. This study aimed to assess whether the inoculation of atypical scrapie could induce BSE-like disease in cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Four calves were intracerebrally challenged with atypical scrapie. Animals were euthanized without clinical signs of prion disease between 7.2 and 11.3 years post-inoculation and tested for the accumulation of prions by conventional techniques and protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: None of the bovines showed signs compatible with prion disease. In addition, all tested negative for PrPSc accumulation by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. However, an emergence of BSE-like prions was detected during in vitro propagation of brain samples from the inoculated animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These findings suggest that atypical scrapie may represent a potential source of BSE infection in cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This work was supported financially by the following Spanish and European Interreg grants: Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (Spanish Government), cofunded by Agencia Estatal de Investigación and the European Union and POCTEFA, which was 65% co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Interreg V-A Spain-France-Andorra program (POCTEFA 2014– 2020).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: n° PID2021-125398OB-I00, EFA148/16 REDPRION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: The authors would like to thank Sandra Felices and Daniel Romanos for their excellent technical assistance. Authors would also like to acknowledge the use of Servicio General de Apoyo a la Investigación-SAI, Universidad de Zaragoza</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Evolution of Nor98/ Atypical scrapie by iterative propagation in a homologous ovine PrPC context</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sara Canoyra1, Alba Marín-Moreno1, Juan Carlos Espinosa1, Natalia Fernández-Borges1, Nuria Jerez-Garrido1, Sylvie L. Benestad2, Enric Vidal3, Leonor Orge4, Olivier Andreoletti5 and Juan María Torres1.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. 2Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway. 3Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)–Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Barcelona, Spain. 4Laboratory of Pathology, National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Oeiras, Portugal 5UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Nor98/ Atypical scrapie (AS) is a prion disease that causes sporadic casesin sheep and goats. Previous studies have shown that the transmission of AS to otherspecies led to the emergence of new prion strains. In the bovine and porcine PrP, there has been reported the emergence of classical BSE prions (Huor et al., 2019, Espinosa et al., 2009, Marin et. al., 2021) and in the bank vole M109I-PrP context, a classical scrapie-like prion strain emerges(Pirisinu et al., 2022). In this study, we analysed the possible evolution of the AS prion within the same specie by modelling the transmission in a homologous ovine PrP context.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A panel of AS isolates with different genotypes and geographical origins both from sheep and goats were inoculated in the wild-type transgenic mice model (ARQ-PrP, Aguilar-Calvo et al., 2014).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: The isolates infect the ovine ARQ-PrP mice with homogeneous survival time and a complete attack rate. For several AS isolatesthe transmission led to the emergence of 19kDa (with BSE-like characteristics), 21kDa or atypical prions and mixtures of these agents.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Iterative subpassages of AS isolates into transgenic mice carrying ovine PrP showed an emergence of classical prions during in vivo propagation. This could be caused by the coexistence of strains in the isolate or the evolution of the AS through propagation in the ovine PrP.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These results allow us to hypothesize whether atypical prions might be the origin of prion diversity, where atypical prions tend to acquire classical forms. These results are relevant to control the exposure of farmed animals and humans to AS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 Grant number: PID2019-105837RB-I00</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Conformational shift as the evolutionary mechanism for classical BSE emergence from atypical scrapie</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sara Canoyra, Alba Marín-Moreno, Juan Carlos Espinosa, Natalia Fernández- Borges, and Juan María Torres</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: New prion strains emerge when the prion conformational characteristics change during intra- or cross-species transmission. There are two main theories, non-mutually exclusive, that could explain this phenomenon: the ‘deformed templating’ and the ‘conformational selection model’. According to the ‘deformed templating’ or mutation model, when the prion is unable to replicate in a new host there is a shift to a new PrPSc conformation. On the other hand, the ‘conformational selection’ theory postulates that prion isolates are a conglomerate of conformations and during cross-species transmission the species barrier acts as a filter.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In previous studies, we showed the emergence of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent (C-BSE) due to the transmission of atypical scrapie (AS) onto bovine PrP. This work will elucidate the evolutionary dichotomy in the AS transmission, providing supporting evidence on the hypothesis of the origin of the epidemic C-BSE prion from AS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: A panel of AS isolates with different genotypes and geographical distribution was analyzed. To differentiate between AS and C-BSE two strain typing features were used: thermostability and PMCA propagation. The AS isolates underwent a heat treatment of 98°C during 2 h and were amplified in vitro by PMCA in bovine PrPC substrate. The templating activity with or without heat was determine after 10 amplification rounds by western blot characterization.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In addition, we analyzed an artificial mixture of AS and C-BSE generated by diluting C- BSE in a constant amount of AS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We observed a drastic loss in the C-BSE emergence due to the heat treatment. The AS is a thermolabile prion. Hence, the inactivation of the AS conformers with the ability to shift the conformation will slow down the emergence of the C-BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In contrast, when we analyzed the artificial mixture C-BSE prions emerge even with the heat treatment. Therefore, if the AS isolates had contained a minoritarian C-BSE conformer (defended by the conformational selection model) the emergence wouldn’t have been affected by the heat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Mutation is the main evolutionary mechanism responsible for the C-BSE emergence. The species barrier forces the shift to a possible structure (C-BSE in this case) in a thermodynamically unfavorable process.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This discovery reenforces the origin hypothesis of the epidemic C-BSE as a contact of the cattle with feed contaminated with AS. Where the AS will evolve shifting to a C-BSE stable conformation. This also has implications in the control of farmed animals and humans’ exposure to the AS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by:/Grant number: Project PID2019-105837RB-I00 MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501,100,011,033 Fundación La Marató de TV3 Enfermedades</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">==== </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/</a></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alvina Huor, Juan Carlos Espinosa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6719-9902, Enric Vidal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-3286, +15, and Olivier Andreoletti </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-6016 o.andreoletti@envt.fr Authors Info & Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Edited by Michael B. A. Oldstone, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, and approved November 15, 2019 (received for review September 11, 2019) December 16, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">116 (52) 26853-26862</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915737116" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915737116</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Significance</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The origin of transmissible BSE in cattle remains unestablished. Sheep scrapie is a potential source of this known zoonotic. Here we investigated the capacity of sheep scrapie to propagate in bovine PrP transgenic mice. Unexpectedly, transmission of atypical but not classical scrapie in bovine PrP mice resulted in propagation of classical BSE prions. Detection of prion seeding activity by in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification demonstrated BSE prions in the original atypical scrapie isolates. BSE prion seeding activity was also detected in ovine PrP mice inoculated with limiting dilutions of atypical scrapie. Our data demonstrate that classical BSE prions can emerge during intra- and interspecies passage of atypical scrapie and provide an unprecedented insight into the evolution of mammalian prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Atypical/Nor98 scrapie (AS) is a prion disease of small ruminants. Currently there are no efficient measures to control this form of prion disease, and, importantly, the zoonotic potential and the risk that AS might represent for other farmed animal species remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the capacity of AS to propagate in bovine PrP transgenic mice. Unexpectedly, the transmission of AS isolates originating from 5 different European countries to bovine PrP mice resulted in the propagation of the classical BSE (c-BSE) agent. Detection of prion seeding activity in vitro by protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) demonstrated that low levels of the c-BSE agent were present in the original AS isolates. C-BSE prion seeding activity was also detected in brain tissue of ovine PrP mice inoculated with limiting dilutions (endpoint titration) of ovine AS isolates. These results are consistent with the emergence and replication of c-BSE prions during the in vivo propagation of AS isolates in the natural host. These data also indicate that c-BSE prions, a known zonotic agent in humans, can emerge as a dominant prion strain during passage of AS between different species. These findings provide an unprecedented insight into the evolution of mammalian prion strain properties triggered by intra- and interspecies passage. From a public health perspective, the presence of c-BSE in AS isolates suggest that cattle exposure to small ruminant tissues and products could lead to new occurrences of c-BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Classical BSE was first recognized in 1984 and 1985 as a novel prion disease affecting cattle in the United Kingdom (40). Epidemiological data clearly established that the number of cases of c-BSE was amplified by the recycling of infected animal carcasses into cattle feed in the form of meat and bone meal (MBM) (41). Since bovine prion disease had not been recognized in cattle prior to the c-BSE epizootic and the disease is apparently noncontagious between cattle, several hypotheses were proposed to explain its emergence. These range from the spontaneous occurrence of c-BSE in cattle to the passage and adaptation of a prion originating from another species (42, 43). Our studies here that show the presence of c-BSE prions in AS isolates, combined with the demonstrated presence of AS in the United Kingdom long before the appearance of the c-BSE epizootic in cattle, suggests that the recycling of AS cases in MBM might be a source of bovine prion disease (20). In addition to its potential role in the initial emergence of c-BSE in cattle, the presence of c-BSE prions in natural cases of AS has current and direct implications for both the continued risk of this ovine prion disease to other farmed animals and for human exposure risks. The distribution of AS cases are widespread across the world (17–19). A recent retrospective analysis of surveillance data collected over a period exceeding 10 y in the European Union (EU) concluded that the prevalence of detected AS cases has remained relatively stable in the different member states, with between 2 and 6 positive cases per 10,000 tested animals per year. This implies that a substantial number of AS-infected animals could enter either the animal or human food chain each year (44, 45), and each case represents a potential source of exposure to the c-BSE agent for farmed animals (MBM derived from rendered small ruminants) and human consumers (consumption of healthy slaughtered animals), respectively. The epidemiological features of AS within the EU is likely to reflect the situation of the disease in other countries that breed and maintain small ruminants. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Europe, the c-BSE crisis and the emergence of vCJD resulted in the implementation of a strong and coherent policy (EU regulation 999/2001) aimed at control and eradication of this animal prion disease. The total feed ban on the use of MBM in animal feed and the systematic retrieval from the food chain of ruminant tissues that have the potential to contain high levels of prion infectivity, so-called Specified Risk Material (SRM) measures, were instrumental for control of c-BSE in cattle and prevention of dietary human exposure to these bovine prions (46, 47). As a side effect, these measures also strongly limited the exposure of farmed animals and human consumers to the other TSE agents circulating in farmed animal species, including AS. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">With the decline of the c-BSE epizootic in cattle and the combined increase in pressure from industry, EU authorities have begun to consider discontinuing certain TSE control measures. The abrogation of the SRM measures for small ruminants and the partial reauthorization of the use of processed animal protein, formerly known as MBM, in animal feed are part of the EU authorities’ agenda. Our observation of the presence of the c-BSE agent in AS-infected small ruminants suggests that modification of the TSE control measures could result in an increased risk of exposure to c-BSE prions for both animals and humans. Whether or not this exposure will result in further c-BSE transmission in cattle and/or humans remains an open and important question.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1915737116" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1915737116</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD-like prion strains in transgenic mice expressing human prion protein</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Emmanuel A.Asante, Jacqueline M.Linehan, Melanie Desbruslais, Susan Joiner, Ian Gowland, Andrew L.Wood, Julie Welch, Andrew F.Hill, Sarah E.Lloyd, Jonathan D.F.Wadsworth and John Collinge1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 1 Corresponding author e-mail: j.collinge@prion.ucl.ac.uk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Variant Creutzfeldt±Jakob disease (vCJD) has been recognized to date only in individuals homozygous for methionine at PRNP codon 129. Here we show that transgenic mice expressing human PrP methionine 129, inoculated with either bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or variant CJD prions, may develop the neuropathological and molecular phenotype of vCJD, consistent with these diseases being caused by the same prion strain. Surprisingly, however, BSE transmission to these transgenic mice, in addition to producing a vCJD-like phenotype, can also result in a distinct molecular phenotype that is indistinguishable from that of sporadic CJD with PrPSc type 2. These data suggest that more than one BSEderived prion strain might infect humans; it is therefore possible that some patients with a phenotype consistent with sporadic CJD may have a disease arising from BSE exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These studies further strengthen the evidence that vCJD is caused by a BSE-like prion strain. Also, remarkably, the key neuropathological hallmark of vCJD, the presence of abundant ¯orid PrP plaques, can be recapitulated on BSE or vCJD transmission to these mice. However, the most surprising aspect of the studies was the ®nding that an alternate pattern of disease can be induced in 129MM Tg35 mice from primary transmission of BSE, with a molecular phenotype indistinguishable from that of a subtype of sporadic CJD. This ®nding has important potential implications as it raises the possibility that some humans infected with BSE prions may develop a clinical disease indistinguishable from classical CJD associated with type 2 PrPSc. This is, in our experience, the commonest molecular sub-type of sporadic CJD. In this regard, it is of interest that the reported incidence of sporadic CJD has risen in the UK since the 1970s (Cousens et al., 1997). This has been attributed to improved case ascertainment, particularly as much of the rise is reported from elderly patients and similar rises in incidence were noted in other European countries without reported BSE (Will et al., 1998). However, it is now clear that BSE is present in many European countries, albeit at a much lower incidence than was seen in the UK. While improved ascertainment is likely to be a major factor in this rise, that some of these additional cases may be related to BSE exposure cannot be ruled out. It is of interest in this regard that a 2-fold increase in the reported incidence of sporadic CJD in 2001 has recently been reported for Switzerland, a country that had the highest incidence of cattle BSE in continental Europe between 1990 and 2002 (Glatzel et al., 2002). No epidemiological case±control studies with strati®cation of CJD cases by molecular sub-type have yet been reported. It will be important to review the incidence of sporadic CJD associated with PrPSc type 2 and other molecular subtypes in both BSE-affected and unaffected countries in the light of these ®ndings. If human BSE prion infection can result in propagation of type 2 PrPSc, it would be expected that such cases would be indistinguishable on clinical, pathological and molecular criteria from classical CJD. It may also be expected that such prions would behave biologically like those isolated from humans with sporadic CJD with type 2 PrPSc. The transmission properties of prions associated with type 2 PrPSc from BSE-inoculated 129MM Tg35 mice are being investigated by serial passage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We consider these data inconsistent with contamination of some of the 129MM Tg35 mice with sporadic CJD prions. These transmission studies were performed according to rigorous biosafety protocols for preparation of inocula and both the inoculation and care of mice, which are all uniquely identi®ed by sub-cutaneous transponders. However, crucially, the same BSE inocula have been used on 129VV Tg152 and 129MM Tg45 mice, which are highly sensitive to sporadic CJD but in which such transmissions producing type 2 PrPSc were not observed. Furthermore, in an independent experiment, separate inbred lines of wild-type mice, which are highly resistant to sporadic CJD prions, also propagated two distinctive PrPSc types on challenge with either BSE or vCJD. No evidence of spontaneous prion disease or PrPSc has been seen in groups of uninoculated or mock-inoculated aged 129MM Tg35 mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While distinctive prion isolates have been derived from BSE passage in mice previously (designated 301C and 301V), these, in contrast to the data presented here, are propagated in mice expressing different prion proteins (Bruce et al., 1994). It is unclear whether our ®ndings indicate the existence of more than one prion strain in individual cattle with BSE, with selection and preferential replication of distinct strains by different hosts, or that `mutation' of a unitary BSE strain occurs in some types of host. Western blot analysis of single BSE isolates has not shown evidence of the presence of a proportion of monoglycosylated dominant PrPSc type in addition to the diglycosylated dominant pattern (data not shown). Extensive strain typing of large numbers of individual BSE-infected cattle either by biological or molecular methods has not been reported.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presumably, the different genetic background of the different inbred mouse lines is crucial in determining which prion strain propagates on BSE inoculation. The transgenic mice described here have a mixed genetic background with contributions from FVB/N, C57BL/6 and 129Sv inbred lines; each mouse will therefore have a different genetic background. This may explain the differing response of individual 129MM Tg35 mice, and the difference between 129MM Tg35 and 129MM Tg45 mice, which are, like all transgenic lines, populations derived from single founders. Indeed, the consistent distinctive strain propagation in FVB and C57BL/6 versus SJL and RIIIS lines may allow mapping of genes relevant to strain selection and propagation, and these studies are in progress.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">That different prion strains can be consistently isolated in different inbred mouse lines challenged with BSE prions argues that other species exposed to BSE may develop prion diseases that are not recognizable as being caused by the BSE strain by either biological or molecular strain typing methods. As with 129MM Tg35 mice, the prions replicating in such transmissions may be indistinguishable from naturally occurring prion strains. It remains of considerable concern whether BSE has transmitted to, and is being maintained in, European sheep flocks. Given the diversity of sheep breeds affected by scrapie, it has to be considered that some sheep might have become infected with BSE, but propagated a distinctive strain type indistinguishable from those of natural sheep scrapie.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC136957/pdf/cdf653.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC136957/pdf/cdf653.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 3, 2024 </span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">PROCEEDINGS ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING USAHA CWD, Scrapie, and BSE, October 2022 updated science 2024</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2024/01/proceedings-one-hundred-and-twenty.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2024/01/proceedings-one-hundred-and-twenty.html</a><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PLEASE NOTE, CJD IS NOW 1 IN 5,000 GLOBALLY, COLLINGE ET AL 2023!</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases, sCJD accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases “The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.” There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">MONDAY, DECEMBER 18, 2023</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Change in Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the US, 2007-2020</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/change-in-epidemiology-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/change-in-epidemiology-of-creutzfeldt.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE TSE PRION DISEASE UPDATE USA DECEMBER 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-50125021024295590712024-01-03T15:18:00.001-06:002024-01-04T09:42:06.763-06:00PROCEEDINGS ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING USAHA CWD, Scrapie, and BSE, October 2022 updated science 2024<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">PROCEEDINGS ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING USAHA CWD, Scrapie, and BSE, October 2022 updated science 2024</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">PROCEEDINGS ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING USAHA CWD, Scrapie, and BSE, October 6-12, 2022</span><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PROCEEDINGS ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING of the United States Animal Health Association </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Hyatt Regency Hotel HYBRID Minneapolis, Minnesota October 6-12, 2022</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Presentations and Reports</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2022 USAHA Cervid Section Summary USDA-APHIS-VS Cervid Health Program Tracy Nichols, USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) FY2022 CWD Detections in Farmed Cervids: There were 23 new chronic wasting disease (CWD) positive farmed cervid herds in FY22 (18 white-tailed deer, 3 elk, 2 mixed species herds). Fifteen of the herds were not participants in the Federal Herd Certification Program (HCP), two were enrolled, but not certified in the HCP, and six were certified in the HCP. Nineteen of the 23 newly identified herds were in areas where CWD has been found within 20 miles in wild cervid populations.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CWD Research: APHIS, Veterinary Services (VS) continues to partner with a variety of CWD researchers such as Dr. Chris Seabury from Texas A&M to investigate and expand CWD predictive genetics in white-tailed deer. The data from this study continues to provide useful information. In FY22, three states were funded with CWD Cooperative agreements to utilize a predictive genetics approach to assist producers in establishing their breeding values. VS has also funded Dr. Seabury, via a cooperative agreement with the Texas Animal Health Commission, to develop a predictive genetics approach in elk. Collaboration with USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Pullman and Ames, United States Geological Survey (USGS), University of Wisconsin, Madison, and University of Minnesota, has determined the sensitivity and specificity of real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) in tonsil biopsy and postmortem medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes. A cross laboratory reproducibility study has been conducted and a data package is being prepared to be submitted to the USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) for review. A blinded postmortem RT-QuIC sensitivity and specificity study has been completed on medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes and the bioassay portion will be starting soon.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Tuberculosis (TB) and Brucellosis: The brucellosis and TB rules are still under development at this time. A total of 9,178 TB tests were conducted in FY21 (7,595 DPP and 1,583 SCT).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Discussion of Proximity Barriers/ Restrictions in Determining Importation of Herd Certification Programs (HCP) Herds</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Scott Leibsle, Idaho State Department of Agriculture</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The variability of import requirements for domestic cervids relative to chronic wasting disease (CWD) spans a wide regulatory spectrum. The genesis of these regulations is typically unique to each state and are a product of rules negotiation of policy and politics, absent of scientific evidence. The wide variability of these regulations is both difficult for state animal health officials to enforce and an onerous burden upon the industries that are subject to them. The CWD import regulatory spectrum spans from HCP compliance (minimum), endemic area restrictions, proximities to CWD positive wild cervids, restriction from affected states or provinces or a total import moratorium (maximum). Efforts to harmonize import requirements for CWD as well as other entry criteria that are based upon appropriate scientific evidence should be maximized to ease both regulatory burdens and impacts upon commerce and trade.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Program Standards – Time for a New Look and Need for a Rewrite</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Paul Anderson, Minnesota Board of Animal Health</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dr. Anderson spoke about the need to change how we control CWD in the United States and the need to rewrite the CWD Program Standards. He provided content for how our understanding of the disease and its distribution has changed. He discussed, from a producer perspective, why the CWD Program Standards should be rewritten. Dr. Anderson</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">123 FARMED CERVIDAE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">presented a draft rewrite of the CWD Program Standards that supports the requirements specified in 9 CFR 55 and 81 and outlines a program to control CWD in farmed cervid herds without causing unnecessary harm to cervid producers.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Committee Business:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Travis Lowe, from the North American Elk Breeders Association, read his resolution requesting USAHA to urge state animal health officials and/or state wildlife officials that govern state import requirements of farmed cervidae to use proximity restrictions based off known peer reviewed science that specifically caters to applicable species. Mark Luedtke made a motion to approve the resolution and Gary Olson seconded the motion. Discussion on the resolution ensued.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A motion was made by Hunter Reed, seconded by Paul Anderson, to amend the resolution to change the last sentence to say, “based off known best available science that can be made publicly available”.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">After discussion, Charly Seale called for a show of hands for and then against the amendment. The motion to amend the resolution passed. Back to the motion to approve, Charly Seale called for a vote on the resolution and by a show of hands the resolution was approved.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Proposed Recommendation</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Charly Seale reviewed the recommendation, drafted by Dr. Paul Anderson, stating the USAHA Committee on Farmed Cervidae recommends to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services (VS) that the document entitled, Chronic Wasting Disease Program Standards be completely rewritten and replaced with the document entitled, Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Industry/State/Federal Program Standards (visit https://www.usaha.org/farmedcervidae). A motion was made by Mark Luedtke to approve the recommendation. The motion was seconded by Jacques DeMoss.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A motion was made by Scott Leibsle, seconded by Paul Anderson, to amend the recommendation so that the revised CWD Program Standards serve as a template or reference/starting point for USDA to re-write the Program Standards. There was discussion that suggested the program needs to be modified to reflect current understandings of Chronic Wasting Disease but too many people were left out of the revision process. The overwhelmingly highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) response was discussed as a reason why USDA did not have time to work on the 2021 Resolution #3, requesting a revision of the Chronic Wasting Disease Program Standards. Charly Seale called for a show of hands to vote on the amendment. The motion to amend failed. Next, Charly Seale called for a vote on approving the recommendation to replace the current CWD Program Standards with the industry revision. The vote to approve the recommendation failed.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The meeting was adjourned at 3:10 p.m.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RESOLUTION NUMBER: 30 APPROVED SOURCE: COMMITTEE ON WILDLIFE SUBJECT MATTER: CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CARCASS DISPOSAL DUMPSTER MANAGEMENT AND BIOSECURITY BACKGROUND INFORMATION:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">State and tribal wildlife agencies may identify collection points (dumpsters) within an identified chronic wasting disease (CWD) management zone for the disposal of hunter harvested cervid carcasses to remove potentially infected carcasses off the landscape for disposal by an approved method (Gillin & Mawdsley, 2018, chap.14). However, depending on their placement and maintenance these dumpsters could potentially increase the risk of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In several different states, photographic evidence has shown dumpsters in state identified CWD management zones overflowing with deer carcasses and limbs scattered on the land nearby. This could provide an opportunity for scavengers to potentially move infected carcass material to non-infected zones or increase contamination of the ground material around the dumpster’s location.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Federal guidance does not explicitly address uniform standards for collection locations for carcasses of free-ranging cervids; however, the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services Program Standards on CWD outlines procedures for carcass disposal, equipment sanitation, and decontamination of premises for captive cervid facilities.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RESOLUTION: The United States Animal Health Association urges the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA), Wildlife Health Committee to further refine the AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease; Chapter 14, Carcass Disposal to address the placement and management of chronic wasting disease carcass disposal dumpsters or other carcass collection containers.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Reference:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1. Gillin, Colin M., and Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (eds.). 2018. AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Surveillance, Management and Control of Chronic Wasting Disease. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Washington, D. C. 111 pp.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*******</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RESOLUTION NUMBER: 31 APPROVED SOURCE: COMMITTEE ON FARMED CERVIDAE SUBJECT MATTER: PROXIMITY BARRIERS FOR INTERSTATE MOVEMENT OF FARMED CERVIDAE BACKGROUND INFORMATION:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The goal of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) National CWD Voluntary Herd Certification Program, located in (9 Code of Federal Regulations Parts 55 & 81) is to provide a consistent national approach to control the incidence of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in farmed cervids and prevent the interstate spread of CWD. Farmed cervid herds must participate in the program and be certified to move animals interstate.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Some state regulatory officials governing interstate movement are utilizing their own authority to prohibit entry if the herd originates from an area within a specific proximity to a known CWD discovery in the free-ranging herd. Such guidance on proximity exclusions is</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">163 NOMINATIONS AND RESOLUTIONS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">not included in the CWD Federal Rule or the APHIS Program Standards. State restrictions are inconsistent with examples showing mileage restrictions of 10 miles, 25 miles or 50 miles from a known CWD diagnosis or a herd’s location in relation to the home county, adjacent county or state.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The farmed cervid industry agreed to a federal layer of regulation aimed for consistency but the recent state action wanes the usefulness of the federal rule. Farmed cervid herds with more than twenty years of monitoring status and hundreds of post-mortem CWD nondetected samples are being restricted based on local environment status.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Such interstate movement restrictions are not based on peer-reviewed science that demonstrates specific range impacts of free-ranging discovery of the same cervid in relation to a farmed herd, specific range impacts of free-ranging discovery of a different cervid species in relation to a farmed herd, time elapsed since the free-ranging discovery and impacts to herds residing in double fenced facilities.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RESOLUTION: The United States Animal Health Association urges state animal health officials and/or state wildlife officials that govern state import requirements of farmed cervidae to use proximity restrictions based off best available science and the science be made publicly available.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Research Update from the National Animal Disease Center (NADC) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Justin Greenlee, USDA-ARS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Virus and Prion Research Unit at the National Animal Disease Center has ongoing research projects with the agents of scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, and chronic wasting disease (CWD). A project plan outlining the experiments for our four permanent scientists for the next five years was recently approved. The scrapie experiments in the plan are in two main categories: investigating atypical scrapie and the potential for the classical scrapie agent from goats to transmit to other species. The origin of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle is unknown, but it has been speculated that BSE came from the transmission of classical scrapie to cattle. Previous experiments conducted at the NADC and complimented by studies in the United Kingdom (UK) demonstrate that the lesions and molecular profile of PrPSc that result when the classical scrapie agent transmits to cattle are very different that BSE. However, recent studies demonstrate that when atypical scrapie prions are transmitted to mice expressing bovine prion protein the resulting PrPSc is indistinguishable from BSE. Therefore, we have initiated a study to investigate whether atypical scrapie prions will transmit to cattle and result in a BSE-like phenotype.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To investigate the transmission of classical scrapie prions from goats to other species we initiated studies in white-tailed deer and sheep. Whereas classical scrapie prions for sheep readily transmit to deer in an experimental setting, our recent work suggests that deer are not susceptible to classical scrapie prions from goats. Studies investigating the transmission of classical scrapie from goats to sheep are still underway, but early results suggest that transmission may be genotype dependent. Goat scrapie prions transmitted to 100% of ARQ/ARQ sheep exposed by the oronasal route. There was no evidence of PrPSc in VRQ/ARQ sheep tested after 70 months of incubation. Other genotypes of sheep are currently being studied.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SUBCOMMITTEE ON SCRAPIE AND IDENTIFICATION</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chair: Larry Forgey, MO Vice Chair: Keith Forbes, NV Nancy Barr, MI; Nancy Brown, KS; Kathryn Carruth, TX; Keith Forbes, NV; Larry Forgey, MO; Kaylie Fritts, NE; Lance Gerlach, NC; Tracie Guy, FL; Daniel Hadacek, VA; Rod Hall, OK; Janemarie Hennebelle, GA; Julie Hurley, NH; Beth Johnson, KY; Jeffrey Kaisand, IA; Scott Leibsle, ID; Dave McElhaney, PA; Randy Munger, CO; Michael Neault, SC; Cheryl Nelson, KY; Elisabeth Patton, WI; Patty Scharko, SC; David Schneider, WA; Ryan Scholz, OR; Stacey Schwabenlander, MN; Tyler Thacker, IA; Marcus Webster, GA; Ryan Wolker, AZ; Cristopher Young, CO.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Subcommittee met on October 9, 2022, in Minneapolis, Minnesota from 8:00-9:55 a.m. There were ten members, and two guests present virtually, and 29 members and guests present in-person. No previous resolutions needed to be reviewed and no new resolutions were brought to the committee at the meeting.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Presentations and Reports</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">American Sheep Industry (ASI) Perspective on the Future of the Cooperative Scrapie Eradication Program Amy Hendrickson, American Sheep Industry Ms. Hendrickson indicated that the scrapie program isn’t as front and center in most producer’s minds as we would like. Going forward, is the program going to focus on surveillance, traceability, or education? Discussion included the possibility of a seven-year rule which states without a scrapie case in the last seven years, could be rewarded with some form of scrapie-free state status.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">National Scrapie Eradication Program Update</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Diane Sutton, USDA-APHIS-VS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Over the last two decades, the National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP) has been very successful in reducing the prevalence of classical scrapie. Scrapie prevalence in the National Herd calculated using data from FY2017 through FY2021 has been reduced to <0.005% in sheep and <0.017% in goats. No positive animals have been identified since January 2021. In the last five fiscal years, there have been one positive sheep and two positive goats. The number of newly detected infected and source flocks peaked at 179 in FY2005. Forty-one states have not detected a case of classical scrapie in sheep in the last seven years and forty-seven states have not detected a case of scrapie in goats in seven years. These accomplishments have led the sheep and goat industries to ask the Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services (VS) to develop a definition of a scrapie free state. A draft definition has been developed and is being circulated for comment.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Despite the significant progress in eliminating scrapie, there is a high probability that classical cases still exist. In 2019, a goat was found to be positive at slaughter but could not be traced back to a herd of origin. The same was true for a black-faced sheep found positive at slaughter in 2021 that was traced back. The sheep was moved from another state without having official identification. These most recent untraceable cases illustrate the need for full compliance with the identification and recordkeeping regulations and for continued surveillance. It is essential that the sheep and goat industry, allied industry stakeholders (dealers, market, and slaughter plant personnel, etc.) and accredited veterinarians continue to be reminded of this message. To attain international recognition of scrapie freedom per the World Organization</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">214</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">for Animal Health (WOAH), a country must demonstrate through an active surveillance program that no cases of scrapie have been detected in at least seven years. Surveillance needs to come from a variety of sources (e.g., farm, slaughter, etc.) and needs to be distributed across a country based on the population size of sheep and goats. The national scrapie surveillance goal for FY2023 is to collect at least 40,000 samples. The goal of collecting at least 40,000 samples has been in place for over a decade. Over the last years several factors including Covid and the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak have impacted the ability to meet this goal. The national target of at least 40,000 samples has not been met since FY2018. In FY2022, the total number of samples collected was about 21,000. Most states are meeting the minimum number of samples to retain their Consistent State status, however if every state met these minimum collection numbers, the total would only be 15,629. Rather than focusing just on meeting state minimums, surveillance needs to focus on meeting the national goal of at least 40,000. During FY2023 efforts will be made by APHIS-VS to work with State and industry partners to obtain more samples at slaughter, dealer feedlots, auctions, farms, veterinary diagnostic laboratories, and through veterinary referrals.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The low prevalence of scrapie requires additional surveillance efforts to detect the remaining cases such as increased targeted sampling which results in sampling subpopulations with a higher prevalence than the general population. VS conducted a formal expert elicitation to create a points system using an integrative group process to solicit input from seven experts with scrapie field experience. Taking into consideration the current scrapie status in the U.S. and practical considerations of running a scrapie surveillance program, VS developed a system to incentivize the submission of higher risk animals and animals from higher risk farms based on the expert elicited points system. Phase One of this system will be put in place in October 2023.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Delayed Incubation and Detection of Scrapie in G127S Goats</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dave Schneider, USDA, Agricultural Research Service (ARS)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Susceptibility of small ruminants to scrapie infection is influenced by genetic factors, most notably variations in the prion protein gene (PRNP) that result in certain amino acid substitutions in the prion protein (PrP). The prion research team at the Animal Disease Research Unit (ADRU) demonstrated goats bearing genetic variation in the PrP amino acid at position 222 (from Q to K, represented as Q222K) or at position 146 (N146S) were strongly resistant to developing infection after oral inoculation with classical scrapie. Tissues from the oldest surviving goats were checked for infectious prions by inoculating transgenic mice highly susceptible to scrapie prions (tg338 mice). Infectious prions were not detected in the tissues tested from goats heterozygous for this mutation (i.e., QK222). The two oldest NS126 goats were culled at the ages of 12 and 13 years of age without showing signs indicative of scrapie and without accumulation of the disease-associated misfolded prion protein (PrP-SC) in any tissue. Similar bioassay of these animals’ tissues in tg338 mice is underway.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">An oral inoculation study to determine the effects of the G127S mutation in goats has been completed. The results demonstrate strong exposure was achieved since all GG127 goats (the fully susceptible genotype) became positive for PrP-Sc in most regulatory lymphoid tissues by 18 months of age. In most GG127 goats, accumulation of PrP-Sc in the obex was present at 24 months of age and all goats were culled with signs of classical scrapie by 36 months of age. PrP-Sc accumulation was also observed in GS127 goats, but which was greatly delayed. Distribution of PrP-Sc in regulatory lymphoid tissues was greatly reduced until 36 months of age, and accumulation in the obex was not observed until 36 months of age. Clinical signs of scrapie were not observed in any of the GS127 goats before the 36-month endpoint of the study. Three SS127 goats born during the study were also inoculated, two of which were recently euthanized having developed</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">215</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SHEEP, GOATS AND CAMELIDS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">clinical signs of scrapie at four and four and a half years of age. PrP-Sc accumulation was readily observed in the lymphoid tissues and obex of these two animals. The third SS127 goat remains healthy. Thus, S127 PrP in goats can support infection but appears to mediate slower disease kinetics even in heterozygous animals (i.e., GS127 goats), and which resulted in delayed detection in regulatory tissues.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Research Update from the National Animal Disease Center (NADC) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Justin Greenlee, USDA-ARS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Virus and Prion Research Unit at the National Animal Disease Center has ongoing research projects with the agents of scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, and chronic wasting disease (CWD). A project plan outlining the experiments for our four permanent scientists for the next five years was recently approved. The scrapie experiments in the plan are in two main categories: investigating atypical scrapie and the potential for the classical scrapie agent from goats to transmit to other species. The origin of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle is unknown, but it has been speculated that BSE came from the transmission of classical scrapie to cattle. Previous experiments conducted at the NADC and complimented by studies in the United Kingdom (UK) demonstrate that the lesions and molecular profile of PrPSc that result when the classical scrapie agent transmits to cattle are very different that BSE. However, recent studies demonstrate that when atypical scrapie prions are transmitted to mice expressing bovine prion protein the resulting PrPSc is indistinguishable from BSE. Therefore, we have initiated a study to investigate whether atypical scrapie prions will transmit to cattle and result in a BSE-like phenotype.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To investigate the transmission of classical scrapie prions from goats to other species we initiated studies in white-tailed deer and sheep. Whereas classical scrapie prions for sheep readily transmit to deer in an experimental setting, our recent work suggests that deer are not susceptible to classical scrapie prions from goats. Studies investigating the transmission of classical scrapie from goats to sheep are still underway, but early results suggest that transmission may be genotype dependent. Goat scrapie prions transmitted to 100% of ARQ/ARQ sheep exposed by the oronasal route. There was no evidence of PrPSc in VRQ/ARQ sheep tested after 70 months of incubation. Other genotypes of sheep are currently being studied.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Alliance Update on CWD Information at an ARC GIS Secure International Data Management Hub</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">John Fischer and Matt Dunfee, Wildlife Management Institute (WMI)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">With funding from a series of Multi-State Conservation Grants, the CWD Alliance, WMI, Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA), and DJ Case & Associates teamed up with the Departments of Natural Resources of Indiana, Michigan, and West Virginia to determine the greatest non-fiscal needs of wildlife management agency regarding CWD. Needs were identified through national surveys, personal interviews, and a workshop with wildlife professionals.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The greatest needs were CWD-related information items on a state and province basis. Consequently, four online, interactive mapping tools were developed to help document, track, and manage CWD. The maps are hosted at the CWD Alliance website (CWD-INFO.ORG). All of the maps are driven by a central data source reviewed and managed by state and provincial wildlife professionals.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The four maps are:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CWD in North America shows counties and wildlife management units in which CWD has been found in wild and/or captive cervids. It is available to everyone.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CWD-Related Hunting Regulations provides CWD-related regulations from every state and province. The map shows regulations, maps of CWD-positive areas, and the CWD regulatory status of each state and province. It is available to everyone.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Carcass Transport Regulations will help users learn the regulations impacting the transport of cervid carcasses from one state/province to another. It includes import, export, and pass-through regulations for cervid carcasses for every state and province. It is available to everyone.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">222 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Wildlife Agency Dashboard allows wildlife health and management professionals to research and compare CWD-related regulations or combinations of regulations across states/provinces.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The map is available to wildlife health and management professionals only and can be found at: https://cwd-info-collaboration-cwda.hub.arcgis.com/pages/ management. Editing and viewing-only access levels are available. If you would like access, contact Matt Dunfee mdunfee@wildlifemgt.org.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The maps are the first project and I encourage you to take a look at them. However, the capabilities of the hub are much broader, and we want to do more to assist you. We have heard about other problems that we know can be solved by the tools in the hub. We need you and your agencies to help us determine the biggest problems and the solutions to address CWD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CWD Detection and Management: What Has Worked and Has Not?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In an effort to provide ongoing, authoritative, and defendable guidance on science based CWD management for state and provincial wildlife management agencies, WMI, the CWD Alliance, and the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA) partnered on a project titled “National Coordination and Technical Assistance for the Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)”. This project was funded by the AFWA Multistate Conservation Grant program and was administrated by WMI. One of the objectives of this project was to document examples of CWD detection and management approaches that have thus far proven to be successful as well those that have been implemented unsuccessfully.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Reports of CWD detection and management actions were collected, reviewed, and summarized from five states affected by CWD in free-ranging cervids as were peer reviewed publications describing current management successes or lack thereof. All anecdotal reports and publications referenced in this document, or links to them, are provided in the appendix.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This review identifies management techniques that have effectively aided in early detection of CWD foci (and the agency response to them), reduced or stabilized CWD infection rates, or slowed the expansion of affected foci. These techniques are consistent with CWD management recommendations of the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies’ AFWA Best Management Practices for the Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease and the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies’ Recommendations for Adaptive Chronic Wasting Disease Management in the West. The review also identifies management approaches that appear to have been unsuccessful.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Based upon the synthesis of the reports and publications included in this report, there appears to be general best practices that lead to greater success in managing CWD in wild cervids by state and provincial wildlife management agencies. These include, but are not limited to:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Strong, cooperative, working relationships between state wildlife management and animal agriculture agencies that have or share regulatory authority over captive cervids.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Rapid implementation of a previously prepared CWD response plan following the first CWD detection within a jurisdiction as well as subsequent detections in additional locations.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Characterization of geographic distribution and CWD prevalence prior to determination of management approach(s).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">223 WILDLIFE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Designation of a CWD Management Zone with special restrictions and regulations under the authority of the state wildlife agency.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• A robust surveillance program capable of detecting CWD when prevalence is low, geographic distribution is limited, and the disease is more amenable to management.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Effective public education programs that clearly state management goals while facilitating hunter and landowner support for, and compliance with, CWD-related actions, recommendations, regulations, and policies.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• A sustained and sustainable, long-term approach to CWD management, i.e., planning, funding, and implementing CWD management efforts for 10–20-year timelines.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Harvest pressure and post-season culling that limit epidemic growth and are conducted over 10-20 year timelines.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In addition to the above successful management approaches, other factors were identified that appear to facilitate or contribute to the successes documented in the reports and publications:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• State wildlife agency authority over fenced, shooting facilities with mandatory testing of all animals that die within the enclosures.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Mandatory participation in a state CWD Herd Certification program for intrastate movement of captive animals.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Ability to compare and analyze data from several jurisdictions with differing harvest management practices over a long period of time (10-20 years).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Aerial examination of newly detected areas to determine deer density and factors that confound CWD management such as artificial congregation of deer at baiting, feeding, mineral licks, or other sites.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Availability of an agency CWD Response Team seven days a week to address concerns and interests of the public, landowners, and hunters.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• One-on-one agency staff interactions at CWD sampling stations to educate and inform hunters submitting animals for sampling.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Quick turn-around on CWD test results (within three days after submission) to accommodate taxidermists and processors (and ensure their livelihoods) and hunters wishing to consume their venison.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Participation and remuneration of taxidermists for collection of samples for CWD testing. The following issues were identified as likely contributors to the apparent failure of some CWD management programs:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Surveillance programs for first detection of CWD within a jurisdiction that were too short-lived, sampled too few animals, or did not adequately cover the geographic area needed to conclusively determine disease absence.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Use of inappropriate statistical tables in the analysis of surveillance data that falsely support a conclusion that CWD is absent within an area.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Implementation of CWD management responses that failed due to inadequate characterization of the prevalence and geographic extent of a newly detected CWD focus.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Management efforts were inadequate in scope and scale, were too short-lived, or management effort assessments were made too soon to detect measurable impacts in the target population.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">224 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CWD Alliance Applied CWD Research Program – 6 current projects Three projects were funded in 2019:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Modeling Spatial Harvest Strategies for Chronic Wasting Disease Transmission – University of Alberta</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Prospective simulation assessments of alternative harvest strategies to mitigate and control CWD invasion and spread – University of Minnesota</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Accumulation of chronic wasting disease prions in plant tissues – University of Wisconsin</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Three projects were funded in 2021:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Population-level Impacts of Chronic Wasting Disease on Arkansas’s White-tailed Deer – AR Game and Fish Commission, University of Georgia, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Mitigating CWD Prevalence in the Greater Wind River Mule Deer Population Through Harvest Management and Hotspot Identification – Wyoming Game and Fish, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Punch in the Gut: Finding CWD Prions and Markers of Disease Risk in Fecal Samples – Cornell University</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funding for the 2021 projects included $222,239.60 from partners (Boone & Crockett Club, Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, Mule Deer Foundation, and WMI), as well as $226,171 in matching funds from the recipient organizations. Thus, the total amount leveraged through our program for applied CWD research in 2021 was $448,410.60. Next round of funding is being assembled. How can we do more to help you? Please contact John Fischer (jfischer@uga.edu) or Matt Dunfee (mdunfee@wildlifemgt.org) with your ideas for applied research to benefit your state/region.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Committee Business:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A resolution titled, Chronic Wasting Disease Carcass Disposal Dumpster Management and Biosecurity, was presented and discussed. A motion was made by Charly Seale and seconded by Travis Lowe. A brief discussion of dumpsters management practices by states followed. The motion passed unanimously 18-0. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH, formerly OIE) General Session 89 Update Gary Egrie, USDA-APHIS, Office of International Affairs Dr. Egrie gave an update on decisions taken during the WOAH 89th General Session (GS89) held in Paris, France on May 23-26, 2022. Nearly 500 participants from 151 countries participated either in person or virtually. Twenty-eight resolutions were adopted, and 70 international standards were updated. Chapters which were updated can be found on the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Veterinary Services (VS) website. Of note, The Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) chapter underwent about three years of extensive review and comments, including input from the United States Government (U.S.), and the changes proposed would have altered the points-based approach countries have been following to monitor for BSE, to a risk-based surveillance program. Enough countries expressed concern that such a risk-based approach would be a more costly program to operate, or that the chapter did not include explicit language regarding a ruminant-to-ruminant feed-ban, that the chapter was withdrawn from consideration for adoption at GS89. The U.S. government interpretation of the changes proposed is that the new risk-based surveillance would be less costly, and non-adoption of the chapter highlights the need for further engagement with member countries to help clarify and explain the benefits of the proposed changes. Also of note, was the election of Dr. Rosemary Sifford, the APHIS Veterinary Services Deputy Administrator and the Delegate to the WOAH, as the Secretary General of the Executive Board of the Regional Commission of the Americas. This board represents the 32 countries of the Region of the Americas. Dr. Sifford being on the Executive Board offers the USA an opportunity to drive issues of importance to the USA in the Region and globally. Dr. Egrie also discussed a recent memorandum of understanding (MOU) signed between the WOAH and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Proceedings/Proceedings_FINAL_2022.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Proceedings/Proceedings_FINAL_2022.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">2023-2023 TSE PRION UPDATE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">PLEASE NOTE, USDA ET AL ONLY TESTING <25k CATTLE FOR MAD COW DISEASE, woefully inadequate, yet USDA just documented a case Atypical L-Type BSE, the most virulent strain to date...<br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Monday, May 22, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">***> BSE TSE Prion MAD COW TESTING IN THE USA COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES? </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html</a> </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">***> WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">SATURDAY, MAY 20, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">***> Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div>MAY 19, 2023</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">2 weeks before the announcement of this recent mad cow case in the USA, i submitted this to the APHIS et al;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">***> APPRX. 2 weeks before the recent mad cow case was confirmed in the USA, in Tennessee, atypical L-Type BSE, I submitted this to the APHIS et al;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission May 2, 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical''...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Ireland Atypical BSE confirmed November 3 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Ireland Atypical BSE case, 3 progeny of case cow to be culled </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SUNDAY, JULY 16, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Switzerland Atypical BSE detected in a cow in the canton of St. Gallen </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Monday, March 20, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">PLEASE NOTE, USDA ET AL ONLY TESTING <25k CATTLE FOR MAD COW DISEASE, woefully inadequate, yet USDA just documented a case Atypical L-Type BSE, the most virulent strain to date...</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Monday, May 22, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">***> BSE TSE Prion MAD COW TESTING IN THE USA COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES? </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html</a> </div></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">***> WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 9, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EFSA Annual Report of the Scientific Network on BSE-TSE 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-annual-report-of-scientific.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-annual-report-of-scientific.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Annual Report of the Scientific Network on BSE-TSE 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">European Food Safety Authority (EFSA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">APPROVED: 25 October 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2023.EN-8386" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2023.EN-8386</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 20, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">***> EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SCRAPIE IN THE UNITED STATES </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2023/01/epidemiology-of-scrapie-in-united-states.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2023/01/epidemiology-of-scrapie-in-united-states.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 25, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">***> USA National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP) 2021 to 2003 A Year by Year Review<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://https//scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2022/11/usa-national-scrapie-eradication.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2022/11/usa-national-scrapie-eradication.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 03, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Scrapie TSE Prion United States of America a Review February 2021 Singeltary et al</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Chronic Wasting Disease Carcass Disposal Dumpster Management and Biosecurity</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BACKGROUND INFORMATION:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">State and tribal wildlife agencies may identify collection points (dumpsters) within an identified chronic wasting disease (CWD) management zone for the disposal of hunter-harvested cervid carcasses to remove potentially infected carcasses off the landscape for disposal by an approved method (Gillin & Mawdsley, 2018, chap.14). However, depending on their placement and maintenance these dumpsters could potentially increase the risk of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In several different states, photographic evidence has shown dumpsters in state identified CWD management zones overflowing with deer carcasses and limbs scattered on the land nearby. This could provide an opportunity for scavengers to potentially move infected carcass material to non-infected zones or increase contamination of the ground material around the dumpster’s location.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Federal guidance does not explicitly address uniform standards for collection locations for carcasses of free-ranging cervids; however, the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services Program Standards on CWD outlines procedures for carcass disposal, equipment sanitation, and decontamination of premises for captive cervid facilities.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RESOLUTION:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The United States Animal Health Association urges the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA), Wildlife Health Committee to further refine the AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease; Chapter 14, Carcass Disposal to address the placement and management of chronic wasting disease carcass disposal dumpsters or other carcass collection containers.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Reference:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1. Gillin, Colin M., and Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (eds.). 2018. AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Surveillance, Management and Control of Chronic Wasting Disease. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Washington, D. C. 111 pp. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf</a></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">2023 UPDATED SCIENCE ON TSE PRION TO DATE</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the EK211 genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Nuria Jerez-Garrido1, Sara Canoyra1, Natalia Fernández-Borges1, Alba Marín Moreno1, Sylvie L. Benestad2, Olivier Andreoletti3, Gordon Mitchell4, Aru Balachandran4, Juan María Torres1 and Juan Carlos Espinosa1. 1 Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. 2 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway. 3 UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France. 4 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an infectious prion disease that affects cervids. Various CWD prion strains have been identified in different cervid species from North America and Europe. The properties of the infectious prion strains are influenced by amino acid changes and polymorphisms in the PrP sequences of different cervid species. This study, aimed to assess the ability of a panel of CWD prion isolates from diverse cervid species from North America and Europe to infect bovine species, as well as to investigate the properties of the prion strains following the adaptation to the bovine-PrP context. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Materials and Methods: BoPrP-Tg110 mice overexpressing the bovine-PrP sequence were inoculated by intracranial route with a panel of CWD prion isolates from both North America (two white-tailed deer and two elk) and Europe (one reindeer, one moose and one red deer). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: Our results show distinct behaviours in the transmission of the CWD isolates to the BoPrP-Tg110 mouse model. Some of these isolates did not transmit even after the second passage. Those able to transmit displayed differences in terms of attack rate, survival times, biochemical properties of brain PrPres, and histopathology. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union NextGeneration EU/PRTR </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Grant number: PCI2020-120680-2 ICRAD</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Detection of classical BSE prions in asymptomatic cows after inoculation with atypical/Nor98 scrapie</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Marina Betancor1, Belén Marín1, Alicia Otero1#, Carlos Hedman1, Antonio Romero2, Tomás Barrio3, Eloisa Sevilla1, Jean Yves Douet3, Alvina Huor3, Juan José Badiola1, Olivier Andréoletti3, Rosa Bolea1.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain. 2 Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain 3 UMR École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT) - Institut National pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) - 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), 31300 Toulouse, France.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: The emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions from atypical scrapie has been recently proved in rodent and swine models. This study aimed to assess whether the inoculation of atypical scrapie could induce BSE-like disease in cattle.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Materials and Methods: Four calves were intracerebrally challenged with atypical scrapie. Animals were euthanized without clinical signs of prion disease between 7.2 and 11.3 years post-inoculation and tested for the accumulation of prions by conventional techniques and protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: None of the bovines showed signs compatible with prion disease. In addition, all tested negative for PrPSc accumulation by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. However, an emergence of BSE-like prions was detected during in vitro propagation of brain samples from the inoculated animals.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: These findings suggest that atypical scrapie may represent a potential source of BSE infection in cattle.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: This work was supported financially by the following Spanish and European Interreg grants: Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (Spanish Government), cofunded by Agencia Estatal de Investigación and the European Union and POCTEFA, which was 65% co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Interreg V-A Spain-France-Andorra program (POCTEFA 2014– 2020).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Grant number: n° PID2021-125398OB-I00, EFA148/16 REDPRION</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement: The authors would like to thank Sandra Felices and Daniel Romanos for their excellent technical assistance. Authors would also like to acknowledge the use of Servicio General de Apoyo a la Investigación-SAI, Universidad de Zaragoza</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Evolution of Nor98/ Atypical scrapie by iterative propagation in a homologous ovine PrPC context</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sara Canoyra1, Alba Marín-Moreno1, Juan Carlos Espinosa1, Natalia Fernández-Borges1, Nuria Jerez-Garrido1, Sylvie L. Benestad2, Enric Vidal3, Leonor Orge4, Olivier Andreoletti5 and Juan María Torres1.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. 2Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway. 3Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)–Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Barcelona, Spain. 4Laboratory of Pathology, National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Oeiras, Portugal 5UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Nor98/ Atypical scrapie (AS) is a prion disease that causes sporadic casesin sheep and goats. Previous studies have shown that the transmission of AS to otherspecies led to the emergence of new prion strains. In the bovine and porcine PrP, there has been reported the emergence of classical BSE prions (Huor et al., 2019, Espinosa et al., 2009, Marin et. al., 2021) and in the bank vole M109I-PrP context, a classical scrapie-like prion strain emerges(Pirisinu et al., 2022). In this study, we analysed the possible evolution of the AS prion within the same specie by modelling the transmission in a homologous ovine PrP context.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Materials and Methods: A panel of AS isolates with different genotypes and geographical origins both from sheep and goats were inoculated in the wild-type transgenic mice model (ARQ-PrP, Aguilar-Calvo et al., 2014).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: The isolates infect the ovine ARQ-PrP mice with homogeneous survival time and a complete attack rate. For several AS isolatesthe transmission led to the emergence of 19kDa (with BSE-like characteristics), 21kDa or atypical prions and mixtures of these agents.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Iterative subpassages of AS isolates into transgenic mice carrying ovine PrP showed an emergence of classical prions during in vivo propagation. This could be caused by the coexistence of strains in the isolate or the evolution of the AS through propagation in the ovine PrP.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">These results allow us to hypothesize whether atypical prions might be the origin of prion diversity, where atypical prions tend to acquire classical forms. These results are relevant to control the exposure of farmed animals and humans to AS.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 Grant number: PID2019-105837RB-I00</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of CH1641 in cattle<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Jemma K. Thorne, Janet Hills, M. Carmen Garcia-Pelayo, Timm Konold, and John Spiropoulos</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Classical BSE (C-BSE) was first identified in UK in the 1980s and is the only TSE that has proven zoonotic potential. The emergence of C-BSE was associated with a change in rendering practices implying that prions were able to escape inactivation. However, the exact origin of C-BSE remains unknown to this date although several theories have been proposed. CH1641 is a type of scrapie that biochemically is most akin to BSE. In addition CH1641 is the only scrapie type that can transmit as efficiently as C-BSE to bovinised mice (tg110) suggesting that the agent can propagate with ease on a bovine PrP background in contrast to other scrapie strains. This study was designed to investigate the transmissibility of CH1641 into cattle and characterise the resulting phenotype.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material and Methods: To examine the ability of CH1641 to transmit to cattle, 5 animals were inoculated intracerebrally with an ovine CH1641 source. The clinical status of the animals was monitored and when they developed neurological signs they were euthanised on welfare grounds. Another 5 cattle were inoculated intracerebrally with saline solution to serve as negative, age-matched controls. Disease status was confirmed postmortem by statutory testing (Immunohistochemistry and Western blot).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: All CH1641 inoculated animals succumbed to clinical TSE with incubation periods 609–654 days post inoculation (dpi). One negative control died at 37 dpi and was excluded from the analysis as an intercurrent death. The remaining negative controls were killed at predetermined points to age match the CH1641 challenged cattle; they all were TSE negative. Western blot analysis revealed that in some animals the agent retained a CH1641 signature whilst in others the molecular profile acquired properties resembling C-BSE. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a similar phenotypic spectrum.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: These preliminary data suggest that transmission of CH1641 in cattle is efficient and it results in a variable disease phenotype. Further studies are currently ongoing and include inoculation of bovinised and ovinised mice to identify if the CH1641 agent changed biological properties upon transmission to cattle. Secondary passages in cattle to investigate if intraspecies transmission can alter further the properties of the agent forcing it to converge towards C-BSE are also under consideration.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: Defra</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Grant number: SE1962</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement: Pathology and Animal Science Department staff members for technical excellence</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/</a></span><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conformational shift as the evolutionary mechanism for classical BSE emergence from atypical scrapie</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sara Canoyra, Alba Marín-Moreno, Juan Carlos Espinosa, Natalia Fernández- Borges, and Juan María Torres</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: New prion strains emerge when the prion conformational characteristics change during intra- or cross-species transmission. There are two main theories, non-mutually exclusive, that could explain this phenomenon: the ‘deformed templating’ and the ‘conformational selection model’. According to the ‘deformed templating’ or mutation model, when the prion is unable to replicate in a new host there is a shift to a new PrPSc conformation. On the other hand, the ‘conformational selection’ theory postulates that prion isolates are a conglomerate of conformations and during cross-species transmission the species barrier acts as a filter.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In previous studies, we showed the emergence of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent (C-BSE) due to the transmission of atypical scrapie (AS) onto bovine PrP. This work will elucidate the evolutionary dichotomy in the AS transmission, providing supporting evidence on the hypothesis of the origin of the epidemic C-BSE prion from AS.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material and Methods: A panel of AS isolates with different genotypes and geographical distribution was analyzed. To differentiate between AS and C-BSE two strain typing features were used: thermostability and PMCA propagation. The AS isolates underwent a heat treatment of 98°C during 2 h and were amplified in vitro by PMCA in bovine PrPC substrate. The templating activity with or without heat was determine after 10 amplification rounds by western blot characterization.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In addition, we analyzed an artificial mixture of AS and C-BSE generated by diluting C- BSE in a constant amount of AS.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: We observed a drastic loss in the C-BSE emergence due to the heat treatment. The AS is a thermolabile prion. Hence, the inactivation of the AS conformers with the ability to shift the conformation will slow down the emergence of the C-BSE.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In contrast, when we analyzed the artificial mixture C-BSE prions emerge even with the heat treatment. Therefore, if the AS isolates had contained a minoritarian C-BSE conformer (defended by the conformational selection model) the emergence wouldn’t have been affected by the heat.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Mutation is the main evolutionary mechanism responsible for the C-BSE emergence. The species barrier forces the shift to a possible structure (C-BSE in this case) in a thermodynamically unfavorable process.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This discovery reenforces the origin hypothesis of the epidemic C-BSE as a contact of the cattle with feed contaminated with AS. Where the AS will evolve shifting to a C-BSE stable conformation. This also has implications in the control of farmed animals and humans’ exposure to the AS.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by:/Grant number: Project PID2019-105837RB-I00 MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501,100,011,033 Fundación La Marató de TV3 Enfermedades</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">==== </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Distribution of PrPCWD in tissues of CWD affected sika deer using RT-QuIC following experimental oral transmission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">HJ Sohna, KJ Parka, YR Leea, HC Parka, and G Mitchellb</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">aForeign animal disease division (FADD), Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Korea; bNational & OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the only prion disease affecting free-ranging animals, reported in North America, South Korea and Scandinavia. Unlike in most other prion diseases, CWD agents are shed in blood, saliva, urine and feces which most likely contributes to the horizontal transmission between cervid species. Using NaPTA precipitation and real-time quaking-induced conversion (NaPTA/RT-QuIC) or only RT-QuIC, we established an ultrasensitive detection method for PrPCWD in the various tissues and body fluids of CWD affected sika deer following experimental oral transmission.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material and Methods: Two Sika deer were orally inoculated with a brain homogenate (5 g) prepared from a farmed Canadian elk with clinical CWD. Deer were euthanized due to intercurrent disease or following the development of signs consistent with terminal CWD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">An array of tissues was collected and stored frozen, and were tested for the presence of PrPCWD by RT-QuIC or NaPTA/RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: Primary oral transmission of CWD from elk to sika deer occurred in all inoculated animals, and was detected by RT-QuIC. Consistent with other cervids in the terminal stages of CWD, pathological prions were distributed throughout the central nervous system and lymphoid tissues including spleen. PrPCWD was also detected in the urinary system (kidney, urinary bladder, urine), salivary system (salivary glands and saliva), heart and skin. Detection in the skin occurred after collagenase treatment, and PrPCWD in the urinary system was associated with renal nerve plexus.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: CWD transmits efficiently from elk to sika deer via the oral route. Widespread detection of PrPCWDby RT-QuIC suggests that, similar to other cervid species, infectivity is distributed throughout a wide range of tissues in sika deer with clinical CWD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Grant number: B-154085-2022-24-01</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''WD transmits efficiently from elk to sika deer via the oral route. Widespread detection of PrPCWDby RT-QuIC suggests that, similar to other cervid species, infectivity is distributed throughout a wide range of tissues in sika deer with clinical CWD.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States ?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Posted by flounder on 31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://webarchive.nationa... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128180140/http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/defra-uk-what-is-risk-of-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160128180140/http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/defra-uk-what-is-risk-of-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier. Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20121022162853/http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20121022162853/http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">''There are no known familial or genetic TSEs of animals, although polymorphisms in the PRNP gene of some species (sheep for example) may influence the length of the incubation period and occurrence of disease.'' </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">c) The commonest form of CJD occurs as a sporadic disease, the cause of which is unknown, although genetic factors (particularly the codon 129 polymorphism in the prion protein gene (PRNP)) influence disease susceptibility. The familial forms of human TSEs (see Box 1) appear to have a solely genetic origin and are closely associated with mutations or insertions in the PRNP gene. Most, but not all, of the familial forms of human TSEs have been transmitted experimentally to animals. There are no known familial or genetic TSEs of animals, although polymorphisms in the PRNP gene of some species (sheep for example) may influence the length of the incubation period and occurrence of disease.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/209755/Part_1_-_Introduction.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/209755/Part_1_-_Introduction.pdf</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">==================================</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">================================= </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; CVM Updates on Deer and Elk Withdrawn FDA Veterinarian Newsletter July/August 2003 Volume XVIII, No 4</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FDA has announced the availability of a draft guidance for industry entitled “Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed.” This draft guidance document (GFI #158), when finalized, will describe FDA’s current thinking regarding the use in animal feed of material from deer and elk that are positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) or that are at high risk for CWD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CWD is a neurological (brain) disease of farmed and wild deer and elk that belong in the cervidae animal family (cervids). Only deer and elk are known to be susceptible to CWD by natural transmission. The disease has been found in farmed and wild mule deer, white-tailed deer, North American elk, and farmed black-tailed deer. CWD belongs to a family of animal and human diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). TSEs are very rare, but are always fatal.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This draft Level 1 guidance, when finalized, will represent the Agency’s current thinking on the topic. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. An alternate method may be used as long as it satisfies the requirements of applicable statutes and regulations.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Draft guidance #158 is posted on the FDA/Center for Veterinary Medicine Home Page. Single copies of the draft guidance may be obtained from the FDA Veterinarian.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">- - Page Last Updated: 04/16/2013 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/Animal... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100310210459/http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/FDAVeterinarianNewsletter/ucm103406.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100310210459/http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/FDAVeterinarianNewsletter/ucm103406.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">158</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Guidance for Industry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Comments and suggestions regarding the document should be submitted to Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. Submit electronic comments to http://www.regulations.go.... All comments should be identified with the Docket No. 03D-0186.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">For questions regarding this guidance, contact Burt Pritchett, Center for Veterinary Medicine (HFV- 222), Food and Drug Administration, 7519 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, 240-453-6860, E-mail: burt.pritchett@fda.hhs.gov . Additional copies of this guidance document may be requested from the Communications Staff (HFV-12), Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, 7519 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855, and may be viewed on the Internet at http://www.fda.gov/Animal....</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine September 15, 2003</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">158</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Guidance for Industry1</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration’s current thinking on the use of material from deer and elk in animal feed. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if the approach satisfies the requirements of applicable statutes or regulations. If you want to discuss an alternative approach, contact the FDA staff responsible for implementing this guidance. If you cannot identify the appropriate FDA staff, call the appropriate number listed on the title page of this guidance. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I. Introduction </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FDA’s guidance documents, including this guidance, do not establish legally enforceable responsibilities. Instead, guidances describe the Agency’s current thinking on a topic and should be viewed only as recommendations, unless specific regulatory or statutory requirements are cited. The use of the word “should” in Agency guidances means that something is suggested or recommended, but not required. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Under FDA’s BSE feed regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. This guidance document describes FDA’s recommendations regarding the use in all animal feed of all material from deer and elk that are positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) or are considered at high risk for CWD. The potential risks from CWD to humans or non-cervid animals such as poultry and swine are not well understood. However, because of recent recognition that CWD is spreading rapidly in white-tailed deer, and because CWD’s route of transmission is poorly understood, FDA is making recommendations regarding the use in animal feed of rendered materials from deer and elk that are CWD-positive or that are at high risk for CWD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">II. Background</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CWD is a neurological (brain) disease of farmed and wild deer and elk that belong in the animal family cervidae (cervids). Only deer and elk are known to be susceptible to CWD by natural transmission. The disease has been found in farmed and wild mule deer,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1 This guidance has been prepared by the Division of Animal Feeds in the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) at the Food and Drug Administration.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CONTAINS NON-BINDING RECOMMENDATIONS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">white-tailed deer, North American elk, and in farmed black-tailed deer. CWD belongs to a family of animal and human diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). These include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or “mad cow” disease) in cattle; scrapie in sheep and goats; and classical and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD and vCJD) in humans. There is no known treatment for these diseases, and there is no vaccine to prevent them. In addition, although validated postmortem diagnostic tests are available, there are no validated diagnostic tests for CWD that can be used to test for the disease in live animals.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">III.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Use in animal feed of material from CWD-positive deer and elk</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material from CWD-positive animals may not be used in any animal feed or feed ingredients. Pursuant to Sec. 402(a)(5) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, animal feed and feed ingredients containing material from a CWD-positive animal would be considered adulterated. FDA recommends that any such adulterated feed or feed ingredients be recalled or otherwise removed from the marketplace.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">IV.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD include: (1) animals from areas declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FDA recommends that materials from deer and elk considered at high risk for CWD no longer be entered into the animal feed system. Under present circumstances, FDA is not recommending that feed made from deer and elk from a non-endemic area be recalled if a State later declares the area endemic for CWD or a CWD eradication zone. In addition, at this time, FDA is not recommending that feed made from deer and elk believed to be from a captive herd that contained no CWD-positive animals be recalled if that herd is subsequently found to contain a CWD-positive animal. V. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FDA continues to consider materials from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD to be acceptable for use in NON-RUMINANT animal feeds in accordance with current agency regulations, 21 CFR 589.2000. Deer and elk not considered at high risk include: (1) deer and elk from areas not declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and (2) deer and elk that were not at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110210041729/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/ucm052506.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110210041729/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/ucm052506.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">that voluntary mad cow feed ban that became law, how did that work out for us $ </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; ***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">please note, considering .005 grams is lethal, I do not know how much of this 125 TONS of banned mad cow protein was part of the ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">bbbut, this was about 10 years post mad cow feed ban from 1997. 10 years later, and still feeding banned mad cow protein to cervids??? </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">considering that .005 gram is lethal to several bovines, and we know that the oral consumption of CWD tainted products is very efficient mode of transmission of CWD. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRODUCT </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; ***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CODE </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REASON </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants". </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">125 tons </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISTRIBUTION </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">AL and FL </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">### </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/Safety... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm</div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">How in the hell do you make a complete recall of 27,694,240 lbs of feed that was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein, in one state, Michigan, 2006? Wonder how much was fed out?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6; b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6; c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6; d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6; e) "Big Jim’s" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6; g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6; h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6; i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6; j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6; k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6; l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6; m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CODE Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy feds manufactured from concentrates, Recall # V-113-6</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CODE All dairy feeds produced between 2/1/05 and 6/16/06 and containing H. J. Baker recalled feed products.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Vita Plus Corp., Gagetown, MI, by visit beginning on June 21, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REASON The feed was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 27,694,240 lbs</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISTRIBUTION MI</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRODUCT Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-114-6</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CODE None</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Burkmann Feeds LLC, Glasgow, KY, by letter on July 14, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REASON Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak, which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE ?????</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISTRIBUTION KY</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">###</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100120023832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2006/ucm120413.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6 1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A 4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination. Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A 4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease.</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapiepositive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a> </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: none;"></div></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">So, this is what we leave our children and grandchildren?..</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination. Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation. Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12 Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal First </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease. snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapie positive goat herds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/ </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Plants as vectors for environmental prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published:November 09, 2023DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108428</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Advertisement Highlights</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Abnormal prion protein can enter the roots of plants</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Plants can translocate detectable levels of prions to aerial tissues</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">•Animals exposed to prion-contaminated plant tissues can acquire disease</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">•Contaminated plants may represent a route of prion exposure </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Nonetheless, our finding of accumulation of two prion strains by a variety of plants grown hydroponically, in agar, or on soil supports the potential for plants to acquire CWD, scrapie, or other prions from the environment and transmit prion disease to susceptible hosts, making plants a plausible vector for prion diseases in wildlife, livestock, and humans. The potential for plants to serve as vectors for prion disease has implications for the disposal of infected carcasses, grazing practices, and the use and transport of potentially contaminated crop materials.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02505-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223025051%3Fshowall%3Dtrue</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in soils contaminated with CWD prions and in carrot plants (leaves and roots) grown on them. Bioassays showed that both plants and roots contained CWD prions sufficiently to induce disease. As expected, animals treated with prion-infected soils developed prion disease at shorter incubation periods (and complete attack rates) compared to plant components. We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts. Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">“In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.”</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Regulation No. 1599 of 2018 on additional requirements for the import of hay and straw for used for animal feed.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Country Norway</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Type of law Regulation</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Source</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FAO , FAOLEX</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CWD, Real Estate and Property evaluations ?$?$?$ </div></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Experimental transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent to swine after oral or intracranial inoculation</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Running Title: The chronic wasting disease agent transmits to swine</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">S. Jo Moore1,2 , M. Heather West Greenlee3 , Naveen Kondru3 , Sireesha Manne3 , Jodi D. Smith1,# , Robert A. Kunkle1 , Anumantha Kanthasamy3 , Justin J. Greenlee1*</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Current Address: Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, United States of America * Corresponding author Email: justin.greenlee@ars.usda.gov</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">JVI Accepted Manuscript Posted Online 12 July 2017 J. Virol. doi:10.1128/JVI.00926-17</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This is a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Foreign copyrights may apply.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> on July 27, 2017 by guest http://jvi.asm.org/ Downloaded from</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of chronic wasting disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation . Crossbred piglets were assigned to one of three groups: intracranially inoculated (n=20), orally inoculated (n=19), or non -inoculated (n=9). At approximately the age at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (‘market weight’ groups). The remaining pigs (‘aged’ groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI ). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease -associated prion protein (PrPSc) by western blotting (WB), antigen -capture immunoassay (EIA), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in vitro real -time quaking induced conversion (RT -QuIC). Brain samples from selected pigs were also bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Four intracranially inoculated aged pigs and one orally inoculated aged pig were positive by EIA, IHC and/or WB. Using RT -QuIC, PrPSc was detected in lymphoid and/or brain tissue from one or more pigs in each inoculated group. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This study demonstrates that pigs can support low-level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high. However, detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Discussion</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In the case of feral pigs, exposure to the agent of CWD through scavenging of CWD-affected cervid carcasses or through consumption of prion contaminated plants or soil could allow feral pigs to serve as reservoirs of CWD infectivity. The range and numbers of feral pigs is predicted to continue to increase due to the ability of pigs to adapt to many climates, reproduce year-round, and survive on a varied diet (55 ). The range of CWD-affected cervids also continues to spread, increasing the likelihood of overlap of ranges of feral pigs and CWD -affected environments.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We demonstrate here that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs inoculated intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 6 months after inoculation. Clinical disease suggestive of prion disease developed only in a single pig after a long (64 months) incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. However, the low amounts of PrPSc detected in the study pigs combined with the low attack rates in Tg002 mice suggest that there is a relatively strong species barrier to CWD prions in pigs.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvi.00926-17" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvi.00926-17</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a> </div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">The Mad Cow That Stole Christmas, 2003-2023<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">The Mad Cow That Stole Christmas, 20 Years Later</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Mad Cow That Stole Christmas, 20 Years Later, What Has Changed, Nothing</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THE USA has systematically covered up mad cow disease, in my honest opinion, the USA mad cow disease today, is Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion disease in Cervid, they can't cover that up.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">before going any further, while reading this, remember one thing, the mad cow feed ban has failed terribly, along with surveillance efforts to detect BSE. only testing <25K cattle in the USA every year, you will not find BSE, this was said long ago, you must test at least 40K, and yet that, will not find much.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1st, let's review the old history of this first case of mad cow disease in the USA, that mad cow that stole Christmas in 2003, shall we...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/154/mad-stole-christmas-2003-2023" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/154/mad-stole-christmas-2003-2023</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Why is USDA "only" testing 25,000 samples a year?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">USDA's surveillance strategy is to focus on the targeted populations where we are most likely to find disease if it is present. This is the most effective way to meet both OIE and our domestic surveillance standards. After completing our enhanced surveillance in 2006 and confirming that our BSE prevalence was very low, an evaluation of the program showed that reducing the number of samples collected to 40,000 samples per year from these targeted, high risk populations would allow us to continue to exceed these standards. In fact, the sampling was ten times greater than OIE standards. A subsequent evaluation of the program in 2016 using data collected over the past 10 years showed that the surveillance standards could still be met with a further reduction in the number of samples collected by renderers and 3D/4D establishments which have a very low OIE point value because the medical history of these animals is usually unknown. Therefore, in 2016, the number of samples to be tested was reduced to 25,000 where it remains today.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.usda.gov/topics/animals/bse-surveillance-information-center" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.usda.gov/topics/animals/bse-surveillance-information-center</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Bottom line, you don’t test, you don’t find$ FRIDAY, MAY 19, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">USDA Announces Atypical L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE Detection</div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/usda-announces-atypical-l-type-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/usda-announces-atypical-l-type-bovine.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"> </div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/122/announces-atypical-bovine-spongiform-encephalopa" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/122/announces-atypical-bovine-spongiform-encephalopa</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SATURDAY, MAY 20, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ABOUT 2+ WEEKS BEFORE THE DETECTION OF BSE IN THE USA IN 2023, I WROTE THIS;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">May 2, 2023, i submitted this to the USDA et al;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ONLY by the Grace of God, have we not had a documented BSE outbreak, that and the fact the USDA et al are only testing 25K cattle for BSE, a number too low to find mad cow disease from some 28.9 million beef cows in the United States as of Jan. 1, 2023, down 4% from last year. The number of milk cows in the United States increased to 9.40 million. U.S. calf crop was estimated at 34.5 million head, down 2% from 2021. Jan 31, 2023. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ALL it would take is one BSE positive, yet alone a handful of BSE cases, this is why the Enhanced BSE was shut down, and the BSE testing shut down to 25k, and the BSE GBRs were replaced with BSE MRRs, after the 2003 Christmas Mad cow, the cow that stole Christmas, making it legal to trade BSE, imo. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">see full submission;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023 (Long Version) </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(Short Version) </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE! </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">CWD TO HUMANS, ZOONOSIS, ZOONOTIC, POTENTIAL, OR HAS IT ALREADY HAPPENED?</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">***> Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Zerui Wanga, Kefeng Qinb, Manuel V. Camachoa, Ignazio Cali a,c, Jue Yuana, Pingping Shena, Tricia Gillilanda, Syed Zahid Ali Shaha, Maria Gerasimenkoa, Michelle Tanga, Sarada Rajamanickama, Anika Yadatia, Lawrence B. Schonbergerd, Justin Greenleee, Qingzhong Konga,c, James A. Mastriannib, and Wen-Quan Zoua,c</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">aDepartment of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; bDepartment of Neurology and Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders, the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; dDivision of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) results from the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the brains of deer and elk. It has been spreading rapidly throughout many regions of North America, exported inadvertently to South Korea, and more recently identified in Europe. Mad cow disease has caused variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and is currently the only known zoonotic prion disease. Whether CWD is transmissible to humans remains uncertain. The aims of our study were not only to confirm whether CWD prion isolates can convert human brain PrPC into PrPSc in vitro by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) but also to determine whether the sPMCA-induced CWD-derived human PrPScis infectious.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material and Methods: Eight CWD prion isolates from 7 elks and 1 deer were used as the seeds while normal human brain homogenates containing either PrP-129 MM (n = 2) or PrP-129 VV (n = 1) were used as the substrates for sPMCA assay. A normal elk brain tissue sample was used as a negative control seed. Two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing either human PrP-129VV or −129 MM polymorphism were included for transmission studies to determine the infectivity of PMCA-amplified PrPSc. Wester blotting and immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin & eosin staining were used for determining PrPSc and neuropathological changes of inoculated animals.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: We report here the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc using elk CWD PrPSc to initiate conversion of human PrPC from normal human brain homogenates with PMCA in vitro. Western blotting with a human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human brain PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrPC with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc has the potential to overcome the species barrier and directly convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: CJD Foundation and NIH</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Rebeca Benavente1 , Francisca Bravo1,2, J. Hunter Reed3 , Mitch Lockwood3 , Glenn Telling4 , Rodrigo Morales1,2 1 Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; 2 Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins. Santiago, Chile; 3 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA. 4 Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: identify the presence of CWD prions in processed meats derived from elk. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a CWD-positive (pre-clinical) free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. The presence of CWD-prions in these samples were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. The same analyses were performed in grilled and boiled meats to evaluate the resistance of the infectious agent to these procedures. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: NIH and USDA </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Grant number: 1R01AI132695 and APP-20115 to RM </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank TPWD personnel for providing us with valuable samples</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">"Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities."</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">end... </span><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (Tg12), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the Tg12 mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."</span><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Prion 2023 Experimental Oronasal Inoculation of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent into White Tailed Deer </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Author list: Sarah Zurbuchena,b , S. Jo Moorea,b , Jifeng Biana , Eric D. Cassmanna , and Justin J. Greenleea . a. Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, US b. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether white-tailed deer (WTD) are susceptible to inoculation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) via oronasal exposure. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Materials and methods: Six male, neutered WTD were oronasally inoculated with brainstem material (10% w/v) from a CWD-positive wild-type WTD. The genotypes of five inoculated deer were Q95/G96 (wild-type). One inoculated deer was homozygous S at codon 96 (96SS). Cervidized (Tg12; M132 elk PrP) mice were inoculated with 1% w/v brainstem homogenate from either a 96GG WTD (n=10) or the 96SS WTD (n=10). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: All deer developed characteristic clinical signs of CWD including weight loss, regurgitation, and ataxia. The 96SS individual had a prolonged disease course and incubation period compared to the other deer. Western blots of the brainstem on all deer yielded similar molecular profiles. All deer had widespread lymphoid distribution of PrPCWD and neuropathologic lesions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both groups of mice had a 100% attack rate and developed clinical signs, including loss of body condition, ataxia, and loss of righting reflex. Mice inoculated with material from the 96SS deer had a significantly shorter incubation period than mice inoculated with material from 96GG deer (Welch two sample T-test, P<0.05). Serial dilutions of each inocula suggests that differences in incubation period were not due to a greater concentration of PrPCWD in the 96SS inoculum. Molecular profiles from western blot of brain homogenates from mice appeared similar regardless of inoculum and appear similar to those of deer used for inoculum. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: This study characterizes the lesions and clinical course of CWD in WTD inoculated in a similar manner to natural conditions. It supports previous findings that 96SS deer have a prolonged disease course. Further, it describes a first pass of inoculum from a 96SS deer in cervidized mice which shortened the incubation period. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement: We thank Ami Frank and Kevin Hassall for their technical contributions to this project.</div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #26282a; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">=====end</div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">tg650</span> mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">tg650</span> mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">tg650</span> mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">tg650</span> with fecal homogenates. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">© The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">================================</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650 [12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">First published: 17 January 2018 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">also, see; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">==================</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">====================</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Kong, Qingzhong </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # 9037884 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=================================</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <flounder9@verizon.net> wrote:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">end...tss</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">==============</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">qxk2@case.edu </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Background</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Background</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; outline: none; text-align: justify;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 </span><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-size: 30.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 3px; outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #333333; font-size: 16px; outline: none; text-align: justify;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</span></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; outline: none;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">from 6.4 to 7.10</span> years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">snip.... </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"> *** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">404-639-3091</span></span>). </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">-----Original Message----- From: </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM To: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">rr26k@nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</span></span>; <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">ebb8@CDC.GOV</span></span> </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">snip... full text ; </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.<br style="outline: none;" /></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">deal@airtime.co.uk</span> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">> A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet <</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">i was warning England and the BSE Inquiry about just this, way back in 1998, and was ask to supply information to the BSE Inquiry. for anyone that might be interested, see;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION... I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease. just saying...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100 3 July 1998</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr. E-Mail: Flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">wt.net</span> Ref: E2979</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dear Mr Singeltary, Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments. Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died. As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments. Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">http://www.bse.org.uk</span>.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it? In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on... snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year previously and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. both cases confirmed. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX, mad by standard process; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. also; what about potential mad cow candy bars ? see their potential mad cow candy bar list too... THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply out of a health concern.'' DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE Friday, January 19, 2001</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">15 Open Public Hearing</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">16 DR. FREAS: We are opening the open public hearing</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">17 now. We have received one response to speak in this</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">18 afternoon's open public hearing. That is from Dr. Scott</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">19 Norton. If Dr. Norton is here, would you please come</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">20 forward. You can either use the podium or the microphone,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">21 whichever is your choice.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">22 DR. NORTON: I am Scott Norton and I am a</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">23 physician in the Washington D.C. area. I am here speaking</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">24 as a private citizen today.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">25 I first became concerned about the presence of 231</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1 tissues from ruminant animals in dietary supplements about</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2 six months ago and expressed my concern in a letter that was 3 published in New England Journal of Medicine in July of Year 4 2000. 5 A couple of the products that I had looked at, and 6 examined their labels, that raised these concerns I brought 7 in right here. I will just read some of the organs that are 8 found in one that is called Male Power. Deer antler, 9 pancreas, orchic--despite what we just heard that the FDA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">10 prefers the term "testicular tissue" to be written on the</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">11 labels, I have never seen a dietary supplement say</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">12 "testicle." They always say "orchis" or "orchic" which may</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">13 sound rather flowery to the etymologically impaired--thymus,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">14 adrenal, heart, lymph node, prostate, spleen and pituitary.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">15 There are actually seventeen organs in that particular</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">16 product.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">17 There is another product that is called Brain</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">18 Nutrition that tells us that it is vitamins and minerals</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">19 essential for important brain function. It does not mention</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">20 that there is any glandulars on at least the bold print. 21 But if you look at the small print on the back, we learn</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">22 that it has brain extract and pituitary extract, raw, in</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">23 there.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">24 We know that many of the organs that can be found</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">25 in the dietary supplements do fall in that list of organs</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">232</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1 that are suspect for contamination with TSEs, the labels, in 2 nearly all cases, identify neither the animal source nor the 3 geographic location from which the organs were derived. I 4 have seen one line that did specify from New Zealand cattle 5 but no other manufacturer will list either the species or 6 the geographic location. 7 The FDA's and the USDA's import alerts that we 8 just learned about prohibit the use of these organs in 9 foods, medicines and medical devices. But my reading of the</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">10 alert, 17-04, suggests that DSHEA does allow some loopholes</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">11 for these tissues to possible slip in.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">12 I will just read <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">from 17-04</span> that we heard. On the</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">13 first page, it says that, "This alert does not establish any</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">14 obligations on regulated entities." I love seeing</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">15 legislation that starts out with that caveat.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">16 Then it says, further, "The USDA regulations do</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">17 not apply to bovine-derived materials intended for human</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">18 consumption as finished dietary supplements." We also learn</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">19 that the prohibition, or the import alert, is limited to</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">20 bulk lots of these tissues, completed tissues, from BSE-</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">21 derived countries. It does not mention if it is not a bulk</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">22 import or if it is raw materials rather than finished</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">23 materials.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">24 Further, we know that it is strongly recommended</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">25 but not actually prohibited in the language here. So I have</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">233</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1 not taken the assurances from that import alert that Dr. 2 Moore was trying to convey to us. 3 So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United 4 States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed 5 sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't 6 think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, 7 but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with 8 those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply 9 out of a health concern.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">10 So my question to the advisory committee is this;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">11 is my caution reasonable and, if it is, should we take</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">12 further efforts to inform, or even protect, the American</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">13 public from such exposure.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">14 I was curious about Dr.</span> Moore's remarks. I sensed</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">15 two messages. One was the initial reassurance that FDA has</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">16 the regulatory authority but then I also learned that it is</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">17 the manufacturer's responsibility to provide those 18 assurances, that the FDA doesn't actually inspect.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">19 I think that the FDA commissioners from Harvey</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">20 Wylie to David Kessler would say that that track record has</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">21 proven itself.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">22 Thank you very much.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">23 [Applause.]</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">24 DR. BROWN: Thanks, Dr. Norton. 25 Committee Discussion snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite 18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary 19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified- 20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material. 21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something 22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood 23 donors. 24 That is probably worse than spending six months in 25 the U.K. 1/19/01 3681t2.rtf(845) page 501 <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Advisory Committees: CBER 2001 Meeting Documents</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">see actual paper;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110616...ov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Subject: METABOLIFE AND TSEs GAO-03-494 ''URGENT DATA''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: Thu, 01 May 2003 11:23:01 -0500</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To: NelliganJ at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">gao.gov</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The General Accounting Office (GAO) today released the following reports and testimonies:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REPORTS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1. Dietary Supplements: Review of Health-Related Call Records for Users of Metabolife 356. GAO-03-494, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">March 31.</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">see updated url link;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">GREETINGS GAO:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">i was surprised that i did not see any listing of bovine tissue in metabolife on it's label. have they ceased using these desiccated tissues???</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">i see that the lable on this product METABOLIFE 356, does not state that it has any tissues of desiccated bovine organs? i no the product use to, so i am curious if they have ceased the use of the tissues of cattle they use to use (see below)???</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">METABOLIFE 356 BOVINE COMPLEX/GLANDULAR SYSTEM OVARIES, PROSTATE, SCROTUM AND ADRENAL USDA SOURCE CATTLE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">i tried warning them years ago of this potential threat of CJD/TSEs;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From: Randy Smith To: "'flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">wt.net</span>'" Subject: Metabolife Date: Mon, 7 Dec 1998 14:21:35 -0800</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dear Sir,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We are looking at reformulation. I agree that slow virus diseases present a problem in some areas of the world.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our product uses healthy USDA inspected cattle for the glandular extract.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">If you have any links to more information on this subject I would like to examine them.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Thank you for your interest and concern,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dr. Smith ============</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">see full text links of this archived information ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/ohio-division-of-wildlife-confirms.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/124/additional-cases-marion-wyandot-counties</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">with that, there is abundance of other scientific studies that show it's very likely CWD will or already has, transmit to humans, it's just that no one wants to believe it, they simply don't want it to happen, neither do i, but in the real world, imo, it's already happened and is being masked as sporadic CJD imo, you can see this science archived here, skroll down to about the halfway point of this blog on the recent cases of cwd in Texas;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">see about half way down to;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-cwd-now-confirmed-505-cervid-101.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Chronic Wasting Disease in Texas</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A Real Disease with Proven Impacts</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Produced by a coalition of concerned hunters, landowners, & conservationists (last update 08/2023)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Since 2012, CWD has been detected in wild deer in just 7 counties in Texas and is only established in the western panhandle and far west Texas.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In that same period of time, captive deer breeders have exposed almost half of Texas counties to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Deer held in captive breeding facilities are confined to much tighter spaces, and have intimate contact with many more animals on a daily basis. By far the greatest factor in amplifying the spread of CWD is the artificial movement of these animals, shipped in livestock trailers hundreds of miles, far outside of their natural home range, and ultimately released to co-mingle with wild deer. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Each year, Texas captive deer breeders liberate 20,000-30,000 deer from their pens to the wild. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">For every deer breeding facility where a CWD positive deer is discovered, an epidemiological investigation is conducted by the Texas Parks & Wildlife Department and the Texas Animal Health Commission to determine how many other deer may have been exposed to the disease and where they have been shipped. Because of the prolific artificial movement of captive deer, one deer with CWD can impact hundreds of other facilities and ranches across the state.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Unfortunately, released deer in Texas are not required to retain any kind of visible identification (an ear tag), and for this reason, the vast majority of released deer cannot be relocated for testing. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">As of August 2023, 116 Texas counties have received possibly infected breeder deer that cannot be located, putting more than 140,000 landowners at risk of the disease. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Snip</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The state of Texas has been testing for CWD since 2002. Since that time, more than 302,360 captive and free range deer have been tested. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From 2015-2022, more than 127,000 samples were collected from hunter-harvested and roadkill deer. This sampling rate and risk-based distribution provides scientists confidence that they would have detected the disease if it existed at a very low prevalence (<1%) in any given region at the time sampling began.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We have learned from other states where CWD has been present the longest, that a constant increase in the prevalence of the disease may lead to a significant decline in the deer population. When disease prevalence exceeds 20%, deer populations have declined by up to 50%. In some areas of Colorado, where CWD has been present since 1985, mule deer abundance has declined by 45% since that time, despite adequate habitat and no hunting ( Miller et al. 2008 ). Similarly, the South Converse Game Unit in Wyoming has documented CWD prevalence exceeding 50% and has seen an approximate 50% decline in mule deer populations.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Rural Economies</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Deer hunting is the lifeblood of rural Texas. White-tailed deer hunting is by far the most impactful segment of the hunting economy, representing $4.3 billion, according to a recent Texas A&M Study. And while deer breeders represent a very small segment of that economy (less than 5%), they represent one of the greatest risks. ( Full Texas A&M Report )</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Real Estate</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Rural land prices are largely driven by recreational buyers with hunting as a top land amenity. Without deer hunting, many of these properties will be worth much less.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conservation Funding</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Deer hunters are the largest funders of wildlife conservation in Texas through excise taxes on firearms, ammunition, and gear along with active membership supporting and funding conservation organizations. If deer hunting suffers due to CWD, all wildlife in Texas lose.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Culture & Health</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Texas’ native deer herd has iconic value for all Texans. Deer hunting brings families together, creates camaraderie in communities, and serves to connect Texans to nature. There is no better protein than wild, locally harvested, non-GMO and totally organic venison. A healthy deer herd leads to healthy Texans and a healthy and prosperous Texas. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This isn't a disease for our lifetime. It's a disease for our grandchildren's lifetime. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> - Dr. Bob Dittmar, Former Texas State Wildlife Veterinarian </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">See the full text with maps, graphs, much more, excellent data…</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Since 2012, CWD has been detected in wild deer in just 7 counties in Texas and is only established in the western panhandle and far west Texas.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In that same period of time, captive deer breeders have exposed almost half of Texas counties to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">As of August 2023, 116 Texas counties have received possibly infected breeder deer that cannot be located, putting more than 140,000 landowners at risk of the disease. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Texas CWD Surveillance Positives as of today, this page is outdated!</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Counties where CWD Exposed Deer were Released </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> <a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Number of CWD Exposed Deer Released by County </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> <a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TPWD Executive Order No. 23-003 CWD Emergency Rules Adopted for Movement of Breeder Deer </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Executive Orders</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Executive Order No. 23-003</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: July 24, 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Executive Director finds that additional discoveries of CWD in free-ranging white-tailed deer within deer breeding facilities regulated under Parks and Wildlife Code, Chapter 43, Subchapter L and regulations adopted pursuant to that subchapter (31 TAC Chapter 65, Subchapters B and T) constitute an immediate danger to the white-tailed deer and mule deer resources of Texas and that the adoption of rules on an emergency basis with fewer than 30 days’ notice is necessary to address an immediate danger.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/executive_orders/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/executive_orders/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">15 minute mark video shows sick deer with cwd, and this deer DIED FROM CWD, IT'S DOCUMENTED, commentator says ''so if anyone every tells you, that a deer has never died from CWD, think of this picture, because the Wisconsin Veterinary Lab told us, what when they looked at her sample under a microscope, she was the hottest animal they had ever seen, and that's in terms of the fluorescents that comes off the slide when the look at it, so, a lot of Prion in her system.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">see much more about 2 hours long...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3CAI-EwlgM" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3CAI-EwlgM</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TEXAS BREEDER DEER ESCAPEE WITH CWD IN THE WILD, or so the genetics would show?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">OH NO, please tell me i heard this wrong, a potential Texas captive escapee with cwd in the wild, in an area with positive captive cwd herd?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">apparently, no ID though. tell me it ain't so please...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">23:00 minute mark</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''Free Ranging Deer, Dr. Deyoung looked at Genetics of this free ranging deer and what he found was, that the genetics on this deer were more similar to captive deer, than the free ranging population, but he did not see a significant connection to any one captive facility that he analyzed, so we believe, Ahhhhhh, this animal had some captive ahhh, whatnot.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://youtu.be/aoPDeGL6mpQ?t=1384" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/aoPDeGL6mpQ?t=1384</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Commission Agenda Item No. 5 Exhibit B</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISEASE DETECTION AND RESPONSE RULES</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PROPOSAL PREAMBLE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1. Introduction. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> A third issue is the accuracy of mortality reporting. Department records indicate that for each of the last five years an average of 26 deer breeders have reported a shared total of 159 escapes. Department records for the same time period indicate an average of 31 breeding facilities reported a shared total of 825 missing deer (deer that department records indicate should be present in the facility, but cannot be located or verified). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2022/1104/agenda/item.phtml?item=5" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2022/1104/agenda/item.phtml?item=5</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">On January 21, 2017 a tornado took down thousands of feet of fence for a 420-acre illegal deer enclosure in Lamar County that had been subject to federal and state investigation for illegally importing white-tailed deer into Mississippi from Texas (a CWD positive state). Native deer were free to move on and off the property before all of the deer were able to be tested for CWD. Testing will be made available for a period of three years for CWD on the property and will be available for deer killed within a 5-mile radius of the property on a voluntary basis. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/media/254796/2016-17-deer-report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.mdwfp.com/media/254796/2016-17-deer-report.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">“It is interesting to note that, in 2001, the State of Texas shifted its deer management strategies toward the same leanings that Kroll has suggested for Wisconsin. In Texas, the change was brought about via heavy lobbying from the high-fence deer ranching industry. This pressure helped convince the Texas Parks and Wildlife to change their regulations and allow private landowners to select the own deer biologists.”</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/which-side-fence-are-you" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/which-side-fence-are-you</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2012 “For 10 years, Texas has had an aggressive Chronic Wasting Disease prevention and monitoring program. Wildlife agency regulations prohibit importing deer into the state, and the agency has tested more than 26,000 hunter-taken deer and 7,400 animals from the captive-deer industry. None of those deer tested positive.”</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Brain-eating-disease-found-in-Texas-deer-3697731.php" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Brain-eating-disease-found-in-Texas-deer-3697731.php</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">TEXAS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RISES SUBSTANTIALLY TO 575 CONFIRMED CWD CASES TO DATE (THIS PAGE IS VERY OUTDATED...terry)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DIRE CONSEQUENCES ARE HERE! </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/texas-cwd-tse-prion-dire-consequences.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">***> CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION BY STATE UPDATE END OF YEAR 2023 <***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">USAHA Report of the Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae CWD TSE Prion Herds 2015 to 2023</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Reports</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Report of the Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">The Subcommittee on Farmed Cervidae met on October 26, 2015.</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.usaha.org/upload/Committee/captive/report-cwal-2015.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.usaha.org/upload/Committee/captive/report-cwal-2015.pdf</a></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON CAPTIVE WILDLIFE AND ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK CWD 2016</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.usaha.org/upload/Committee/2016Reports/Captive_Wildlife_Report_2016.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.usaha.org/upload/Committee/2016Reports/Captive_Wildlife_Report_2016.pdf</a></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON CAPTIVE WILDLIFE AND ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK CWD 2017</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Update on CWD Ante-mortem Testing-Texas and Wisconsin </div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Scott Bugai, Private Practitioner </div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Dr. Bugai’s presentation explained there are four ante-mortem diagnostic tests for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) prion diseases: 1) Nictitating membrane, or “third eyelid,” biopsy; 2) Palatine tonsillar lymphoid tissue biopsy (tonsil biopsy); 3) Rectoanal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (RAMALT) biopsy (rectal biopsy) and 4) Medial Retropharyngeal Lymph Node Biopsy. </div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">IHC in tonsillar lymphoid tissue. Sensitivity = 97.3% and Specificity = 100%</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Total CWD Testing in Texas Since Finding CWD in 2012: </div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">• TPWD Tests: 36,215 and Other/Private Tests: 82,222= Total Tests: 118,437 (This includes postmortem and live testing).</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">• Total Live Testing in Texas Since Rule Implementation: TPWD Live Tests: 178 and Other/Private Tests: 24,255= Total Tests: 24,433</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Total CWD Positives in Texas: Free Range: 18 and Captive Cervid: 33= Total Positives: 51</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">• Total CWD Tests Since Finding Disease: Total Tests: 118,437</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">• Estimated CWD Prevalence: .04%</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Cervid Health Update-Status of Updated CWD Standards, TB/Brucellosis Rule</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Committee/2017Reports/Farmed_Cervidae_Report_2017_FINA.docx" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Committee/2017Reports/Farmed_Cervidae_Report_2017_FINA.docx</a></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON CAPTIVE WILDLIFE AND ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK CWD 2018</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Committee/2018Reports/2018_Farmed_Cervidae_KLJbdr.docx" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Committee/2018Reports/2018_Farmed_Cervidae_KLJbdr.docx</a></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON CAPTIVE WILDLIFE AND ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK CWD 2019</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Cervid Health Update- Status of Updated CWD Standards, TB/Brucellosis Rule, Overview of CWD Nationwide</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Dr. Tracy Nichols, USDA-APHIS VS</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Dr. Nichols provided an overview of the voluntary Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program. The revised CWD Standards was published in May 2019 and now in effect. There are 28 states participating in the Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program, which includes 2,100 enrolled cervid herds with over 1,700 currently certified. 17 new cervid herds were identified with CWD in FY 2019.</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Committee/Farmed%20Cervidae/Farmed_Cervidae_Report_2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Committee/Farmed%20Cervidae/Farmed_Cervidae_Report_2019.pdf</a></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON CAPTIVE WILDLIFE AND ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK CWD 2020</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Presentations and Reports</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">USDA-APHIS-VS Annual Update from the Cervid Health Team</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Tracy Nichols, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services (VS)</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Fiscal Year (FY) 2020</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Voluntary Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program (HCP)</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">The APHIS HCP was implemented in 2014. It is a voluntary Federal-State-industry cooperative program administered by APHIS and implemented by participating States. The program provides uniform national herd certification standards that minimize the risk of spreading chronic wasting disease (CWD) in farmed cervid populations. Participating States and herd owners must comply with requirements for animal identification, fencing, recordkeeping, inspections/inventories, as well as animal mortality testing and response to any CWD-exposed, suspect, and positive herds. APHIS monitors the Approved State HCPs to ensure consistency with Federal standards through annual reporting by the States.</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">The current Cervid Health Program staff officers are as follows: Mark Lyons, Jennifer Siembieda, and Tracy Nichols</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Voluntary Herd Certification Participation Summary</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Currently, 28 States participate in the voluntary CWD Herd Certification Program, encompassing 2,145 enrolled herds, of which, 1,723 had the certified status in the program.</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> 1,616 enrolled deer herds, of which, 1,297 were certified</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> 371 enrolled elk herds, of which, 328 were certified</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> 147 enrolled mixed species herds, of which, 98 were certified</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">CWD in Farmed Cervids</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> There were 22 newly identified CWD positive herds in FY20</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> 13 of these herds were not participants in the Federal HCP</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> 2 herds were considered enrolled in the HCP</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> 7 herds were certified in the HCP</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Half of the herds were located within 20 miles of identified CWD in the wild, half were not</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">CWD Herds by State</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Pennsylvania: Eight new CWD positive herds</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Breeding herd of 33 WTD, HCP certified, depopulated with Federal indemnity</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Breeding herd of 6 WTD, not in HCP, depopulated with Federal indemnity</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Breeding herd of 15 WTD, not in HCP, depopulated by owner</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Hunt preserve of 58 WTD, not in HCP, populated and under quarantine</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Breeding herd of 75 WTD, not in HCP, populated and under quarantine</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Breeding herd of WTD, not in HCP, populated and under quarantine</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Breeding herd of 90 WTD, not in HCP, populated and under quarantine</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Breeding herd of 4 WTD, not in HCP, populated and under quarantine</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Iowa: Two new CWD positive herds</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Breeding herd of 23 WTD, HCP certified, depopulated with Federal indemnity</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Breeding herd of 13 WTD, HCP certified, depopulated with Federal indemnity</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Minnesota: Two new CWD positive herds</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Breeding herd of 3 WTD, enrolled in HCP, not certified, depopulated by owner</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Breeding herd of 6 WTD, enrolled in HCP, not certified, depopulated with Federal indemnity</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Colorado: Two new CWD positive herds</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Breeding herd/hunt preserve of 9 elk, HCP certified, depopulated by owner</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Breeding herd of 8 elk, HCP certified, populated and under quarantine</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Utah: Two new CWD positive herds</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Breeding herd of 465 elk, not in HCP, partial depopulation with Federal indemnity removed purchased animals, populated-quarantine</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Breeding herd of 103 elk, not in HCP, partial depopulation with Federal indemnity removed purchased animals, populated-quarantine</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Michigan: One new CWD positive herd</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Hunt preserve of >600 WTD, not in HCP, populated and under quarantine</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Montana: One new CWD positive herd</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Breeding herd of 3 elk, not in HCP, populated and under quarantine</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Texas: one new CWD positive herd</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Breeding herd of 59 WTD, not in HCP, depopulated with Federal indemnity</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Kansas: One new CWD positive herd</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Breeding herd of 20 elk, HCP certified, depopulated with Federal indemnity</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Ohio: Eight new CWD positive herd</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Breeding herd of 138 WTD, HCP certified, depopulated with Federal indemnity</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Research</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Whole genome study investigating the association of genetics with CWD susceptibility has been published.</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> Blinded validation of the genetic predicative model is almost complete.</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> A standardized protocol has been developed, in partnership with Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Geological Survey (USGS), University of Wisconsin, and National Institutes of Health (NIH) for tissue sample testing using real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC).</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"> A study is starting shortly to determine the sensitivity and specify of RT-QuIC utilizing the standardized protocol.</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Committee/2020Reports/Farmed_Cervidae_Report_2020.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Committee/2020Reports/Farmed_Cervidae_Report_2020.pdf</a></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON CAPTIVE WILDLIFE AND ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK CWD 2021</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Presentations and Reports</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">2021 USAHA Cervid Section Summary USDA-APHIS-VS Cervid Health Program</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Tracy Nichols, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">FY2021 CWD Detections in Farmed Cervids: There were 35 new chronic wasting disease (CWD) positive farmed cervid herds in FY21 (31 white-tailed deer, 1 elk, 3 mixed species herds). Twenty-three of the herds were not participants in the Federal Herd Certification Program (HCP), four were enrolled, but not certified, in the HCP, and eight were certified in the HCP. Twenty-one of the 35 newly identified herds were in areas where CWD has been found within 20 miles in wild cervid populations. </div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">***> While resistant alleles have been identified in cervids, a PRNP variant that completely prevents CWD has not yet been identified. </div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Thus, control of the disease in farmed herds traditionally relies on quarantine and depopulation. </div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Committee/2021Reports/2021_Farmed_Cervidae.docx" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Committee/2021Reports/2021_Farmed_Cervidae.docx</a></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON CAPTIVE WILDLIFE AND ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK CWD 2022</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">Three presentations were given during the October 10, 2022 meeting. The following presentation summaries were given starting in order at number one:</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">1. Dr. Tracy Nichols, PhD, USDA /APHIS Fort Collins, CO</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">2022 USAHA Cervid Section Summary USDA APHIS VS Cervid Health Program</div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">FY2022 CWD Detections in Farmed Cervids: There were 23 new CWD positive farmed cervid herds in FY 22 (18 white-tailed deer, 3 elk, 2 mixed species herds). Fifteen of the herds were not participants in the Federal Herd Certification Program (HCP), two were enrolled, but not certified, in the HCP, and six were certified in the HCP. Nineteen of the 23 newly identified herds were in areas where CWD has been found within 20 miles in wild cervid populations. </div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Committee/2022Reports/2022_Farmed_Cervidae.docx" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Committee/2022Reports/2022_Farmed_Cervidae.docx</a></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/farmed-cervidae" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/farmed-cervidae</a></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2228; outline: none !important;">''Dr. Anderson presented a draft rewrite of the CWD Program Standards that supports the requirements specified in 9 CFR 55 and 81 and outlines a program to control CWD in farmed cervid herds without causing unnecessary harm to cervid producers.''</div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Camel prion disease: a new emerging disease in North Africa Update 2024<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">KEYNOTE 1</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Camel prion disease: a new emerging disease in North Africa</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Authors: Laura Pirisinu3 , Amara Abdelkader1 , Babelhadj Baaissa2 , Di Bari Michele Angelo3 , Bruno Rosalia3 , Chiappini Barbara3 , Vanni Ilaria3 , Nonno Romolo3 , Agrimi Umberto3 , Vaccari Gabriele3 , Pirisinu Laura3</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1 Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétrinaire de Sidi Thabet, Université Mannouba, Tunis, Tunisia 2 École Normale Supérieure Ouargla, Ouargla, Algeria 3 Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Food safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Rome, Italy Corresponding author: laura.pirisinu@iss.it</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In 2018, a new prion disease was identified in dromedary camels in Algeria and later in Tunisia, and named camel prion disease (CPrD).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Evidences obtained from passive surveillance in Algeria as well as the involvement of lymphoid tissue in CPrD pathogenesis concurred in suggesting the contagious nature of this disease, with potential impact on animal and human health.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The world camel population is estimated at almost 39 million heads, 87% of which is found in Africa. Dromedary husbandry is widespread throughout North and Central Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Australia. In some areas intensive camel farming is rapidly increasing. Camels represent vital sources of meat, milk and transportation for millions of people living in the most arid regions of the world. The emergence of a prion disease in a new species and in new geographical areas requires attention and investigations for understanding the characteristics, the origin and ecology of the disease and the risks in both animals and humans.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The available evidences will be discussed in light of their contribution to understanding the nature of CPrD and developing control strategies to limit its spread in animals and minimise human exposure.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">POSTER A7 – Lymphoid tropism of prions in dromedary camels</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Authors: Rosalia Bruno 1 *, Baaissa Babelhadj 2 *, Laura Pirisinu1 , Geraldina Riccardi 1 , Romolo Nonno 1 , Umberto Agrimi 1</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">, Gabriele Vaccari 1 and Michele Angelo Di Bari 1 1 Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health; Italian National Institute of Health; Rome, Italy. 2 Ecole Normale Superieure Ouargla Laboratoire de Protection des Écosystèmes en Zones Arides et Semi Arides University Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, Algeria. Corresponding author: rosalia.bruno@iss.it</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Camel prion disease (CPrD) is an emerging disease of dromedary camels. We have previously shown PrPSc deposition in a lymph node of a CPrD-affected dromedary (Babelhadj et al. 2018). Here, we investigated the presence of PrPSc in lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer’s patches and RAMALT in four symptomatic (CNS+) and one asymptomatic (CNS-) Algerian dromedaries. We detected PrPSc deposition in all lymphoid tissues analyzed, regardless of the clinical status. Our results confirm the lymphoid tropism of CPrD and suggest that lymphoid involvement precedes neuroinvasion in CPrD, similarly to contagious TSEs such as classical scrapie and CWD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">POSTER A11 – Neuropathological characterization of camel prion disease</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Authors: Michele Angelo Di Bari1 , Baaissa Babelhadj2 , Geraldina Riccardi1 , Rosalia Bruno1 , Romolo Nonno1 , Umberto Agrimi1 , Gabriele Vaccari1 and Laura Pirisinu1</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1 Istituto Superiore di Sanità Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Rome, Italy 2 Ecole Normale Superieure Ouargla Laboratoire de Protection des Écosystèmes en Zones Arides et Semi Arides University Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, Ouargla, Algeria Corresponding author: michele.dibari@iss.it</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In 2018, we described and designed as Camel prion disease (CPrD), a novel prion disease in dromedary camel in Algeria. Herein, we present a detailed neuropathological description of the phenotype of CPrD, in terms of both spongiform change and PrPSc accumulation. The analysis of the brain of eleven CPrD cases from Algeria revealed widespread vacuolation and PrPSc deposition in subcortical areas, cerebellum and caudal brainstem, while cortices were variably affected. This study highlighted a homogeneous disease phenotype among the dromedary cases analyzed and allowed us to define the brain regions relevant for the neuropathological diagnosis of CPrD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230512215552/http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230512215552/http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Friday, May 12, 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Camel prion disease, a new emerging disease in North Africa, Lymphoid Tropism, Neuropathological Characterization Update 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">11th Iberian Congress on Prions Barcelona 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230512215552/http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20230512215552/http://prioncongressbcn.ppmclab.com/book_abstracts_v4.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/camel-prion-disease-new-emerging.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/camel-prion-disease-new-emerging.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bulletin.woah.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bulletin.woah.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 22, 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Mad Cow That Stole Christmas, 20 Years Later</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Mad Cow That Stole Christmas, 20 Years Later, What Has Changed, Nothing</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THE USA has systematically covered up mad cow disease, in my honest opinion, the USA mad cow disease today, is Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion disease in Cervid, they can't cover that up. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-mad-cow-that-stole-christmas-23.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-mad-cow-that-stole-christmas-23.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">PLEASE NOTE, CJD IS NOW 1 IN 5,000 GLOBALLY, COLLINGE ET AL 2023!</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases, sCJD accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases “The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.” There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;">MONDAY, DECEMBER 18, 2023</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;">Change in Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the US, 2007-2020</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/change-in-epidemiology-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/change-in-epidemiology-of-creutzfeldt.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE TSE PRION DISEASE UPDATE USA DECEMBER 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">GOOD LUCK!</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">wasted days and wasted nights...FREDDY FENDER</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. flounder9@verizon.net</div><div style="outline: none;"><br /></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-32158452626333428612023-12-07T12:24:00.015-06:002024-01-05T14:00:10.336-06:00Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023 (Short Version)<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023 (Short Version)</span></p><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Alabama CWD TSE Prion 2023</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020, Alabama, to date, has detected NO cases of CWD TSE Prion...tss)</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Alabama CWD TSE Prion 2023 TO DATE 5 CASES CONFIRMED</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">Alabama Two Additional Cases of CWD Confirmed in Northern Lauderdale County</span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;">Press release December 15, 2023 Contact: Marianne Gauldin, (334) 242-3469</div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;">Alabama Two Additional Cases of CWD Confirmed in Northern Lauderdale County</div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;">Two Additional Cases of CWD Confirmed in Northern Lauderdale County The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR) announces that two additional cases of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in hunter harvested, white-tailed deer have been confirmed in northern Lauderdale County in northwest Alabama. The two additional deer bring Alabama’s total number of confirmed CWD cases to five.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD in Alabama’s deer herd was first detected in Lauderdale County in January 2022. After the first case was confirmed, all of Lauderdale and Colbert counties were designated as a CWD Management Zone (CMZ).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;">So far during the 2023-2024 hunting season, samples have been collected from more than 1,700 white-tailed deer harvested statewide with 420 of those samples collected within the CMZ. One of the positive samples was submitted during the second CMZ mandatory sampling weekend (December 2-3). The other positive sample was voluntarily submitted at a drop-off sampling location by a hunter as part of ADCNR's ongoing CWD monitoring efforts. The next mandatory sampling weekend in the buffer zone of the CMZ is January 6-7, 2024.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;">“I would like to thank hunters for their continued support by providing a robust number of samples for CWD testing since the disease was first detected in Alabama,” said Chris Blankenship, ADCNR Commissioner. “Hunters are our most important partners in the management of CWD as we move forward with future deer seasons. We also thank the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries for their continued partnership with statewide CWD monitoring. Their assistance by testing the samples allows us to better serve our constituents by providing them with timely information on the distribution and extent of CWD in Alabama.”</div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a member of the group of diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Among cervids, CWD is a progressive, fatal disease that commonly results in altered behavior due to microscopic changes of the brain of affected animals. An animal may carry the disease for years without outward indication. In latter stages of the disease, signs may include listlessness, lowering of the head, weight loss, repetitive walking in set patterns and a lack of responsiveness.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;">It is important that hunters be familiar with Alabama’s CWD regulation and the CWD regulations in other states. To review Alabama’s regulation and the latest information about CWD in the state, visit www.outdooralabama.com/cwd-info.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;">ADCNR promotes wise stewardship, management and enjoyment of Alabama’s natural resources through four divisions: Marine Resources, State Lands, State Parks, and Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries. Learn more at www.outdooralabama.com.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;">###</div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;">CMZ map attached (includes locations of positive cases)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;">CMZ zone map 12-15-23.jpg </div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/sites/default/files/CMZ%20zone%20map%2012-15-23.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/sites/default/files/CMZ%20zone%20map%2012-15-23.jpg</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/two-additional-cases-cwd-confirmed-northern-lauderdale-county" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/two-additional-cases-cwd-confirmed-northern-lauderdale-county</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/mandatory-cwd-testing-dates-announced-lauderdale-and-colbert-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/mandatory-cwd-testing-dates-announced-lauderdale-and-colbert-counties</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;">Posted: February 16, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;">Third Case of CWD Confirmed in Lauderdale County </div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;">The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR) announces that a third case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a hunter harvested, white-tailed deer has been confirmed in Lauderdale County in northwest, Alabama. The first two cases of CWD in Alabama’s deer herd were detected in Lauderdale County in early 2022.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;">Samples were collected from more than 3,500 white-tailed deer harvested statewide with over 1,100 of those samples collected within the CMZ during the 2022-2023 hunting season. More than 98% of all samples collected within the CMZ have been tested by the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries and the results have been received by ADCNR. Currently, only one positive has been detected this season. The positive sample was voluntarily submitted by a hunter as part of ADCNR's ongoing CWD monitoring efforts.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/third-case-cwd-confirmed-lauderdale-county" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/third-case-cwd-confirmed-lauderdale-county</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.outdooralabama.com/cwd/latest-cwd-information" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.outdooralabama.com/cwd/latest-cwd-information</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/alabama-third-case-of-cwd-confirmed-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/alabama-third-case-of-cwd-confirmed-in.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 18, 2019 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alabama WFF Ramps Up Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Sampling Effort</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/01/alabama-wff-ramps-up-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/01/alabama-wff-ramps-up-chronic-wasting.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, JULY 20, 2017 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alabama Atypical BSE CJD CWD TSE Prion Update</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2017/07/alabama-atypical-bse-cjd-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2017/07/alabama-atypical-bse-cjd-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, MARCH 29, 2016 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ALABAMA CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE AND TESTING PROGRAM?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/alabama-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/alabama-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 01, 2012 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ALABAMA BIG BUCK PROJECT, A CWD TSE PRION ACCIDENT WAITING TO HAPPEN ALABAMA BIG BUCK PROJECT, A CWD ACCIDENT WAITING TO HAPPEN</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/alabama-big-buck-project-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/alabama-big-buck-project-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ALABAMA MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD TRANSMITS BY ORAL ROUTES TO MACAQUES, CATTLE, SHEEP, PIGS, AND CERVID...BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) mad cow feed ban does not stop all that! </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD transmits to cervid by oral routes with as little as 300NG! </div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PLoS One. 2020; 15(8): e0237410.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Published online 2020 Aug 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PMCID: PMC7446902</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PMID: 32817706</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We orally inoculated white-tailed deer with either single or multiple divided doses of prions of brain or saliva origin and monitored infection by serial longitudinal tissue biopsies spanning over two years. We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">END...TSS</div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Alaska CWD TSE Prion 2023</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Alaska, to date, still has detected NO cases of CWD TSE Prion?</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">''However, Alaska currently maintains a general targeted disease surveillance program that will test for CWD in clinical, suspect cases in moose, caribou, deer or elk.''</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/regulations/regprocess/gameboard/pdfs/2020-2021/proposals/2020_2021_proposal_book.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/regulations/regprocess/gameboard/pdfs/2020-2021/proposals/2020_2021_proposal_book.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Arizona CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Arizona CWD TSE Prion, to date, still has detected NO cases of CWD TSE Prion, and again, if you test to find, you will not find, until CWD finds you, by then it's much too late...terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.azgfd.com/wildlife-conservation/wildlife-diseases-2/chronic-wasting-disease-what-hunters-should-know/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.azgfd.com/wildlife-conservation/wildlife-diseases-2/chronic-wasting-disease-what-hunters-should-know/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Arkansas CWD TSE Prion 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020, Arkansas, To date, 891 deer and 30 elk have tested positive for the disease in Arkansas...terry) </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> Arkansas CWD TSE Prion 2023, Arkansas Total CWD confirmed to date is 1,563 by Fiscal Years Tally.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.agfc.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023-2024-CWD-Sampling-Status_1-Nov-23_Sampling-History-1536x864.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.agfc.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023-2024-CWD-Sampling-Status_1-Nov-23_Sampling-History-1536x864.jpg</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.agfc.com/cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.agfc.com/cwd</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** California CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 California CWD TSE Prion, to date, has detected NO cases of CWD TSE Prion, you don't test enough, you don't find cwd, by then, it's much too late...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/AHFSS/Animal_Health/pdfs/AHB_Newsletter_July_2023.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/AHFSS/Animal_Health/pdfs/AHB_Newsletter_July_2023.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Colorado CWD TSE PRION</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Colorado CWD TSE Prion, ''We have detected CWD in 40 of our 54 deer herds, 17 of 42 elk herds, and 2 of 9 moose herds.''</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/Commission/2023/May/Item.16-PWC_Memo_CWD_Update_Final-Brian_Dreher-DNR.pdf#search=2023%20cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/Commission/2023/May/Item.16-PWC_Memo_CWD_Update_Final-Brian_Dreher-DNR.pdf#search=2023%20cwd</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/learn/Pages/About-CWD-in-Colorado.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://cpw.state.co.us/learn/Pages/About-CWD-in-Colorado.aspx</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Connecticut CWD TSE PRION</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***2023 Connecticut CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Connecticut to date, has detected NO cases of CWD TSE Prion, if you don't test enough for cwd, you will not find cwd, until cwd finds you, by then, it's much too late...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Wildlife/Wildlife-Diseases#CWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Wildlife/Wildlife-Diseases#CWD</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEEP/hunting_trapping/pdf_files/CWDrackcardpdf.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEEP/hunting_trapping/pdf_files/CWDrackcardpdf.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD has been documented in 25 states and 4 Canadian provinces; the disease has not been found in Connecticut or New England. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEEP/hunting_trapping/pdf_files/guide2020.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEEP/hunting_trapping/pdf_files/guide2020.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Delaware CWD TSE PRION</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Delaware CWD TSE Prion, to date, has detected NO cases of CWD TSE Prion? you don't testin enough, you don't find cwd, until cwd finds you, by then, it's much too late...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnrec.delaware.gov/fish-wildlife/hunting/cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnrec.delaware.gov/fish-wildlife/hunting/cwd/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Florida CWD TSE Prion<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Florida CWD Not Detected.)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Florida CWD TSE Prion 1 case confirmed 2023.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Florida floundered with CWD testing for years, CWD finally found Florida...tss</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/FLFFWCC/bulletins/3603d8e" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/FLFFWCC/bulletins/3603d8e</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://myfwc.com/research/wildlife/health/white-tail-deer/cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://myfwc.com/research/wildlife/health/white-tail-deer/cwd/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/06/florida-documents-first-case-of-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/06/florida-documents-first-case-of-chronic.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Georgia CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> Georgia CWD TSE Prion, to date, has detected NO cases of CWD TSE Prion, if you don't test for cwd, you will not find cwd, until cwd finds you, by then, it's much too late...tss</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://georgiawildlife.com/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-florida-deer-help-prevent-spread-georgia" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://georgiawildlife.com/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-florida-deer-help-prevent-spread-georgia</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://georgiawildlife.com/cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://georgiawildlife.com/cwd</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Hawaii CWD TSE Prion ???</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Hawaii nothing about cwd tse prion, no cwd tse prion response plan, no cwd tse prion testing history, nothing i could find, i did find this)<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023, Hawaii CWD TSE Prion, still has no CWD surveillance program, or, no recent data on CWD. really sad. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020, Hawaii nothing about cwd tse prion, no cwd tse prion response plan, no cwd tse prion testing history, nothing i could find, i did find this;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://hdoa.hawaii.gov/ai/ldc/scrapie/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://hdoa.hawaii.gov/ai/ldc/scrapie/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Idaho CWD TSE Prion </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020 Chronic Wasting Disease Status in Idaho, not detected?)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Idaho 2023 CWD TSE Prion, Idaho 24 animals tested positive for CWD from 442 animals removed in the Slate Creek management area within unit 14</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/article/mule-deer-taken-hunting-unit-32a-tests-positive-chronic-wasting-disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/article/mule-deer-taken-hunting-unit-32a-tests-positive-chronic-wasting-disease</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/article/fg-wraps-deer-removal-project-slate-creek-spring" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/article/fg-wraps-deer-removal-project-slate-creek-spring</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/sites/default/files/seasons-rules-big-game-2023-2024.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/sites/default/files/seasons-rules-big-game-2023-2024.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/sites/default/files/seasons-rules-moose-sheep-goat-2023-2024_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/sites/default/files/seasons-rules-moose-sheep-goat-2023-2024_1.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Illinois CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020 - Illinois, to date, has detected 1002 cases of CWD TSE Prion...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Illinois CWD TSE Prion 2023, Total positives to date through 30 June 2023: 1,752 cases.<div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Total samples through 30 June 2023: 162,099</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Total positives through 30 June 2023: 1,752</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnr.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/dnr/programs/cwd/documents/cwdannualreport2022-2023.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnr.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/dnr/programs/cwd/documents/cwdannualreport2022-2023.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnr.illinois.gov/programs/cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnr.illinois.gov/programs/cwd.html</a> </div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Indiana CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> Indiana CWD TSE Prion, to date, has detected no cases of CWD TSE Prion, Indiana is no different, if you don't cwd test in enough numbers to find, you will not find cwd, cwd will find you, by then, it's much too late...tss </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.in.gov/dnr/fish-and-wildlife/wildlife-resources/wildlife-diseases-in-indiana/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.in.gov/dnr/fish-and-wildlife/wildlife-resources/wildlife-diseases-in-indiana/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://indnr.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=f3c264dc44724071b51a600149f3c2c0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://indnr.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=f3c264dc44724071b51a600149f3c2c0</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/9650.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/9650.htm</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Iowa CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Iowa, to date, has detected 89 cases of CWD TSE Prion...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Iowa CWD TSE Prion, Total Confirmed CWD-Positive Wild Deer in Iowa 264 Cases.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease/Surveillance-Results" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease/Surveillance-Results</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.iowadnr.gov/About-DNR/DNR-News-Releases/ArticleID/4521/Annual-surveillance-confirms-96-deer-and-three-new-counties-for-chronic-wasting-disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.iowadnr.gov/About-DNR/DNR-News-Releases/ArticleID/4521/Annual-surveillance-confirms-96-deer-and-three-new-counties-for-chronic-wasting-disease</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2022-2023 Confirmed CWD-Positive Wild Deer 65</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2022-2023 Suspect CWD-Positive Wild Deer 19</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease/Surveillance-Results" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease/Surveillance-Results</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease/Hunter-Submission-Pathway" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease/Hunter-Submission-Pathway</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease</a></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Kansas CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Kansas, As of 30 June 2020, CWD has been detected in 363 cervids - two captive elk and 361 wild, free-ranging deer in Deer Management Units 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 15, 16, 17, 18. These include 82 mule deer, 274 white-tailed deer, 2 captive elk, and 5 unknown deer species...terry) </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> Kansas CWD TSE Prion 2023, As of 30 June 2023, CWD has been detected in 974 cervids, including 2 captive elk, 1 captive mule deer, and 971 wild, free-ranging deer. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Kansas 2023-2024 CWD Testing Results 28 Confirmed To Date;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD/2023-2024-CWD-Testing-Results" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD/2023-2024-CWD-Testing-Results</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">As of 30 June 2023, CWD has been detected in 974 cervids, including 2 captive elk, 1 captive mule deer, and 971 wild, free-ranging deer. All Surveillance Zones in Kansas now have CWD detections. CWD surveillance began in 1996 and, to date, 35,534 cervids have been sampled and tested for CWD. Hunters and other wildlife enthusiasts can avoid the human-assisted spread of CWD by not transporting a live or dead deer or elk from areas where CWD occurs.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD/CWD-Sampling" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD/CWD-Sampling</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Kentucky CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Kentucky, to date, CWD has not been found in the State of Kentucky...as with the other cwd free states, if you don't test in enough numbers to find, you will not find, cwd will find you, by then it's much too late...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; outline: currentcolor; text-size-adjust: auto;">***> 2023 Kentucky CWD TSE Prion December 7, 2023, <span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: none; text-size-adjust: none;">Kentucky CWD Detected For First Time!</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; outline: currentcolor; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; outline: currentcolor; text-size-adjust: auto;"><a href="https://fw.ky.gov/News/Pages/Chronic-wasting-disease-confirmed-in-Kentucky-for-first-time.aspx">https://fw.ky.gov/News/Pages/Chronic-wasting-disease-confirmed-in-Kentucky-for-first-time.aspx</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">''The always-fatal neurological disease that affects deer, elk, moose and caribou has not been detected in Kentucky.''<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://fw.ky.gov/Wildlife/Pages/Chronic-Wasting-Disease.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://fw.ky.gov/Wildlife/Pages/Chronic-Wasting-Disease.aspx</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://fw.ky.gov/Hunt/Documents/CWDResponsePlan.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://fw.ky.gov/Hunt/Documents/CWDResponsePlan.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://fw.ky.gov/Wildlife/Pages/Chronic-Wasting-Disease.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://fw.ky.gov/Wildlife/Pages/Chronic-Wasting-Disease.aspx</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://fw.ky.gov/Pages/search.aspx?terms=chronic+wasting+disease&affiliateId=FW" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://fw.ky.gov/Pages/search.aspx?terms=chronic+wasting+disease&affiliateId=FW</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Louisiana CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Louisiana, to date, CWD has not been found in the State of Louisiana...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Louisiana CWD TSE Prion CONFIRMED TO DATE 12 CASES</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/news/ldwf-eleven-deer-tested-positive-for-cwd-during-202223-hunting-season" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/news/ldwf-eleven-deer-tested-positive-for-cwd-during-202223-hunting-season</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/assets/Hunting/Deer/Images/CWD-Control-map-jpeg.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/assets/Hunting/Deer/Images/CWD-Control-map-jpeg.jpg</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/news/ldwf-five-additional-suspected-cases-of-cwd-discovered-in-tensas-parish" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/news/ldwf-five-additional-suspected-cases-of-cwd-discovered-in-tensas-parish</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/page/cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/page/cwd</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/news/ldwf-reports-second-presumptive-cwd-positive-case-in-louisiana" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/news/ldwf-reports-second-presumptive-cwd-positive-case-in-louisiana</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ldaf.state.la.us/news/cwd-case-found-in-a-white-tailed-deer-in-tensas-parish/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ldaf.state.la.us/news/cwd-case-found-in-a-white-tailed-deer-in-tensas-parish/</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Maine CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Maine CWD TSE Prion, to date, CWD has not been detected? if you don't test enough, you don't find cwd, until cwd finds you, by then, it's much too late...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.maine.gov/ifw/fish-wildlife/wildlife/living-with-wildlife/diseases/chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.maine.gov/ifw/fish-wildlife/wildlife/living-with-wildlife/diseases/chronic-wasting-disease.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.maine.gov/ifw/hunting-trapping/hunting-laws/chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.maine.gov/ifw/hunting-trapping/hunting-laws/chronic-wasting-disease.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Maryland CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Maryland, to date, 80 confirmed cases to date from CWD TSE Prion...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Maryland CWD TSE Prion, To date, 171 infected deer have been documented in the state.</div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Status of CWD in Maryland The Department of Natural Resources has tested 13,314 deer through random CWD surveillance since 2002. Sick deer displaying neurological symptoms were tested for CWD from 1999-2001. The disease was detected for the first time in Maryland from a deer taken by a hunter in November 2010, in Allegany County. To date, 171 infected deer have been documented in the state.<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/hunt_trap/CWD_in_Maryland.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/hunt_trap/CWD_in_Maryland.aspx</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Massachusetts CWD TSE Prion<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Massachusetts CWD TSE Prion, to date, no cases of CWD TSE Prion has been detected, and if you don't cwd test in sufficient numbers, you will not find cwd, it's cwd finds you, then it's too late...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mass.gov/service-details/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mass.gov/service-details/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mass.gov/doc/2020-massachusetts-fishing-and-hunting-guide/download?_ga=2.191912045.697855528.1605986324-529463204.1605986324" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mass.gov/doc/2020-massachusetts-fishing-and-hunting-guide/download?_ga=2.191912045.697855528.1605986324-529463204.160598632</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Michigan CWD TSE Prion<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Michigan CWD Chronic Wasting Disease Cervid Total 46...tss)</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Michigan CWD TSE Prion, Total of confirmed CWD positive deer from 2015 to present, is 251 cases.<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/managing-resources/wildlife/wildlife-disease/disease-monitoring/cwd/cwd-testing-data" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/managing-resources/wildlife/wildlife-disease/disease-monitoring/cwd/cwd-testing-data</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MIDNR/bulletins/378a3d4" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MIDNR/bulletins/378a3d4</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/managing-resources/wildlife/wildlife-disease/disease-monitoring/cwd/cwd-locations" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/managing-resources/wildlife/wildlife-disease/disease-monitoring/cwd/cwd-locations</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MIDARD/bulletins/3583c22" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MIDARD/bulletins/3583c22</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2022_aid_annual_report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2022_aid_annual_report.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2021_aid_annual_report.pdf?rev=6989dcce43ed4fe3985a05bcffa225ec&hash=0530DE52E159E9B48C80EC8165A25158" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2021_aid_annual_report.pdf?rev=6989dcce43ed4fe3985a05bcffa225ec&hash=0530DE52E159E9B48C80EC8165A25158</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2020_aid_annual_report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2020_aid_annual_report.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases/0,4579,7-186-76711_78204-357110--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases/0,4579,7-186-76711_78204-357110--,00.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-538324--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-538324--,00.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-501527--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-501527--,00.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Minnesota CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Minnesota, to date, CWD has 95 wild deer have tested positive...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** Minnesota CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Minnesota, to date, CWD has 95 wild deer have tested positive...tss)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Minnesota CWD TSE Prion, Statewide CWD-Positive Wild Deer (2010-Present) 252</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/cwdcheck/index.html#map" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/cwdcheck/index.html#map</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/cwdcheck/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/cwdcheck/index.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/cwd/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/cwd/index.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://arcgis.dnr.state.mn.us/portal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=fe50baad5abd4b5f9f3505e3c90d2e2a" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://arcgis.dnr.state.mn.us/portal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=fe50baad5abd4b5f9f3505e3c90d2e2a</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/cwdcheck/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/cwdcheck/index.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/cwd/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/cwd/index.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://arcgis.dnr.state.mn.us/portal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=fe50baad5abd4b5f9f3505e3c90d2e2a" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://arcgis.dnr.state.mn.us/portal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=fe50baad5abd4b5f9f3505e3c90d2e2a</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Captive CWD Positives (no information on trace-out CWD positives from any of these)...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">8/3/2022 4 YR Male MN Winona WTD Breeder Yes No 125 Depopulated<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">5/10/2021 3 Y Female MN Beltrami WTD Breeder No No 61 Depopulated<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">10/14/2020 2.5 Y Female MN Houston WTD Breeder Yes yes 49 Quarantine</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1/2020 3 Y Female MN Pine WTD Breeder Yes No 8 Depopulated</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">12/2019 8 Y Female MN Douglas WTD Breeder/Hob by Yes No 2 Depopulated</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">11/2017 3Y Male MN Winona WTD Breeder Yes No 7 Depopulated</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1/2017 2.5Y Female MN Meeker WTD Breeder Yes Yes 14 Depopulated</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">12/2016 2-2Y Females MN Crow Wing WTD & Mule deer Breeder/Sho oter Yes Yes 140 Depopulated</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.bah.state.mn.us/deer-elk/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.bah.state.mn.us/deer-elk/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/mammals/deer/management/deer-farms.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/mammals/deer/management/deer-farms.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Mississippi CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(Mississippi, to date, As of August 2020, Mississippi has detected 56 CWD-positive deer...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Mississippi CWD TSE Prion Total Positive To Date 224 Confirmed Cases.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/apps/cwd-dashboard/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mdwfp.com/apps/cwd-dashboard/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/wildlife-hunting/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mdwfp.com/wildlife-hunting/chronic-wasting-disease/</a> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/media/news/wildlife-hunting/cwd-detected-in-harrison-county/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mdwfp.com/media/news/wildlife-hunting/cwd-detected-in-harrison-county/</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/apps/cwdmap/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mdwfp.com/apps/cwdmap/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Missouri CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Missouri CWD has been detected in 162 cervid...tss)</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Missouri CWD TSE Prion, to Date, 410 Cases.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://mdc.mo.gov/hunting-trapping/species/deer/chronic-wasting-disease/cwd-surveillance" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://mdc.mo.gov/hunting-trapping/species/deer/chronic-wasting-disease/cwd-surveillance</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://mdc.mo.gov/newsroom/mdc-reports-117-new-cases-cwd-2022-surveillance-year" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://mdc.mo.gov/newsroom/mdc-reports-117-new-cases-cwd-2022-surveillance-year</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Montana CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020 Montana, to date, CWD has been detected in 275 cervid...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Montana CWD TSE Prion, To Date, 1,209 CASES.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://mtfwp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/ccd4d1ee5d7e47bbb16e431102468173" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://mtfwp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/ccd4d1ee5d7e47bbb16e431102468173</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2023-July 2023 to date 139 CWD CASES CONFIRMED</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://mtfwp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/ccd4d1ee5d7e47bbb16e431102468173" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://mtfwp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/ccd4d1ee5d7e47bbb16e431102468173</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Nebraska CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Nebraska, to date, 815 deer and 14 elk have been detected with CWD...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Nebraska CWD TSE Prion</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Nebraska CWD central and north-central November firearm deer season detected 31 positive cases in deer</div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Surveillance detects 31 positive CWD cases</div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">BY JERRY KANE ON DEC 19, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">CONSERVATION NEWS, WILDLIFE NEWS</div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease surveillance conducted in central and north-central Nebraska during the November firearm deer season detected 31 positive cases in deer.</div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">603 samples were collected from harvested deer at check stations in the Sandhills, Keya Paha, Calamus East, Calamus West and Loup West Deer Management Units. CWD was detected for the first time in Rock, Blaine and Thomas counties.</div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">CWD surveillance in Nebraska takes place in five to seven units each year, rotating to a different part of the state each year. To view the 2023 CWD results, identified by the deer seal number, visit OutdoorNebraska.gov; search for “CWD.”</div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Currently, there is no strong evidence CWD poses a risk for humans; however, public health officials recommend that human exposure to the CWD infectious agent be avoided as they continue to evaluate any potential health risk. People should remain cautious in how they handle, process and consume deer. Hunters and commercial processors should avoid butchering or processing of deer that spreads spinal cord or brain tissue to meat or to the environment.</div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a prion disease that attacks the brain of infected deer, elk and moose. Animals in the late stages of CWD often are emaciated, show erratic behavior and exhibit neurological irregularities. However, due to the slow advancement of the disease, infected deer may not show symptoms. CWD always is fatal to the infected animal.</div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">Hunters can help prevent the spread of CWD by using proper carcass disposal methods. CWD prions, the infectious proteins that transmit the disease, can remain viable for months or even years in the soil. Hunters should field dress animals at the place of kill, avoid spreading spinal cord or brain tissue to meat, and to dispose of the head (brain), spinal column and other bones at a licensed landfill.</div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">CWD was first discovered in Colorado in 1967 and in Nebraska in 2000 in Kimball County. Since 1997, the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission has tested more than 57,000 deer and more than 400 elk, with 1,269 deer and 19 elk testing positive for CWD to date. At this time, CWD has been detected in free-ranging deer and elk in 57 counties. No population declines have been attributed to the disease.</div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;">More in-depth information on CWD can be found at cwd-info.org or cdc.gov.</div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://outdoornebraska.gov/about/press-events/news/surveillance-detects-31-positive-cwd-cases/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://outdoornebraska.gov/about/press-events/news/surveillance-detects-31-positive-cwd-cases/</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">To Date, Since 1997, the Nebraska Game & Parks Commission (NGPC) has tested over 57,000 deer and over 400 elk, with 1,238 deer and 19 elk testing positive for CWD to date. At this time, CWD has been detected in free-ranging deer and elk in 54 counties. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://outdoornebraska.gov/conservation/conservation-challenges/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://outdoornebraska.gov/conservation/conservation-challenges/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://outdoornebraska.gov/conservation/conservation-challenges/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://outdoornebraska.gov/conservation/conservation-challenges/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://outdoornebraska.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2023CWDmap-1024x663.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://outdoornebraska.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2023CWDmap-1024x663.jpg</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2023-Nebraska Game & Parks Commission (NGPC) has tested over 57,000 deer and over 400 elk, with 1,238 deer and 19 elk testing positive for CWD to date. At this time, CWD has been detected in free-ranging deer and elk in 54 counties. In 2022, NGPC had 1065 deer samples and 83 elk samples tested. Of those, 274 deer and 1 elk were positive for CWD. At this time, no population declines have been attributed to the disease. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://outdoornebraska.gov/conservation/conservation-challenges/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://outdoornebraska.gov/conservation/conservation-challenges/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Nevada CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> Nevada CWD TSE Prion, to date, has not detected CWD TSE Prion, and if you don't test in enough numbers to find cwd, cwd will find you, and by then it's much too late...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ndow.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/FY22-CWD-Report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ndow.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/FY22-CWD-Report.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ndow.org/blog/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ndow.org/blog/chronic-wasting-disease/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***New England CWD TSE Prion</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023, New England CWD TSE Prion, Since sampling efforts began in 2003, no cases of CWD have been detected in Connecticut or New England.<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">IF you don't look enough, you don't find, CWD will find you, by then, it's too late...terry</div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Wildlife/Wildlife-Diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Wildlife/Wildlife-Diseases</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***New Hampshire CWD TSE PRION</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 New Hampshire CWD TSE Prion, To Date, CWD is not known to be present in New Hampshire.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">if you don't CWD test, you will not find, until cwd finds you, by then it's much too late...terry<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.wildnh.com/wildlife/cwd/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.wildnh.com/wildlife/cwd/index.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/wildlife/cwd/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/wildlife/cwd/index.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/wildlife/cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/wildlife/cwd/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://search.nh.gov/wildlife-search.htm?q=cwd&cmd=Search%21" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://search.nh.gov/wildlife-search.htm?q=cwd&cmd=Search%21</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***New Jersey CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 New Jersey CWD TSE Prion, to date, Surveys of New Jersey deer harvested in several deer seasons have found no evidence of the disease.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">you don't CWD test enough, you don't find, CWD will find you...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Update on Chronic Wasting Disease in New Hampshire Date: 05/03/2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dep.nj.gov/njfw/hunting/chronic-wasting-disease-information/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dep.nj.gov/njfw/hunting/chronic-wasting-disease-information/</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/cwdinfo.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/cwdinfo.htm</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/pdf/cwd_survey19-20.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/pdf/cwd_survey19-20.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/pdf/cwd_surveys.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/pdf/cwd_surveys.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/pdf/cwd_responseplan13.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/pdf/cwd_responseplan13.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/pdf/captv_deer_notice.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/pdf/captv_deer_notice.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/pdf/2006/cwdprionsurvey06.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/pdf/2006/cwdprionsurvey06.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/cwdinfo.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/cwdinfo.htm</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.nj.gov/dep/fgw/cwdinfo.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.nj.gov/dep/fgw/cwdinfo.htm</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.nj.gov/search/?qt=cwd&submit+search.x=0&submit+search.y=0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.nj.gov/search/?qt=cwd&submit+search.x=0&submit+search.y=0</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***New Mexico CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020, New Mexico, to date, has detected 58 cases of CWD, and imo that figure might be low, considering...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 New Mexico CWD Positives, To Date, the cumulative number of positive CWD tests is 26, and of those, 4 were harvested elk.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">I'm still not feeling good about CWD surveillance and reporting of both Wild and Captive Cervid in New Mexico. The CWD data on surveillance cwd totals to date both wild and captive are hard to find, the page is outdated, only showing results for 2002-2016. what is so hard about posting the total CWD positive captive deer and the total CWD positive wild deer, by year, since discovery?...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/invasives-diseases/CWD-Results-02_02_2022.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/invasives-diseases/CWD-Results-02_02_2022.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2002 to 2016 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP Confirmed in 58 Cases in New Mexico...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/#tab-d7881b34bedc6ed7122" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/#tab-d7881b34bedc6ed7122</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">as you can see here, CWD Stats NM woefully outdated, 2002 to 2016;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/invasives-diseases/CWD-Website-Results-through-3-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/invasives-diseases/CWD-Website-Results-through-3-1.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/#tab-d7881b34bedc6ed7122" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/#tab-d7881b34bedc6ed7122</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/invasives-diseases/CWD-Website-Results-through-3-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/invasives-diseases/CWD-Website-Results-through-3-1.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/invasives-diseases/CWD-Results-02_02_2022.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/invasives-diseases/CWD-Results-02_02_2022.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, AUGUST 15, 2021</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">New Mexico CWD TEST RESULTS: 1/19/2021 update</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NM18-290 28 3418801 Detected</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NM18-293 28 3446090 Detected</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NM475 29 3460171 Detected</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NM518 28 3464748 Detected</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NM515 28 3500214 Detected</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NM778 34 3510401 Detected</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/invasives-diseases/CWD-Results-01_19_2021.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/invasives-diseases/CWD-Results-01_19_2021.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/new-mexico-cwd-test-results-1192021.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/new-mexico-cwd-test-results-1192021.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2002 to 2016 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP Confirmed in 58 Cases in New Mexico...<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/#tab-d7881b34bedc6ed7122" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/#tab-d7881b34bedc6ed7122</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***New York CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 New York State CWD TSE Prion, To Date, More than 49,000 wild white-tailed deer have been tested statewide since 2002 with no new cases of the disease being discovered in New York State since 2005. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://extapps.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/cwdpreventionplan2018.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://extapps.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/cwdpreventionplan2018.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">New York CWD 2023-CWD is not currently known to be in New York???</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">makes me wonder about New York State CWD statistics and surveillance as a whole now, and if you don't test enough, you will not find...terry</div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2005-New York, to date, CWD TSE Prion has been detected in 5 captive cervid and 2 wild cervid...tss</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">NEW YORK STATE Chronic Wasting Disease<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal disease found in deer, elk, and moose that poses a serious threat to wild populations. Consequently, it has the potential to impact all the benefits associated with deer and moose in New York: enjoyment of watching healthy animals; hunting traditions and sustainable use of venison; and economic benefits derived from big game hunting. CWD is not currently known to be in New York.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/nature/animals-fish-plants/wildlife-health/animal-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dec.ny.gov/nature/animals-fish-plants/wildlife-health/animal-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/cwdpreventionplan2018.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/cwdpreventionplan2018.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/86796.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/86796.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923093239/http://www.agmkt.state.ny.us/AD/release.asp?ReleaseID=1423" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060923093239/http://www.agmkt.state.ny.us/AD/release.asp?ReleaseID=1423</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">DEC began CWD monitoring efforts in 2002, but intensified the effort in 2005 after CWD was confirmed in both captive and wild deer in Oneida County – the first incidents of the disease in New York State. Since that time, DEC has tested over 40,000 deer statewide with no additional cases being discovered, until now. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">New York State Interagency</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Response Plan 2015-2025</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/cwdresplan2015.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/cwdresplan2015.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/cwdpreventionplan2018.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/cwdpreventionplan2018.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***North Carolina CWD TSE Prion<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-North Carolina, to date, At the time of this printing, CWD has NOT been confirmed in North Carolina)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 North Carolina CWD TSE Prion, To Date, 12 Cases.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncwildlife.org/hunting/chronic-wasting-disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncwildlife.org/hunting/chronic-wasting-disease</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncwildlife.org/Connect-With-Us/wildlife-agency-confirms-first-case-of-cwd-in-franklin-county-north-carolina" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncwildlife.org/Connect-With-Us/wildlife-agency-confirms-first-case-of-cwd-in-franklin-county-north-carolina</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncwildlife.org/Connect-With-Us/wildlife-agency-confirms-first-case-of-cwd-in-johnston-county-north-carolina" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncwildlife.org/Connect-With-Us/wildlife-agency-confirms-first-case-of-cwd-in-johnston-county-north-carolina</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Hunting/Documents/Deer/CWD-Response-Plan.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Hunting/Documents/Deer/CWD-Response-Plan.pdf</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">***North Dakota CWD TSE Prion</div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-North Dakota, to date, CWD has been detected in 26 cervid (personal communication Dr. Charlie Bahnson, wildlife veterinarian for the North Dakota Game and Fish Department...November 23, 2020).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 North Dakota CWD TSE Prion TOTAL TO DATE, i had to write to find out;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Your number was correct. CWD had been confirmed in 94 deer through 2022. Surveillance results are still pending for 2023, so look for an updated number in a month or two.<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">cwd prevelance, starting at about the 10 minute mark here;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vnfk_LZbu1E" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vnfk_LZbu1E</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gf.nd.gov/magazine/2023/aug-sep/2023-hunting-season-outlook" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gf.nd.gov/magazine/2023/aug-sep/2023-hunting-season-outlook</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mafwa.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/nd_rpt23.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mafwa.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/nd_rpt23.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gf.nd.gov/news/6390" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gf.nd.gov/news/6390</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ndlegis.gov/assembly/68-2023/testimony/HNATRES-1151-20230120-14647-F-THOMPSON_WYATT_C.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ndlegis.gov/assembly/68-2023/testimony/HNATRES-1151-20230120-14647-F-THOMPSON_WYATT_C.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Ohio CWD TSE Prion </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020-Ohio, to date, cwd tse prion has been detected in 24 CWD POSITIVES IN CAPTIVE CERVID ZERO IN WILD...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 OHIO CWD TSE PRION OHIO CWD CONFIRMED TO DATE IS 28 CASES IN WILD CERVID...i believe that count to be woefully undercounted and confirmed, considering the Captive Cervid Count and surveillance there from, imo...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/safety-conservation/about-ODNR/news/cwd-testing-continues-in-surveillance-area-fall-2023" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/safety-conservation/about-ODNR/news/cwd-testing-continues-in-surveillance-area-fall-2023</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ohiodnr.gov/buy-and-apply/hunting-fishing-boating/hunting-resources/chronic-wasting-disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ohiodnr.gov/buy-and-apply/hunting-fishing-boating/hunting-resources/chronic-wasting-disease</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/wildlife/wildlife-management/wildlife-diseases/2022-23+Season+Summary.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/wildlife/wildlife-management/wildlife-diseases/2022-23+Season+Summary.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/safety-conservation/about-ODNR/news/division-of-wildlife-confirms-additional-cwd-cases-in-marion-wyandot-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/safety-conservation/about-ODNR/news/division-of-wildlife-confirms-additional-cwd-cases-in-marion-wyandot-counties</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/safety-conservation/about-ODNR/news/cwd-testing-continues-in-surveillance-area" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/safety-conservation/about-ODNR/news/cwd-testing-continues-in-surveillance-area</a> </div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, JULY 30, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Ohio Deer Summary 2019 - 2020 CWD TSE Prion 24 Confirmed To Date All Captive Cervid </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/07/ohio-deer-summary-2019-2020-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/07/ohio-deer-summary-2019-2020-cwd-tse.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Oklahoma CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Oklahoma, to date, CWD has been detected in 6 cases of CWD TSE Prion documented to date in Captive Cervid...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Oklahoma CWD TSE Prion, best i can count, total CWD Oklahoma in both Captive and Wild now, </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Total CWD to date is 8 Total to date, 2 wild and 6 Captive deer, i don't see what's so difficult showing cwd total statistics to date...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/outdoor-news/second-cwd-positive-wild-deer-confirmed-oklahoma" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/outdoor-news/second-cwd-positive-wild-deer-confirmed-oklahoma</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/hunting/resources/deer/cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/hunting/resources/deer/cwd</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/outdoor-news/odwc-activates-cwd-response-strategy-after-diseased-wild-deer-found-panhandle" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/outdoor-news/odwc-activates-cwd-response-strategy-after-diseased-wild-deer-found-panhandle</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/outdoor-news/odwc-activates-cwd-response-strategy-after-diseased-wild-deer-found-panhandle" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/outdoor-news/odwc-activates-cwd-response-strategy-after-diseased-wild-deer-found-panhandle</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/outdoor-news/odwc-activates-cwd-response-plan-after-diseased-deer-found-within-miles-panhandle" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/outdoor-news/odwc-activates-cwd-response-plan-after-diseased-deer-found-within-miles-panhandle</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ag.ok.gov/chronic-wasting-disease-confirmed-in-one-oklahoma-elk/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ag.ok.gov/chronic-wasting-disease-confirmed-in-one-oklahoma-elk/</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Oklahoma, to date, CWD has been detected in 6 cases of CWD TSE Prion documented to date in Captive Cervid...tss<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">1st cwd positive captive 1998, </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2nd cwd positive captive 2019, </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">3 cwd positives from that herd depopulation, </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">with 1 additional Trace Out CWD Trace Out Positive, </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">equal to date 6 captive CWD positives in Oklahoma to date, </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">and since my confirming these figures the last time via phone, i am told now i will have to fill out a FOIA request for any further reports of CWD TSE Prion in captive herds in Oklahoma. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ag.ok.gov/ais/farmedcervidae.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ag.ok.gov/ais/farmedcervidae.htm</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903202350/http://www.ag.ok.gov/ais/cwdinvinsp.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190903202350/http://www.ag.ok.gov/ais/cwdinvinsp.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Oregon CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> Oregon 2023 CWD TSE Prion, Oregon, to date, CWD has not been detected in Oregon, and we all know, if you don't cwd test enough, you will not find cwd, cwd will find you, and by then, it's much too late...terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dfw.state.or.us/wildlife/health_program/chronic_wasting/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dfw.state.or.us/wildlife/health_program/chronic_wasting/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://myodfw.com/CWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://myodfw.com/CWD</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://oregon.public.law/rules/oar_603-011-0382" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://oregon.public.law/rules/oar_603-011-0382</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/displayDivisionRules.action?selectedDivision=2941" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/displayDivisionRules.action?selectedDivision=2941</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Pennsylvania CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Pennsylvania, to date, CWD has been detected in 481 wild cervid as of August, 8, 2020, and captive positives is anyone's guess...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Pennsylvania CWD TSE Prion, 1,462 Total Cases To Date</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://pgcdatacollection.pa.gov/CWDResultsLookup" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://pgcdatacollection.pa.gov/CWDResultsLookup</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PENNSYLVANIA CAPTIVE CWD POSITIVES CWD TOTAL POSITIVES TO DATE, anyone's guess...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Pages/CWD-Dashboard.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Pages/CWD-Dashboard.aspx</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">as of 09/11/2023 To date, CWD has been found in more than 1,400 deer, 243 of those taken by hunters last season. It has not been detected in Pennsylvania’s elk herd.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Pennsylvania first detected CWD in 2012 at a captive deer facility in Adams County. The Game Commission has tested more than 131,000 wild, free-ranging whitetails for CWD since 1998, along with more than 1,900 elk.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NEW CWD RULES MORE CONVENIENT FOR PENNSYLVANIANS HUNTING OUT-OF-STATE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">09/11/2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.media.pa.gov/Pages/game-commission-details.aspx?newsid=612" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.media.pa.gov/Pages/game-commission-details.aspx?newsid=612</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Documents/CWD%20in%20PA%20Map.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Documents/CWD%20in%20PA%20Map.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MAP</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Documents/CWD%20in%20PA%20Map.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Documents/CWD%20in%20PA%20Map.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Rhode Island CWD TSE PRION<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Rhode Island CWD TSE Prion, Rhode Island, to date, CWD has not been documented in Rhode Island, if you CWD test enough, CWD will find you, by then, it's much too late...terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dem.ri.gov/programs/fish-wildlife/wildlifehuntered/education/chronic-wasting-disease.php" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dem.ri.gov/programs/fish-wildlife/wildlifehuntered/education/chronic-wasting-disease.php</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/bnatres/fishwild/pdf/cwdsumry.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/bnatres/fishwild/pdf/cwdsumry.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/bnatres/fishwild/pdf/cwdsurv.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/bnatres/fishwild/pdf/cwdsurv.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/fish-wildlife/wildlifehuntered/education/chronic-wasting-disease.php" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/fish-wildlife/wildlifehuntered/education/chronic-wasting-disease.php</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***South Carolina CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 CWD TSE Prion, South Carolina, to date, CWD has not been detected, it you don't cwd test enough, you don't find, cwd finds you, then it's too late...terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dnr.sc.gov/cwd/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dnr.sc.gov/cwd/index.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dnr.sc.gov/wildlife/deer/chronicwastinganw.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dnr.sc.gov/wildlife/deer/chronicwastinganw.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">> South Carolina’s deer population peaked in the mid to late 1990’s at just over 1,000,000 deer. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">> Currently the statewide population is estimated at about 730,000 deer.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.dnr.sc.gov/wildlife/deer/2015DeerHarvest.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.dnr.sc.gov/wildlife/deer/2015DeerHarvest.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***South Dakota CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-2020-South Dakota, to date, CWD has found 546 cases of CWD (311 deer and 235 elk) in free-ranging deer and elk since testing began in 1997.)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> South Dakota CWD TSE Prion, As of June 30, 2023, South Dakota has found 722 cases of CWD (439 deer and 283 elk) in free-ranging deer and elk since testing began in 1997. Wind Cave National Park (WICA) accounts for 192 of these animals (177 elk, 15 deer). Thirty-five elk and 12 deer have been found in Custer State Park. A total of 33,918 wild deer and elk have been tested for CWD since 1997. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">South Dakota is reporting a total of 59 positive deer and elk (12 mule deer, 23 white-tailed deer and 24 elk) in the testing period of July 1, 2022 to June 30, 2023. A total of 1,042 cervids were tested during this sampling period. As of June 30, 2023, South Dakota has found 722 cases of CWD (439 deer and 283 elk) in free-ranging deer and elk since testing began in 1997. Wind Cave National Park (WICA) accounts for 192 of these animals (177 elk, 15 deer). Thirty-five elk and 12 deer have been found in Custer State Park. A total of 33,918 wild deer and elk have been tested for CWD since 1997. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gfp.sd.gov/userdocs/docs/chronic_wasting_disease_faqs.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gfp.sd.gov/userdocs/docs/chronic_wasting_disease_faqs.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gfp.sd.gov/userdocs/docs/cwd_testing.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gfp.sd.gov/userdocs/docs/cwd_testing.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gfp.sd.gov/userdocs/docs/management_of_cwd_in_south_dakota_june_2023.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gfp.sd.gov/userdocs/docs/management_of_cwd_in_south_dakota_june_2023.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Tennessee CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Tennessee, to date, has detected Summary of CWD Testing Results for the 2019-2020 Deer Season = 491 positives detected...terry)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Tennessee CWD TSE Prion, Through 2021, tested over 60,000 samples statewide with 1,953 total positive from 16 counties<div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD Strategic Plan and Agency Actions – 2023-2027</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Through 2021, tested over 60,000 samples statewide with 1,953 total positive from 16 counties</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mcnewstn.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Draft_CWD-Response-and-Management-Plan_2023-2027.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mcnewstn.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Draft_CWD-Response-and-Management-Plan_2023-2027.pdf</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee TWRA July 2022 to June 2023 Confirms 813 CWD Positives<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/cwd/Year2022_2023Positives.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/cwd/Year2022_2023Positives.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee TWRA July 2022 to June 2023 Confirms 813 CWD Positives Tennessee TWRA July 2022 to June 2023 Confirms 813 CWD Positives</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/tn/twra/hunting/cwd/cwd-in-tennessee.html#distribution" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/content/tn/twra/hunting/cwd/cwd-in-tennessee.html#distribution</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">July 2022 to June 2023 813 CWD Positives</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/cwd/Year2022_2023Positives.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/cwd/Year2022_2023Positives.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tennesseelookout.com/2023/09/07/former-tennessee-wildlife-and-resources-agency-biologist-agency-manipulated-data-on-deer-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tennesseelookout.com/2023/09/07/former-tennessee-wildlife-and-resources-agency-biologist-agency-manipulated-data-on-deer-disease/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">see Tennessee CWD Distribution Maps </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/cwd/Year2022_2023Positives.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/cwd/Year2022_2023Positives.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/twra/hunting/cwd/cwd-in-tennessee.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/twra/hunting/cwd/cwd-in-tennessee.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Texas CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020-Texas, to date, CWD has been detected in 185 Cases...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 TEXAS CWD TSE PRION CONFIRMED TO DATE 575+ CASES AND MOUNTING!</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 DECEMBER 8, 2023, TEXAS CWD TSE PRION EXTREMELY DIRE!</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Texas TPWD CWD Update</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">TITLE 31. NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION PART 2. TEXAS PARKS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">CHAPTER 65. WILDLIFE</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">SUBCHAPTER B. DISEASE DETECTION AND RESPONSE</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">DIVISION 2. CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE - COMPREHENSIVE RULES</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">31 TAC §65.95</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Snip…</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Since mid-July of this year, the department has received confirmation of CWD in deer breeding facilities in Brooks, Frio, Zavala, Kimble, and Cherokee counties. Current rules provide that when CWD is detected in a breeding facility or at a location where breeder deer have been released, the facility and any directly connected facilities are immediately prohibited from receiving or transferring deer and the department and Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) staff immediately begin epidemiological investigations to determine the extent and significance of possible disease transmission.</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">In the case of the Brooks County breeding facility, department records indicate that the facility has within the last five years transferred 1,057 deer to 51 deer breeding facilities, five Deer Management Permit (DMP) sites, and 77 release sites located in a total of 67 counties, as well as to three destinations in Mexico.</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">In the case of the Frio County breeding facility, department records indicate that the facility has "certified herd" status under the TAHC herd certification program and within the last five years has transferred 627 deer to 46 deer breeding facilities, two nursing facilities, two DMP sites, and 29 release sites located in a total of 41 counties.</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">In the case of the Zavala County breeding facility, department records indicate that within the last five years the facility has transferred 276 deer to three deer breeding facilities, one DMP facility, and 21 release sites located in a total of 14 counties.</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">In the case of the Kimble County breeding facility, the facility was the source or destination for 282 deer, including deer sent to seven release sites.</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">In the case of the Cherokee County breeding facility, the facility received 17 deer from four breeding facilities but did not transfer deer to another breeding facility or release site.</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">The breeding facilities, nursing facilities, DMP facilities, and release sites that have received deer from the positive facilities are directly connected to those facilities and are of epidemiological concern. These facilities are by current rule also prohibited from receiving or transferring deer unless and until epidemiological investigation determines that Movement Qualified (MQ) status can be restored. Deer breeding facilities that received deer from one or more of the directly connected breeding facilities (referred to as "Tier 1" facilities) are indirectly connected to the positive facilities and are of epidemiological concern because they have received exposed deer that were in a trace-out breeding facility.</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">The recent detections of CWD in breeding facilities located in Brooks, Frio, Zavala, Kimble, and Cherokee counties are part of an ongoing outbreak of CWD in deer breeding facilities.</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Since March 29, 2021, CWD has been detected in 15 counties.</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">In 2023 alone, CWD has been detected in 12 deer breeding facilities located in nine counties.</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Prior to 2021, CWD was detected in six deer breeding facilities located in four counties.</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">In response to the magnitude and the potential severity of this situation, the emergency rules require the ante-mortem testing of test eligible deer prior to transfer from a breeding facility to another breeding facility.</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">The emergency action is necessary to protect the state's white-tailed deer populations, as well as associated industries.</span></span></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/December82023/Emergency%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#9">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/December82023/Emergency%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#9</a><br /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS TPWD Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Free-Range Coleman County Deer </span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Free-Range Coleman County Deer </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dec. 8, 2023 Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">AUSTIN — Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) received confirmation of a case of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Coleman County, marking the first detection in the county.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A two-year-old whitetail buck harvested by a hunter on a low-fenced property tested positive through sampling conducted voluntarily to assist with the state’s CWD surveillance.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231208a&utm_campaign=govdelivery-email&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231208a&utm_campaign=govdelivery-email&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Texas CWD cases are mounting from Captive Breeder Facilities at an exponential rate, pretty much out of control, imo...terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">June 14th of 2023 the CWD Positive tally was at 508 confirmed cases in Texas. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">TODAY, November 1st, 2023, that total increased to 575 CWD Confirmed Cases, to date, in Texas. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">AN increase of 67 CWD positive cases in 4+ months for Texas...WOW!</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Medina County Deer Breeding Facility</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Oct. 24, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231024a" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231024a</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">SINCE THEN, the 575+ cases have increased by who knows, TPWD et al CWD Tracker page is outdated again, but i understand why, they can't keep up, here are the cases since October 2023...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected at Kerr Wildlife Management Area Captive Deer Research Facility</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dec. 1, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">AUSTIN — Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) biologists have reported a suspect-positive case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a 14-month-old captive male white-tailed deer at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area (WMA) research facility. The detection resulted from ante-mortem testing conducted on all captive white-tailed deer as part of ongoing research. Samples from the buck were sent to the National Veterinary Service Laboratory in Iowa for confirmation.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Out of an abundance of caution, TPWD staff euthanized all deer in the research facility and collected post-mortem samples, which resulted in no additional detections. TPWD will continue monitoring for CWD throughout the research facility and the WMA.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“TPWD staff are disappointed to abruptly end nearly 50 years of white-tailed deer research that has significantly influenced deer management in Texas and across the country” said John Silovsky, Wildlife Division Director. “Staff will continue to investigate opportunities to enhance the understanding of this insidious disease in both captive environments and free-ranging populations.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Built in 1974, the high-fenced research facility offers researchers facilities to study white-tailed deer in a controlled setting. The 23-acre facility now is double high fenced and consists of breeding and rearing enclosures, and a series of other structures that facilitate the safe handling of research animals.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The initial stock of deer in the research facility consisted of native Texas whitetails obtained from various locations throughout the state. TPWD did not routinely move deer into or out of the facility after that initial stocking.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The research herd has been maintained as a pedigreed herd investigating nutritional, age and genetic relationships in deer. Research programs in the facility have supported wild deer herd management activities, outreach programs, trainings and the development of antler regulations across the state.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Kerr WMA has conducted CWD surveillance of its wild and captive deer herds since 2002. Surveillance efforts within the research facility totaled 242 regulatory tests since 2018. Wild deer harvested on the WMA through the public hunting program and field research since 2018 have provided an additional 259 regulatory tests with no detections.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TPWD has intensified its investigations within the facility for the presence of CWD prions since May 8, when the agency received conflicting results —from a presumptive positive RT-QuIC amplification test and not-detected regulatory tests— on a female deer euthanized in January of this year. Assessments within the facility this summer included surveillance with swabs of equipment, water and feed sites paired with targeted euthanasia and tissue testing. Subsequent amplification and regulatory tests confirmed not-detected results on the 66 deer postmortem tested, as part of the investigation. Remaining individuals in the facility were screened with ante-mortem tonsil and rectal biopsies in October resulting in the positive detection from a tonsil biopsy on the 14-month-old male.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the disease process continues, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, so the first indication of the disease in a herd is often found through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to the detection of CWD and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD’s CWD page. For more information about the Kerr WMA and research projects visit Kerr WMA web page.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231201a&utm_campaign=govdelivery-email&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231201a&utm_campaign=govdelivery-email&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">very sad TPWD et al, but keep up the good work trying to detect and contain CWD...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">HERE IS some previous suspect deer there i ask about in August 2023;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***>I recommend you send questions to WL.Health@tpwd.texas.gov and our knowledge experts can respond to you. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Greetings TPWD et al, I have followed Cwd, BSE, Scrapie, Camel Prion Disease, CJD, closely since 1997, and every deer in Texas that had CWD since 2012, Mule deer. The travesty of the junk science the breeders are throwing out on cwd is almost comical, if not for the seriousness of Cwd. I keep hearing about a Deer at Kerr WMA, all these breeders keep asking about. Now I read a while back about Kerr WMA, that there was a false positive cwd, that was followed by two negative tests, so this deer was negative, but I have no confirmation on this. Could you please confirm or deny this please, and give me a bit of background on this? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thank you kindly for all the hard work you are doing trying to contain this monster… </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Kindest regards, terry Terry S. Singeltary Sr. flounder9@verizon.com</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">On Aug 1, 2023, at 12:19 PM, WL Health <WL.Health@tpwd.texas.gov> wrote: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hello sir, please see below for the background you are looking for. In the case of the Kerr WMA, included are 2 statements written by TPWD as the situation unfolded and the course of action taken by test type and subsequent results. These include the dates they were prepared as well. Currently the facility, as stated below, is conducting further testing out of an abundance of caution. June 8, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TPWD is continuing to investigate a test result on a white-tailed deer at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area. Researchers working with TPWD have reported a CWD-positive test result on the deer, produced by an experimental test not yet validated by USDA. However, this result conflicts with a “not-detected” test result from the same animal using a USDA-validated test. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TPWD has now received additional test results, using immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing, from Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (TVMDL). The results came back “Not Detected.” </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Additional analysis is still being conducted to compare results.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TPWD is investigating this case, which involves one deer. The suspect and unofficial CWD-positive detection resulted from an RT-QuIC test, an experimental assay that shows some promise as a more sensitive CWD detection technique that can be used on a wider range of tissues than other available methods of detection. The “not-detected” test result was produced using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA is a USDA-validated immunological test administered by Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. Out of an abundance of caution and to reconcile the different test results, TPWD is seeking further tissue testing and in the meantime is treating the facility with a high standard of precautionary measures. All deer from this CWD research project were euthanized at the end of the project and tested for CWD as part of established research protocol. All other deer tested “not detected” for CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Since 1974, TPWD has maintained the closed, pedigreed white-tailed deer herd at Kerr WMA for controlled studies on age, nutrition and genetics, providing results to stakeholders for management of wild deer herds. TPWD continues to operate the facility to share results with stakeholders for research and demonstration purposes and does not routinely move deer into or out of the facility. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">6-28-2023 Update The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) has received additional test results on a suspect CWD-positive white-tailed deer at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area (WMA). Researchers working with TPWD originally reported a suspect CWD-positive test result on the deer, produced by an RT-QuIC test, an experimental test not yet validated by USDA. However, this result conflicted with two “Not-Detected” test results from the same animal using USDA-validated tests, from Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. Further testing on lymph nodes and brain tissue from the suspect animal utilizing protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) testing, a technique similar to RT-QuIC, have been performed and reported with “Not Detected” results. Out of an abundance of caution, TPWD is pursuing further testing in the facility and maintaining biosecurity measures. All deer from this CWD research project were euthanized at the end of the project and tested for CWD as part of established research protocol. All other deer tested “Not Detected” for CWD. The facility performs CWD testing on mortalities and euthanized individuals as part of routine protocols. Since 1974, TPWD has maintained the closed, pedigreed white-tailed deer herd at Kerr WMA for controlled studies on age, nutrition, and genetics, providing results to stakeholders for management of wild deer herds. TPWD does not routinely move deer into or out of the facility. </div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">end...personal communication...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/tpwd-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/tpwd-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TAHC Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Cherokee County Deer Breeding Facility</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For Immediate Release</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">November 17, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Cherokee County Deer Breeding Facility</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2023/2023-11-17_CWD_CherokeeCo.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2023/2023-11-17_CWD_CherokeeCo.pdf</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/tahc-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/tahc-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Texas CWD Surveillance Positives (please note, TPWD CWD POSITIVE Tracking page is outdated again)<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Counties where CWD Exposed Deer were Released</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Number of CWD Exposed Deer Released by County</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP in Texas</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease in Texas</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A Real Disease with Proven Impacts</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Produced by a coalition of concerned hunters, landowners, & conservationists (last update 08/2023)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Since 2012, CWD has been detected in wild deer in just 7 counties in Texas and is only established in the western panhandle and far west Texas.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In that same period of time, captive deer breeders have exposed almost half of Texas counties to CWD. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Deer held in captive breeding facilities are confined to much tighter spaces, and have intimate contact with many more animals on a daily basis. By far the greatest factor in amplifying the spread of CWD is the artificial movement of these animals, shipped in livestock trailers hundreds of miles, far outside of their natural home range, and ultimately released to co-mingle with wild deer. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Each year, Texas captive deer breeders liberate 20,000-30,000 deer from their pens to the wild. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For every deer breeding facility where a CWD positive deer is discovered, an epidemiological investigation is conducted by the Texas Parks & Wildlife Department and the Texas Animal Health Commission to determine how many other deer may have been exposed to the disease and where they have been shipped. Because of the prolific artificial movement of captive deer, one deer with CWD can impact hundreds of other facilities and ranches across the state.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Unfortunately, released deer in Texas are not required to retain any kind of visible identification (an ear tag), and for this reason, the vast majority of released deer cannot be relocated for testing. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">As of August 2023, 116 Texas counties have received possibly infected breeder deer that cannot be located, putting more than 140,000 landowners at risk of the disease. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The state of Texas has been testing for CWD since 2002. Since that time, more than 302,360 captive and free range deer have been tested. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From 2015-2022, more than 127,000 samples were collected from hunter-harvested and roadkill deer. This sampling rate and risk-based distribution provides scientists confidence that they would have detected the disease if it existed at a very low prevalence (<1%) in any given region at the time sampling began.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We have learned from other states where CWD has been present the longest, that a constant increase in the prevalence of the disease may lead to a significant decline in the deer population. When disease prevalence exceeds 20%, deer populations have declined by up to 50%. In some areas of Colorado, where CWD has been present since 1985, mule deer abundance has declined by 45% since that time, despite adequate habitat and no hunting ( Miller et al. 2008 ). Similarly, the South Converse Game Unit in Wyoming has documented CWD prevalence exceeding 50% and has seen an approximate 50% decline in mule deer populations.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Rural Economies</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Deer hunting is the lifeblood of rural Texas. White-tailed deer hunting is by far the most impactful segment of the hunting economy, representing $4.3 billion, according to a recent Texas A&M Study. And while deer breeders represent a very small segment of that economy (less than 5%), they represent one of the greatest risks. ( Full Texas A&M Report )</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Real Estate</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Rural land prices are largely driven by recreational buyers with hunting as a top land amenity. Without deer hunting, many of these properties will be worth much less.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conservation Funding</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Deer hunters are the largest funders of wildlife conservation in Texas through excise taxes on firearms, ammunition, and gear along with active membership supporting and funding conservation organizations. If deer hunting suffers due to CWD, all wildlife in Texas lose.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Culture & Health</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Texas’ native deer herd has iconic value for all Texans. Deer hunting brings families together, creates camaraderie in communities, and serves to connect Texans to nature. There is no better protein than wild, locally harvested, non-GMO and totally organic venison. A healthy deer herd leads to healthy Texans and a healthy and prosperous Texas. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This isn't a disease for our lifetime. It's a disease for our grandchildren's lifetime. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> - Dr. Bob Dittmar, Former Texas State Wildlife Veterinarian </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">See the full text with maps, graphs, much more, excellent data…</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Since 2012, CWD has been detected in wild deer in just 7 counties in Texas and is only established in the western panhandle and far west Texas.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In that same period of time, captive deer breeders have exposed almost half of Texas counties to CWD. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">As of August 2023, 116 Texas counties have received possibly infected breeder deer that cannot be located, putting more than 140,000 landowners at risk of the disease. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease in Texas A Real Disease with Proven Impacts</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Produced by a coalition of concerned hunters, landowners, & conservationists (last update 08/2023)</div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3CAI-EwlgM" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3CAI-EwlgM</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">23:00 minute mark</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Free Ranging Deer, Dr. Deyoung looked at Genetics of this free ranging deer and what he found was, that the genetics on this deer were more similar to captive deer, than the free ranging population, but he did not see a significant connection to any one captive facility that he analyzed, so we believe, Ahhhhhh, this animal had some captive ahhh, whatnot.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://youtu.be/aoPDeGL6mpQ?t=1384" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/aoPDeGL6mpQ?t=1384</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Commission Agenda Item No. 5 Exhibit B</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DISEASE DETECTION AND RESPONSE RULES</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PROPOSAL PREAMBLE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1. Introduction. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> A third issue is the accuracy of mortality reporting. Department records indicate that for each of the last five years an average of 26 deer breeders have reported a shared total of 159 escapes. Department records for the same time period indicate an average of 31 breeding facilities reported a shared total of 825 missing deer (deer that department records indicate should be present in the facility, but cannot be located or verified). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2022/1104/agenda/item.phtml?item=5" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2022/1104/agenda/item.phtml?item=5</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">On January 21, 2017 a tornado took down thousands of feet of fence for a 420-acre illegal deer enclosure in Lamar County that had been subject to federal and state investigation for illegally importing white-tailed deer into Mississippi from Texas (a CWD positive state). Native deer were free to move on and off the property before all of the deer were able to be tested for CWD. Testing will be made available for a period of three years for CWD on the property and will be available for deer killed within a 5-mile radius of the property on a voluntary basis. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/media/254796/2016-17-deer-report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mdwfp.com/media/254796/2016-17-deer-report.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“It is interesting to note that, in 2001, the State of Texas shifted its deer management strategies toward the same leanings that Kroll has suggested for Wisconsin. In Texas, the change was brought about via heavy lobbying from the high-fence deer ranching industry. This pressure helped convince the Texas Parks and Wildlife to change their regulations and allow private landowners to select the own deer biologists.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/which-side-fence-are-you" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/which-side-fence-are-you</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2012 “For 10 years, Texas has had an aggressive Chronic Wasting Disease prevention and monitoring program. Wildlife agency regulations prohibit importing deer into the state, and the agency has tested more than 26,000 hunter-taken deer and 7,400 animals from the captive-deer industry. None of those deer tested positive.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Brain-eating-disease-found-in-Texas-deer-3697731.php" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Brain-eating-disease-found-in-Texas-deer-3697731.php</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''On January 21, 2017 a tornado took down thousands of feet of fence for a 420-acre illegal deer enclosure in Lamar County that had been subject to federal and state investigation for illegally importing white-tailed deer into Mississippi from Texas (a CWD positive state). Native deer were free to move on and off the property before all of the deer were able to be tested for CWD. Testing will be made available for a period of three years for CWD on the property and will be available for deer killed within a 5-mile radius of the property on a voluntary basis. ''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Texas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Symposium 2018 posted January 2019 VIDEO SET 18 CLIPS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">See Wisconsin update...terrible news, right after Texas updated map around 5 minute mark...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAK_YBZh2tA&feature=youtu.be&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj&t=299" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAK_YBZh2tA&feature=youtu.be&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj&t=299</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WISCONSIN CWD CAPTIVE CWD UPDATE VIDEO</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAK_YBZh2tA&feature=youtu.be&t=602&fbclid=IwAR04yvki5GDJqjAeNOeP3QETcUOmWHRNRrGXzRUTnsxvcLUO50kSDsBzHTs" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAK_YBZh2tA&feature=youtu.be&t=602&fbclid=IwAR04yvki5GDJqjAeNOeP3QETcUOmWHRNRrGXzRUTnsxvcLUO50kSDsBzHTs</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">cwd update on Wisconsin from Tammy Ryan...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvy2SMGQt6o&index=11&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvy2SMGQt6o&index=11&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Texas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Symposium 2018 posted January 2019 VIDEO SET 18 CLIPS See Wisconsin update...terrible news, right after Texas updated map around 5 minute mark...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAK_YBZh2tA&feature=youtu.be&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj&t=299" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAK_YBZh2tA&feature=youtu.be&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj&t=299</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD WEBINAR CWD YESTERDAY! December 11, 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dr. Mckenzie and CIDRAP on CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzYcnmc3Xh0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzYcnmc3Xh0</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">122: Prions and Chronic Wasting Disease with Jason Bartz</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.asm.org/Podcasts/MTM/Episodes/Prions-and-Chronic-Wasting-Disease-with-Jason-Bart" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.asm.org/Podcasts/MTM/Episodes/Prions-and-Chronic-Wasting-Disease-with-Jason-Bart</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Texas CWD Symposium: Transmission by Saliva, Feces, Urine & Blood</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">the other part, these tissues and things in the body then shed or secrete prions which then are the route to other animals into the environment, so in particular, the things, the secretions that are infectious are salvia, feces, blood and urine. so pretty much anything that comes out of a deer is going to be infectious and potential for transmitting disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bItnEElzuKo&index=6&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bItnEElzuKo&index=6&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 01, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RISES SUBSTANTIALLY TO 575 CONFIRMED CWD CASES TO DATE<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Utah CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(Utah, to date, as of October 7, 2020, 118 mule deer and two elk have tested positive for CWD TSE Prion...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***2023 Utah CWD TSE Prion, Currently, 188 mule deer and four elk have tested positive for CWD in Utah.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wildlife.utah.gov/news/utah-wildlife-news/1815-chronic-wasting-disease-confirmed-in-deer-for-first-time-in-payson.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wildlife.utah.gov/news/utah-wildlife-news/1815-chronic-wasting-disease-confirmed-in-deer-for-first-time-in-payson.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wildlife.utah.gov/chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wildlife.utah.gov/chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wildlife.utah.gov/diseases/cwd/2020-positive-distribution-map.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wildlife.utah.gov/diseases/cwd/2020-positive-distribution-map.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wildlife.utah.gov/pdf/mule_deer/plans/chronic-wasting-disease-management-plan.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wildlife.utah.gov/pdf/mule_deer/plans/chronic-wasting-disease-management-plan.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Vermont CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Vermont CWD TSE PRION, to date, CWD has not been detected, don't cwd test enough, you don't find...terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://vtfishandwildlife.com/learn-more/living-with-wildlife/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://vtfishandwildlife.com/learn-more/living-with-wildlife/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://vtfishandwildlife.com/search/node/cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://vtfishandwildlife.com/search/node/cwd</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://vtfishandwildlife.com/search/node/chronic%20wasting%20disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://vtfishandwildlife.com/search/node/chronic%20wasting%20disease</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Virginia CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Virginia, to date, has detected 84 CWD-positive deer have been detected in Virginia in Frederick and northern Shenandoah counties...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***2023 Virginia CWD TSE Prion, Since 2009, a total of 179 CWD-positive deer have been confirmed in Virginia.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.eregulations.com/virginia/hunting/deer-hunting-cwd#" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.eregulations.com/virginia/hunting/deer-hunting-cwd#</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/2023-cwd-update/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/2023-cwd-update/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">OLD CWD TIMELINE FOR VIRGINIA 2009-2021</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/tracking-cwd-in-virginia/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/tracking-cwd-in-virginia/</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/media/press-release/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-for-the-first-time-in-fairfax-county/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/media/press-release/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-for-the-first-time-in-fairfax-county/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/2023-deer-season-forecast/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/2023-deer-season-forecast/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/cwd-information-for-hunters/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/cwd-information-for-hunters/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/6805eec0b6534f3cb6bc6c85ddcc2ee0/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/6805eec0b6534f3cb6bc6c85ddcc2ee0/</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Washington CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Washington CWD TSE PRION, to date, CWD has not been detected in Washington, you don't test enough for cwd, you don't find CWD, until CWD finds you, then it's too late...terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">To date, CWD has not been detected in Washington.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wdfw.wa.gov/species-habitats/diseases/chronic-wasting" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wdfw.wa.gov/species-habitats/diseases/chronic-wasting</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wdfw.wa.gov/search?q=chronic+wasting+disease#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=chronic%20wasting%20disease&gsc.page=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wdfw.wa.gov/search?q=chronic+wasting+disease#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=chronic%20wasting%20disease&gsc.page=1</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife has been testing for chronic wasting disease (CWD) since 1995. To date, CWD has not been detected in Washington. We urge hunters to help us maintain our healthy deer, elk, and moose populations. For more information on CWD, check out wdfw.wa.gov/species-habitats/diseases/chronicwasting.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wdfw.wa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/02063/2019-2020%20Big%20Game%20Hunting%20Pamphlet.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wdfw.wa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/02063/2019-2020%20Big%20Game%20Hunting%20Pamphlet.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wdfw.wa.gov/search?q=2020+chronic+wasting+disease#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=2020%20chronic%20wasting%20disease&gsc.page=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wdfw.wa.gov/search?q=2020+chronic+wasting+disease#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=2020%20chronic%20wasting%20disease&gsc.page=1</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wdfw.wa.gov/search?q=chronic+wasting+disease#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=chronic%20wasting%20disease&gsc.page=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wdfw.wa.gov/search?q=chronic+wasting+disease#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=chronic%20wasting%20disease&gsc.page=1</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***West Virginia CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-West Virginia, to date, total number of confirmed CWD cases in deer in the Eastern Panhandle is 398 — 358 deer in Hampshire County, six deer in Hardy County, 21 deer in Berkeley County, seven deer in Mineral County and six deer in Morgan County.)</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 West Virginia CWD TSE Prion, As of, 2021-2022, The disease has now been detected in 456 deer in Hampshire County, 14 deer in Hardy County, 25 deer in Berkeley County, 10 deer in Mineral County and nine deer in Morgan County.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wvdnr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2021-2022-DNR-Annual-Report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wvdnr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2021-2022-DNR-Annual-Report.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">A sample collection for Hardy County and published in the 2021-2022 Hunting and Trapping Regulations Summary was conducted during the first two days of the buck firearms season. WVDNR staff collected and submitted samples from 277 hunter-harvested deer. Fifty of these samples were found to have the abnormal protein associated with CWD. The disease has now been detected in 456 deer in Hampshire County, 14 deer in Hardy County, 25 deer in Berkeley County, 10 deer in Mineral County and nine deer in Morgan County.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wvdnr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2021-2022-DNR-Annual-Report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wvdnr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2021-2022-DNR-Annual-Report.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wvdnr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/2022.01.10-DNRAnnualReport_2020-2021.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wvdnr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/2022.01.10-DNRAnnualReport_2020-2021.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wvdnr.gov/admin/PDF/DNR_Admin_AnnualReport_2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wvdnr.gov/admin/PDF/DNR_Admin_AnnualReport_2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://oeps.wv.gov/cwd/pages/default.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://oeps.wv.gov/cwd/pages/default.aspx</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200121151917/https://www.morganmessenger.com/2020/01/15/five-deer-taken-in-morgan-county-during-buck-season-test-positive-for-chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200121151917/https://www.morganmessenger.com/2020/01/15/five-deer-taken-in-morgan-county-during-buck-season-test-positive-for-chronic-wasting-disease/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Wisconsin CWD TSE Prion </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Wisconsin, to date, has detected 7,109 cases of CWD data released through November 22, 2020...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 CWD TSE PRION </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Wisconsin Dodge County Deer Farm Depopulated, In total, there were 26 positive cases of CWD at this premises</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Dodge County Herd Depopulated Following CWD Detection</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: December 20, 2023</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">Contact: Neal Patten, Public Information Officer, <span dir="ltr">(608) 440-0294</span>, <span dir="ltr">neal.patten@wisconsin.gov</span></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">MADISON, Wis. – The Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection (DATCP) confirms that a Dodge County deer farm that tested positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD) in May 2023 has been depopulated. Of the 172 animals depopulated, 23 tested positive for the disease. In total, there were 26 positive cases of CWD at this premises, as three cervids had died prior to depopulation.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">DATCP quarantined the farm in May 2023 when a 9-year-old doe tested positive for CWD. A quarantine means that no live animals or whole carcasses are permitted to leave the property. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Wildlife Services depopulated the herd, and samples were submitted to the USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa, for testing.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">The farm owner will receive federal indemnity for the depopulated animals. The farm will not be permitted to hold cervids for five years, and during that period it must maintain fences and submit to routine inspections. </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;">CWD is a fatal, neurological disease of deer, elk, and moose caused by an infectious protein called a prion that affects the animal's brain, and testing for CWD is typically only performed after the animal's death. DATCP regulates deer farms for registration, recordkeeping, disease testing, movement, and permit requirements.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/News_Media/DodgeCountyHerdDepopulated.aspx">https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/News_Media/DodgeCountyHerdDepopulated.aspx</a><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px; text-size-adjust: auto;"></span><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Wisconsin CWD TSE Prion, 12,399 Confirmed Cases through December 15, 2023</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2022 Wisconsin CWD TSE Prion, 1,492 Confirmed Cases</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/cwd/summary/county" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/cwd/summary/county</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201052851/https://dnr.wi.gov/wmcwd/Summary/Zone">https://web.archive.org/web/20180201052851/https://dnr.wi.gov/wmcwd/Summary/Zone</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/newsroom/release/84676" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/newsroom/release/84676</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Wyoming CWD TSE Prion<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(Wyomiruary 2020, CWD had been identified in 31 of 37 (84%) of the state’s mule deer herds, in nine of 36 (25%) of the state’s elk herds, and generally wherever white-tailed deer occur in Wyoming (white-tailed deer herd units are loosely defined in Wyoming outside of the Black Hills). In contrast, CWD remains very rare in moose, and has only been detected in one targeted moose in 2008, with 1,198 moose tested to date....tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Wyoming CWD TSE Prion, The Wyoming Game and Fish Department’s Wildlife Health Laboratory tested 6,701 samples from big game animals for chronic wasting disease (CWD) in 2022. Testing was completed earlier this year and samples were submitted from throughout the state. CWD was not detected in 5,875 samples and 826 samples were positive. Some samples submitted were not testable. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wgfd.wyo.gov/News/Wildlife-health-lab-tests-more-than-6,000-CWD-samp" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wgfd.wyo.gov/News/Wildlife-health-lab-tests-more-than-6,000-CWD-samp</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) – The WHL continued annual surveillance for CWD throughout the state, focusing on priority herds in order to increase sample sizes. A total of 6,884 deer, elk, and moose samples were analyzed by the WHL, with 839 being CWD positive. The 2021 surveillance effort identified four new CWD positive deer hunt areas and five new positive elk hunt areas. New areas are added to an interactive web map to keep the public informed.</div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wgfd.wyo.gov/WGFD/media/content/About%20Us/Commission/2022-CMS-Annual-Report-Final.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wgfd.wyo.gov/WGFD/media/content/About%20Us/Commission/2022-CMS-Annual-Report-Final.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wgfd.wyo.gov/About-Us/Game-and-Fish-Commission/Game-and-Fish-Commission-Annual-Reports" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wgfd.wyo.gov/About-Us/Game-and-Fish-Commission/Game-and-Fish-Commission-Annual-Reports</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wgfd.wyo.gov/WGFD/media/content/Hunting/2023-CWD-Surveillance-and-Monitoring-brochure.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wgfd.wyo.gov/WGFD/media/content/Hunting/2023-CWD-Surveillance-and-Monitoring-brochure.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wgfd.wyo.gov/Wildlife-in-Wyoming/More-Wildlife/Wildlife-Disease/CWD-in-Wyoming-Wildlife/CWD-Testing" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wgfd.wyo.gov/Wildlife-in-Wyoming/More-Wildlife/Wildlife-Disease/CWD-in-Wyoming-Wildlife/CWD-Testing</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wgfd.wyo.gov/Wildlife-in-Wyoming/More-Wildlife/Wildlife-Disease/CWD-in-Wyoming-Wildlife/CWD-Map" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wgfd.wyo.gov/Wildlife-in-Wyoming/More-Wildlife/Wildlife-Disease/CWD-in-Wyoming-Wildlife/CWD-Map</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Friday, November 16, 2012 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Yellowstone elk herds feeding grounds, or future killing grounds from CWD </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/yellowstone-elk-herds-feeding-grounds.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/yellowstone-elk-herds-feeding-grounds.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2018 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wind Cave elk capture project to limit spread of disease or Planned elk drive from Wind Cave National Park raises question about spread of disease?</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/wind-cave-elk-capture-project-to-limit.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/wind-cave-elk-capture-project-to-limit.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 12, 2014 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Shenandoah National Park, Chronic Wasting Disease Management Plan/Environmental Assessment </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/shenandoah-national-park-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/shenandoah-national-park-chronic.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wednesday, October 29, 2014 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease now rings Greater Yellowstone in Wyoming </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/10/chronic-wasting-disease-now-rings.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/10/chronic-wasting-disease-now-rings.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday, March 05, 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Shenandoah National Park Virginia </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/03/chronic-wasting-disease-management.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/03/chronic-wasting-disease-management.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday, February 26, 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Planned elk drive from Wind Cave National Park raises question about spread of disease </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip... </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">just when you think it can’t get worse, dumb and dumber step up to the plate. this is about as dumb, if not dumber, than the blunder at Colorado Division of Wildlife Foothills Wildlife Research Facility in Fort Collins, where cwd was first documented. sometimes, you just can’t fix stupid. ...tss this should never happen! </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/02/planned-elk-drive-from-wind-cave.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/02/planned-elk-drive-from-wind-cave.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Friday, November 16, 2012 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Yellowstone elk herds feeding grounds, or future killing grounds from CWD </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/yellowstone-elk-herds-feeding-grounds.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/yellowstone-elk-herds-feeding-grounds.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CASESCWD STATUS OF CAPTIVE HERDS <br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">EFSA TSE Prion Report 2022 First published 28 November 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">First published: 28 November 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8384" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8384</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Approved: 19 October 2023 Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This report presents the results of surveillance on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in cattle, sheep, goats, cervids and other species, and genotyping in sheep and goats, carried out in 2022 by 27 Member States (MS, EU27), the United Kingdom (in respect of Northern Ireland [XI]) and other eight non-EU reporting countries: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland and Türkiye. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In total, 977,008 cattle were tested by EU27 and XI (−4.3%, compared with 2021), and 52,395 cattle by eight non-EU reporting countries, with one case of H-BSE in France. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In total, 295,145 sheep and 109,074 goats were tested in the EU27 and XI (−5.2% and −7.9%, respectively, compared to 2021). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In the other non-EU reporting countries, 25,535 sheep and 633 goats were tested. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In sheep, 557 cases of scrapie were reported by 17 MS and XI: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">480 classical scrapie (CS) by five MS (93 index cases [IC] with genotypes of susceptible groups in 97.6% of the cases), 77 atypical scrapie (AS) (76 IC) by 14 MS and XI. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In the other non-EU reporting countries, Norway reported 16 cases of ovine AS. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ovine random genotyping was reported by eight MS and genotypes of susceptible groups accounted for 7.3%. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In goats, 224 cases of scrapie were reported, all from EU MS: 216 CS (42 IC) by six MS, and 8 AS (8 IC) by four MS. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In Cyprus, two cases of CS were reported in goats carrying the heterozygous DN146 allele. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In total, 3202 cervids were tested for chronic wasting disease by 10 MS. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">One wild European moose tested positive in Finland. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Norway tested 17,583 cervids with two European moose, one reindeer and one red deer positive. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In total, 154 animals from four other species tested negative in Finland.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8384" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8384</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 2023<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">EFSA TSE Report 2022 First published 28 November 2023 The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2022<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-tse-report-2022-first-published-28.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-tse-report-2022-first-published-28.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Canada CWD TSE Prion </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Current as of: 2023-11-30</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Domestic cervid herds confirmed to be infected with CWD in Canada</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Year Date confirmed Location Animal type infected</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2023 August 2 Alberta Elk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2023 June 6 Saskatchewan White-tailed deer</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2023 June 6 Alberta White-tailed deer</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2023 April 20 Saskatchewan White-tailed deer</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2023 March 29 Alberta Elk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2023 March 27 Alberta Elk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2023 March 8 Saskatchewan Elk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip…see history;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://inspection.canada.ca/animal-health/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/prion-diseases/cwd/herds-infected/eng/1554298564449/1554298564710">https://inspection.canada.ca/animal-health/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/prion-diseases/cwd/herds-infected/eng/1554298564449/1554298564710</a><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2020-Canada CWD TSE Prion Confirmed in Five Herds</div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Canada Federally Reportable Terrestrial Diseases</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The number of confirmed cases of federally reportable diseases affecting terrestrial animals has been updated to include the month of October 2020.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">In October, chronic wasting disease was confirmed in five herds.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020 October 2 Alberta Elk</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020 October 14 Alberta Elk</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020 October 21 Saskatchewan Elk</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020 October 21 Alberta Elk</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020 October 28 Alberta Elk</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.inspection.gc.ca/animal-health/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/cwd/herds-infected/eng/1554298564449/1554298564710" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.inspection.gc.ca/animal-health/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/cwd/herds-infected/eng/1554298564449/1554298564710</a> </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 minute mark video shows sick deer with cwd, and this deer DIED FROM CWD, IT'S DOCUMENTED, commentator says ''so if anyone every tells you, that a deer has never died from CWD, think of this picture, because the Wisconsin Veterinary Lab told us, what when they looked at her sample under a microscope, she was the hottest animal they had ever seen, and that's in terms of the fluorescents that comes off the slide when the look at it, so, a lot of Prion in her system.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''SCENTS AND LURES, we know that the Prion is shed in urine, and essentially the production of these products is unregulated, we have no idea, you can't tell where they come from, what species are in them, how many animals, how they are processed, there is really no rules about them, so we are concerned it is a way to bring the disease into new areas, and have us fighting on multiple fronts, AND there are zero risk synthetic options that are readily available in stores, so we have ask hunters to switch to zero risk options.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see much more about 2 hours long...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3CAI-EwlgM&t=922s" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3CAI-EwlgM&t=922s</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3CAI-EwlgM" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3CAI-EwlgM</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD Seeing is believing part 1 Video</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvDTHEwnmO8" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvDTHEwnmO8</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD Seeing is believing part 2 Video</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbaYYLWewNg" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbaYYLWewNg</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> PLEASE WATCH THIS VIDEO, AND BE SURE TO SEE AROUND THE 8 MINUTE MARK, VERY, VERY, DISTURBING...terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Unsustainable for population.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrzPAMfSp1U" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrzPAMfSp1U</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">LISTEN TO THIS NICE LITTLE CWD BLUES DIDDY BY TAMI ABOUT WISCONSIN CWD TSE PRION. WOW, ANNUAL UPDATES NOW, FROM HERE ON OUT, ABOUT CWD...200,000 CWD TESTS, WITH OVER 3500 CWD POSITIVE CASES, SEEING INCREASING TRENDS IN PREVALENCE AND DISTRIBUTION...CARCASS DISPOSAL SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGE...CWD SAMPLING EFFORTS GONE DONE, WHILE CWD POSITIVES HAVE GONE UP...ALSO, 40 SELF SERVING KIOSKS ACROSS STATE AND FREE HUNTER SERVICE CWD TESTING AND SICK DEER POLICY REPORTING AND TESTING ACROSS STATE!</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> LISTEN TO THIS CWD BLUES DIDDY ABOUT WISCONSIN CWD TSE PRION...terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6DHindrC1x0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6DHindrC1x0</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS BREEDER DEER ESCAPEE WITH CWD IN THE WILD, or so the genetics would show?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">OH NO, please tell me i heard this wrong, a potential Texas captive escapee with cwd in the wild, in an area with positive captive cwd herd?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">apparently, no ID though. tell me it ain't so please...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">23:00 minute mark</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Free Ranging Deer, Dr. Deyoung looked at Genetics of this free ranging deer and what he found was, that the genetics on this deer were more similar to captive deer, than the free ranging population, but he did not see a significant connection to any one captive facility that he analyzed, so we believe, Ahhhhhh, this animal had some captive ahhh, whatnot.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://youtu.be/aoPDeGL6mpQ?t=1384" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/aoPDeGL6mpQ?t=1384</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Texas symposium Cwd</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=nsX4MUWX_d8" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=nsX4MUWX_d8</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Arkansas Cwd</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=OWpyhEu77hw" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=OWpyhEu77hw</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wyoming Cwd 2022 test results</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=cy_CDnNKQSE" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=cy_CDnNKQSE</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Monday, November 13, 2023<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION UPDATE DECEMBER 14, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 23, 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid State by State and Global Update November 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Expanding Distribution of Chronic Wasting Disease ACTIVE By National Wildlife Health Center November 24, 2023 <br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nwhc/science/expanding-distribution-chronic-wasting-disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nwhc/science/expanding-distribution-chronic-wasting-disease</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 16, 2020 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">North America coyotes or pumas can serve as a vehicle for prions contributing to the spread of the infectious agent in the environment</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/11/north-america-coyotes-or-pumas-can_16.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/11/north-america-coyotes-or-pumas-can_16.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 19, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/cwd-tse-prion-cervid-environmental-risk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/cwd-tse-prion-cervid-environmental-risk.html</a></div></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">APHIS Indemnity Regulations [Docket No. APHIS-2021-0010] RIN 0579-AE65 Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Sep 8, 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PUBLIC SUBMISSION</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Comment from Terry Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Posted by the Food and Drug Administration on May 17, 2016 Comment</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Singeltary Submission </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/docket/FDA-2003-D-0432" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/docket/FDA-2003-D-0432</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (Tg12), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the Tg12 mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***>To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we aimed to determine the zoonotic potential of CWD using a mouse model for human prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Material and Methods: Transgenic mice overexpressing human PrPChomozygous for methionine at codon 129 (tg650) were inoculated intracerebrally with brain homogenates of white-tailed deer infected with Wisc-1/CWD1 or 116AG CWD strains. Mice were monitored for clinical signs and were euthanized at terminal disease. Brains were tested by RT-QuIC, western blot upon PK digestion, and immunohistochemistry; fecal homogenates were analyzed by RT-QuIC. Brain/spinal cord and fecal homogenates of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice were inoculated into tg650 mice or bank voles. Brain homogenates of bank voles inoculated with fecal homogenates of CWD-infected tg650 mice were used for second passage in bank voles.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to tg650 mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of tg650 mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and tg650 with fecal homogenates.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PLoS One. 2020; 15(8): e0237410. Published online 2020 Aug 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237410 PMCID: PMC7446902 PMID: 32817706 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The results demonstrate: (a) that the minimum CWD oral infectious dose is vastly lower than historical studies used to establish infection; (b) that a direct relationship exists between dose and incubation time to first prion replication detection in tonsils, irrespective of genotype; (c) that a difference was not discernible between brain vs. saliva source prions in ability to establish infection or in resultant disease course; and (d) that the CWD infection process appears to conform more to a threshold dose than an accumulative dose dynamic. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Original Paper Open access Published: 22 August 2022 volume 144, pages767–784 (2022)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">================================</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650[12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=================================</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">USDA Announces Atypical L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE Detection</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/usda-announces-atypical-l-type-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/usda-announces-atypical-l-type-bovine.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/122/announces-atypical-bovine-spongiform-encephalopa" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/122/announces-atypical-bovine-spongiform-encephalopa</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, MAY 20, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ABOUT 2+ WEEKS BEFORE THE DETECTION OF BSE IN THE USA IN 2023, I WROTE THIS;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">May 2, 2023, i submitted this to the USDA et al;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ONLY by the Grace of God, have we not had a documented BSE outbreak, that and the fact the USDA et al are only testing 25K cattle for BSE, a number too low to find mad cow disease from some 28.9 million beef cows in the United States as of Jan. 1, 2023, down 4% from last year. The number of milk cows in the United States increased to 9.40 million. U.S. calf crop was estimated at 34.5 million head, down 2% from 2021. Jan 31, 2023. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ALL it would take is one BSE positive, yet alone a handful of BSE cases, this is why the Enhanced BSE was shut down, and the BSE testing shut down to 25k, and the BSE GBRs were replaced with BSE MRRs, after the 2003 Christmas Mad cow, the cow that stole Christmas, making it legal to trade BSE, imo. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see full submission;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ireland Atypical BSE confirmed November 3 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ireland Atypical BSE case, 3 progeny of case cow to be culled </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, JULY 16, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Switzerland Atypical BSE detected in a cow in the canton of St. Gallen </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Monday, March 20, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====end</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====end</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Experimental transmission of ovine atypical scrapie to cattle Experimental transmission of ovine atypical scrapie to cattle</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Timm Konold, John Spiropoulos, Janet Hills, Hasina Abdul, Saira Cawthraw, Laura Phelan, Amy McKenna, Lauren Read, Sara Canoyra, Alba Marín-Moreno & Juan María Torres </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Veterinary Research volume 54, Article number: 98 (2023) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle was caused by the recycling and feeding of meat and bone meal contaminated with a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agent but its origin remains unknown. This study aimed to determine whether atypical scrapie could cause disease in cattle and to compare it with other known TSEs in cattle. Two groups of calves (five and two) were intracerebrally inoculated with atypical scrapie brain homogenate from two sheep with atypical scrapie. Controls were five calves intracerebrally inoculated with saline solution and one non-inoculated animal. Cattle were clinically monitored until clinical end-stage or at least 96 months post-inoculation (mpi). After euthanasia, tissues were collected for TSE diagnosis and potential transgenic mouse bioassay. One animal was culled with BSE-like clinical signs at 48 mpi. The other cattle either developed intercurrent diseases leading to cull or remained clinical unremarkable at study endpoint, including control cattle. None of the animals tested positive for TSEs by Western immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. Bioassay of brain samples from the clinical suspect in Ov-Tg338 and Bov-Tg110 mice was also negative. By contrast, protein misfolding cyclic amplification detected prions in the examined brains from atypical scrapie-challenged cattle, which had a classical BSE-like phenotype. This study demonstrates for the first time that a TSE agent with BSE-like properties can be amplified in cattle inoculated with atypical scrapie brain homogenate.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This is the first study in cattle inoculated with naturally occurring scrapie isolates that found the presence of prions resembling classical BSE in bovine brain although this was limited to detection by the ultrasensitive PMCA. The results from thermostability assay confirmed that the isolates were as thermoresistant as the BSE agent as proven in other studies [36, 48]. Previous PMCA studies with various British atypical scrapie isolates did not find any evidence of amplification [49, 50]. This may be explained by the use of ovine brain as substrate rather than brain from Bov-Tg110 mice, which may facilitate conversion to classical BSE prions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Two hypotheses for prion strain propagation in cross-species transmission experiments have been proposed: conformational selection favours a particular strain conformation out of a mixture of conformations in a scrapie isolate whilst mutation results in the conformational shift of one conformation into another [51]. Following on from the study in mice [17], it has been subsequently suggested that classical BSE properties that arise in atypical scrapie isolates transmitted to cattle may be due to conformational mutation in a new host [52]. It does not confirm that the atypical scrapie agent is the origin of the classical BSE epidemic and further transmission studies would be required to see whether classical BSE can be generated.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Would PMCA applied to brains from cattle exposed to TSE agents other than classical BSE and atypical scrapie also produce a classical BSE-like molecular phenotype? The PMCA product obtained in the thermostability test using a thermosensitive classical scrapie control showed a profile unlike classical BSE. Atypical BSE has been linked to the origin of classical BSE because of its conversion into classical BSE following serial passages in wild-type mice (L-type BSE [11]) and bovine transgenic mice (H-type BSE [53]). Although we have not tested PMCA products of atypical BSE isolates as part of this study, there is no evidence that PMCA products from atypical BSE convert into classical BSE, at least for H-type BSE using bovine brain as substrate [54]. In fact, we were unable to propagate H-type BSE using the same methodology (S Canoyra, A Marín-Moreno, JM Torres, unpublished observation).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The study results support the decision to maintain the current ban on animal meal in feedstuffs for ruminants, particularly as atypical scrapie occurs world-wide, and eradication is unlikely for a sporadic disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In summary, experimental inoculation of cattle with the atypical scrapie agent may produce clinical disease indistinguishable from classical BSE, which cannot be diagnosed by conventional diagnostic tests, but prions can be amplified by ultrasensitive tests in both clinically affected and clinically unremarkable cattle, which reveal classical BSE-like characteristics. Further studies are required to assess whether a BSE-like disease can be confirmed by conventional tests, which may initially include a second passage in cattle.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-023-01224-3" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-023-01224-3</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Title: Transmission of atypical BSE: a possible origin of Classical BSE in cattle</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Authors: Sandor Dudas1, Samuel James Sharpe1, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Stefanie Czub1, Waqas Tahir1,2, *</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Affiliation: 1National and WOAH reference Laboratory for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Canadian Food inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, Canada. 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*Corresponding and Presenting Author: waqas.tahir@inspection.gc.ca</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Background: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle and is categorized into classical and atypical forms. Classical BSE (CBSE) is linked to the consumption of BSE contaminated feed whereas atypical BSE is considered to be spontaneous in origin. The potential for oral transmission of atypical BSE is yet to be clearly defined.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: To assess the oral transmissibility of atypical BSE (H and L type) in cattle. Should transmission be successful, determine the biochemical characteristics and distribution of PrPSc in the challenge cattle.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Material and Methods: For oral transmission, calves were fed with 100 g of either H (n=3) or L BSE (n=3) positive brain material. Two years post challenge, 1 calf from each of the H and L BSE challenge groups exhibited behavioural signs and were euthanized. Various brain regions of both animals were tested by traditional and novel prion detection methods with inconclusive results. To detect infectivity, brain homogenates from these oral challenge animals (P1) were injected intra-cranially (IC) into steer calves. Upon clinical signs of BSE, 3/4 of IC challenged steer calves were euthanized and tested for PrPSc with ELISA, immunohistochemistry and immunoblot.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: After 6 years of incubation, 3/4 animals (2/2 steers IC challenged with brain from P1 L-BSE oral challenge and 1/2 steer IC challenged with brain from P1 H-BSE oral challenge) developed clinical disease. Analysis of these animals revealed high levels of PrPSc in their brains, having biochemical properties similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusion: These results demonstrate the oral transmission potential of atypical BSE in cattle. Surprisingly, regardless of which atypical type of BSE was used for P1 oral challenge, PrPSc in the P2 animals acquired biochemical characteristics similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE, suggesting atypical BSE as a possible origin of C-BSE in UK.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Presentation Type: Oral Presentation</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: CFIA, Health Canada, Alberta Livestock and Meat Agency, Alberta Prion Research Institute</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Grant Number: ALMA/APRI: 201400006, HC 414250</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">spontaneous/sporadic CJD in 85%+ of all human TSE, or spontaneous BSE in cattle, is a pipe dream, dreamed up by USDA/OIE et al, that has never been proven. let me repeat, NEVER BEEN PROVEN FOR ALL HUMAN OR ANIMAL TSE I.E. ATYPICAL BSE OR SPORADIC CJD! please see;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The L-type BSE prion is much more virulent in primates and in humanized mice than is the classical BSE prion, which suggests the possibility of zoonotic risk associated with the L-type BSE prion</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1882_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1882_article</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) transmission to cynomolgus macaques, a non-human primate</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Fumiko Ono 1, Naomi Tase, Asuka Kurosawa, Akio Hiyaoka, Atsushi Ohyama, Yukio Tezuka, Naomi Wada, Yuko Sato, Minoru Tobiume, Ken'ichi Hagiwara, Yoshio Yamakawa, Keiji Terao, Tetsutaro Sata</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Affiliations expand</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PMID: 21266763</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A low molecular weight type of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) was transmitted to two cynomolgus macaques by intracerebral inoculation of a brain homogenate of cattle with atypical BSE detected in Japan. They developed neurological signs and symptoms at 19 or 20 months post-inoculation and were euthanized 6 months after the onset of total paralysis. Both the incubation period and duration of the disease were shorter than those for experimental transmission of classical BSE (C-BSE) into macaques. Although the clinical manifestations, such as tremor, myoclonic jerking, and paralysis, were similar to those induced upon C-BSE transmission, no premonitory symptoms, such as hyperekplexia and depression, were evident. Most of the abnormal prion protein (PrP(Sc)) was confined to the tissues of the central nervous system, as determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The PrP(Sc) glycoform that accumulated in the monkey brain showed a similar profile to that of L-BSE and consistent with that in the cattle brain used as the inoculant. PrP(Sc) staining in the cerebral cortex showed a diffuse synaptic pattern by immunohistochemistry, whereas it accumulated as fine and coarse granules and/or small plaques in the cerebellar cortex and brain stem. Severe spongiosis spread widely in the cerebral cortex, whereas florid plaques, a hallmark of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, were observed in macaques inoculated with C-BSE but not in those inoculated with L-BSE.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266763/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266763/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see full text;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/64/81.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/64/81.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''H-TYPE BSE AGENT IS TRANSMISSIBLE BY THE ORONASAL ROUTE''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Comparing the Distribution of Ovine Classical Scrapie and Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Italy: Spatial and Temporal Associations (2002-2014) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aim: This study aims to investigate potential spatial and temporal associations between Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans (2010-2014) and ovine classical scrapie (CS) (2002- 2006) in Italy, serving as a proxy for exposure. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: The analysis of data at the district level revealed no significant association. However, when considering aggregated regional data, all four models consistently indicated a statistically significant positive association, suggesting a higher incidence of the disease in humans as the regional incidence of sheep scrapie increased. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: While the results are intriguing, it is important to acknowledge the inherent limitations of ecological studies. Nevertheless, these findings provide valuable evidence to formulate a hypothesis regarding the zoonotic potential of classical scrapie. Further investigations are necessary, employing specific designs such as analytical epidemiology studies, to test this hypothesis effectively. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of Idiopathic human prion disease CJD MM1 to small ruminant mouse models (Tg338 and Tg501). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: No evidence of transmission was found on a first passage in Tg338 nor Tg501ovinized mice, but on second passage, 4/10 Tg338 mice succumbed to CJDMM1 (40% attack rate after 645 dpi) and 1/12 Tg501 mice (519dpi, 10 still alive). The remaining 2nd passages are still ongoing. Conclusions: In this poster, the neuropathological features of the resulting strain are discussed. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">============== </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 1933-690X </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday, December 16, 2014 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions Hervé Cassard,1, n1 Juan-Maria Torres,2, n1 Caroline Lacroux,1, Jean-Yves Douet,1, Sylvie L. Benestad,3, Frédéric Lantier,4, Séverine Lugan,1, Isabelle Lantier,4, Pierrette Costes,1, Naima Aron,1, Fabienne Reine,5, Laetitia Herzog,5, Juan-Carlos Espinosa,2, Vincent Beringue5, & Olivier Andréoletti1, Affiliations Contributions Corresponding author Journal name: Nature Communications </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Volume: 5, Article number: 5821 DOI: doi:10.1038/ncomms6821 Received 07 August 2014 Accepted 10 November 2014 Published 16 December 2014 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Although Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the cause of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, the zoonotic potential of scrapie prions remains unknown. Mice genetically engineered to overexpress the humanprion protein (tgHu) have emerged as highly relevant models for gauging the capacity of prions to transmit to humans. These models can propagate human prions without any apparent transmission barrier and have been used used to confirm the zoonotic ability of BSE. Here we show that a panel of sheep scrapie prions transmit to several tgHu mice models with an efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***The serial transmission of different scrapie isolates in these mice led to the propagation of prions that are phenotypically identical to those causing sporadic CJD (sCJD) in humans. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject terms: Biological sciences• Medical research At a glance</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $ 5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip... R. BRADLEY </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. PMID: 6997404</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias" Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously. snip... 76/10.12/4.6 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC. Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/</a> </div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion 2023 CJD TSE Prion</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Title: Diagnostic Journey of Patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) in the United States: A RealWorld Evidence Study</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Author list: Duncan Brown1 , Emily Kutrieb2 , Montserrat Vera Llonch1 , Rob Pulido1 , Anne Smith1 , Derek Weycker2 , Ellen Dukes2 , Brian S Appleby3-5</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Affiliations: 1 Ionis Pharmaceuticals; 2Policy Analysis Inc. (PAI); 3National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center; 4Case Western Reserve University; 5University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Identification of clinical symptoms leading to a diagnosis of CJD from real-world evidence is limited. A new study using a United States (US) healthcare claims database was thus undertaken to address this evidence gap.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort design and the Merative MarketScan Database (01/2012-12/2020) were employed. The study population comprised adults aged ≥18 years with ≥1 inpatient diagnosis or ≥2 outpatient diagnoses (≥3 days apart) of CJD, magnetic resonance imaging of the head or lumbar puncture, and no evidence of selected neurologic conditions after the last CJD diagnosis. Patients without healthcare coverage during the 12-month pre-diagnosis period were excluded; alternative pre-diagnosis periods (spanning 24 and 36 months, respectively) were also explored. Diagnostic journey was detailed based on diagnosis codes for selected symptoms and neurologic conditions during the pre-diagnosis period.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Among the 61.8 million persons in the source population from 01/2013-12/2019, 215 CJD patients qualified for inclusion in the study population. CJD patients first presented with symptoms consistent with the diagnosis 5.0 (SD=4.0) months, on average, before the initial CJD diagnosis, and 80% had ≥3 symptoms, most commonly altered mental status (82%), gait/coordination disturbance (60%), and malaise/fatigue (44%). Most patients (63%) also had ≥1 differential (neurologic) diagnosis leading to the CJD diagnosis, most commonly cerebrovascular disease (49%), peripheral vertigo (11%), and Alzheimer’s disease (7%); mean duration from first differential diagnosis to initial CJD diagnosis was 2.4 (SD=3.1) months.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Study findings suggest that, in US clinical practice, CJD patients present with one or more clinical symptoms impacting motor, cognitive or other domains, and many are initially mis-diagnosed, prolonging the diagnostic journey. CJD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of those with rapidly progressing dementia or motor disturbance.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: Ionis Pharmaceuticals</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Grant number: N/A</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgment: XXX</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Study findings suggest that, in US clinical practice, CJD patients present with one or more clinical symptoms impacting motor, cognitive or other domains, and many are initially mis-diagnosed, prolonging the diagnostic journey."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">22 years ago;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2001 Singeltary on CJD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">February 14, 2001</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The role of environmental factors on sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease mortality: evidence from an age-period-cohort analysis</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/the-role-of-environmental-factors-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/the-role-of-environmental-factors-on.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases, sCJD accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases “The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.” There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">i was warning England and the BSE Inquiry about just this, way back in 1998, and was ask to supply information to the BSE Inquiry. for anyone that might be interested, see;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION... I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease. just saying...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100 3 July 1998</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr. E-Mail: Flounder at wt.net Ref: E2979</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dear Mr Singeltary, Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments. Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died. As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments. Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">http://www.bse.org.uk.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it? In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on... snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year previously and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. both cases confirmed. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX, mad by standard process; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. also; what about potential mad cow candy bars ? see their potential mad cow candy bar list too... THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply out of a health concern.'' </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE Friday, January 19, 2001</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 Open Public Hearing</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">16 DR. FREAS: We are opening the open public hearing</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 now. We have received one response to speak in this</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">18 afternoon's open public hearing. That is from Dr. Scott</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">19 Norton. If Dr. Norton is here, would you please come</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">20 forward. You can either use the podium or the microphone,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">21 whichever is your choice.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">22 DR. NORTON: I am Scott Norton and I am a</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">23 physician in the Washington D.C. area. I am here speaking</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">24 as a private citizen today.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">25 I first became concerned about the presence of 231</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1 tissues from ruminant animals in dietary supplements about</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2 six months ago and expressed my concern in a letter that was 3 published in New England Journal of Medicine in July of Year 4 2000. 5 A couple of the products that I had looked at, and 6 examined their labels, that raised these concerns I brought 7 in right here. I will just read some of the organs that are 8 found in one that is called Male Power. Deer antler, 9 pancreas, orchic--despite what we just heard that the FDA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">10 prefers the term "testicular tissue" to be written on the</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">11 labels, I have never seen a dietary supplement say</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">12 "testicle." They always say "orchis" or "orchic" which may</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">13 sound rather flowery to the etymologically impaired--thymus,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">14 adrenal, heart, lymph node, prostate, spleen and pituitary.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 There are actually seventeen organs in that particular</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">16 product.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 There is another product that is called Brain</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">18 Nutrition that tells us that it is vitamins and minerals</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">19 essential for important brain function. It does not mention</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">20 that there is any glandulars on at least the bold print. 21 But if you look at the small print on the back, we learn</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">22 that it has brain extract and pituitary extract, raw, in</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">23 there.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">24 We know that many of the organs that can be found</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">25 in the dietary supplements do fall in that list of organs</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">232</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1 that are suspect for contamination with TSEs, the labels, in 2 nearly all cases, identify neither the animal source nor the 3 geographic location from which the organs were derived. I 4 have seen one line that did specify from New Zealand cattle 5 but no other manufacturer will list either the species or 6 the geographic location. 7 The FDA's and the USDA's import alerts that we 8 just learned about prohibit the use of these organs in 9 foods, medicines and medical devices. But my reading of the</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">10 alert, 17-04, suggests that DSHEA does allow some loopholes</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">11 for these tissues to possible slip in.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">12 I will just read from 17-04 that we heard. On the</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">13 first page, it says that, "This alert does not establish any</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">14 obligations on regulated entities." I love seeing</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 legislation that starts out with that caveat.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">16 Then it says, further, "The USDA regulations do</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 not apply to bovine-derived materials intended for human</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">18 consumption as finished dietary supplements." We also learn</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">19 that the prohibition, or the import alert, is limited to</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">20 bulk lots of these tissues, completed tissues, from BSE-</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">21 derived countries. It does not mention if it is not a bulk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">22 import or if it is raw materials rather than finished</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">23 materials.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">24 Further, we know that it is strongly recommended</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">25 but not actually prohibited in the language here. So I have</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">233</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1 not taken the assurances from that import alert that Dr. 2 Moore was trying to convey to us. 3 So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United 4 States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed 5 sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't 6 think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, 7 but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with 8 those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply 9 out of a health concern.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">10 So my question to the advisory committee is this;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">11 is my caution reasonable and, if it is, should we take</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">12 further efforts to inform, or even protect, the American</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">13 public from such exposure.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">14 I was curious about Dr. Moore's remarks. I sensed</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 two messages. One was the initial reassurance that FDA has</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">16 the regulatory authority but then I also learned that it is</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 the manufacturer's responsibility to provide those 18 assurances, that the FDA doesn't actually inspect.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">19 I think that the FDA commissioners from Harvey</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">20 Wylie to David Kessler would say that that track record has</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">21 proven itself.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">22 Thank you very much.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">23 [Applause.]</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">24 DR. BROWN: Thanks, Dr. Norton. 25 Committee Discussion snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite 18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary 19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified- 20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material. 21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something 22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood 23 donors. 24 That is probably worse than spending six months in 25 the U.K. 1/19/01 3681t2.rtf(845) page 501 http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Advisory Committees: CBER 2001 Meeting Documents</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see actual paper;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090120100414/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2_03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090120100414/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2_03.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030830045538/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030830045538/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090120100414/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2_03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090120100414/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2_03.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Given the science and the information presented, and given the comprehensive array of Natraflex quality control and chain-of-custody procedures, we believe that you can be confident, the our velvet-antler supplements are safe.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090120095558/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2_02.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090120095558/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2_02.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090120094525/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t1_01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090120094525/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t1_01.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: Sun, 12 Jan 2003 12:56:44 -0600</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sender: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: Re: USA ruminant-to-ruminant feed ban warning letters ??? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2004 video</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Jeff Swann and his Mom, cwd link... sporadic CJD?, CBC NEWS Jeff Schwan sCJD, CWD, and Professor Aguzzi on BSE and sporadic CJD </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">????: CBCnews</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://histodb15.usz.ch/pages/Images/videos/video-004/video-004.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://histodb15.usz.ch/pages/Images/videos/video-004/video-004.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1997 nvCJD video</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://histodb15.usz.ch/pages/Images/videos/video-009/video-009.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://histodb15.usz.ch/pages/Images/videos/video-009/video-009.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Friday, October 20, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">An investigation has been opened into the death of a scientist who was studying a transmissible and deadly disease CJD in Spain </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2023/10/an-investigation-has-been-opened-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2023/10/an-investigation-has-been-opened-into.html</a> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MOM DOD 12/14/97 CONFIRMED HEIDENHAIN VARIANT CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE hvCJD, just made a promise to MOM, never forget, never let them forget, SHOW ME THE TRANSMISSION STUDIES!</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA 77518, flounder9@verizon.net</div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023 Long Version</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-1799545565174936312023-12-07T11:42:00.015-06:002023-12-20T19:32:42.630-06:00Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023</span></p><div style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Alabama CWD TSE Prion 2023</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020, Alabama, to date, has detected NO cases of CWD TSE Prion...tss)</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Alabama CWD 5 cases confirmed to date</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">*** Alabama CWD TSE Prion 2023</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">Alabama Two Additional Cases of CWD Confirmed in Northern Lauderdale County</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">Press release December 15, 2023 Contact: Marianne Gauldin, (334) 242-3469</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">Alabama Two Additional Cases of CWD Confirmed in Northern Lauderdale County</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">Two Additional Cases of CWD Confirmed in Northern Lauderdale County The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR) announces that two additional cases of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in hunter harvested, white-tailed deer have been confirmed in northern Lauderdale County in northwest Alabama. The two additional deer bring Alabama’s total number of confirmed CWD cases to five.</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD in Alabama’s deer herd was first detected in Lauderdale County in January 2022. After the first case was confirmed, all of Lauderdale and Colbert counties were designated as a CWD Management Zone (CMZ).</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">So far during the 2023-2024 hunting season, samples have been collected from more than 1,700 white-tailed deer harvested statewide with 420 of those samples collected within the CMZ. One of the positive samples was submitted during the second CMZ mandatory sampling weekend (December 2-3). The other positive sample was voluntarily submitted at a drop-off sampling location by a hunter as part of ADCNR's ongoing CWD monitoring efforts. The next mandatory sampling weekend in the buffer zone of the CMZ is January 6-7, 2024.</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">“I would like to thank hunters for their continued support by providing a robust number of samples for CWD testing since the disease was first detected in Alabama,” said Chris Blankenship, ADCNR Commissioner. “Hunters are our most important partners in the management of CWD as we move forward with future deer seasons. We also thank the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries for their continued partnership with statewide CWD monitoring. Their assistance by testing the samples allows us to better serve our constituents by providing them with timely information on the distribution and extent of CWD in Alabama.”</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a member of the group of diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Among cervids, CWD is a progressive, fatal disease that commonly results in altered behavior due to microscopic changes of the brain of affected animals. An animal may carry the disease for years without outward indication. In latter stages of the disease, signs may include listlessness, lowering of the head, weight loss, repetitive walking in set patterns and a lack of responsiveness.</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">It is important that hunters be familiar with Alabama’s CWD regulation and the CWD regulations in other states. To review Alabama’s regulation and the latest information about CWD in the state, visit </span><a href="http://www.outdooralabama.com/cwd-info." rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.outdooralabama.com/cwd-info.</a></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">ADCNR promotes wise stewardship, management and enjoyment of Alabama’s natural resources through four divisions: Marine Resources, State Lands, State Parks, and Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries. Learn more at </span><a href="http://www.outdooralabama.com./" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.outdooralabama.com.</a></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">###</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">CMZ map attached (includes locations of positive cases)</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">CMZ zone map 12-15-23.jpg </span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div></span><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/sites/default/files/CMZ%20zone%20map%2012-15-23.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/sites/default/files/CMZ%20zone%20map%2012-15-23.jpg</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div></span><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/two-additional-cases-cwd-confirmed-northern-lauderdale-county" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/two-additional-cases-cwd-confirmed-northern-lauderdale-county</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div></span><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/mandatory-cwd-testing-dates-announced-lauderdale-and-colbert-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/mandatory-cwd-testing-dates-announced-lauderdale-and-colbert-counties</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">Posted: February 16, 2023</span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">Third Case of CWD Confirmed in Lauderdale County </span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR) announces that a third case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a hunter harvested, white-tailed deer has been confirmed in Lauderdale County in northwest, Alabama. The first two cases of CWD in Alabama’s deer herd were detected in Lauderdale County in early 2022.</span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">Samples were collected from more than 3,500 white-tailed deer harvested statewide with over 1,100 of those samples collected within the CMZ during the 2022-2023 hunting season. More than 98% of all samples collected within the CMZ have been tested by the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries and the results have been received by ADCNR. Currently, only one positive has been detected this season. The positive sample was voluntarily submitted by a hunter as part of ADCNR's ongoing CWD monitoring efforts.</span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/third-case-cwd-confirmed-lauderdale-county" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/third-case-cwd-confirmed-lauderdale-county</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.outdooralabama.com/cwd/latest-cwd-information" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.outdooralabama.com/cwd/latest-cwd-information</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/alabama-third-case-of-cwd-confirmed-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/alabama-third-case-of-cwd-confirmed-in.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div></span><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">ALABAMA MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE</span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as </span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">"Do not feed to ruminants".</span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD TRANSMITS BY ORAL ROUTES TO MACAQUES, CATTLE, SHEEP, PIGS, AND CERVID...BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) mad cow feed ban does not stop all that! </span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD transmits to cervid by oral routes with as little as 300NG! </span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PLoS One. 2020; 15(8): e0237410.</span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Published online 2020 Aug 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PMCID: PMC7446902</span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PMID: 32817706</span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">We orally inoculated white-tailed deer with either single or multiple divided doses of prions of brain or saliva origin and monitored infection by serial longitudinal tissue biopsies spanning over two years. We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. </span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/</a></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div></span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mandatory Deer Sampling Continues in CWD Management Zone</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alabama Department of Conservation & Natural Resources sent this bulletin at 12/01/2023 07:15 AM CST</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Outdoor Alabama Weekly</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mandatory Deer Sampling Continues in CWD Management Zone</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/mandatory-cwd-testing-dates-announced-lauderdale-and-colbert-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/mandatory-cwd-testing-dates-announced-lauderdale-and-colbert-counties</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alabama Third Case of CWD Confirmed in Lauderdale County</div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Press release February 16, 2023 Contact: Wildlife Section, (334) 242-3469</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Third Case of CWD Confirmed in Lauderdale County</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR) announces that a third case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a hunter harvested, white-tailed deer has been confirmed in Lauderdale County in northwest, Alabama. The first two cases of CWD in Alabama’s deer herd were detected in Lauderdale County in early 2022.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">After the initial CWD-positive deer was detected in January 2022, all of Lauderdale and Colbert counties were designated as a CWD Management Zone (CMZ).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Samples were collected from more than 3,500 white-tailed deer harvested statewide with over 1,100 of those samples collected within the CMZ during the 2022-2023 hunting season. More than 98% of all samples collected within the CMZ have been tested by the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries and the results have been received by ADCNR. Currently, only one positive has been detected this season. The positive sample was voluntarily submitted by a hunter as part of ADCNR's ongoing CWD monitoring efforts.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SNIP...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/third-case-cwd-confirmed-lauderdale-county" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/third-case-cwd-confirmed-lauderdale-county</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alabama Second Case of CWD Confirmed in Northwest</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Press release</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">March 7, 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Contact: Marianne Hudson, (334) 242-3469</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Second Case of CWD Confirmed in Northwest Alabama</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR) announced today the results from additional Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) prevalence testing of white-tailed deer in northwest Alabama. A second case of CWD in a hunter harvested, white-tailed deer has been confirmed in Lauderdale County. The first case of CWD in Alabama’s deer herd was detected in Lauderdale County in January 2022.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">After the initial CWD-positive deer was detected, all of Lauderdale and Colbert counties were designated as a CWD Management Zone (CMZ). The area west of U.S. Highway 43 in Lauderdale County to the Mississippi and Tennessee state lines and south to the Tennessee River is designated as a High-Risk Zone. The remainder of Lauderdale County and all of Colbert County is designated as a Buffer Zone.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Samples were collected from 966 white-tailed deer harvested within the CMZ during the 2021-2022 hunting season. All samples collected within the CMZ have been tested by the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries and the results have been received by ADCNR. Only one additional positive was detected.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">After analyzing the results from the prevalence detection testing for CWD in Lauderdale and Colbert counties, ADCNR is suspending the use of supplemental wildlife feeding and baiting privileges within the CMZ. The suspension of supplemental feeding will not apply to bird feeders within 100 feet of a building or occupied dwelling or feed inside an active feral hog trap. Supplemental feeding and baiting privileges will still be allowed outside of the CMZ.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“The suspension of supplemental feeding and baiting privileges in Lauderdale and Colbert counties is an attempt to slow the spread of CWD in the affected area,” said Chris Blankenship, ADCNR Commissioner. “We take the presence of this disease very seriously and are utilizing our CWD Strategic Surveillance and Response Plan to manage it. Our staff is prepared, and the Department will do whatever is prudent and reasonable to protect the state's deer resources and our hunting culture.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD was first detected in Tennessee and Mississippi in 2018 and has been moving slowly toward Alabama. CWD is a member of the group of diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Among cervids, CWD is a progressive, fatal disease that commonly results in altered behavior due to microscopic changes made to the brain of affected animals. An animal may carry the disease for years without outward indication. In latter stages of the disease, signs may include listlessness, lowering of the head, weight loss, repetitive walking in set patterns and a lack of responsiveness.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Map attached Lauderdale_Map_Positives.jpg </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SNIP...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/second-case-cwd-confirmed-northwest-alabama" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/second-case-cwd-confirmed-northwest-alabama</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ALABAMA DETECTS FIRST CASE CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION Lauderdale County, Alabama</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Lauderdale County, Alabama</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">All of Lauderdale and Colbert counties have been designated as a CWD Management Zone.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">January 7, 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A sample recently collected from a hunter harvested, white-tailed deer in west-central Lauderdale County has been confirmed positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). This is the first case of CWD detected in Alabama’s deer herd.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“CWD was first detected in Tennessee and Mississippi in 2018 and has been moving slowly toward Alabama,” said Chris Blankenship, Commissioner of the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR). “The Department has implemented multiple proactive regulations to combat the spread into Alabama. Compliance from the public on those measures helped delay the spread into the state for several years.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a member of the group of diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). CWD among cervids is a progressive, fatal disease that commonly results in altered behavior due to microscopic changes made to the brain of affected animals. An animal may carry the disease for years without outward indication. In latter stages of the disease, signs may include listlessness, lowering of the head, weight loss, repetitive walking in set patterns and a lack of responsiveness.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The sample from the CWD-positive deer was submitted as part of the state’s ongoing CWD surveillance and volunteer testing program. Preliminary tests performed at the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries discovered the non-negative case, which was then confirmed positive by the National Veterinary Services Laboratories in Ames, Iowa.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“I would like to thank the hunters for their voluntary assistance in providing samples for CWD testing and we need hunters now more than ever,” said Commissioner Blankenship. “We take the presence of this disease very seriously which is why we developed a plan of action using CWD best practices to deal with the disease if or when it was discovered in Alabama. The plan was developed in cooperation with the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries, other state and federal agencies and various stakeholder groups. We are currently working with our partner agencies and hunters to implement that plan. Our staff is prepared, and the Department will do whatever is prudent and reasonable to protect the state's deer resources and our hunting culture.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Due to CWD detection in Lauderdale County, ADCNR has enacted a new regulation for Lauderdale and Colbert counties, as outlined in Alabama’s CWD Surveillance and Response Plan. All of Lauderdale and Colbert counties are designated as a CWD Management Zone (CMZ). The area west of U.S. Highway 43 in Lauderdale County to the Mississippi and Tennessee state lines and south to the Tennessee River is designated as a High-Risk Zone (HRZ). The remainder of Lauderdale County and all of Colbert County is designated as a Buffer Zone.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Within the CMZ, there will be no seasonal or daily bag limit restrictions and no antler restrictions for deer (antlered and unantlered) harvested on privately-owned or open-permit public lands in Lauderdale or Colbert counties through the remainder of the 2021-2022 deer season. This also includes the following Wildlife Management Areas (WMA) and Community Hunting Area (CHA), Lauderdale WMA, Freedom Hills WMA, Riverton CHA, and Seven-Mile Island WMA. On those WMAs, hunters will be allowed to harvest any deer daily through February 10, 2022. These changes do not apply to any other county, WMA or CHA in the state.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hunters are required to submit heads for CWD testing from all deer harvested within the HRZ in Lauderdale County at drop-off freezer locations or at scheduled ADCNR mobile sampling stations. Hunters who harvest deer within the Buffer Zone are highly encouraged to submit heads for sampling at drop-off freezer locations within the CMZ.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">It is critical that hunters understand the movement of harvested deer will be limited within the management zone. Deer harvested within the HRZ must remain and be disposed of within the HRZ. Deer harvested within the Buffer Zone must remain and be disposed of within the CMZ. Deboned meat, cleaned skull plates and raw hides with no visible brain or spinal cord tissue may be taken outside of these zones. Transporting deer carcasses out of the management zone can potentially spread CWD to currently unaffected areas.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hunting license and Game Check requirements remain in effect for all white-tailed deer harvests.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“Now that we have detected CWD in Alabama, our primary objective is to determine the prevalence of the disease in the area affected,” said Chuck Sykes, Director of ADCNR’s Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries Division. “The new regulation is intended to increase the opportunities for hunters to supply samples for CWD testing. We need hunters to continue to hunt and submit deer heads for testing. These additional samples will help us better determine the extent of the disease in this area.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Additional details pertaining to Game Check, the new regulation and guidance on best management practices for transportation, disposal and testing of harvest for each zone can be found at www.outdooralabama.com/cwd-info.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources promotes wise stewardship, management and enjoyment of Alabama’s natural resources through four divisions: Marine Resources, State Lands, State Parks, and Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries. Learn more at outdooralabama.com.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">###</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see map;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/sites/default/files/1-7-22%20Lauderdale-Colbert%20CMZ%20Map%20%28final%29.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/sites/default/files/1-7-22%20Lauderdale-Colbert%20CMZ%20Map%20%28final%29.jpg</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/CWD-Info" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/CWD-Info</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-lauderdale-county-alabama" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/articles/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-lauderdale-county-alabama</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/cwd/latest-cwd-information" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/cwd/latest-cwd-information</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Samples from 3,350 deer were collected and tested for chronic wasting disease (CWD) as part of WFF’s statewide CWD surveillance efforts. Alabama’s first two CWD-positive deer were detected in Lauderdale County as part of these surveillance efforts. WFF implemented response actions as specified in WFF’s CWD Strategic Surveillance and Response Plan.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/sites/default/files/ANNUAL%20REPORTS/ADCNR%202021-2022%20Annual%20Report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/sites/default/files/ANNUAL%20REPORTS/ADCNR%202021-2022%20Annual%20Report.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alabama Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE STRATEGIC SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE PLAN (SSRP)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">February 2021</div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.outdooralabama.com/sites/default/files/CWD/WFF%20CWD%20Strategic%20Surveillance%20and%20Response%20Plan%20-%20Master%20Draft%202-04-2021%20Final.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.outdooralabama.com/sites/default/files/CWD/WFF%20CWD%20Strategic%20Surveillance%20and%20Response%20Plan%20-%20Master%20Draft%202-04-2021%20Final.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Farmed Cervid</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/farmed-cervidae" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/farmed-cervidae</a><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Scrapie</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://agi.alabama.gov/divisions/animal-industries/scrapie" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://agi.alabama.gov/divisions/animal-industries/scrapie</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">ALABAMA DEPARTMENT AGRICULTURE CERVID CWD</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://agi.alabama.gov/animalindustries/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2020/12/CWD-Application-Packet.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://agi.alabama.gov/animalindustries/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2020/12/CWD-Application-Packet.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sad day for the great state of Alabama. They knew it was coming, so let's hope they attack this thing head on and listen to what the science has told us...terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Good Luck Alabama!</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 03, 2019 <br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ALABAMA PREPARES FOR THE STORM Fall 2019 CWD TSE PRION Public Information Meeting Schedule </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/10/alabama-prepares-for-storm-fall-2019.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/10/alabama-prepares-for-storm-fall-2019.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 18, 2019 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alabama WFF Ramps Up Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Sampling Effort<br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/01/alabama-wff-ramps-up-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/01/alabama-wff-ramps-up-chronic-wasting.html</a><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, JULY 20, 2017 </span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Alabama Atypical BSE CJD CWD TSE Prion Update</span></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-size: 13px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2017/07/alabama-atypical-bse-cjd-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2017/07/alabama-atypical-bse-cjd-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, MARCH 29, 2016 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ALABAMA CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE AND TESTING PROGRAM?<br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/alabama-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/alabama-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 01, 2012 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ALABAMA BIG BUCK PROJECT, A CWD TSE PRION ACCIDENT WAITING TO HAPPEN ALABAMA BIG BUCK PROJECT, A CWD ACCIDENT WAITING TO HAPPEN</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br clear="none" style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/alabama-big-buck-project-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/alabama-big-buck-project-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">ALABAMA MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div>WHY THE ABOVE ALABAMA MAD COW FEED BAN WARNING LETTERS MATTERS, WITH RELATIONS TO CWD;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 9, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">EFSA Annual Report of the Scientific Network on BSE-TSE 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-annual-report-of-scientific.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-annual-report-of-scientific.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Alaska CWD TSE Prion 2023</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Alaska, to date, still has detected NO cases of CWD TSE Prion?</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">''However, Alaska currently maintains a general targeted disease surveillance program that will test for CWD in clinical, suspect cases in moose, caribou, deer or elk.''<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">you don't look, you don't find, until CWD finds you, then it's much too late Alaska...terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease and Alaska</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THE ALASKA BOARD OF GAME 2020/2021 Proposed Changes to Regulations • Central & Southwest Region • Statewide Regulations</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The title to this proposal was clarified 9/21/20 to indicate the proposed change prohibits use or urine from any species of the deer family and is not limited to deer or elk urine. PROPOSAL 130 5 AAC 92.080. Unlawful methods of taking game; exceptions. Prohibit use of urine from any species of the deer family as bait or scent lures as follows: The following methods of taking game are prohibited: …</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(15) with the use of [DEER OR ELK] urine from any species of the deer (Cervidae) family, and while in immediate personal possession of [DEER OR ELK] urine from any species of the deer (Cervidae) family, including scent lures; …</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(18) repealed; 7/1/2021. [WITH THE USE OF MOOSE, CARIBOU, AND REINDEER URINE AS SCENT LURES, AND WHILE IN IMMEDIATE PERSONAL POSSESSION OF MOOSE, CARIBOU, OR REINDEER URINE, INCLUDING SCENT LURES, IN UNITS 12, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26(B), AND 26(C).]</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">What is the issue you would like the board to address and why? Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) can be transmitted by urine, and more types (species) of urine are becoming available to hunters to use as bait or scent lures. In 2012, the Board of Game (board) prohibited the use of deer or elk urine for hunting statewide, and in March of 2020 the board prohibited the use of moose, caribou, and reindeer urine for hunting in the Interior and Eastern Arctic Region. At that meeting, the department recommended the board adopt the proposal statewide. Due to the legal meeting notice not covering statewide topics, and not wanting to delay taking action on the proposal, the board adopted the proposal for the Interior and Eastern Arctic Region only. The department is now proposing a broader prohibition on the use of natural urine as bait or scent lures, in order to further protect Alaska’s game populations.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PROPOSED BY: Alaska Department of Fish and Game (HQ-F20-043)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/regulations/regprocess/gameboard/pdfs/2020-2021/proposals/2020_2021_proposal_book.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/regulations/regprocess/gameboard/pdfs/2020-2021/proposals/2020_2021_proposal_book.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020-2021 Alaska Hunting Regulations</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">•Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) - No risk to humans, high risk to deer, elk, and moose. To date, CWD has NOT been detected in free ranging Alaska wildlife. Elsewhere, infected deer species show signs including extreme weight loss, excessive salivation, stumbling, and tremors. Report these signs to ADF&G.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/regulations/wildliferegulations/pdfs/regulations_complete.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/regulations/wildliferegulations/pdfs/regulations_complete.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">To date, CWD has NOT been detected in any Alaskan wildlife. However, Alaska currently maintains a general targeted diseae surveillance program that will test for CWD in clinical, suspect cases in moose, caribou, deer or elk.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Update: The Alaska Board of Game adopted Prop 104 (PDF 537 kB) during the statewide meeting — January 13–18, 2012, which prohibits the use of deer or elk urine for use in taking game. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/regulations/regprocess/gameboard/pdfs/2011-2012/statewide-1-13-12/statewideproposals.pdf#page=82" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/regulations/regprocess/gameboard/pdfs/2011-2012/statewide-1-13-12/statewideproposals.pdf#page=82</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=disease.cwdmonitoring" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=disease.cwdmonitoring</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/regulations/regprocess/gameboard/pdfs/2019-2020/iea/rcs/rc022_WIRAC_comments_on_proposals.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/regulations/regprocess/gameboard/pdfs/2019-2020/iea/rcs/rc022_WIRAC_comments_on_proposals.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=search.main&q=chronic+wasting+disease&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=search.main&q=chronic+wasting+disease&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Arizona CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Arizona CWD TSE Prion, to date, still has detected NO cases of CWD TSE Prion, and again, if you test to find, you will not find, until CWD finds you, by then it's much too late...terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.azgfd.com/wildlife-conservation/wildlife-diseases-2/chronic-wasting-disease-what-hunters-should-know/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.azgfd.com/wildlife-conservation/wildlife-diseases-2/chronic-wasting-disease-what-hunters-should-know/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Q: Has the disease been detected in Arizona? A: No. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Arizona Game and Fish Department has been testing for the presence of CWD in Arizona since 1998. While CWD has been found in the neighboring states of Utah, New Mexico and Colorado, the disease has not been detected here.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://azgfd-portal-wordpress-pantheon.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/archive/Chronic-Wasting-Disease_082919.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://azgfd-portal-wordpress-pantheon.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/archive/Chronic-Wasting-Disease_082919.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">ARIZONA GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE FY2019/2020 REPORT</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">EXECUTIVE SUMMARY</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Arizona Game and Fish Department (AGFD) has been surveying for chronic wasting disease (CWD) for the past 24 years. The Department continues monitoring efforts to detect the introduction of CWD in the state. During the 2019/2020 collection season, a total of 1,248 samples were tested. To date, CWD has not been detected in Arizona populations. Over the past several years, the Department has focused on increasing sample size in areas of highest concern and placed less focus on the centralized units in the state. The areas of highest concern include the game management units (GMUs) on the northern (high risk) and eastern (high and medium risk) portions of the state, as well as samples from animals harvested outside of Arizona that are brought into the state. This year, program personnel made efforts to increase sample sizes in these areas by recruiting new businesses in AGFD regions with high risk units and setting up a voluntary check station on the eastern side of the state. Despite these efforts, during 2019/2020, samples collected in high risk units accounted for only 37.4% (n=453) of samples collected from Department GMUs; this is down from 2018/2019 (55.3 %) and well below the average for the previous 5 sampling years (52.6%). We also fell short of the sampling quotas for medium risk units set forth at the beginning of the 2019/2020 season by 16.3% (49 samples). However, we exceeded our quota for sampling efforts in low risk units. The number of samples collected from medium risk GMUs (n = 251) fell short of the sampling quota of 300 by 49 samples. The number of samples collected from the low risk GMUs (n = 508) was the most since the 2011/2012 sampling season. Samples tested from out of state harvests accounted for 1.4% (n = 18), down from 4.8% (n = 63) in 2018/2019.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Department will continue to conduct surveillance for CWD because of the impact of the disease on deer and elk populations where it currently occurs and the need to rapidly identify introduction of the disease in Arizona’s elk and deer. In the event CWD is detected in Arizona, a response plan and subsequent management options are in place.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">INTRODUCTION </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://azgfd-portal-wordpress-pantheon.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/archive/2019-2020-Annual-CWD-Report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://azgfd-portal-wordpress-pantheon.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/archive/2019-2020-Annual-CWD-Report.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://agriculture.az.gov/animals/state-veterinarians-office/animal-importation-requirements/importing-deer" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://agriculture.az.gov/animals/state-veterinarians-office/animal-importation-requirements/importing-deer</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Arkansas CWD TSE Prion 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020, Arkansas, To date, 891 deer and 30 elk have tested positive for the disease in Arkansas...terry) </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> Arkansas CWD TSE Prion 2023, Arkansas Total CWD confirmed to date is 1,563 by Fiscal Years Tally.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.agfc.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023-2024-CWD-Sampling-Status_1-Nov-23_Sampling-History-1536x864.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.agfc.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023-2024-CWD-Sampling-Status_1-Nov-23_Sampling-History-1536x864.jpg</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Last year the AGFC collected a record 8,804 samples from cervids in Arkansas (8,759 white-tailed deer, 33 elk and 12 exotic cervids). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The vast majority of those samples came voluntarily from hunters. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Last year’s test results reported 217 positive cases of CWD (208 white-tailed deer and nine elk).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Learn more about CWD at <a href="http://www.agfc.com/cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.agfc.com/cwd</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.agfc.com/news/free-cwd-tests-for-hunter-harvested-deer-may-land-lifetime-hunting-and-fishing-license/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.agfc.com/news/free-cwd-tests-for-hunter-harvested-deer-may-land-lifetime-hunting-and-fishing-license/</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.agfc.com/hunting/deer/chronic-wasting-disease/cwd-in-arkansas/#h-1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.agfc.com/hunting/deer/chronic-wasting-disease/cwd-in-arkansas/#h-1</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.agfc.com/hunting/deer/chronic-wasting-disease/cwd-in-arkansas/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.agfc.com/hunting/deer/chronic-wasting-disease/cwd-in-arkansas/</a> </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.agfc.com/hunting/deer/chronic-wasting-disease/cwd-testing-options/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.agfc.com/hunting/deer/chronic-wasting-disease/cwd-testing-options/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.agriculture.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/VSV_Entry_Requirements_to_Arkansas_072420B-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/VSV_Entry_Requirements_to_Arkansas_072420B-1.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 20, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Arkansas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Update 1,345+ Cases Confirmed To Date</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/10/arkansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/10/arkansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 2020 <br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Arkansas CWD TSE Prion positive deer confirmed in Logan County</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">To date, 891 deer and 30 elk have tested positive for the disease in Arkansas. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/arkansas-cwd-tse-prion-positive-deer.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/arkansas-cwd-tse-prion-positive-deer.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">ARKANSAS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION UPDATE 845 Cases Positive To Date</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/09/arkansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/09/arkansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 24, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Arkansas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion FY2020 211 Positive Cases as of January 17, 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/arkansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd_24.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/arkansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd_24.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, JANUARY 05, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Arkansas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion 2019 to 2020 Totals As Of December 3, 2019 are </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">399 Confirmed with more pending results</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/arkansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/arkansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** California CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 California CWD TSE Prion, to date, has detected NO cases of CWD TSE Prion, you don't test enough, you don't find cwd, by then, it's much too late...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD): An Emerging California Concern</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">By: Danny Dickason, DVM, Wildlife Interface Program</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is a uniformly fatal disease of cervids (e.g. deer, elk, moose, reindeer) similar to “Mad Cow Disease” and caused by a misfolded protein called a prion. Signs of CWD include weight loss (“wasting”), abnormal stance or gait, and an inability of affected animals to keep their head up. The disease can be elusive in that it can take months or years to become apparent. It can be transmitted through direct contact between affected animals or via environmental contamination with urine, feces, blood, and saliva. The prion that causes CWD is remarkably hardy – it can persist in the environment for years and requires exposure to temperatures of approximately 1,000 degrees for several hours to be rendered non-infectious. The traditional gold standard testing is Immunohistochemistry (IHC) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of retropharyngeal lymph node or obex (part of the brain) on postmortem samples (animals already deceased), which makes for added surveillance difficulty. Thus far, CWD has been found in over 30 states, although fortunately it has not yet been detected in California.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Recent research has discovered some concerning evidence for possible routes of CWD transmission. One study found that 20-26% of ticks removed from CWD-positive deer tested positive for prions. These ticks exhibited a potentially infectious level of prions, which could represent a significant source of infection during grooming and allogrooming behavior (e.g., cervids removing and ingesting ticks from other herd members). Additionally, plants have been shown experimentally to incorporate prions into their roots and leaves and these plant materials were found to be infectious to hamsters who consumed them.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">There is, however, also good news on the research horizon! A cervid’s genes have been shown to play a key role in their susceptibility and genetic testing was found to be highly accurate in predicting an individual’s susceptibility. These genetic traits were also shown to be highly heritable, providing the future potential for herds to be managed via selective (as opposed to herdwide) culling. Trained sniffing dogs have also demonstrated an ability to identify feces from infected vs. non-infected animals, providing another tool for herd management and the potential for the development of an electronic “sniffer” machine in the future. Finally, a newer antemortem (before death) test called real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) has been developed to enable the testing of live animals. This test was shown to detect CWD cases nearly four months earlier than the current gold standard of postmortem IHC testing and could potentially be developed for use on ticks removed from cervids.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a burgeoning concern for Californians as many people in our state consume deer meat. CWD testing is recommended for all hunter-harvested deer meat prior to consumption, and although it is thought unlikely to be transmissible to humans, consuming CWD-positive animals is not recommended. Humans are known to be susceptible to prion diseases and some research has shown “humanized” mice to be susceptible to CWD, leading to this cautionary recommendation. Additionally, hunter concern for CWD-affected deer has the potential to lead to fewer hunting licenses purchased and reduced revenue for wildlife management agencies and associated economic ripple effects and ecological concerns. For these reasons, we are working hard to keep California free of CWD to protect our valuable wildlife resources and hunter-harvest food safety.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/AHFSS/Animal_Health/pdfs/AHB_Newsletter_July_2023.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/AHFSS/Animal_Health/pdfs/AHB_Newsletter_July_2023.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease – No Time to Waste</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">By: Brandon Munk, MS, DVM, (CDFW)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) continues to test California’s deer populations for chronic wasting disease (CWD). As California’s hunting seasons wrap up, CDFW is working to test samples from the 325 deer and elk collected thus far, 78% of which were hunter-harvested animals.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Since 1999, over 5,600 of California’s deer and elk have been tested for CWD, including about half of the samples we collected during this hunting season. To date, CWD has never been detected in any of California’s deer or elk herds. CWD surveillance efforts will continue throughout the year, shifting from hunter harvest to other sources of mortalities including vehicle strikes and mortality investigations.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This hunting season, CDFW ran 33 voluntary CWD surveillance stations and piloted a meat processor incentivization program asking hunters to voluntarily allow their harvested deer or elk to be sampled and tested for CWD. The meat processor incentivization program, aimed at increasing meat processor participation in CWD surveillance efforts, was a modest success producing about 14% of the total samples collected this hunting season.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CDFW also piloted an education and outreach campaign, “No Time To Waste: Keep CWD Away” to increase stakeholder awareness of CWD, the risks it poses and laws and regulations that protect against importing CWD, and to encourage hunter participation in surveillance. We hope to learn from our successes and failures through a series of hunter and meat processor surveys this Winter and Spring. Be on the lookout for these if you are in one of these groups, your participation will be valuable. As an on-going process, we will be collecting deer lymph node samples during the 2022 deer season, so if you are harvesting or processing a deer, we encourage you to submit your deer for testing. To learn more, visit wildlife.ca.gov/CWD.</div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/AHFSS/Animal_Health/pdfs/AHB_jan_2022_Newsletter.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/AHFSS/Animal_Health/pdfs/AHB_jan_2022_Newsletter.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Since Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) was first identified in wild deer, it has been detected in 26 states, 4 Canadian provinces, South Korea, Norway, and Finland. To date CWD has not been detected in California. This is a disease of major concern for cervids and may negatively impact these prey populations where it occurs. Through legislation and geography, California is at relatively low risk for CWD; however, it has the potential to spread to California’s deer and elk populations, and surveillance for the disease will remain a priority for CDFW. See the Q&A below to find out more about this devastating disease and what you can do to help.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Laboratories/Wildlife-Investigations/Monitoring/CWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Laboratories/Wildlife-Investigations/Monitoring/CWD</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CDFW - 2020 Chronic Wasting Disease Surveillance and Deer Hunter Check Stations</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=160623&inline" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=160623&inline</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020 California</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">BIG GAME HUNTING DIGEST</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">INCREASED SURVEILLANCE</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Since 1999, California has tested approximately 4,500 deer and elk for CWD. To date, no CWD has been found in California deer or elk. However, the potential for CWD to spread to California’s deer and elk populations still exists and surveillance for the disease remains important. The CDFW will be increasing CWD surveillance efforts throughout the state over the next few years. Hunters are a vital partner in these surveillance efforts and voluntary CWD check stations will be set-up to facilitate surveillance throughout the state. For additional information on surveillance in CA visit www.wildlife.ca.gov/cwd or contact The Wildlife Investigations Laboratory at 916- 358-2790 or WILab@wildlife.ca.gov.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=178428&inline" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=178428&inline</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wildlife.ca.gov/Search-Results?q=2020%20cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wildlife.ca.gov/Search-Results?q=2020%20cwd</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/ahfss/mpes/pdfs/ChronicWastingDiseaseGuidelines.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/ahfss/mpes/pdfs/ChronicWastingDiseaseGuidelines.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Colorado CWD TSE PRION</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Colorado CWD TSE Prion, ''We have detected CWD in 40 of our 54 deer herds, 17 of 42 elk herds, and 2 of 9 moose herds.''</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> MEMORANDUM</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To: Members of the Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: Heather Disney Dugan, Acting Director</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: April 20, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: Chronic Wasting Disease Update for Parks and Wildlife Commission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dear Commissioners,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This briefing summarizes CPW’s mandatory chronic wasting disease (CWD) findings from the 2022-2023 hunting seasons. Results provide the first indication of whether CWD management actions taken for deer over the past 5 years have had an effect on CWD prevalence (estimated percent infected) in each herd. In summary, CWD prevalence increased in 4 herds, decreased in 3 herds, and remained about the same in 4 herds.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Background</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease, a fatal neurological disease found in deer, elk, and moose, is well established in herds throughout much of Colorado. We have detected CWD in 40 of our 54 deer herds, 17 of 42 elk herds, and 2 of 9 moose herds. CWD prevalence is highest in deer and lowest in moose. This disease is always fatal and animals die from the disease within about 2- 2.5 years of infection. CWD infection shortens the lifespan of infected animals. If infection rates become too high, CWD can affect a herd’s ability to sustain itself.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In response to increasing CWD prevalence, the Parks and Wildlife Commission approved a statewide CWD Response Plan in 2019. One element was a 15-year mandatory testing plan, which will include three 5-year rotations for deer. Pilot work in 2017 and 2018 had shown that the number of deer submitted for testing is much higher through mandatory testing than for voluntary submissions, which allows CPW to generate reliable estimates of CWD prevalence at the herd level.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In addition, the CWD Response Plan establishes a compulsory management threshold, which means when prevalence exceeds 5% in adult (>2 years) male deer then some form of management action will be taken to reduce prevalence until it falls below the 5% threshold. CPW identifies various management actions in the plan that are available to local managers to prescribe in herd management efforts, all of which have the potential to help reduce prevalence in deer herds.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD prevalence was assessed via mandatory testing in all 54 deer herds from 2017-2020; mandatory testing focused on elk in 2021. In 2022, CPW restarted the 5-year testing rotation and 11 deer herds were the first to be included in a second round of mandatory testing.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2022 Mandatory CWD Testing Results</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD prevalence estimates decreased in 3 herds and remained about the same in 4 herds (Table 1). Additional data and robust analyses are needed over the next 9 years of mandatory testing to guide our interpretation of these results before we are in a position to show an association between prescribed management actions and CWD prevalence. However, these preliminary data are encouraging and suggest harvest-based management actions could be a promising CWD control strategy.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In addition, 4 herds have shown an increase in CWD prevalence, 3 significantly so (Table 1). Considering that various management actions were prescribed to each of the 11 herds, CPW will need to evaluate why prevalence increased in some herds and decreased in others. Table 1. Change in prevalence between 1st and 2nd rounds of mandatory CWD testing for 11 Colorado mule deer herds. Summary of management actions prescribed by local managers to reduce or maintain low CWD prevalence. The point estimate for CWD prevalence decreased (blue), increased (red), or remained about the same (yellow) between testing rounds. Prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals are available for every deer herd in the 2023 Big Game License Recommendation Summary report. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Further Analyses</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CPW will continue analyses of these CWD prevalence changes by comparing various factors between herds and the respective management actions prescribed. Comparing changes to license quotas by season, dates of harvest and prevalence estimates by season, post-hunt buck/doe ratios, abundance of bucks and does, and the percent change in buck licenses and buck harvest, etc., all in relation to changes in CWD prevalence, should improve our ability to evaluate relationships between various management actions and disease prevalence. In our more than 40-year history working with CWD, one of the most important lessons we have learned is that we rarely see immediate changes in CWD dynamics. This is a slow-moving disease and changes in prevalence (both increases and decreases) may not be readily apparent. Multiple repeated prevalence estimates over the long-term along with consistent management application will be necessary to truly evaluate patterns of change in relationship to management actions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Lastly, the severe winter conditions seen in Northwestern Colorado during 2022-2023 generated many questions on potential implications for CWD dynamics in the region. Harsh winter conditions may cause more rapid mortality of infected deer in the clinical phase of disease and could reduce the number of infected animals on the landscape. Overall population reductions associated with harsh winter conditions may also affect deer/elk density on the landscape and reduce direct animal-to-animal transmission. On the other hand, prolonged concentrations of deer and elk on very limited winter ranges could facilitate increased contact as well as environmental accumulation of CWD prions (infectious agent) that could increase both direct and indirect transmission pathways. Ultimately, the interplay of weather conditions, changing population dynamics, and changes in habitat use associated with a severe winter limit our capacity to predict how CWD prevalence might change. As we proceed with analyses to evaluate factors influencing CWD prevalence in Colorado wildlife populations, incorporating changes associated with periodic severe winters will be an important consideration.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CC: R. DeWalt Regional Managers B. Dreher M. Eckert J. Runge M. Wood A. Holland Senior Biologists</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/Commission/2023/May/Item.16-PWC_Memo_CWD_Update_Final-Brian_Dreher-DNR.pdf#search=2023%20cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/Commission/2023/May/Item.16-PWC_Memo_CWD_Update_Final-Brian_Dreher-DNR.pdf#search=2023%20cwd</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">As of April 2022, CWD has been detected in 40 of our 54 deer herds, 17 of 42 elk herds, and 2 of 9 moose herds. Disease prevalence (percent infected) is highest in deer and lowest in moose. The percentage of sampled animals infected (or “prevalence”) appears to be rising in many affected Colorado herds. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/learn/Pages/About-CWD-in-Colorado.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://cpw.state.co.us/learn/Pages/About-CWD-in-Colorado.aspx</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">COLORADO DEPARTMENT AGRICUTURE CWD</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ag.colorado.gov/animals/alternative-livestock-captive-cervids" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ag.colorado.gov/animals/alternative-livestock-captive-cervids</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ag.colorado.gov/cervids-moving-within-colorado" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ag.colorado.gov/cervids-moving-within-colorado</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 12, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">COLORADO Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP 2022 UPDATE </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/02/colorado-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/02/colorado-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 01, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Colorado confirmed CWD TSE Prion in 24 game management units in the state where it previously hadn’t been found</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/colorado-confirmed-cwd-tse-prion-in-24.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/colorado-confirmed-cwd-tse-prion-in-24.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Connecticut CWD TSE PRION</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***2023 Connecticut CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Connecticut to date, has detected NO cases of CWD TSE Prion, if you don't test enough for cwd, you will not find cwd, until cwd finds you, by then, it's much too late...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Wildlife/Wildlife-Diseases#CWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Wildlife/Wildlife-Diseases#CWD</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEEP/hunting_trapping/pdf_files/CWDrackcardpdf.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEEP/hunting_trapping/pdf_files/CWDrackcardpdf.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD has been documented in 25 states and 4 Canadian provinces; the disease has not been found in Connecticut or New England. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEEP/hunting_trapping/pdf_files/guide2020.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEEP/hunting_trapping/pdf_files/guide2020.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">What is being done about CWD in Connecticut?</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Connecticut and all other northeastern states have taken measures to prevent the spread of CWD. The Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection (DEEP) has taken the following CWD management actions:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Connecticut, along with many other states, has banned the importation of live cervids (species in the deer/elk family) across state lines. An emergency regulation that was adopted in October 2005 to address concerns about CWD became permanent in September 2007. This regulation prohibits hunters from transporting into Connecticut any deer or elk carcasses or part thereof from any state where CWD has been documented, unless the meat has been de-boned. Specific wording of the regulation follows:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">“Section 26-55-4: No person shall import or possess whole carcasses or parts thereof of any deer, moose, or elk from wild or captive herds from other states or Canadian Provinces where chronic wasting disease has been confirmed, including, but not limited to, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, New Mexico, Montana, South Dakota, Kansas, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Nebraska, Oklahoma, New York, West Virginia, Alberta and Saskatchewan. Any additional states* and provinces where chronic wasting disease is confirmed will be published in the Department's annual Hunting and Trapping Guide and on the Department's website. This provision shall not apply to meat that's de-boned, cleaned skullcaps, hides or taxidermy mounts.”</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*See list above of additional states and Canadian provinces were CWD has been documented since this regulation was passed.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">In fall 2003, the DEEP, in cooperation with the UCONN Wildlife Conservation Research Center, initiated a surveillance program to determine if CWD existed in Connecticut. The program included testing deer using random surveillance of hunter-harvested and road-killed deer, and targeted surveillance of suspect animals (exhibited some symptoms consistent with CWD). Through random surveillance, over 230 samples were collected statewide and all tested negative for CWD. Deer were sampled from every county and deer management zone in the state. The extent of random sampling conducted in 2003 provides a high degree of confidence that CWD is not present in Connecticut. Through targeted surveillance, 4 suspect wild deer were collected and all tested negative for CWD (3 were hit by a vehicle and initially survived; 1 was an abandoned fawn being rehabilitated at a captive facility).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">In 2004, 298 randomly collected deer were tested for CWD from Deer Management Zone (DMZ) 11. Sampling efforts were focused in DMZ 11 because of the density of deer, relatively high number of captive deer facilities (6), and its close proximity to New York (New York has over 400 captive deer facilities with almost 10,000 deer and elk). Additionally, 6 suspect animals were collected and tested for CWD. All samples tested negative for CWD.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">From 2005-2011, a CWD surveillance program approved by USDA-APHIS was designed to focus sampling efforts in areas that were considered high and moderate risk. During this 7-year period, a total of 4,384 testable samples were collected from deer harvested during the archery, shotgun/rifle, or crop damage season and from deer found on roadways throughout the state. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Funding provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) was eliminated from the federal budget in 2012, so no CWD testing was conducted in 2012 or 2013. However, a joint partnership between Connecticut DEEP and the Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge, with financial assistance from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wildlife Refuge System (USFWS-NWRS), allowed for testing to be conducted in 2014 through 2016. With the testing of over 32,000 deer in New York with no additional CWD cases being documented, the DEEP Wildlife Division no longer considers deer management zones 1, 6, and 11 to be high risk. Therefore, sampling will be stratified across all zones based on deer density. Since 2014, about 350 samples were collected each year. Since sampling efforts began in 2003, no cases of CWD have been detected in Connecticut or New England. Although additional funding sources for testing were lost in 2017, the Wildlife Division continues to collect samples to test for CWD. Hunters interested in donating deer heads for testing should keep the heads cool (not frozen) and arrange for them to be picked up by contacting Andrew.labonte@ct.gov (860-418-5921).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">NEW REGULATION (effective in 2020): For the safety of Connecticut's deer herd, no person shall possess or use, for the purposes of taking or attempting to take or attract deer or for the surveillance or scouting of deer, any product bought or sold that is manufactured or refined that contains or purports to contain deer urine. Products labeled as "synthetic" may still be used. Products with vague descriptions about their contents are not recommended for use. CWD can spread through exposure to infected deer urine.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Hunting/Wildlife-Diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Hunting/Wildlife-Diseases</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.cga.ct.gov/2012/ENVdata/tmy/2012HB-05258-R000307-State%20of%20CT%20Department%20of%20Agriculture-TMY.PDF" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.cga.ct.gov/2012/ENVdata/tmy/2012HB-05258-R000307-State%20of%20CT%20Department%20of%20Agriculture-TMY.PDF</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Delaware CWD TSE PRION</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Delaware CWD TSE Prion, to date, has detected NO cases of CWD TSE Prion? you don't testin enough, you don't find cwd, until cwd finds you, by then, it's much too late...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnrec.delaware.gov/fish-wildlife/hunting/cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnrec.delaware.gov/fish-wildlife/hunting/cwd/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is a naturally occurring disease of the brain and nervous system in deer, elk, and moose. CWD attacks the brain of these animals producing small lesions that eventually result in death. The body condition of animals that contract CWD tends to deteriorate before death. Currently there is no treatment for deer that contract CWD and is invariably fatal to the animal. No cases of human infection have been associated with CWD. Since 2002, the Division has collected over 9,000 CWD samples from deer harvested in Delaware and none have been positive for the disease.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.eregulations.com/delaware/hunting/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.eregulations.com/delaware/hunting/chronic-wasting-disease/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Delaware Deer Management Plan 2010 – 2019</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">A Guide to How and Why Deer are Managed in The First State </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">To be better prepared if CWD is detected in Delaware, the Division of Fish & Wildlife is currently working on a response plan. Currently, this response plan has been written but has not yet been finalized. Final preparations will be made in the near future. Detailed information on HD, CWD, and other common diseases and ailments that afflict whitetailed deer can be found in Appendix 6. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease - Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is not currently found in Delaware.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709003316/http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/fw/Hunting/Documents/Deer%20Plan%20-%20FINAL%2005212010.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110709003316/http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/fw/Hunting/Documents/Deer%20Plan%20-%20FINAL%2005212010.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Florida CWD TSE Prion<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Florida CWD Not Detected.)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Florida CWD TSE Prion 1 case confirmed 2023.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Florida floundered with CWD testing for years, CWD finally found Florida...tss</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, JUNE 15, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Florida Documents First Case of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Florida Documents First Case of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">June 15, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease detected in Florida from sample taken during surveillance efforts in Holmes County. Florida joins 30 other states with CWD detected, response efforts ongoing:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/FLFFWCC/bulletins/3603d8e" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/FLFFWCC/bulletins/3603d8e</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://myfwc.com/research/wildlife/health/white-tail-deer/cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://myfwc.com/research/wildlife/health/white-tail-deer/cwd/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/06/florida-documents-first-case-of-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/06/florida-documents-first-case-of-chronic.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FWC, FDACS and partner agencies activate chronic wasting disease response plan after disease detected in Florida white-tailed deer</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) has confirmed that a road-killed 4.5-year-old female white-tailed deer in Holmes County sampled during routine surveillance activities has tested positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD). It is the first known case of CWD in Florida, a contagious disease of the brain and central nervous system that is fatal to deer. The first case of CWD in North America was described in mule deer in Colorado in 1967. Florida is the most recent of 31 states to detect the disease, which also has been confirmed in four Canadian provinces, Finland, Norway, Sweden and South Korea.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The FWC and its agency partners take CWD very seriously and have implemented a comprehensive response plan. As part of the plan, the FWC will collect samples from specific established zones to further assess the spread of the disease. The results from this initial sampling effort will inform resource managers so they can react with appropriate management strategies.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The FWC has been monitoring free-ranging deer since 2002 to detect CWD. During that time, the FWC has tested approximately 17,500 hunter-killed, road-killed and sick or diseased deer for CWD. In FY 2020-2021 in addition to funds generated by hunting permits, $266,000 was appropriated by the Florida Legislature to prepare the state’s comprehensive response to prevent the spread of CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“With the continued support of Governor DeSantis, the Florida Legislature and hunters across the state, we have taken significant steps to prevent the spread of CWD,” said FWC Executive Director Roger Young. “Working with FDACS and our other partners, I’m hopeful that our combined efforts will limit the effects this will have on Florida’s deer population and preserve our exceptional hunting opportunities for future generations statewide.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“We take very seriously our responsibility to prevent, detect, and respond to animal health issues in Florida – all to safeguard our agriculture industry and our world-renowned wildlife and natural resources,” said FDACS Commissioner Wilton Simpson. “Ensuring the health of Florida’s deer population is a team effort, and we will continue to work diligently with our state and federal partners to respond.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The FWC is asking anyone who sees a sick, abnormally thin deer or finds a deer dead from unknown causes to call the CWD hotline, 866-CWD-WATCH (866-293-9282) and report the animal’s location.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Currently, there is no scientific evidence that CWD can be transmitted to humans or livestock under natural conditions. However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention do not recommend consuming meat from animals that test positive for CWD or from any sick animal. The FWC provides information about precautions people should take when pursuing or handling deer that may have been exposed to CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a contagious disease believed to be caused by an abnormal protein called a prion. It is a fatal disease for all members of the deer family and is currently documented in white-tailed deer, mule deer, sika deer, elk, moose and caribou. Signs of the disease usually appear 1.5 to 3 years after initial exposure and can include extreme weight loss and abnormal behaviors such as listlessness, lowering of the head, inattentiveness toward people, walking in circles, staggering and standing with a wide stance.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Controlling the spread of CWD is difficult once it becomes established in a natural population. Because prions shed by infected deer persist in the environment, the best chance for controlling CWD is acting quickly after it’s been detected to prevent more animals from becoming infected. CWD can be transmitted directly - from animal to animal - or indirectly from the environment. Multiple management strategies will be employed to control the spread of the disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The FWC along with its partners - the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Florida Department of Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study - will continue to update the public as more information becomes available. For more information, visit MyFWC.com/CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/FLFFWCC/bulletins/3603d8e" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/FLFFWCC/bulletins/3603d8e</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://myfwc.com/research/wildlife/health/white-tail-deer/cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://myfwc.com/research/wildlife/health/white-tail-deer/cwd/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://myfwc.com/hunting/deer/cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://myfwc.com/hunting/deer/cwd/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://myfwc.com/research/wildlife/health/white-tail-deer/cwd/florida/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://myfwc.com/research/wildlife/health/white-tail-deer/cwd/florida/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD Monitoring Program</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) has an ongoing monitoring program to detect Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). It has not been found in Florida; however, continued surveillance is necessary to confirm Florida remains free of CWD. Hunters can support the FWC’s surveillance efforts by voluntarily submitting their deer heads for testing (skull cap and antlers can be removed and kept by the hunter). Learn more by calling the CWD hotline at 866-293-9282. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://myfwc.com/research/wildlife/health/white-tail-deer/cwd-monitoring/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://myfwc.com/research/wildlife/health/white-tail-deer/cwd-monitoring/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD has not been found in Florida. The FWC is working with the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, hunters, captive cervid owners, landowners, and the public to help keep Florida CWD free.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://myfwc.com/research/wildlife/health/white-tail-deer/cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://myfwc.com/research/wildlife/health/white-tail-deer/cwd/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://myfwc.com/search/#?cludoquery=2020%20cwd&cludopage=1&cludorefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmyfwc.com%2Fnews%2F&cludorefpt=FWC%20News%20%7C%20FWC" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://myfwc.com/search/#?cludoquery=2020%20cwd&cludopage=1&cludorefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmyfwc.com%2Fnews%2F&cludorefpt=FWC%20News%20%7C%20FWC</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.fdacs.gov/Agriculture-Industry/Livestock/Animal-Movement/Cervids-Deer-Elk-Moose-Movement-Requirements" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.fdacs.gov/Agriculture-Industry/Livestock/Animal-Movement/Cervids-Deer-Elk-Moose-Movement-Requirements</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, AUGUST 01, 2016 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission CWD TSE Prion Surveillance Monitoring Programs and Testing </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/florida-fish-and-wildlife-conservation.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/florida-fish-and-wildlife-conservation.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Georgia CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> Georgia CWD TSE Prion, to date, has detected NO cases of CWD TSE Prion, if you don't test for cwd, you will not find cwd, until cwd finds you, by then, it's much too late...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected In Florida Deer; Help Prevent Spread </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To Georgia Social Circle, Ga. Thursday, June 15, 2023 - 13:30 The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) announced today that Chronic Wasting Disease has been detected in a road-killed deer sampled for routine surveillance in Holmes County, Florida, a first for that state.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) announced today that Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) has been detected in a road-killed deer sampled for routine surveillance in Holmes County, Florida, a first for that state. CWD has not been detected in the state of Georgia, according to the Georgia Department of Natural Resources’ Wildlife Resources Division (WRD). The Department is prepared and will work diligently to implement its CWD response protocol if the disease is ever detected in Georgia. WRD has conducted annual surveillance for CWD since 2002.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease is a fatal neurological disease of deer, elk, and moose caused by infectious proteins called prions. Currently, there are no treatments, and the disease always results in the death of the infected animal.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">What does CWD look like in deer? Often, CWD-infected deer look completely normal, which is why transport regulations are so important. Over time, symptoms appear: dramatic weight loss, poor body condition, subtle head tremors may occur, head and ears may be droopy, and, in the last stages, it is not uncommon for the animal to have excessive drooling. If you observe a deer with any of these symptoms, please contact your local WRD Game Management Office (GeorgiaWildlife.com/about/contact#gm).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To date CWD has not been known to be transmissible to humans, but per the Centers for Disease Control website (https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cwd/index.html), known CWD positive deer should not be consumed.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">How You Can Help Prevent Spread</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hunters are advised that live importation of all deer species from other states is prohibited and has been since 2005. Georgia hunters that hunt out-of-state may only bring home boned out meat, hides, skulls or skull caps with antlers attached and all soft tissue removed (velvet antlers are okay), jawbones with no soft tissue, elk ivories, and finished taxidermy mounts. All other carcass parts must be left behind. CWD positive states and locations are Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming as well as Canadian provinces Alberta, Quebec, and Saskatchewan.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For more information, visit the WRD website at GeorgiaWildlife.com/cwd</div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://georgiawildlife.com/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-florida-deer-help-prevent-spread-georgia" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://georgiawildlife.com/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-florida-deer-help-prevent-spread-georgia</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">How can it be prevented from coming to Georgia? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The movement of live animals is the greatest risk factor for introducing CWD. Because there is no reliable live test available to check for CWD in deer, deer movements pose a high risk for moving animals that may be shedding prions but not yet showing symptoms of the disease. As such, the live importation of all deer species from other states has been prohibited since 2005. Additionally, Georgia hunters hunting in CWD positive states may only bring home boned out meat, hides, cleaned skull plate with antlers attached, elk ivories, and finished taxidermy mounts. All other carcass parts must be left behind. While the requirement applies only to CWD positive states, this is a good practice to follow no matter what state you’re hunting. Actions that increase the transfer of saliva among deer, such as supplemental feeding, should also be discouraged or minimized. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Although we have not detected the disease in Georgia, it is possible that it could exist and has not been found yet. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Feeding deer increases the possibility of direct contact with an infected individual or the body fluids of that animal, particularly saliva. Feeders that spread feed, such as spin feeders pose less risk of saliva transfer than trough style or gravitational feeders. Although CWD prions can be found in the urine of infected animals there has been no documented spread of the disease through use of natural deer urine attractants. However, to minimize the potential risk of spreading the disease in this manner, only natural urine products bearing the Archery Trade Association Deer Protection Program Checkmark or synthetic urine products may be used. Read more about the prevention of CWD.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Keep CWD out of Georgia.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://georgiawildlife.com/cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://georgiawildlife.com/cwd</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Georgia Surveillance and Response Strategies for Chronic Wasting Disease of Free-Ranging and Captive Cervids</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Revised September 2018</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Charlie Killmaster, State Deer Biologist</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Kristina Johannsen, Programs Operations Manager</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Appendix:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">History of CWD Sampling Efforts in Georgia</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Prior to the federally funded project in 2002, GA DNR-WRD did not have in place any active surveillance program for the white-tailed deer herd. All prior year sampling efforts were related only to collection and submittal of target animals and any illegal animals removed from private ownership. During 2002, GA DNR-WRD conducted CWD surveillance sampling under a Federal Aid Agreement with the US Fish and Wildlife Service. This surveillance plan was premised with the following assumptions: that CWD was not endemic in the State at any level; that CWD was not endemic in any surrounding state at any level; that introduction into Georgia would therefore likely occur through importation of infected animals from areas where CWD is present; and that such importation would likely be done in conjunction with a high-fence enclosure. Following from these assumptions, GA DNRWRD proceeded to identify such enclosures where significant animal movement was documented or where very little documentation of activities was available. From this, GA DNR-WRD circumscribed sampling plots with four-mile radii around suspect facilities (i.e. high-fence enclosures). GA DNR-WRD collected samples during this year of the project. All results found that CWD was not detected. During 2003, GA DNR-WRD began sampling through the USDA national CWD program. The USDA protocol did not allow for those (casual) assumptions made during the 2002 sampling program. The sampling protocol was therefore changed to provide a more statistically defensible sampling regime in the absence of the above listed assumptions. During the 2003 program, GA DNR-WRD identified the State’s white-tailed deer herd as a single population and sampled accordingly. During the 2003 program samples were collected statewide. All results found that CWD was not detected. From that point until 2011, all sampling was conducted under the USDA protocol when Federal project funding ceased. From 2012 to present, sampling has focused on roadkilled deer, sick deer, and hunter-killed deer within elevated risk counties.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123145331/https://georgiawildlife.com/sites/default/files/wrd/pdf/research/GA%20CWD%20Response%20Plan.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20201123145331/https://georgiawildlife.com/sites/default/files/wrd/pdf/research/GA%20CWD%20Response%20Plan.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://georgiawildlife.com/cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://georgiawildlife.com/cwd</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2013</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Georgia House Bill 1043 and Chronic Wasting Disease CWD</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/09/georgia-house-bill-1043-and-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/09/georgia-house-bill-1043-and-chronic.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Hawaii CWD TSE Prion ???</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Hawaii nothing about cwd tse prion, no cwd tse prion response plan, no cwd tse prion testing history, nothing i could find, i did find this)<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023, Hawaii CWD TSE Prion, still has no CWD surveillance program, or, no recent data on CWD. really sad. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020, Hawaii nothing about cwd tse prion, no cwd tse prion response plan, no cwd tse prion testing history, nothing i could find, i did find this;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://hdoa.hawaii.gov/ai/ldc/scrapie/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://hdoa.hawaii.gov/ai/ldc/scrapie/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Idaho CWD TSE Prion </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020 Chronic Wasting Disease Status in Idaho, not detected?)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Idaho 2023 CWD TSE Prion, Idaho 24 animals tested positive for CWD from 442 animals removed in the Slate Creek management area within unit 14<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mule deer taken in Hunting Unit 32A tests positive for chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wednesday, November 8, 2023 - 9:32 AM MST</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This the first CWD outside Unit 14 and the first of the fall 2023 hunting season</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Idaho Fish and Game recently received test results confirming a positive case of chronic wasting disease in a mule deer buck harvested roughly 7 miles south of New Meadows in Game Management Unit 32A. This is the first known case of CWD outside of Unit 14 north of Riggins, where the disease was first detected in Idaho in the fall of 2021. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Fish and Game would like to get as many samples as possible from animals in Unit 32A and adjacent units to try and determine the extent of the disease in that area. Fish and Game is asking that all hunters participating in deer or elk hunts that are still open in Units 32A, 22, 23, 24, and 32 have their harvested animal tested for the disease. Hunters can take heads of harvested deer and elk to any regional Fish and Game office for sampling or get directions at idfg.idaho.gov/cwd on how to remove lymph nodes themselves and submit them for sampling.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This is the first positive case of CWD from the 2023 fall hunting season, but more samples are currently at the lab and those test results will arrive throughout November and December. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“This is an unfortunate situation, but it’s why we test throughout the state for this disease,” Fish and Game Director Jim Fredericks said. “If it’s on the landscape, we want to know where, and we rely on hunters to provide samples so we can test for it and continue to manage to limit the spread of this disease.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Fish and Game is also asking people to report any road killed deer and elk in the Highway 95 corridor between Riggins and Weiser and any deer or elk that appear sick. People can call the Nampa regional office at (208) 465-8465, or the McCall regional office at (208) 634-8137 to report. People can also use the roadkill reporting webpage. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease is a contagious, fatal neurological disease that affects deer, elk and moose. There is no cure for CWD, no reliable live test for wild animals, and no vaccine for CWD. It is found in 31 states and four Canadian provinces, including all neighboring states east of Idaho. The disease affects the brain of infected animals, and symptoms include excessive salivation, drooping head/ears, tremors, extremely low body weight, and unusual behavior, such as showing no fear of humans and lack of coordination. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The disease detection in Unit 32A will likely be managed differently than the 2021 CWD detection in Unit 14 because most mule deer migrate out of Unit 32A in early November and disperse into lower-elevation winter ranges in the surrounding units. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“This situation is considerably different than Unit 14 for that reason,” Fredericks said. “In the Slate Creek area north of Riggins, most animals remain nearby year-round, but migration patterns and winter ranges of deer where this particular animal was harvested are more complex. Most animals have already moved out of the northern part of unit 32A and will not return until spring."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Fish and Game Commission has a regularly scheduled meeting Nov. 15-16 in Lewiston where they will hear an update on the situation. </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mule deer taken in Hunting Unit 32A tests positive for chronic wasting disease:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/article/mule-deer-taken-hunting-unit-32a-tests-positive-chronic-wasting-disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/article/mule-deer-taken-hunting-unit-32a-tests-positive-chronic-wasting-disease</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mule deer taken in Hunting Unit 32A tests positive for chronic wasting disease:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">After Wednesday’s news about a harvested mule deer buck in unit 32A testing positive for chronic wasting disease, we are answering common questions we’ve received from hunters.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐝𝐨 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐂𝐖𝐃?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Lymph nodes from the neck or a portion of the brainstem (obex) are the only parts of a deer or elk that can be tested for CWD. Meat cannot be tested.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐈 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐩 𝐨𝐟𝐟 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">You can drop off at any IDFG regional office, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday through Friday, except holidays (Friday, Nov. 10 is a holiday), or check other locations at <a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/cwd/sampling/locations" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/cwd/sampling/locations</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">𝐂𝐚𝐧 𝐈 𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐚 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐦𝐲𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐟 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐩 𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟𝐟?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Yes, instructions for collecting lymph node samples are also available at <a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/cwd</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">𝐈 𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝, 𝐛𝐮𝐭 𝐢𝐭’𝐬 𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐨𝐫 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐳𝐞𝐧. 𝐂𝐚𝐧 𝐈 𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐢𝐭 𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐝?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Probably. Frozen heads need to be thawed. Take it to a regional office and we will try to collect a sample.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">𝐒𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝 𝐈 𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐈’𝐯𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐲 𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐝?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">If an animal tests positive, which is rare in Idaho, the U.S. Center for Disease Control recommends not eating the meat. If you harvested a deer, elk or moose and did not get your animal tested, you can review the CWD information on our website to help you make your decision.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">𝐈’𝐯𝐞 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐈𝐃𝐅𝐆 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐤𝐞𝐞𝐩 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐮𝐭 𝐈 𝐝𝐨𝐧’𝐭 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">That is true for animals harvested in a CWD Management Zone (currently only Units 14 and 15), not for animals harvested in other units. You can keep antlers attached to a cleaned skull cap harvested from the CWD Management Zone, but the remainder of the head must stay with IDFG for disposal. However, we will need to cut under the jaw to collect the sample, so if you’re planning to do a head or shoulder mount, you may choose not to get it tested in areas outside of the current CWD Management Zone (Units 14 and 15). If you’re planning a European mount, our sample collection will not harm the skull.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">𝐈 𝐜𝐚𝐧’𝐭 𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐚𝐧 𝐨𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐨𝐧’𝐭 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐩 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐨𝐟𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞, 𝐛𝐮𝐭 𝐈’𝐝 𝐥𝐢𝐤𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐢𝐭 𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐝. 𝐃𝐨 𝐈 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Please call an IDFG regional office and we may be able to help.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">𝐃𝐨 𝐈 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐦𝐲 𝐝𝐞𝐞𝐫/𝐞𝐥𝐤/𝐦𝐨𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐂𝐖𝐃?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Only if you’re hunting in Units 14-15, which is the only current CWD Management Zone in Idaho. But we’re hoping to get as many samples as possible from Unit 32A and adjacent units (22, 23, 24 and 32) to better understand how many animals may have CWD in that area.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝 𝐈 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐟 𝐈 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">You can call any regional office for CWD information, and for questions specific to Unit 32A, please contact the Nampa or McCall Fish & Game offices. Nampa is 208-465-8465, McCall is 208-634-8137. https://idfg.idaho.gov/offices</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">𝐇𝐚𝐬 𝐢𝐭 𝐛𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐲𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐞𝐥𝐬𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">So far CWD has been detected in Unit 14 (where it was first detected it 2 years ago) and Unit 32A (detected in November 2023). Fish and Game has been monitoring for CWD in deer and elk since 1997 and have tested approximately 26,000 animals over the last 26 years.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">▪ Request a sample kit: <a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/cwd/sampling-kit-request" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/cwd/sampling-kit-request</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">𝗖𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝗮 𝘀𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">▪ How to collect a lymph node sample: <a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/cwd/sampling/how-to" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/cwd/sampling/how-to</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">𝗦𝘂𝗯𝗺𝗶𝘁 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝘀𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">▪ Sample drop-off locations: <a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/cwd/sampling/locations" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/cwd/sampling/locations</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">▪ Fish and Game regional office: <a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/offices" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/offices</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">▪ Idaho Fish and Game check station</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">𝗢𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗰𝗲𝘀</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">▪ CWD monitoring in Idaho: <a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/cwd</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mule deer taken in Hunting Unit 32A tests positive for chronic wasting disease:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/article/mule-deer-taken-hunting-unit-32a-tests-positive-chronic-wasting-disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/article/mule-deer-taken-hunting-unit-32a-tests-positive-chronic-wasting-disease</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">F&G wraps up deer removal project in Slate Creek this spring</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">idfg-jbruns </div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Monday, April 3, 2023 - 3:11 PM MDT</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease was found for the first time in Idaho in 2021 in the Slate Creek drainage within Unit 14. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Fish and Game staff in conjunction with the Idaho Fish and Game Commission made the tough decision to quickly limit the spread of this always fatal, highly contagious disease. A large-scale effort was initiated in the Slate Creek area that reduced deer densities in and around lower Slate Creek, the area of where positive detections have been concentrated. The goal is to reduce the potential of the disease to spread further into the population and across the landscape. The most effective way to achieve that is to reduce deer density at the source. Bait stations and shooting at night were allowed for this management action. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Regional wildlife manager, Jana Ashling says, “as the fish and game agency for the state of Idaho, we are tasked to make these difficult decisions. We know it is the right thing to do, but it isn’t easy. Everyone loves seeing deer. That’s why many people live in Slate Creek, because they love seeing wildlife. Many of our partnering landowners allowed us permission to take management action on their property. We know this was a sacrifice for them and we couldn’t do it without their cooperation.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The project came to a close at the end of March and 24 animals tested positive for Chronic Wasting Disease out of the total of 442 animals removed in the Slate Creek management area within unit 14. Results are still pending for some samples. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Each individually marked animal was carefully cared for throughout the entire process of skinning, butchering and storage. During the first round of meat dispersal, over 300 animals were donated to individuals and families in need. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thank you to local landowners, Wildlife Services, Fish and Game staff, local churches and distribution centers for making this project possible. A special thanks to Idaho Hunters feeding the Hungry for providing financial support to help pay for a large portion of the meat processing costs. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Fish and Game staff worked diligently to properly care for the meat by quartering animals removed from the management area.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conservation Officer, Randy Martinez carefully applies labels to keep track of individual animals to match with its respective CWD sample.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Fish and Game staff sorting meat at the storage cooler to prepare for meat dispersal. What are the next steps?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Fish and Game wildlife staff will be continuing to monitor the Slate Creek and surrounding areas during the summer months and throughout the fall hunting season. Additional removal effort may be necessary again next spring depending on the number of samples that continue to come back positive and the number of deer that move back into the CWD focal areas. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/article/fg-wraps-deer-removal-project-slate-creek-spring" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/article/fg-wraps-deer-removal-project-slate-creek-spring</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/sites/default/files/seasons-rules-big-game-2023-2024.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/sites/default/files/seasons-rules-big-game-2023-2024.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/sites/default/files/seasons-rules-moose-sheep-goat-2023-2024_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/sites/default/files/seasons-rules-moose-sheep-goat-2023-2024_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/d7/cwd/rules" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/d7/cwd/rules</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/d7/cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/d7/cwd</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://agri.idaho.gov/main/animals/cervidae/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://agri.idaho.gov/main/animals/cervidae/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://agri.idaho.gov/main/animals/cervidae/cervidae-imports/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://agri.idaho.gov/main/animals/cervidae/cervidae-imports/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://agri.idaho.gov/main/?s=CWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://agri.idaho.gov/main/?s=CWD</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD MAP USA </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/distribution-chronic-wasting-disease-north-america-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/distribution-chronic-wasting-disease-north-america-0</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020 Chronic Wasting Disease Status in Idaho, not detected?<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Idaho Fish and Game has not detected Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in Idaho. CWD is a contagious and always-fatal neurological disease that affects deer, elk, and moose.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Montana, Utah and Wyoming have confirmed cases of CWD in animals close to the Idaho border. There is no cure for this fatal disease and CWD could impact Idaho’s elk, deer and moose populations. The threat of CWD is a serious concern and Fish and Game is taking all practical steps to minimize the risk.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD Status in Idaho: Not detected</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/cwd</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/conservation/wildlife-health/chronic-wasting-disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/conservation/wildlife-health/chronic-wasting-disease</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://agri.idaho.gov/main/animals/cervidae/cervidae-disease/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://agri.idaho.gov/main/animals/cervidae/cervidae-disease/chronic-wasting-disease/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://idfg.idaho.gov/cwd/plan" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://idfg.idaho.gov/cwd/plan</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 06, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Idaho detects 15 deer with chronic wasting disease in 2022 out of 3,171 tests statewide</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/idaho-detects-15-deer-with-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/idaho-detects-15-deer-with-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, OCTOBER 22, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Idaho Another case of chronic wasting disease found in Unit 14</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/10/idaho-another-case-of-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/10/idaho-another-case-of-chronic-wasting.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Idaho Fish and Game Commission will consider proposed hunting season changes for Unit 14 in response to five deer and an elk testing positive for Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/02/idaho-fish-and-game-commission-will.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/02/idaho-fish-and-game-commission-will.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 13, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Idaho Two more Chronic Wasting Disease cases detected in cow elk and white-tailed doe in Unit 14</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/01/idaho-two-more-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/01/idaho-two-more-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 2021 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Idaho Chronic Wasting Disease detected in two mule deer first time ever detected there</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/idaho-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/idaho-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, JULY 21, 2018 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Idaho Fish and Game Commission Quarterly Meeting July 25 26, 2018 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/idaho-fish-and-game-commission.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/idaho-fish-and-game-commission.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Illinois CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020 - Illinois, to date, has detected 1002 cases of CWD TSE Prion...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Illinois CWD TSE Prion 2023, Total positives to date through 30 June 2023: 1,752 cases.<div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Total samples through 30 June 2023: 162,099</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Total positives through 30 June 2023: 1,752</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnr.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/dnr/programs/cwd/documents/cwdannualreport2022-2023.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnr.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/dnr/programs/cwd/documents/cwdannualreport2022-2023.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnr.illinois.gov/programs/cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnr.illinois.gov/programs/cwd.html</a> </div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Illinois CWD Conflicting Report of Total Cases, 1,165 Total Cases vs 1,383 Total Cases, To Date, take your pick?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Illinois Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD): 2020-2021 Surveillance and Management Report (Project Period: July 1, 2020 - June 30, 2021) Doug Dufford and Patrick McDonald Wildlife Disease Program, Illinois Department of Natural Resources September 16, 2021</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Total positives through June 30, 2021: 1,165</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www2.illinois.gov/dnr/hunting/Documents/2020-2021CWDAnnualSummary.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www2.illinois.gov/dnr/hunting/Documents/2020-2021CWDAnnualSummary.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">IDNR announces 2022 chronic wasting disease sampling locations for deer hunters</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NEWS PROVIDED BY</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Illinois Department of Natural Resources</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.einnews.com/pr_news/598166596/idnr-announces-2022-chronic-wasting-disease-sampling-locations-for-deer-hunters" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.einnews.com/pr_news/598166596/idnr-announces-2022-chronic-wasting-disease-sampling-locations-for-deer-hunters</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www2.illinois.gov/dnr/programs/CWD/Documents/2019-2020%20CWD%20Annual%20Summary.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www2.illinois.gov/dnr/programs/CWD/Documents/2019-2020%20CWD%20Annual%20Summary.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www2.illinois.gov/dnr/programs/CWD/Pages/default.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www2.illinois.gov/dnr/programs/CWD/Pages/default.aspx</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Illinois Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Update Total positives through 30 June 2022 1,383 Cases confirmed</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Illinois Chronic Wasting Disease: 2021-2022 Surveillance and Management Report (Project Period: 1 July 2021 - 30 June 2022)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chris Jacques, Doug Dufford and Patrick McDonald Wildlife Disease Program, Illinois Department of Natural Resources 12 September 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Total positives through 30 June 2022: 1,383</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Illinois Chronic Wasting Disease: 2021-2022 Surveillance and Management Report (Project Period: 1 July 2021 - 30 June 2022) ' Chris Jacques, Doug Dufford and Patrick McDonald Wildlife Disease Program, Illinois Department of Natural Resources'''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">12 September 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Executive Summary</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">First CWD positive: A suspect adult female deer from northwest Boone County was diagnosed with CWD in November 2002.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Total samples through 30 June 2022: 150,970</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Total positives through 30 June 2022: 1,383</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Number of counties affected through 30 June 2022: 19 (Boone, Carroll, Cook, DeKalb, DuPage, Grundy, Jo Daviess, Kane, Kankakee, Kendall, Lake, LaSalle, Lee, Livingston, McHenry, Ogle, Stephenson, Will, Winnebago).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">General distribution through 30 June 2022: Total affected area (determined by a minimum convex polygon that includes all positives) is now 9,796 mi2 . The number of CWD-positive (CWD+) deer detected increased ~34% in FY2022 (Table 1) and was likely attributable to higher numbers of deer sampled (n=9,896) than during FY2021 (n=8,377). Prevalence among adult female deer increased during FY2022, though overall prevalence across all age and sex classes of adult deer (4.5%) remained relatively unchanged from the previous year (4.4%; Figure 7). Increasing trends in prevalence were noted in 10 of 19 counties; decreasing prevalence was noted in 5 counties and sampling intensity in 4 counties was insufficient for estimating annual prevalence. In counties where long-term surveillance (5+ years) has occurred, 6 counties (i.e., Boone, Grundy, Kendall, LaSalle, McHenry, Stephenson) continue to maintain the highest annual prevalence rates on record (Figure 9). Prior to 2019, annual prevalence rates in CWD counties remained low and increased minimally (0.08% per year since 2003). However, a 2-3-fold increase in prevalence from 1.6% in 2019 to 3.1% and 4.4% in 2020 and 2021, respectively, are notable departures from the long-term rates of increase in disease infection across northern Illinois. Prevalence of infection during 2022 was 4.5%. It remains uncertain whether recent increases in prevalence reflect changes in disease dynamics and shifting temporal or spatial patterns of CWD across northern Illinois, though increasing prevalence in recent years remains a cause for concern. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www2.illinois.gov/dnr/programs/CWD/Documents/CWD_Annual_Report_2021-2022.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www2.illinois.gov/dnr/programs/CWD/Documents/CWD_Annual_Report_2021-2022.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Illinois CWD Conflicting Report of Total Cases, 1,165 Total Cases vs 1,383 Total Cases, To Date, take your pick?</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/12/illinois-cwd-conflicting-report-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/12/illinois-cwd-conflicting-report-of.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020 - Illinois, to date, has detected 1002 cases of CWD TSE Prion...tss <br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Illinois Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD): 2019-2020 Surveillance and Management Report (Project Period: July 1, 2019 - June 30, 2020)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Doug Dufford and Patrick McDonald</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wildlife Disease Program, Illinois Department of Natural Resources</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">September 28, 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Executive Summary</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Table 1. Number of CWD positive deer by fiscal year (July 1 through June 30).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TOTAL 1002</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SEE CHART;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Total 14 51 31 51 42 38 30 37 42 36 36 59 71 72 75 51 90 176 1002</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SNIP...SEE FULL REPORT;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Illinois Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD): 2019-2020 Surveillance and Management Report (Project Period: July 1, 2019 - June 30, 2020)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www2.illinois.gov/dnr/programs/CWD/Documents/2019-2020%20CWD%20Annual%20Summary.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www2.illinois.gov/dnr/programs/CWD/Documents/2019-2020%20CWD%20Annual%20Summary.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnr.illinois.gov/programs/cwd/cwd-county-statistics.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnr.illinois.gov/programs/cwd/cwd-county-statistics.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Illinois Department of Agriculture Cervid</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://agr.illinois.gov/animals/animalhealth/captive-cervid.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://agr.illinois.gov/animals/animalhealth/captive-cervid.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://agr.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/agr/animals/animalhealth/documents/permitrequestform.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://agr.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/agr/animals/animalhealth/documents/permitrequestform.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, DECEMBER 22, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Illinois CWD TSE Prion 90 CWD-positive deer with 826 confirmed positive Total positives through June 30, 2019</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/illinois-cwd-tse-prion-90-cwd-positive.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/illinois-cwd-tse-prion-90-cwd-positive.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Indiana CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> Indiana CWD TSE Prion, to date, has detected no cases of CWD TSE Prion, Indiana is no different, if you don't cwd test in enough numbers to find, you will not find cwd, cwd will find you, by then, it's much too late...tss </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Indiana DNR staff collect tissue samples from wild deer year-round (hunter-harvested or reported sick/dead) to monitor the presence of CWD in Indiana. CWD has not been detected in deer tested from Indiana as of 2022.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Learn more about Indiana’s CWD surveillance history in the annual Indiana White-tailed Deer Report.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2023-2024 CWD Surveillance</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hunters may drop off deer heads for testing at participating Fish & Wildlife areas (FWA) or state fish hatcheries (SFH) throughout the deer hunting season. For a complete list of locations and hours of operation, please view the interactive map and list of properties below. If you make an appointment during normal business hours, a biologist may collect the sample while you wait.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Test results will be posted online for individual hunters to access when laboratory tests are complete. The DNR requests voluntary assistance from hunters in this effort. Participants will receive a metal tag reminiscent of historic confirmation tags as tokens of appreciation.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">No fee will be charged for CWD testing of deer through this program.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.in.gov/dnr/fish-and-wildlife/wildlife-resources/wildlife-diseases-in-indiana/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.in.gov/dnr/fish-and-wildlife/wildlife-resources/wildlife-diseases-in-indiana/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Indiana DNR is conducting chronic wasting disease (CWD) surveillance during the 2022-2023 deer hunting season. Biologists are collecting samples from deer harvested from September 2022 through January 2023.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hunters may drop-off deer heads for testing at select Fish and Wildlife Areas (FWAs), State Fish Hatcheries (SFHs), and National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs) at anytime during the deer hunting season.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This map displays the locations where hunters can submit their deer heads for sampling. The map will be updated as more information becomes available.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://indnr.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=f3c264dc44724071b51a600149f3c2c0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://indnr.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=f3c264dc44724071b51a600149f3c2c0</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2019 INDIANA WHITE-TAILED DEER REPORT</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">A total of 772 hunter-harvested deer, 28 road-killed deer, and 32 targeted deer were tested for CWD statewide in 2019. Our ability to detect the disease in the targeted surveillance areas ranged from 1.53% to 5.10% in the northwest targeted area, and from 1.50% to 2.06% in the northeast targeted area (Table 6-2). To date, no wild deer from Indiana have tested positive for CWD.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020-2021 CWD Surveillance</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Indiana DNR is conducting targeted CWD surveillance in northwest and northeast Indiana during the 2020-2021 deer hunting season. The DNR requests voluntary assistance from hunters in this effort. Participants will receive a metal tag reminiscent of historic confirmation tags as tokens of appreciation.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Biologists are collecting samples (lymph nodes at the junction of the head and neck) from deer harvested within the surveillance area during three weekends:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/9650.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/9650.htm</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, OCTOBER 04, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Indiana CWD TSE Prion Surveillance 2019 and before? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/10/indiana-cwd-tse-prion-surveillance-2019.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/10/indiana-cwd-tse-prion-surveillance-2019.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 14, 2012 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Oppose Indiana House Bill 1265 game farming cervids </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/02/oppose-indiana-house-bill-1265-game.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/02/oppose-indiana-house-bill-1265-game.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Iowa CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Iowa, to date, has detected 89 cases of CWD TSE Prion...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Iowa CWD TSE Prion, Total Confirmed CWD-Positive Wild Deer in Iowa 264 Cases.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease/Surveillance-Results" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease/Surveillance-Results</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">First detected in Allamakee County in 2013, CWD has been slowly increasing its footprint to include 10 counties and 133 positive wild deer.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Iowa Annual surveillance confirms 96 deer and three new counties for chronic wasting disease<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Press/Media inquiries: PIO@dnr.iowa.gov </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DNR News Releases </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Annual surveillance confirms 96 deer and three new counties for chronic wasting disease </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">5/16/2023 1:49:00 PM </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease was confirmed in 96 deer that were tested during the 2022 monitoring season, including deer from three new counties – Jasper, Grundy, and Lucas. With the addition of Jasper County, chronic wasting disease has again come into central Iowa.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Iowa DNR will be hosting public meetings in Newton and in Black Hawk County in the coming months to discuss chronic wasting disease, how hunters can help with the surveillance effort and what they can do to help prevent the spread of the disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“We thought of Jasper County as seemingly far away from the disease. That changed last year with our first detection in Greene County,” said Dr. Rachel Ruden, state wildlife veterinarian with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR). “Based on data coming out of other states, we’ve learned that deer can travel much greater distances than previously thought - 75 to 100 miles – so there really isn’t any place in Iowa where this disease can’t turn up.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">She said additional tissue samples will be collected from the new counties for the upcoming year to get a better picture for what is going on in these areas.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">While the disease showed up in three new counties, it hasn’t been found in Woodbury County for two years and in Decatur County since 2019.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“The increased sampling after initial detections in Woodbury and Decatur counties did not yield additional positives, so the quotas in these areas will likely be downgraded to one tier above their previous baseline sampling goals,” Ruden said. “Now that doesn’t mean we won’t find it in the future.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Iowa DNR identifies the location of each of the positives and the year it was confirmed on its chronic wasting disease online dashboard at https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease/Surveillance-Results.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Iowa DNR samples around 5,000 deer each year. More than 100,000 tissue samples have been collected and tested since 2002. The first deer tested positive in 2013, in Allamakee County. A total of 259 deer have tested positive to date.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Iowa DNR partners with hunters, conservation boards, the Iowa Department of Transportation, taxidermists, lockers, city departments and others to collect samples for testing. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The DNR also implemented targeted incentive zone hunts in three counties - Allamakee, Clayton and Wayne.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“Part of our disease management strategy is to focus additional antlerless harvest in localized areas where we have found a high density of positive deer and this year, 29 of the 96 positives- nearly one third - came from these hunts,” Ruden said.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Part of that harvest success in the endemic areas may be due to outreach staff working in the area to increase the visibility of the disease. This is the second year the outreach specialists, funded by a grant from the USDA, have been working in these areas. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.iowadnr.gov/About-DNR/DNR-News-Releases/ArticleID/4521/Annual-surveillance-confirms-96-deer-and-three-new-counties-for-chronic-wasting-disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.iowadnr.gov/About-DNR/DNR-News-Releases/ArticleID/4521/Annual-surveillance-confirms-96-deer-and-three-new-counties-for-chronic-wasting-disease</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2022-2023 Confirmed CWD-Positive Wild Deer 65</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2022-2023 Suspect CWD-Positive Wild Deer 19</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease/Surveillance-Results" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease/Surveillance-Results</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease/Hunter-Submission-Pathway" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease/Hunter-Submission-Pathway</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Iowa Annual CWD TSE Prion surveillance effort finds 36 Iowa deer with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Annual surveillance effort finds 36 Iowa deer with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Samples from nearly 5,000 deer have been tested as part of the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR) effort to monitor for chronic wasting disease, resulting in 36 confirmed positives from the 2021-2022 hunting season.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/IACIO/bulletins/3065a85" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/IACIO/bulletins/3065a85</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease/Surveillance-Results" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Health/Chronic-Wasting-Disease/Surveillance-Results</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020-Iowa, to date, has detected 89 cases of CWD TSE Prion...tss </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Iowa, wild and captive cwd tse prion total ???</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Public meeting on fatal deer disease set for March 10 in Leon</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Leon, Iowa - Deer hunters who hunt in Decatur County take note– chronic wasting disease has shown up in your area. A hunter harvested wild deer taken during the first shotgun season in Decatur County has tested positive for chronic wasting disease. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Iowa DNR has tested nearly 74,000 deer tissue samples for chronic wasting disease since monitoring began in 2002. The disease first appeared in Iowa’s wild deer herd in 2013. So far, there have been 89 positive tests.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Iowa DNR sets an annual goal of collecting 6,900 deer tissue samples. The effort has focused on portions of northeast and eastern Iowa near Wisconsin, Illinois, and south-central Iowa near Missouri, where the disease has been detected. Additional testing has been conducted in Pottawattamie, Cerro Gordo and Davis counties, following positive tests from captive facilities. All counties have at least 15 samples collected annually. The disease has been found in every state around Iowa.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/IACIO/bulletins/27db3e1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/IACIO/bulletins/27db3e1</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">DNR News Releases </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Test results are in, chronic wasting disease has been found in four new counties 2/11/2020 1:49:00 PM </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease has been confirmed in wild deer from Woodbury, Winneshiek, Fayette and Decatur counties this year, bringing the total number of counties in Iowa where wild deer have tested positive to eight.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Iowa DNR submitted nearly 7,000 deer tissue samples for testing from hunter harvested or road killed deer collected statewide in the 2019-2020 season that resulted in 43 positive wild deer.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.iowadnr.gov/cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.iowadnr.gov/cwd</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.iowadnr.gov/About-DNR/DNR-News-Releases/ArticleID/2848/Test-results-are-in-chronic-wasting-disease-has-been-found-in-four-new-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.iowadnr.gov/About-DNR/DNR-News-Releases/ArticleID/2848/Test-results-are-in-chronic-wasting-disease-has-been-found-in-four-new-counties</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.iowadnr.gov/Portals/idnr/uploads/Hunting/disease/CWD_Statewide_10_19_20.pdf?ver=qxsY6qKR0wTfj81Bv9bwgg%3d%3d" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.iowadnr.gov/Portals/idnr/uploads/Hunting/disease/CWD_Statewide_10_19_20.pdf?ver=qxsY6qKR0wTfj81Bv9bwgg%3d%3d</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Disease-Information" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.iowadnr.gov/Hunting/Deer-Hunting/Deer-Disease-Information</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Iowa's Voluntary</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Surveillance Program</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">What Is The Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Bureau of Animal Industry Doing About CWD?</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Iowa Department of Agriculture has initiated the voluntary CWD Surveillance Inventory Program which requires CWD surveillance, reporting, and testing of those farmed cervidae 12 months of age and older that dies</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Elk</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">from any cause. Before any cervidae is imported into the state it must have a Certificate of Veterinary Inspection (CVI - health certificate), permit issued by our Department, meet Iowa’s import requirements ( <a href="http://www.iowaagriculture.gov/animalIndustry/animalAdmissionRegs.asp" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.iowaagriculture.gov/animalIndustry/animalAdmissionRegs.asp</a> ), and a review of the herd history. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Since the start of the CWD surveillance program in 2000, the farmed cervid producers have submitted over 5,556 brain samples for CWD testing. If CWD is diagnosed in a farmed cervid, the farm would be quarantined and the disease eradicated using recommended disease control strategies. The threat of CWD is a serious concern to Iowa and the cervidae industry. All practical steps to minimize the spreading of the disease are taken. Requirements for the Iowa CWD Program include annual inventory reconciliation recorded by a State District Veterinarian within 90 days of the CWD anniversary date. Inventory requirements are: </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">1) Records shall be kept to document the history/accountability of all animals in the herd. This includes identification, date of birth and sex of all animals born or received on the premise.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2) All animals must have two forms of official identification which are outlined in the Rules under 64.104 Definitions “Official Cervid Identification”.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">3) A copy of a health certificate (CVI) properly filled out and signed by an accredited veterinarian shall be kept to document movement in or out of the herd. Owners need to retain their health certificates for at least five years.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">4) Surveillance will be maintained by collecting and submitting appropriate samples from all cases of mortality, including slaughter, in animals 12 months of age and older, keeping copies of the laboratory reports.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The CWD Program herd producers upon satisfactory completion of their annual inventories will receive a letter of status verification, and a billfold size certificate card with their herd’s status, CWD herd number, anniversary date, and expiration date.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Triennial Physical Herd Inventory Inspections: Physical Inventories can be performed as part of an official herd test for tuberculosis or brucellosis. Physical Herd Inventories are separate and different from Annual Inventories conducted by our State District Veterinarians and the Physical Herd Inventories are to be conducted triennially.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Physical Herd Inventories will be required for advancement in the program. Physical Herd Inventory completions are allowed during the 90 days before or the 90 days after your herd’s expiration date. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">A complete Physical Herd Inventory must provide verification to reconcile all deer and verification of two approved individual identifications (one must be a USDA official identification tag) with the records maintained by the owner. All Cervid animals must have official identification tags before 12 months of age. The owner must present the entire herd for the Physical Herd Inventory inspection where the department, a state authorized veterinarian (accredited veterinarian – their herd veterinarian) or authorized federal personnel can safely read all identifications on the animals and be able to record all identification devices. Attached Instructions for the CWD HCP Physical Herd Inventory/Inspection and Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program Agreement to be reviewed and completed by an accredited veterinarian and a farmed cervid producer.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">A complete physical herd inventory must be performed at the time a herd enrolls in the Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program. Official Cervid Identification: All Cervid 12 months of age or older (All Animals under 12 months of age leaving the premises), shall have a minimum of two forms of animal identification.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">USDA Approved with USDA shield - Information on official animal identification devices can be found on the APHIS Traceability website at the following address: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/traceability/devices.shtml</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The second form of identification must be one that is approved by IDALS: Unique material tag which provides unique animal identification and CWD herd number.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.iowaagriculture.gov/animalIndustry/cwdSurveillance.asp" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.iowaagriculture.gov/animalIndustry/cwdSurveillance.asp</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Nov. 22, 2019</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Two Cases of Chronic Wasting Disease Found at Deer Farms </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Positive tests were confirmed on farms in Van Buren County </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">DES MOINES, Iowa (Nov. 22, 2019) — The Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship has confirmed that Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) has been found in captive white-tail deer on two separate farms in Van Buren County, Iowa. Both sites are quarantined while the Department works to trace potential exposures and contain the disease.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">There is no evidence that CWD can spread to humans, pets or domestic livestock. CWD is a neurological disease that only affects deer, elk and moose. It is caused by an abnormal protein called a prion and impacts the brain of the infected animal. The prions can attach to soil and spread the disease among deer. Symptoms of the disease include excessive salivation, thirst and urination, loss of appetite, progressive weight loss, listlessness as well as drooping ears and head.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The disease was detected as part of the Department’s voluntary CWD monitoring program. Participating producers test deceased farm-raised deer and elk over 12 months of age. Positive test results must be reported to the Iowa Department of Agriculture.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease was first identified in captive mule deer at a research facility in Colorado in 1967. The disease was then found in Wisconsin in 2002. Since 2002, Iowa has tested for CWD in 7,447 captive deer and elk as part of its surveillance program. The last confirmed case in Iowa was in Buchanan County in 2016.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">To learn more about CWD, visit https://iowaagriculture.gov/animal-industry-bureau/chronic-wasting-disease.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://iowaagriculture.gov/news/two-cases-chronic-wasting-disease-found-deer-farms" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://iowaagriculture.gov/news/two-cases-chronic-wasting-disease-found-deer-farms</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">For Immediate Release Thursday, October 2, 2014</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Dustin Vande Hoef 515/281-3375 or 515/326-1616 (cell) or Dustin.VandeHoef@IowaAgriculture.gov</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TEST RESULTS FROM CAPTIVE DEER HERD WITH CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RELEASED </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">79.8 percent of the deer tested positive for the disease</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">DES MOINES – The Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship today announced that the test results from the depopulation of a quarantined captive deer herd in north-central Iowa showed that 284 of the 356 deer, or 79.8% of the herd, tested positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). The owners of the quarantined herd have entered into a fence maintenance agreement with the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, which requires the owners to maintain the 8’ foot perimeter fence around the herd premises for five years after the depopulation was complete and the premises had been cleaned and disinfected</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a progressive, fatal, degenerative neurological disease of farmed and free-ranging deer, elk, and moose. There is no known treatment or vaccine for CWD. CWD is not a disease that affects humans.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">On July 18, 2012, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service’s (APHIS) National Veterinary Services Lab in Ames, IA confirmed that a male white tail deer harvested from a hunting preserve in southeast IA was positive for CWD. An investigation revealed that this animal had just been introduced into the hunting preserve from the above-referenced captive deer herd in north-central Iowa.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The captive deer herd was immediately quarantined to prevent the spread of CWD. The herd has remained in quarantine until its depopulation on August 25 to 27, 2014.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship participated in a joint operation to depopulate the infected herd with USDA Veterinary Services, which was the lead agency, and USDA Wildlife Services.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Federal indemnity funding became available in 2014. USDA APHIS appraised the captive deer herd of 376 animals at that time, which was before depopulation and testing, at $1,354,250. At that time a herd plan was developed with the owners and officials from USDA and the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Once the depopulation was complete and the premises had been cleaned and disinfected, indemnity of $917,100.00 from the USDA has been or will be paid to the owners as compensation for the 356 captive deer depopulated.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship operates a voluntary CWD program for farms that sell live animals. Currently 145 Iowa farms participate in the voluntary program. The above-referenced captive deer facility left the voluntary CWD program prior to the discovery of the disease as they had stopped selling live animals. All deer harvested in a hunting preserve must be tested for CWD.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">-30-</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921003407/https://www.iowaagriculture.gov/press/2014press/press10022014.asp" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20150921003407/https://www.iowaagriculture.gov/press/2014press/press10022014.asp</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">For Immediate Release Tuesday, December 20, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Dustin Vande Hoef 515/281-3375 or 515/326-1616 (cell) or Dustin.VandeHoef@IowaAgriculture.gov </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE FOUND AT A DEER FARM IN BUCHANAN COUNTY</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">DES MOINES – Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) has been confirmed in one captive white-tail at a deer farm in Buchanan County, Iowa. The Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship has quarantined the site.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The disease was detected as part of the Department’s voluntary CWD monitoring program. The farm where the disease was found participates in the program which requires CWD surveillance and testing of all farmed deer and elk 12 months of age and older that dies. Test results must be shared with the Department.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD was found in neighboring Wisconsin in 2002. Since then, Iowa has tested for CWD in 57,765 wild deer and 10,157 captive deer and elk as part of its surveillance program.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Iowa Department of Natural Resources will increase testing of wild deer in the Buchanan County area. DNR staff will work with hunters and landowners to collect samples from hunter-harvested deer, roadkills and targeted deer displaying symptoms of CWD.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">There is no evidence that CWD can spread to humans, pets or domestic livestock.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a neurological disease that only affects deer, elk and moose. It is caused by an abnormal protein, called a prion, which affects the brains of infected animals, causing them to lose weight, display abnormal behavior and lose bodily functions. The prions can attach to soil and spread the disease among deer.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Symptoms of the disease include excessive salivation, thirst and urination, loss of appetite, progressive weight loss, listlessness as well as drooping ears and head.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease was first identified in captive mule deer at a research facility in Colorado in 1967.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170129030219/https://www.iowaagriculture.gov/press/2016Press/press12202016.asp" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170129030219/https://www.iowaagriculture.gov/press/2016Press/press12202016.asp</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://cse.google.com/cse?cx=012800576520678029793%3Aqzawusfwdxo&ie=UTF-8&q=chronic+wasting+disease&sa=Search" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://cse.google.com/cse?cx=012800576520678029793%3Aqzawusfwdxo&ie=UTF-8&q=chronic+wasting+disease&sa=Search</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Iowa Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cases Climb To 89 positive To Date in Wild Cervid</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/iowa-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/iowa-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Iowa CWD TSE Prion 2019/20 (confirmed or suspect) 43 cases to date Wild Cervid</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/iowa-cwd-tse-prion-201920-confirmed-or.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/iowa-cwd-tse-prion-201920-confirmed-or.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Iowa CWD TSE Prion 2019/20 (confirmed or suspect) 43 cases to date Wild Cervid</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Captive Population Positives (5)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Map Date February 4, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.iowadnr.gov/Portals/idnr/uploads/Hunting/disease/CWD_Statewide_2_10_20.pdf?ver=2020-02-10-095128-093" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.iowadnr.gov/Portals/idnr/uploads/Hunting/disease/CWD_Statewide_2_10_20.pdf?ver=2020-02-10-095128-093</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.iowadnr.gov/About-DNR/DNR-News-Releases/ArticleID/2848/Test-results-are-in-chronic-wasting-disease-has-been-found-in-four-new-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.iowadnr.gov/About-DNR/DNR-News-Releases/ArticleID/2848/Test-results-are-in-chronic-wasting-disease-has-been-found-in-four-new-counties</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 24, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Iowa Two Cases of Chronic Wasting Disease Found at Deer Farms</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/11/iowa-two-cases-of-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/11/iowa-two-cases-of-chronic-wasting.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 08, 2018</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Iowa DNR Wayne County Confirms CWD with 7 additional CWD positive tests so far from deer in northeast from 2017 season</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/iowa-dnr-wayne-county-confirms-cwd-with.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/iowa-dnr-wayne-county-confirms-cwd-with.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Kansas CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Kansas, As of 30 June 2020, CWD has been detected in 363 cervids - two captive elk and 361 wild, free-ranging deer in Deer Management Units 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 15, 16, 17, 18. These include 82 mule deer, 274 white-tailed deer, 2 captive elk, and 5 unknown deer species...terry) </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> Kansas CWD TSE Prion 2023, As of 30 June 2023, CWD has been detected in 974 cervids, including 2 captive elk, 1 captive mule deer, and 971 wild, free-ranging deer. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Kansas 2023-2024 CWD Testing Results 28 Confirmed To Date;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD/2023-2024-CWD-Testing-Results" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD/2023-2024-CWD-Testing-Results</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">As of 30 June 2023, CWD has been detected in 974 cervids, including 2 captive elk, 1 captive mule deer, and 971 wild, free-ranging deer. All Surveillance Zones in Kansas now have CWD detections. CWD surveillance began in 1996 and, to date, 35,534 cervids have been sampled and tested for CWD. Hunters and other wildlife enthusiasts can avoid the human-assisted spread of CWD by not transporting a live or dead deer or elk from areas where CWD occurs.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD/CWD-Sampling" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD/CWD-Sampling</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Kansas, As of 30 June 2020, CWD has been detected in 363 cervids - two captive elk and 361 wild, free-ranging deer in Deer Management Units 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 15, 16, 17, 18. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">These include 82 mule deer, 274 white-tailed deer, 2 captive elk, and 5 unknown deer species. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020-2021 CWD Sampling Information</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The first case of CWD was found in a captive bull elk in Harper County in 2001. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">As of 30 June 2020, CWD has been detected in 363 cervids - two captive elk and 361 wild, free-ranging deer in Deer Management Units 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 15, 16, 17, 18. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">These include 82 mule deer, 274 white-tailed deer, 2 captive elk, and 5 unknown deer species. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Surveillance efforts began in 1996 and, to date, 27,863 cervids have been sampled and tested for CWD. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Hunters and other wildlife enthusiasts can avoid the human-assisted spread of CWD by not transporting a live or dead deer or elk from areas where CWD occurs. HUNTERS ARE ENCOURAGED TO USE ELECTRONIC DEER CHECK-IN OR LEAVE EVIDENCE OF SEX ATTACHED TO THE CARCASS. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">BONE-OUT DEER, AND LEAVE CARCASSES IN THE COUNTIES WHERE DEER ARE TAKEN. MOVING CARCASSES MOVES PRIONS AND CWD TO NEW LOCATIONS! </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">There is currently no known treatment or eradication method for CWD, so preventing the introduction of the the disease into new areas is of utmost importance to the health of local deer herds. Baiting and feeding deer tend to concentrate deer at small point on the landscape, often with the trails leading to the feeding sites resembling the wheel spokes of a bicycle. Anytime animals are concentrated at this type of "hub," the likelihood of disease transmission increases in a deer herd. More alarming, the transferring of CWD prions to healthy deer is not the only concern. Diseases such as bovine tuberculosis, foot rot, and fungal infections; and a host of detrimental parasites, including exotic lice, flukes, mange mites, lungworms, and barberpole worms are transmitted more efficiently when deer are concentrated in a small area, especially around feeding stations. Think of future generations of hunters and do your best to lower wildlife disease transmission risk.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020-2021 CWD Test Results (Results Added As Tests Are Completed)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Animal ID Test Result K031197 Negative </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">After the 2015-2016 seasons, prevalence was calculated to be between 10-20% with 95% confidence in bucks 2.5 years-old and older in the Northwest Zone. After 2019-2020 CWD surveillance, prevalence in the Northwest Zone was calculated to be 34.1 - 49.5% with 95% confidence in bucks 2.5 years-old and older. Currently, the overall trend is increasing prevalence and eastward spread.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Another major concern is the potential of CWD spreading from captive cervid farms into the wild cervid population. Once a disease gets into a wild population, it is virtually impossible eradicate. KDWPT recommends that every captive cervid operator enroll in the voluntary CWD monitoring program administered by the Kansas Department of Agriculture's Animal Health Division. The sooner diseases such as CWD can be detected in captives, the sooner control efforts can begin and possibly prevent disease from spreading to wild populations of the state. CWD is only one of many diseases that could go undetected in an unmonitored captive cervid herd. Bovine tuberculosis and Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), for example, are serious diseases that could seriously damage not only populations of deer and an annual 350 million-dollar hunting economy, but could also threaten the 6 billion-dollar Kansas cattle industry via quarantines, loss of accreditation, and loss of global export.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ksoutdoors.com/Hunting/Big-Game-Information/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-CWD</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease In Kansas Deer: 2018-2019 Update</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PRATT – In a continuing effort to monitor the prevalence and spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Kansas deer, the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism (KDWPT) has collected and tested samples from 360 deer so far this year. Thirty-seven of those samples were confirmed positive. The targeted region for sampling deer taken by hunters this year was southwestern Kansas. However, sick or suspect deer observed in other parts of the state were also tested, and KDWPT recommends that hunters who take deer in counties where CWD is known to occur have their deer tested, as well.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The 37 confirmed positives came from deer taken in Cheyenne, Rawlins, Decatur, Norton, Phillips, Smith, Thomas, Sheridan, Gove, Rooks, Osborne, Scott, Lane, Hamilton, Haskell, Hodgeman, Ford, Edwards, Stafford, Reno, and Pratt counties. While most positives are still coming from northwest Kansas, new counties were added to the list this year, including several that show the disease’s spread to the south and east – Haskell, Edwards, Pratt, Osborne, and Reno.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Testing History</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD infects members of the deer family, including whitetail and mule deer, elk and moose. CWD testing in Kansas began in 1996 to help track the occurrence of the disease in the state’s wild deer, and more than 28,000 tissue samples have undergone lab analysis since. The first CWD occurrence documented in a wild Kansas deer was a whitetail doe killed by a hunter in 2005 in Cheyenne County. To date, 216 deer have tested positive, and most have occurred in a region that includes Decatur, Rawlins, Sheridan and Norton counties.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ksoutdoors.com/KDWPT-Info/News/News-Archive/2019-Weekly-News/2-22-19-CWD-Update/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-In-Kansas-Deer-2018-2019-Update" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ksoutdoors.com/KDWPT-Info/News/News-Archive/2019-Weekly-News/2-22-19-CWD-Update/Chronic-Wasting-Disease-In-Kansas-Deer-2018-2019-Update</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 16, 2019</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Kansas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Update With 216 cervids Positive To Date</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/10/kansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/10/kansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, OCTOBER 07, 2018 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Kansas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Update 143 Confirmed Cases To Date</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/kansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/kansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Kentucky CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Kentucky, to date, CWD has not been found in the State of Kentucky...as with the other cwd free states, if you don't test in enough numbers to find, you will not find, cwd will find you, by then it's much too late...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Kentucky CWD TSE Prion December 7, 2023 <span style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Kentucky CWD Detected For First Time!</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">December 7, 2023</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Kentucky CWD Detected For First Time</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CONFIRMED IN KENTUCKY FOR FIRST TIME</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Administration Wildlife Disease Management Wildlife Hunting Commissioner’s Office</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">FRANKFORT, Ky. (Dec. 7, 2023) — Officials with the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources announced today that Kentucky has joined the list of states across the country with a confirmed detection of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), a fatal neurologic disease that affects deer, elk and other species in the deer family.</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Two independent types of tests were performed on tissue collected from a 2 ½-year-old male white-tailed deer that was harvested by a hunter in Ballard County in November. Both tests yielded the same test result: the deer was infected with the abnormal proteins that cause CWD.</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">It is Kentucky’s first documented case of the disease.</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">While no conclusive evidence exists that CWD can be transmitted to people, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends refraining from eating meat from animals that test positive for CWD. Kentucky Fish and Wildlife always advises against eating the meat from game animals that appear sick or in poor condition.</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Deer that appear to be sick but do not have an obvious injury can be reported using the department’s sick deer online reporting form; reports will be reviewed by the agency’s wildlife health program staff, who will contact the person submitting the report if additional information is needed.</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">As Kentucky Fish and Wildlife staff continue to gather additional details about the infected deer, agency officials are in close communication with national, state and local partners as they carefully consider next steps in response to the detection.</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">“We at Kentucky Fish and Wildlife hoped this day would never come but we have been preparing for it,” Kentucky Fish and Wildlife Commissioner Rich Storm said. “Our team of experts first developed our CWD Response Plan more than 20 years ago, and it has been enhanced through the years using the best available science.</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">“Collaboration with our many partners, including hunters, taxidermists, meat processors, diagnostic testing facilities and other government agencies has enhanced our CWD surveillance efforts.”</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">The deer was harvested on opening day of modern gun deer season. Biologists collected tissue from the animal as part of ongoing CWD surveillance efforts.</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Preliminary tests were conducted at Murray State University’s Breathitt Veterinary Center, where the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) CWD test identified the sample as a suspect positive.</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Following its CWD Response Plan, Kentucky Fish and Wildlife immediately sent back-up samples to the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) in Ames, Iowa for an expedited Immunohistochemistry (IHC), which is a test that is used to detect the deposition of infectious abnormal proteins within specific cervid tissues.</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">“Results from the IHC confirmed the results of the initial ELISA test and were reported to us on Wednesday as a CWD detection,” said Dr. Christine Casey, wildlife veterinarian with Kentucky Fish and Wildlife. “The combination of the ELISA test and IHC gives us the utmost confidence that the animal was infected with the disease.”</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Since its discovery in the late 1960s in Colorado, CWD has spread to more than half the states in the U.S., including six of seven Kentucky-bordering states (Missouri, Illinois, Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, and Tennessee).</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Early detection is critical to slowing the spread of this disease, which can be transmitted through direct contact between animals such as shared body fluids or from plants and soil in a contaminated area. Infected deer can transmit the disease even if they are not currently showing symptoms.</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Kentucky Fish and Wildlife established its CWD Response Plan after the disease was detected for the first time east of the Mississippi River, and it has evolved through the past 20-plus years.</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">The department activated the plan in September 2021 following an announcement by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency that the disease was found just across Kentucky’s southern border in northwestern Tennessee.</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Kentucky Fish and Wildlife subsequently established a CWD Surveillance Zone in western Kentucky, encompassing Calloway, Marshall, Graves, Fulton and Hickman counties. Special regulations remain in place for those counties.</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Kentucky Fish and Wildlife operated mandatory CWD check stations in the surveillance zone in 2021, 2022 and again this year during the first three days of modern gun deer season (Nov. 11-13).</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">The department collected 1,318 samples last month at its CWD check stations in western Kentucky. Currently, it has received results from 84 percent of those samples, and 35.6 percent of results from samples collected statewide.</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Ballard County is adjacent to the surveillance zone. Kentucky Fish and Wildlife staff have been collecting samples from the county for many years as part of the agency’s statewide surveillance efforts, but the disease had never previously been detected.</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Since 2002, Kentucky Fish and Wildlife has CWD-tested more than 40,000 deer and elk from across the state, sampling every county.</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">“Although CWD is always fatal to infected individual animals, by following best practices we can minimize its impact on the long-term health and sustainability of our deer herd so that we can continue to enjoy our deer and elk herds for many generations to come, helping to safeguard the many ways that they benefit the Commonwealth,” Storm said.</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">With more than a month before deer hunting closes for the season in Kentucky, hunters can aid Kentucky Fish and Wildlife’s statewide monitoring efforts by donating the heads of legally harvested and telechecked deer for CWD testing and aging through the voluntary Deer Sample Collection Station program. There is no cost to hunters. Location information, instructions and more information about the program are available online via fw.ky.gov/cwd. If a hunter-harvested deer tests positive for CWD, the hunter will be contacted upon confirmation of the disease.</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">For the latest information on CWD, please visit the department's website (fw.ky.gov) and follow its social media channels. More information about CWD is available at fw.ky.gov/cwd, cwd-info.org and through the CDC website.</div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><a href="https://fw.ky.gov/News/Pages/Chronic-wasting-disease-confirmed-in-Kentucky-for-first-time.aspx">https://fw.ky.gov/News/Pages/Chronic-wasting-disease-confirmed-in-Kentucky-for-first-time.aspx</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Kentucky CWD TSE Prion response plan</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://fw.ky.gov/Hunt/Documents/CWDResponsePlan.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://fw.ky.gov/Hunt/Documents/CWDResponsePlan.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://fw.ky.gov/Wildlife/Pages/Chronic-Wasting-Disease.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://fw.ky.gov/Wildlife/Pages/Chronic-Wasting-Disease.aspx</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://fw.ky.gov/Pages/search.aspx?terms=chronic+wasting+disease&affiliateId=FW" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://fw.ky.gov/Pages/search.aspx?terms=chronic+wasting+disease&affiliateId=FW</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources Commission Meeting Live Teleconference - Web link posted at fw.ky.gov </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">December 4, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">#1 Sportsman’s Lane Frankfort, KY 8:30 AM (ET)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Establish a fee-based test for deer hunters seeking Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) testing<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Make available voluntary CWD testing outside standard surveillance protocols</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Attachment NB-3</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://fw.ky.gov/Documents/2020-December-4-Commission-Meeting-Agenda.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://fw.ky.gov/Documents/2020-December-4-Commission-Meeting-Agenda.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Louisiana CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Louisiana, to date, CWD has not been found in the State of Louisiana...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Louisiana CWD TSE Prion CONFIRMED TO DATE 12 CASES</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Louisiana LDWF: Eleven Deer Tested Positive for CWD During 2022-23 Hunting Season</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">LDWF: Eleven Deer Tested Positive for CWD During 2022-23 Hunting Season</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">APRIL 21 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CONSERVATION</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">HUNTING</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Trey Iles Baton Rouge</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Eleven deer tested positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Tensas Parish during the 2022-23 hunting season, bringing Louisiana’s total to 12 cases since the discovery of the disease in January of 2022. All 12 positive tests were in Tensas Parish.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A total of 2,370 hunter-harvested deer were tested for CWD in Louisiana during the 2022-23 season. The Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF) discovered the state’s first case of CWD in a hunter-harvested deer in Tensas Parish during the 2021-22 hunting season. LDWF established a CWD Control Area around the index case.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/news/ldwf-eleven-deer-tested-positive-for-cwd-during-202223-hunting-season" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/news/ldwf-eleven-deer-tested-positive-for-cwd-during-202223-hunting-season</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">LDWF: Five Additional Suspected Cases Of CWD Discovered In Tensas Parish</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">JANUARY17 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CONSERVATION</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">HUNTING</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Trey Iles Baton Rouge</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Five more suspected cases of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer have been discovered in Tensas Parish, the Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (LADDL) reported. The three does and two bucks were harvested on private land and would bring to seven the number of CWD positive cases found in Louisiana, all in Tensas Parish, the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF) said.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL) in Ames, Iowa, recently confirmed the second case of CWD detected in Tensas Parish. That deer, an adult buck, was harvested in December of 2022.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The five new presumptive positives were made from samples submitted by LDWF staff from hunter-harvested deer. LADDL will send new suspect positives to the NVSL for confirmation. That process can take several weeks.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Although CWD has not been shown to be contagious to humans, the Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization recommend against the human consumption of deer known to be infected with CWD. Also, it is recommended that people hunting in areas known to harbor CWD-infected deer have their deer tested for the disease prior to consuming the animals. LDWF provides free testing for hunter-harvested deer.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The first CWD positive deer from Tensas Parish was confirmed on Jan. 28, 2022. Tensas Parish has been an area of heightened surveillance for CWD by the LDWF since a case of CWD was found in Issaquena County, Mississippi, in 2018.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission has adopted regulations for the CWD Control Area in northeast Louisiana. The current CWD Control Area includes all of Tensas Parish and portions of Madison and Franklin parishes. To learn more about CWD and regulations, go to: https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/page/cwd</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/assets/Hunting/Deer/Images/CWD-Control-map-jpeg.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/assets/Hunting/Deer/Images/CWD-Control-map-jpeg.jpg</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/news/ldwf-five-additional-suspected-cases-of-cwd-discovered-in-tensas-parish" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/news/ldwf-five-additional-suspected-cases-of-cwd-discovered-in-tensas-parish</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/page/cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/page/cwd</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Louisiana LDWF Reports Second Presumptive CWD Positive Case in Louisiana</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Trey Iles Baton Rouge</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">LDWF Reports Second Presumptive CWD Positive Case in Louisiana </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DECEMBER 29 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">HUNTING</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (LADDL) has reported the first suspected case of chronic wasting disease (CWD) for the 2022-23 hunting season to the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">LADDL has submitted the suspect sample to the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa for confirmatory testing. If confirmed, this would be the second case of CWD detected in Louisiana. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The presumptive positive was made on samples submitted by LDWF staff from a hunter-harvested adult buck taken on private land in Tensas Parish. While this is the first suspect positive case of CWD in the 2022-23 hunting season, a positive was confirmed in the same parish on Jan. 28, 2022. Tensas Parish has been an area of heightened surveillance for CWD by LDWF since a case of CWD was found in Issaquena County, Mississippi, in 2018.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission has adopted regulations for the Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Control Area in northeast Louisiana. The current CWD Control Area includes all of Tensas Parish and portions of Madison and Franklin parishes. To learn more about CWD and complete regulations, go to: https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/page/cwd</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/news/ldwf-reports-second-presumptive-cwd-positive-case-in-louisiana" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/news/ldwf-reports-second-presumptive-cwd-positive-case-in-louisiana</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Louisiana, NVSL Confirms first case of CWD TSE PrP in WTD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD Case Found in a White-tailed Deer in Tensas Parish February 4, 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For Immediate Release: February 4, 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Contact: Jennifer Finley, Press Secretary – 225-922-1256 Megan Moore, Public Information Director – 225-935-2179 presssecretary@LDAF.la.gov</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD Case Found in a White-tailed Deer in Tensas Parish</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BATON ROUGE, LA – The National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL) has confirmed a case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a Louisiana white-tailed deer to the Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry and the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This is the first confirmed case of CWD found in Louisiana. The diagnosis was made on samples submitted by LDWF staff from a hunter-harvested, wild adult buck taken on private land in Tensas Parish.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The LDAF regulates alternative livestock in regard to agricultural businesses in Louisiana, which includes farm-raised white-tailed deer. While the confirmed case was not from a deer pen, the LDAF’s objective is to ensure that alternative livestock in the state are healthy and well-cared for and stay that way.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“The program requires inspection, population control, and record-keeping by the LDAF to ensure the overall health of the deer herd,” said LDAF Commissioner Mike Strain, D.M.V. Additionally, LDAF performs annual inspections of all pens. The inspections are to ensure the pens are in good condition and deemed secure.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“It will take diligence from all parties to help control the spread of CWD in Louisiana; this includes our permitted deer pen licensees,” Strain said.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ldaf.state.la.us/news/cwd-case-found-in-a-white-tailed-deer-in-tensas-parish/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ldaf.state.la.us/news/cwd-case-found-in-a-white-tailed-deer-in-tensas-parish/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Louisiana Declaration of Emergency order, Deer Feeding and Carcass Export Ban in Tensas, Franklin and Madison Parishes Due to CWD, LDWF Announces </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DECLARATION OF EMERGENCY</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Commission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Supplemental Feedings Ban in Franklin, Madison and Tensas Parishes</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In accordance with the emergency provisions of R.S. 49:953.1 and under the authority of</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">R.S. 56:115 and 116 the Wildlife and Fisheries Commission and the Secretary of the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife hereby adopt the following rule: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">On February 2, 2022, the Louisiana Animal Disease Laboratory at LSU detected Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a sample submitted by the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDQF ) from a hunter-harvested adult buck in 4 Tensas Parish. The sample has been submitted to the National Veterinary Services Laboratory to confirm the result. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In response to receiving a preliminary positive CWD test result in a deer harvested in Louisiana, the wildlife and Fisheries Commission took action on February 3, 2022 to direct LDWF to implement its CWD Management Plan to monitor and curb the spread of CWD in Louisiana. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Therefore, the export of any cervid carcass or part of a cervid carcass originating within Franklin, Madison, and Tensas Parish is prohibited, except for meat that is cut and wrapped; meat that has been boned out; quarters or other portions of meat with no part of the spinal column or head attached, antlers, clean skull plates with antlers cleaned, skulls without tissue attached, capes, tanned hides, finished taxidermy mounts, and cleaned cervid teeth. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Beginning Monday February 7, 2022, all supplemental feeding, including mineral or salt licks, is prohibited in Franklin, Madison, and Tensas Parishes. The Purpose of this feeding ban is to reduce the potential for the spread of CWD in Louisiana by reducing the risk of exposure when deer are concentrated around feeding sites. The use of approved bait not normally ingested by deer for feral hog trapping will still be allowed. All bait must be placed and contained within the trap itself. Backyard bird feeders are also exempt from this supplemental feeding prohibition. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This Declaration of Emergency shall become effective February 4, 2022, and will remain in effect for the maximum period allowed under the Administrative Procedure Act or until rescinded or modified by the Secretary. The Secretary of the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries is authorized to take any and all necessary steps on behalf of the Commission to promulgate and effectuate this Declaration of Emergency, and to modify, rescind, or extend it upon notification of the Chairman of the Wildlife and Fisheries Commission. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Jack Montoucer Secretary February 4, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/assets/Resources/Publications/Commission_Action_Items/DE_CWD_04FEB2022.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/assets/Resources/Publications/Commission_Action_Items/DE_CWD_04FEB2022.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/assets/Resources/Publications/Commission_Action_Items/Commission-Action-Item-12-3-21-DE-CWD-December-2021-meeting.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/assets/Resources/Publications/Commission_Action_Items/Commission-Action-Item-12-3-21-DE-CWD-December-2021-meeting.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Declaration of Emergency order, Deer Feeding and Carcass Export Ban in Tensas, Franklin and Madison Parishes Due to CWD, LDWF Announces </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ed Pratt (225) 765-3970 epratt@wlf.la.gov For Immediate Release Feb. 4, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF), in accordance with a Declaration of Emergency order by the Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission (LWFC), is imposing a feeding and carcass export ban on deer in Tensas, Franklin and Madison parishes.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The ban is in response to an adult buck harvested in Tensas Parish being diagnosed with chronic wasting disease (CWD), which is always fatal to deer. The carcass export ban is effective immediately and the feeding ban would go into effect on Monday (Feb. 7).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Commission, after receiving a report on the preliminary positive deer, issued its order on Thursday (Feb. 3), effective Friday (Feb. 4), to direct LDWF to implement its CWD Management Plan to monitor and contain the spread of disease in the state.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This Declaration will remain in effect for the maximum period allowed under the Administrative Procedure Act or until rescinded or modified by the Secretary.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To see the complete declaration of emergency, go to </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/resources/category/commission-action-items" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/resources/category/commission-action-items</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“This is the best option that we have at this time,” said LDWF Secretary Jack Montoucet. “We will provide updates on our response in the coming months.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">What this order means:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">All supplemental feeding, including mineral or salt licks, is prohibited in Tensas, Franklin and Madison parishes. The purpose of this feeding ban is to reduce the potential for the spread of CWD in Louisiana by reducing the risk of exposure when deer are concentrated around feeding sites. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The use of approved bait not normally ingested by deer for feral hog trapping will be allowed. All bait must be placed and contained within the trap itself. Backyard bird feeders are also exempt from this supplemental feeding prohibition.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The export of cervid carcasses or part of a cervid carcass originating within Tensas Franklin and Madison parishes is prohibited, except for: meat that is cut and wrapped; meat that has been boned out; quarters or other portions of meat with no part of the spinal column or head attached, antlers, clean skull plates with antlers, cleaned skulls without tissue attached, capes, tanned hides, finished taxidermy mounts and cleaned cervid teeth. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/news/deer-feeding-and-carcass-export-ban-in-tensas-franklin-and-madison-parishes-due-to-cwd-ldwf-announces" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/news/deer-feeding-and-carcass-export-ban-in-tensas-franklin-and-madison-parishes-due-to-cwd-ldwf-announces</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020-LDWF CWD has not yet been found in Louisiana, but Texas, Arkansas, and Mississippi have documented it in their deer populations.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/page/cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/page/cwd</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/search?q=chronic+wasting+disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/search?q=chronic+wasting+disease</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/assets/Resources/Publications/Deer/LDWF_CWD_Presentation_2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/assets/Resources/Publications/Deer/LDWF_CWD_Presentation_2019.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, APRIL 21, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Louisiana LDWF Eleven Deer Tested Positive for CWD During 2022-23 Hunting Season </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/louisiana-ldwf-eleven-deer-tested.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/louisiana-ldwf-eleven-deer-tested.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, JULY 12, 2016 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Louisiana Notice of Intent Cervid Carcass Importation (LAC XIX.V.1.119) CWD TSE PRION </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/07/louisiana-notice-of-intent-cervid.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/07/louisiana-notice-of-intent-cervid.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, APRIL 14, 2016 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Louisiana Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Surveillance and Testing Program? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/louisiana-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/louisiana-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Maine CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Maine CWD TSE Prion, to date, CWD has not been detected? if you don't test enough, you don't find cwd, until cwd finds you, by then, it's much too late...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.maine.gov/ifw/fish-wildlife/wildlife/living-with-wildlife/diseases/chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.maine.gov/ifw/fish-wildlife/wildlife/living-with-wildlife/diseases/chronic-wasting-disease.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Maine has actively monitored for CWD each year since 1999, and since that time screened approximately 9,000 wild deer. Thus far, Maine proudly remains CWD free.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.maine.gov/ifw/hunting-trapping/hunting-laws/chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.maine.gov/ifw/hunting-trapping/hunting-laws/chronic-wasting-disease.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Current through Register Vol. 2020-42, October 14, 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Section 001-203-3 - DEFINITIONS:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">1.Captive: Cervids that are privately or publicly maintained or held for economic or other purposes within a perimeter fence or confined space.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2.Case Definition: A deer 12 months of age or older having chronic weight loss and exhibiting any or all of the following symptoms: isolates self from herd, listlessness, blank facial expression, head drooping, loss of muscle control, repetitive walking in pen, hyperexciteability, nervousness, interest in grain, but no interest in hay, hypersalivation, teeth grinding, increased urination and drinking of water.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">3.Cervids: All members of the cervid family and hybrids including but not limited to elk, reindeer and related species.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">4.Herd Inventory: A physical herd census with third party validation. The current animal census must be reconciled with the records from the previous annual herd inventory by state or federal personnel, or a specifically authorized accredited veterinarian.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">5.Certificate of Veterinary Inspection: A legible certificate or form issued by an accredited veterinarian, issued within 30 days preceding importation, and approved by the chief livestock official of the state or country of origin. The Certificate of Veterinary Inspection must contain the following information:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">a) Names and full addresses (and physical addresses if different) of Consignor and Consignee.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">b) Official identification for each animal</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">c) Age, sex and breed for each animal</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">d) All required test results</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">e) Signature of accredited veterinarian attesting to the health of the animals</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">f) The following statement:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">"To the best of my knowledge, these cervids have not been exposed to Brucellosis, Tuberculosis or Bluetongue for one year prior to the date of entry. In addition, these cervids originate from a herd that has participated in a state or USDA sanctioned CWD Surveillance program for a minimum of 60-months and do not demonstrate clinical signs compatible with CWD or have not been exposed to CWD positive cervids or cervids demonstrating clinical signs of CWD for the previous five years."</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">6.CWD Certified Herd: A cervid herd that has successfully completed 60-months of participation in the monitoring program and has had no CWD positive cervids nor have any cervids been exposed to a positive CWD cervid.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">7.Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD): A transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of cervids.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">8.CWD Program: A program of surveillance, monitoring, testing and related actions designed to provide a status of Chronic Wasting Disease.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">9.CWD Exposed Cervid: A cervid that is or has been in the last 60-months part of a CWD positive herd.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">10.CWD Positive Cervid: A cervid that has had a diagnosis of CWD confirmed by means of an official CWD test conducted by a laboratory certified by US Department of Agriculture.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">11.CWD Negative Cervid: A cervid that has had an official CWD test conducted by a laboratory certified by the US Department of Agriculture and that has test results in a "not detected" or negative classification.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">12.CWD Suspect Cervid: A cervid for which inconclusive laboratory evidence suggests a diagnosis of CWD.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">13.CWD Infected Zone. A defined geographic area, as defined by the Commissioner of the Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry, and in consultation with the Commissioner of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, respective of state boundaries, in which CWD is present, whether in wild or captive herds.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">14.Department: The Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">15.Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife: The Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife (IF&W).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">16.Enrollment Date: The day, month and year in which the State officially enrolls an owner's herd in the CWD Surveillance Program and initial enrollment requirements are met.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">17.Herd: One or more cervids that are under common ownership or supervision and are grouped on one or more parts of any single premises, and all cervids under common ownership or supervision on two or more premises, which are geographically separated, but on which cervids have been commingled or had direct or indirect contact with one another.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">18.Importation Permit: A document issued by the Department prior to the time of entry that authorizes the importation of cervids into the State.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">19.License: A license issued by the Division of Animal and Plant Health, Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry entitling the holder to propagate, possess, purchase and/or sell cervids.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">20.Mandatory Reporting: The requirement that all cervids meeting the CWD case definition be evaluated by an accredited veterinarian and reported to the Department immediately.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">21.Monitored Herd: A program of surveillance, monitoring, testing and related actions designed to identify CWD infection in special purpose herds or in those herds not participating in the CWD Certified Herd program.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">22.Owner: An individual, partnership, company, corporation or other legal entity that has legal or rightful title to an animal or herd of animals.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">23.Permit Application for State Entry: An application, which must be submitted to the Department prior to the issuance of an importation permit.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">24.Special Purpose Herd: A captive herd managed and maintained in such a manner that no live cervid is removed or allowed to be removed from the designated premises, such as a Maine licensed commercial large game shooting area.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">25.USDA: The United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">26.Official Identification. The identification of cervids with a minimum of two state and federally approved identifiers. The identification must enable the trace-back of cervids to herd of origin.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">a) Identification shall include at least one of the following: permanent tattoo; microchip; or official state ear tag;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">b) Identification may include one of the following: herd ear tag; leg tag; collar tag; or other identification approved by the Department.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">27.Official Test: A CWD test approved by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and performed at a U.S. Department of Agriculture approved laboratory.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">28.Premises: The ground, area, buildings, water sources and equipment commonly shared by a herd of animals.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">29. Quarantine: An order issued by a State or Federal official prohibiting the movement of animals to and from a designated premises.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">01-001 C.M.R. ch. 203, § 3</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://casetext.com/regulation/maine-administrative-code/department-01-department-of-agriculture-conservation-and-forestry/division-001-agriculture-general/chapter-203-rules-for-the-participation-in-the-maine-chronic-wasting-disease-surveillance-program/section-001-203-3-definitions" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://casetext.com/regulation/maine-administrative-code/department-01-department-of-agriculture-conservation-and-forestry/division-001-agriculture-general/chapter-203-rules-for-the-participation-in-the-maine-chronic-wasting-disease-surveillance-program/section-001-203-3-definitions</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CHAPTER 305</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">ERADICATION OF DISEASES</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">§1801. Reportable diseases</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The commissioner shall, by rule adopted in a manner consistent with the Maine Administrative Procedure Act, determine which diseases or pathogens must be classified as "reportable." The form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy known as chronic wasting disease is reportable. It is a </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MRS Title 7. AGRICULTURE AND ANIMALS Generated 10.14.2020 Title 7. AGRICULTURE AND ANIMALS | 241</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">violation of this chapter for any owner, agent of any owner, veterinarian or other person having knowledge of the existence of such disease or pathogen or the exposure of domestic animals to such disease or pathogen not to properly report the existence of such disease or pathogen or exposure of domestic animals to the department immediately after knowledge of such disease or pathogen or exposure of domestic animals to such disease or pathogen. [PL 2001, c. 572, §32 (RPR).] It is a violation of this chapter for any person to cause a domestic animal to be driven, trucked or otherwise moved intrastate or interstate when that person has knowledge that the animal is infected with or has been exposed to a reportable disease or pathogen. It is a violation of this chapter for any person to cause a domestic animal to be driven, trucked or otherwise moved intrastate or interstate when that person has knowledge that the animal has been treated with a vaccine or other substance that might make that animal capable of spreading a reportable disease or pathogen among susceptible domestic animals. A domestic animal infected with or exposed to a reportable disease or pathogen may be moved only under the direction of the commissioner. [PL 2001, c. 572, §32 (RPR).]</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SECTION HISTORY</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PL 1971, c. 594, §7 (AMD). PL 1977, c. 694, §122 (AMD). PL 1999, c. 765, §6 (AMD). PL 2001, c. 572, §32 (RPR).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">§1802. Condemnation of diseased animals</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The commissioner may, when he deems it necessary, condemn and take possession of diseased or exposed domestic animals, or domestic animals suspected of being diseased or exposed, for diagnostic purposes, and may pay the owner for the same, health, condition and market value being considered. This condemnation shall not be considered licensing or an adjudicatory proceeding, as defined by the Maine Administrative Procedure Act. [PL 1977, c. 694, §123 (NEW).]</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SECTION HISTORY</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PL 1977, c. 694, §123 (AMD).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">§1803. Transportation of diseased animals</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">It is a violation of this chapter for a person to cause a domestic animal to be driven, trucked or otherwise moved into the State when that person has knowledge that the animal is infected with or has been exposed to any contagious disease or to a pathogen that is classified as a reportable pathogen under section 1801. [PL 2001, c. 572, §33 (RPR).]</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SECTION HISTORY</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PL 2001, c. 572, §33 (RPR). </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/7/title7.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/7/title7.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www1.maine.gov/ifw/docs/FINAL_Testimony_LD%20638%20Legalize%20Deer%20Supplements.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www1.maine.gov/ifw/docs/FINAL_Testimony_LD%20638%20Legalize%20Deer%20Supplements.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.maine.gov/ifw/news-events/single-release.html?id=815933" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.maine.gov/ifw/news-events/single-release.html?id=815933</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.maine.gov/dacf/ahw/animal_health/documents/cervids/QuebecCWDProducerLetter.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.maine.gov/dacf/ahw/animal_health/documents/cervids/QuebecCWDProducerLetter.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.maine.gov/dacf/ahw/animal_health/documents/cervids/Chapter%20203%20Rules%20For%20Participation%20in%20Maine%20CWD%20Surveillance%20Program.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.maine.gov/dacf/ahw/animal_health/documents/cervids/Chapter%20203%20Rules%20For%20Participation%20in%20Maine%20CWD%20Surveillance%20Program.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"> We were concerned about the enforcement of the herd certification program nationwide. There had been some serious lapses, the majority of new cases of CWD in terms of facilities or states in the last year had come from certified facilities and noncompliance. The state vet was very committed to a program of testing and following up. They tested every animal that died in a captive deer facility in Maine. From an IFW standpoint, we were monitoring deer across the state. We were sampling in towns where there were deer farms and sampling wild deer adjacent to that. The idea of a total ban on moving live deer across the country was being discussed. There were some states that were prohibiting any wild deer from being brought into their state. Most everyone was looking at a ban on the movement of carcasses. Ours had been strengthened in the proposed rule.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.maine.gov/ifw/about/advisory-council/minutes.html?id=1067866" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.maine.gov/ifw/about/advisory-council/minutes.html?id=1067866</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.maine.gov/search?q=chronic+wasting+disease&as_sitesearch=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maine.gov%2Fifw&site=test_collection&output=xml_no_dtd&client=test_collection&proxystylesheet=test_collection" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.maine.gov/search?q=chronic+wasting+disease&as_sitesearch=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maine.gov%2Fifw&site=test_collection&output=xml_no_dtd&client=test_collection&proxystylesheet=test_collection</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Maryland CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Maryland, to date, 80 confirmed cases to date from CWD TSE Prion...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Maryland CWD TSE Prion, To date, 171 infected deer have been documented in the state.</div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Status of CWD in Maryland The Department of Natural Resources has tested 13,314 deer through random CWD surveillance since 2002. Sick deer displaying neurological symptoms were tested for CWD from 1999-2001. The disease was detected for the first time in Maryland from a deer taken by a hunter in November 2010, in Allegany County. To date, 171 infected deer have been documented in the state.<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/hunt_trap/CWD_in_Maryland.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/hunt_trap/CWD_in_Maryland.aspx</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, MAY 17, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Maryland Department of Natural Resources’ Annual Survey Confirms 38 Deer With Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">May 16, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Management Area Expanded into Additional Counties Following 2022 Report</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Image of map of four Maryland counties in chronic wasting disease management area The Maryland Department of Natural Resources reported today that 38 white-tailed deer sampled within Allegany, Carroll, Frederick, and Washington counties in 2022 tested positive for chronic wasting disease, a neurological disease found in deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Department of Natural Resources works with neighboring states to monitor chronic wasting disease in the deer population, and establishes management areas to help study the disease and hopefully curb its spread. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Of the positive samples, 34 came from within the existing Chronic Wasting Disease Management Area (Allegany and Washington counties), while three positive samples came from Frederick County and one positive sample came from Carroll County.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“Unfortunately, but not surprisingly, this disease continues to spread both regionally and nationally,” Wildlife and Heritage Service Acting Director Karina Stonesifer said. “The department will continue to monitor this disease using the best science available to minimize the impact on our deer population and to keep hunters informed.”</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://news.maryland.gov/dnr/2023/05/16/maryland-department-of-natural-resources-annual-survey-confirms-38-deer-with-chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://news.maryland.gov/dnr/2023/05/16/maryland-department-of-natural-resources-annual-survey-confirms-38-deer-with-chronic-wasting-disease/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Status of CWD in Maryland The Department of Natural Resources has tested 13,300 deer for CWD since 1999. The disease was detected for the first time in Maryland from a deer taken by a hunter in November 2010, in Allegany County. To date, 171 infected deer have been documented in the state.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In Allegany County, seventy-eight positive deer have been detected in Harvest Management Unit 233, including three on Billmeyer Wildlife Management Area, twenty-seven on Green Ridge State Forest, and one on Sideling Hill Wildlife Management Area. Thirty-one positive deer have been detected in Allegany County Harvest Management Unit 231 near Cumberland. Nine positive deer have been detected in Harvest Management Unit 232, including one on Warrior Mountain Wildlife Management Area.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In Washington County, twenty-five positive deer have been detected in Harvest Management Unit 250, including three on Woodmont Natural Resources Management Area and one on Sideling Hill Wildlife Management Area. Seventeen positive deer have been found in Washington County Harvest Management Unit 251, including two on Indian Springs Wildlife Management Area. Seven positive deer have been detected in Harvest Management Unit 252 (Washington County, Region B).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In Frederick County, one positive deer has been detected in Harvest Management Unit 271, one in Harvest Management Unit 273, and one in Harvest Management Unit 274.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In Carroll County, one positive deer has been detected in Harvest Management Unit 312.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Number of White-tailed Deer that have Tested Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease by Harvest Management Unit (HMU) in Maryland, 2010 – 2022.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The department has been testing deer for CWD with increasing intensity since 1999. Initially, only deer that appeared to have classic CWD symptoms were tested. Beginning in 2002, the department began more intensive sampling and collected samples from deer in all counties of the state. In 2010, sampling efforts were focused on Allegany and western Washington counties due to the presence of positive cases in nearby West Virginia and Virginia. West Virginia first detected CWD in Hampshire County in 2005 and it was found in Frederick County, Virginia in early 2010. Pennsylvania documented a deer positive for CWD in 2012.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/hunt_trap/CWD_in_Maryland.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/hunt_trap/CWD_in_Maryland.aspx</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Maryland Department of Natural Resources’ Annual Survey Confirms 38 Deer With Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, MAY 19, 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Maryland DNR reported that 53 WTD sampled within Allegany and Washington counties in 2021 tested positive for chronic wasting disease CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Maryland DNR reported that 53 WTD sampled within Allegany and Washington counties in 2021 tested positive for chronic wasting disease CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in 53 Deer in Western Maryland</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">May 18, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://news.maryland.gov/dnr/2022/05/18/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-in-53-deer-in-western-maryland/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://news.maryland.gov/dnr/2022/05/18/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-in-53-deer-in-western-maryland/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Maryland</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Captive Deer Policy</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/hunt_trap/Captive-Deer-Policy.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/hunt_trap/Captive-Deer-Policy.aspx</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Maryland detects additional 28 positives from last year's CWD TSE Prion sampling, total stands at 80 confirmed cases to date...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Status of CWD in Maryland</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Department of Natural Resources has tested 10,882 deer for CWD since 1999. The disease was detected for the first time in Maryland from a deer taken by a hunter in November 2010. To date, 80 infected deer have been documented in the state. Forty-six of the deer originated in Allegany County Harvest Management Unit 233, including three on Billmeyer Wildlife Management Area, fifteen on Green Ridge State Forest, and one on Sideling Hill Wildlife Management Area. Twelve positive deer have been detected in Allegany County Harvest Management Unit 231 near Cumberland, and three have been detected in Harvest Management Unit 232. In Washington County, fourteen positive deer have been detected in Harvest Management Unit 250, including one on Woodmont Natural Resources Management Area. Four positive deer have been found in Washington County Harvest Management Unit 251, and one has now been found in Harvest Management Unit 252.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Number of White-tailed Deer that have Tested Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease by Harvest Management Unit (HMU) in Maryland, 2010 – 2019. County HMU Number Positive</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/hunt_trap/CWD_in_Maryland.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/hunt_trap/CWD_in_Maryland.aspx</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">7. Measuring the impact of chronic wasting disease in rural Maryland</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This research will ascertain the economic impact of the current and projected presence of Chronic Wasting Disease on Maryland’s cervid population and the businesses that rely upon it.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Key Expected Outcomes:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">• Analyze the overall economic impact that CWD may have on cervid hunting and the captive cervid industry in Maryland over the next five years.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">• Estimate the necessary funding by both state and federal agencies for efforts to prevent, control, and mitigate CWD over the next five years, looking separately at wild and captive cervid herds.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">• Estimate the economic impact that potential cervid overpopulation (as a result of declines in hunting) may have on Maryland’s overall economy, and within related industries and services (e.g., timber and wood products, tourism, agriculture, food banks, etc.) over the next five years.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">• Provide public policy implications and relevant recommendations.</div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://rural.maryland.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/07/Meeting-Materials-RMF-Meeting-10.6.2022.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://rural.maryland.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2022/07/Meeting-Materials-RMF-Meeting-10.6.2022.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Maryland CWD response plan </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Documents/2016_CWD_ResponsePlan.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Documents/2016_CWD_ResponsePlan.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.maryland.gov/pages/search.aspx?q=chronic%20wasting%20disease&site=8akcuqsa-yk&name=Natural%20Resources" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.maryland.gov/pages/search.aspx?q=chronic%20wasting%20disease&site=8akcuqsa-yk&name=Natural%20Resources</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, OCTOBER 09, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Maryland detects additional 28 positives from last year's CWD TSE Prion sampling, total stands at 80 confirmed cases to date</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/maryland-detects-additional-28.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/maryland-detects-additional-28.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, MAY 28, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Maryland Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in 25 Deer</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/05/maryland-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/05/maryland-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 21, 2018</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Maryland Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Found In Ten Deer Allegany and Washington Counties</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/maryland-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/maryland-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, MARCH 04, 2017 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Maryland DNR Six Deer Test Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/maryland-dnr-six-deer-test-positive-for.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/maryland-dnr-six-deer-test-positive-for.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, MARCH 29, 2016 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Maryland Department of Natural Resources Five Deer Test Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease ONE OUTSIDE CWD MANAGEMENT ZONE</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/maryland-department-of-natural.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/maryland-department-of-natural.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 27, 2011 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Found In A White-Tailed Deer In Maryland</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/11/chronic-wasting-disease-found-in-white.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/11/chronic-wasting-disease-found-in-white.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Thursday, February 10, 2011</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Found In A White-Tailed Deer In Maryland</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/02/chronic-wasting-disease-found-in-white.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/02/chronic-wasting-disease-found-in-white.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Massachusetts CWD TSE Prion<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Massachusetts CWD TSE Prion, to date, no cases of CWD TSE Prion has been detected, and if you don't cwd test in sufficient numbers, you will not find cwd, it's cwd finds you, then it's too late...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mass.gov/service-details/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mass.gov/service-details/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mass.gov/doc/2020-massachusetts-fishing-and-hunting-guide/download?_ga=2.191912045.697855528.1605986324-529463204.1605986324" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mass.gov/doc/2020-massachusetts-fishing-and-hunting-guide/download?_ga=2.191912045.697855528.1605986324-529463204.160598632</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2019</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Mr. Stainbrook stressed the following important points: CWD has not been detected in Massachusetts and we have strong regulations in place to reduce the risks, noting that, since regulations adopted in 2005, no live deer can be brought into the state and there is a carcass ban from CWD-positive areas. He also stressed that Massachusetts has had no documented cases of CWD in humans or livestock. In other states with CWD, there is evidence of decreased hunter interest and corresponding loss of license sales, as well as deer population decreases in areas with an incidence rate greater than 20%.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Mr. Stainbrook also reviewed the history of funding of CWD research, the places where CWD is found, the spread of the disease over time, recent research, steps to reduce the risks to Massachusetts deer, and the outreach efforts that are being undertaken in Massachusetts to publicize the issue and educate hunters. Please refer to Page 73 in the Wildlife Section of this Annual Report for a recently updated map of the incidence of CWD in the U.S. and Canada.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mass.gov/doc/2019-masswildlife-annual-report/download?_ga=2.188699887.697855528.1605986324-529463204.1605986324" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mass.gov/doc/2019-masswildlife-annual-report/download?_ga=2.188699887.697855528.1605986324-529463204.1605986324</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mass.gov/doc/massachusetts-bans-importation-of-deer/download" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mass.gov/doc/massachusetts-bans-importation-of-deer/download</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Michigan CWD TSE Prion<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Michigan CWD Chronic Wasting Disease Cervid Total 46...tss)</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Michigan CWD TSE Prion, Total of confirmed CWD positive deer from 2015 to present, is 251 cases.<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/managing-resources/wildlife/wildlife-disease/disease-monitoring/cwd/cwd-testing-data" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/managing-resources/wildlife/wildlife-disease/disease-monitoring/cwd/cwd-testing-data</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Since CWD was first detected in 2015, over 103,000 deer have been tested for CWD in Michigan. There have been over 137,000 wild deer tested in total. The Ogemaw County deer is the Department’s 251st positive animal.<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Michigan DNR reports Ogemaw County’s first CWD-positive deer in Klacking Township, Ogemaw County</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Oct. 31, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Contact: Chad Stewart, 517-282-4810</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DNR reports Ogemaw County’s first CWD-positive deer; hunters in north-central part of county encouraged to check deer A 4-year-old doe that was reported to be in poor condition – skinny, drooling and showing no fear of people – in Klacking Township, Ogemaw County, recently tested positive for chronic wasting disease. It is the first CWD-positive wild deer from that county, a finding confirmed by the University of Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory in Madison, which works with the Michigan Department of Natural Resources to identify CWD in Michigan’s wild herd.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease that affects white-tailed deer, elk and moose. To date, the disease also has been detected in the following Michigan counties: Clinton, Dickinson, Eaton, Gratiot, Hillsdale, Ingham, Ionia, Isabella, Jackson, Kent, Midland and Montcalm.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“When we find chronic wasting disease in a brand-new location, where previous intensive surveillance has not yet been done, it becomes extremely important for wildlife disease managers to understand where additional cases might be within that county,” said DNR deer and elk specialist Chad Stewart. “In light of this new detection, we are offering additional opportunities for those interested in getting their deer tested for CWD in Ogemaw County.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A drop box for CWD testing will be available at the Rifle River Recreation Area headquarters, located at 2550 Rose City Road in Lupton, starting Friday, Nov. 3. The check station typically operated at the DNR field office located at 410 Fairview Road in West Branch will be open Nov. 15-30 from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. The field office will be closed Nov. 23-24 for the Thanksgiving holiday. Self-service test kits, typically available in other locations where CWD has been identified, will not be available in Ogemaw County due to concerns of bovine tuberculosis disease transmission in the county.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Stewart said that CWD is not common among deer in Michigan, and the hunting community can continue to play a key role in assisting the department in disease-testing efforts.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“The DNR sets surveillance goals – basically, a number of deer tested in a particular area – to understand the scale of infection in the local deer herd,” he said. “The closer we come to meeting these goals, the more data we have to identify where and to what extent chronic wasting disease exists in Michigan. Strong hunter participation in testing is critical to that learning, especially in areas where we haven’t yet met surveillance goals.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Testing background, strategy In addition to testing around areas of known CWD positives, the DNR in 2021 began a rotational approach to testing around the state. A group of counties is selected each year, with the eventual aim of testing enough deer in every Michigan county.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The goal of this approach is early disease detection, as management has the potential to be most effective when the disease is caught early. Most of these areas have not had a CWD detection or have not previously been part of intensive testing efforts, so little is known about disease status or pathways in these locations. In 2021 and 2022, the rotational approach focused testing in areas of both the southwestern and southeastern Lower Peninsula.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This year, testing will focus on the northwestern Lower Peninsula and a few counties in other areas where additional herd information is still needed. The focal counties for 2023 CWD testing include Antrim, Benzie, Charlevoix, Emmet, Grand Traverse, Hillsdale, Isabella, Kalkaska, Lake, Leelanau, Manistee, Missaukee, Osceola and Wexford. These counties will have CWD testing drop boxes, staffed submission sites, and partner processors and taxidermists to assist with collection efforts.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In the rest of the state, testing is available through direct submission by hunters to a cooperating U.S. Department of Agriculture-approved diagnostic laboratory for a fee or through free self-sample shipping kits in counties where CWD has previously been detected.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Since CWD was first detected in 2015, over 103,000 deer have been tested for CWD in Michigan. There have been over 137,000 wild deer tested in total. The Ogemaw County deer is the Department’s 251st positive animal.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To date, there have been no reported cases of CWD infection in people. However, as a precaution, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that infected animals not be consumed as food by either humans or domestic animals.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hunters also are reminded to use caution when field-dressing or processing a deer. This includes practices such as wearing rubber gloves, minimizing contact with the deer’s brain and spinal tissue, and washing your hands with soap and warm water after handling any parts of the carcass.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Proper disposal of a deer carcass is critical to prevent the spread of chronic wasting disease. Deer carcasses should go directly to a landfill or be disposed of through your regular trash pickup to be taken to a landfill. Deer harvested from known CWD areas should never be disposed of on the landscape in non-CWD areas.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For more information on chronic wasting disease, visit Michigan.gov/CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MIDNR/bulletins/378a3d4" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MIDNR/bulletins/378a3d4</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/managing-resources/wildlife/wildlife-disease/disease-monitoring/cwd/cwd-locations" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/managing-resources/wildlife/wildlife-disease/disease-monitoring/cwd/cwd-locations</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">MDARD: Chronic Wasting Disease Confirmed in a Farmed White-Tailed Deer from Newaygo County Michigan </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Dept of Agriculture & Rural Development sent this bulletin at 05/02/2023 11:15 AM EDT <br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For immediate release: May 2, 2023 Media contact: Jennifer Holton, 517-284-5724 or Chelsea Lewis, 517-331-1151</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MDARD: Chronic Wasting Disease Confirmed in a Farmed White-Tailed Deer from Newaygo County LANSING, MI –The Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (MDARD) has confirmed chronic wasting disease (CWD) in one white-tailed deer from a farmed cervid facility in Newaygo County. The infected four-and-a-half-year-old deer was discovered through routine testing as part of the state’s CWD surveillance program for farmed deer.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“Limiting the spread and impact of CWD on Michigan’s farmed cervid herds hinges on the ability to detect the disease early and respond promptly,” said State Veterinarian Dr. Nora Wineland. “While regular CWD surveillance testing is central to accomplishing this goal, MDARD’s continued partnership with herd owners, hunters, and other state and federal partners is also crucial to effectively managing this disease. Ensuring the health of Michigan’s farmed cervid population is a team effort.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease that affects different cervid species, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, elk, and moose. CWD can be transmitted directly from one animal to another and indirectly through the environment. While an infected animal may appear healthy for months or years, it will eventually display abnormal behavior, progressive weight loss, and physical debilitation in the later stages of the disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The presence of CWD in farmed cervid facilities and free-ranging deer is not new to Michigan. Since 2008, including this new case, CWD has been detected at 11 Michigan cervid farms in the following counties: Kent (2), Mecosta (4), Montcalm (3), and Newaygo (2).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">With free-ranging deer, CWD was first discovered in May 2015; and cases have been found across 11 counties in Michigan’s Upper and Lower Peninsulas. To date, no free-ranging white-tailed deer have tested positive for CWD in Newaygo County. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">As part of MDARD’s disease response, investigations are ongoing to rule out any possible exposure to other farmed cervids.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Currently, there have been no reported cases of CWD infection in humans. However, as a precaution, the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that CWD-infected animals should not be consumed as food by either humans or domestic animals.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">More information about CWD can be found at Michigan.gov/CWD or Michigan.gov/MDARD-Cervid.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">###</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Michigan MDARD: Chronic Wasting Disease Confirmed in a Farmed White-Tailed Deer from Newaygo County<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MIDARD/bulletins/3583c22" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MIDARD/bulletins/3583c22</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Metric 2021 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Percent of herds where CWD Certification was completed within 42 days 80% 88%</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Number of deer and elk imported into Michigan 8 13</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Number of herds involved in special surveillance zones around CWD-positive free-ranging deer 84 89</div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">APPENDIX A: 2022 REPORTABLE DISEASES</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD (Chronic Wasting Disease) Cervid 1 Herd </div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2022_aid_annual_report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2022_aid_annual_report.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Michigan MDARD Captive CWD Positives depopulated and quarantined<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Michigan MDARD CWD</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">APPENDIX A: 2021 REPORTABLE DISEASES<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Livestock Diseases: Small Animal, Equine and Exotic Diseases: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Disease Species Number of Animals</div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD (Chronic Wasting Disease) Cervid 19<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2021_aid_annual_report.pdf?rev=6989dcce43ed4fe3985a05bcffa225ec&hash=0530DE52E159E9B48C80EC8165A25158" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/mdard/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2021_aid_annual_report.pdf?rev=6989dcce43ed4fe3985a05bcffa225ec&hash=0530DE52E159E9B48C80EC8165A25158</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Michigan MDARD CWD</div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">APPENDIX A: 2020 REPORTABLE DISEASES Livestock Diseases: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Disease Species Number of Animals </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD (Chronic Wasting Disease) Cervid 46 <br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2020_aid_annual_report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/mdard/documents/annual-reports/aid/2020_aid_annual_report.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Michigan, to date, CWD TSE Prion has been detected in 192 cervid...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Michigan CWD TSE Prion POSTIVIES captive vs wild ???</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases/0,4579,7-186-76711_78204-357110--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases/0,4579,7-186-76711_78204-357110--,00.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-538324--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-538324--,00.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-501527--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-501527--,00.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Feb. 27, 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Contact: Chad Stewart, 517-282-4810</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Broad CWD surveillance, hunter assistance during Michigan’s 2019 deer seasons help identify 65 CWD-positive deer</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">In all, 65 CWD-positive deer were identified from the 2019 hunting seasons – and all were from counties with a known CWD presence.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MIDNR/bulletins/27de864" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MIDNR/bulletins/27de864</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://search.michigan.gov/AppBuilder/search?ctx=DNR&q=chronic%20wasting%20disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://search.michigan.gov/AppBuilder/search?ctx=DNR&q=chronic%20wasting%20disease</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-538324--,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-538324--,00.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/2019_deer_harvest_survey_report_701035_7.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/2019_deer_harvest_survey_report_701035_7.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/hunting_and_trapping_digest_461177_7.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/hunting_and_trapping_digest_461177_7.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD MAP</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://content.govdelivery.com/attachments/MIDNR/2020/02/27/file_attachments/1388766/CWD-positive%20deer%202015-2019.gif" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://content.govdelivery.com/attachments/MIDNR/2020/02/27/file_attachments/1388766/CWD-positive%20deer%202015-2019.gif</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://search.michigan.gov/AppBuilder/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&id=&type=&ctx=DNR&q=2020+chronic+wasting+disease&button=search" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://search.michigan.gov/AppBuilder/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&id=&type=&ctx=DNR&q=2020+chronic+wasting+disease&button=search</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 02, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Michigan DNR reports Ogemaw County’s first CWD-positive deer in Klacking Township, Ogemaw County </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/michigan-dnr-reports-ogemaw-countys.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/michigan-dnr-reports-ogemaw-countys.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, OCTOBER 11, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Michigan Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion increases to 191 positive to date</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/michigan-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/michigan-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 22, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Michigan CWD TSE Prion 189 Positive To Date UPDATE September 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/09/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-189-positive-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/09/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-189-positive-to.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 25, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Michigan CWD TSE Prion Total Suspect Positive Deer Moves Up To 188 with total deer tested 80,687 to date</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">https://www.michigan.gov/emergingdiseases/0,4579,7-186-76711_78204-357110--,00.html</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-total-suspect.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-total-suspect.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 30, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Michigan CWD TSE Prion Total Suspect Positive Deer Jumps To 181 to date</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-total-suspect.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-total-suspect.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, JANUARY 27, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Michigan CWD TSE Prion MDARD 3 positive white-tailed deer from a Newaygo County deer farm depopulation and quarantine efforts update?</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-mdard-3-positive.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-mdard-3-positive.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 14, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Michigan MDARD has confirmed chronic wasting disease (CWD) in 3 white-tailed deer from a Newaygo County deer farm</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/michigan-mdard-has-confirmed-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/michigan-mdard-has-confirmed-chronic.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 07, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Michigan Total CWD TSE Prion Positive Suspect-Positive Deer Jump To 174 confirmed to date</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/michigan-total-cwd-tse-prion-positive.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/michigan-total-cwd-tse-prion-positive.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Minnesota CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Minnesota, to date, CWD has 95 wild deer have tested positive...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Minnesota CWD TSE Prion, Statewide CWD-Positive Wild Deer (2010-Present) 252</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/cwdcheck/index.html#map" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/cwdcheck/index.html#map</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">News release: CWD detected in a wild deer near Wabasha in southeastern Minnesota</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">November 27, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A deer harvested during the opening weekend of firearms season near Wabasha in southeastern Minnesota has tested positive for chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The hunter harvested the adult male deer in deer permit area (DPA) 342, within the southeastern Minnesota CWD surveillance zone where hunters were required to have their deer tested for CWD during the opening weekend of firearms season.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources had added DPA 342 to the CWD surveillance zone this year in response to detections of CWD in wild deer in bordering Buffalo County, Wisconsin in 2022.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“This discovery in southeastern Minnesota, while unwelcome news, highlights the importance and necessity of our disease surveillance efforts,” said Erik Hildebrand, Minnesota DNR wildlife health supervisor. “We truly appreciate hunters’ help in combatting CWD by getting their deer tested for CWD when required and complying with carcass movement restrictions. Results of these efforts help limit disease spread and protect the health of Minnesota’s white-tailed deer.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">With the new discovery, the DNR’s current CWD response plan calls for three years of mandatory testing to help determine the potential prevalence of the disease in DPA 342 and surrounding DPAs.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Much of southeastern Minnesota includes areas where CWD has been found in wild deer, or areas that are considered at risk for disease transmission. Statewide, the Minnesota DNR has tested more than 130,000 deer since 2002. As of Nov. 27, 236 have tested positive. Most of those cases occurred in southeastern Minnesota. These data indicate the disease remains relatively rare in Minnesota. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Within DPAs where CWD has been detected, the DNR uses multiple management actions designed to help mitigate disease spread, including carcass movement restrictions, dumpsters, a deer feeding and attractants ban, and sometimes increased hunting opportunities with increased bag limits.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Complete CWD test results are available on the Minnesota DNR’s CWD test results webpage. Any additional deer harvested during the 2023 deer seasons in Minnesota that test positive for CWD will be reported on this webpage. The DNR will directly notify any hunter who harvests a deer that tests positive.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD affects cervids, which include white-tailed deer, moose and elk, and has no known cure. It is found in more than half of the states in the U.S.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">More information about CWD, what the DNR is doing to limit disease spread and protect the health of Minnesota’s white-tailed deer, and information for hunters about current and upcoming hunting seasons, is available on the Minnesota DNR website.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/news/2023/11/27/cwd-detected-wild-deer-near-wabasha-southeastern-minnesota" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/news/2023/11/27/cwd-detected-wild-deer-near-wabasha-southeastern-minnesota</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/cwdcheck/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/cwdcheck/index.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/cwd/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/cwd/index.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://arcgis.dnr.state.mn.us/portal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=fe50baad5abd4b5f9f3505e3c90d2e2a" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://arcgis.dnr.state.mn.us/portal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=fe50baad5abd4b5f9f3505e3c90d2e2a</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Captive CWD Positives (no information on trace-out CWD positives from any of these)...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">8/3/2022 4 YR Male MN Winona WTD Breeder Yes No 125 Depopulated<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">5/10/2021 3 Y Female MN Beltrami WTD Breeder No No 61 Depopulated<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">10/14/2020 2.5 Y Female MN Houston WTD Breeder Yes yes 49 Quarantine</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1/2020 3 Y Female MN Pine WTD Breeder Yes No 8 Depopulated</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">12/2019 8 Y Female MN Douglas WTD Breeder/Hob by Yes No 2 Depopulated</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">11/2017 3Y Male MN Winona WTD Breeder Yes No 7 Depopulated</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1/2017 2.5Y Female MN Meeker WTD Breeder Yes Yes 14 Depopulated</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">12/2016 2-2Y Females MN Crow Wing WTD & Mule deer Breeder/Sho oter Yes Yes 140 Depopulated</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.bah.state.mn.us/deer-elk/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.bah.state.mn.us/deer-elk/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/mammals/deer/management/deer-farms.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/mammals/deer/management/deer-farms.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Minnesota Deer testing finds additional cases of chronic wasting disease</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">November 19, 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">A wild deer harvested in Dakota County on Nov. 7 and a vehicle-killed deer in Olmsted County on Nov. 4 were confirmed positive for chronic wasting disease. To date, 95 wild deer have tested positive for CWD in Minnesota.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/news/2020/11/19/deer-testing-finds-additional-cases-chronic-wasting-disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/news/2020/11/19/deer-testing-finds-additional-cases-chronic-wasting-disease</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/search?terms=chronic+wasting+disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/search?terms=chronic+wasting+disease</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">cwd response plan</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://files.dnr.state.mn.us/wildlife/research/health/disease/cwd/cwd_responseplan.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://files.dnr.state.mn.us/wildlife/research/health/disease/cwd/cwd_responseplan.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 11, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Minnesota Farmed Cervidae Bills HF 1202, SF 1526, (HF2814 DEAD) Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/minnesota-farmed-cervidae-bills-hf-1202.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/minnesota-farmed-cervidae-bills-hf-1202.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, MARCH 22, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Minnesota CWD detected in a wild deer in Grand Rapids prompts DNR to update disease response plan</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/minnesota-cwd-detected-in-wild-deer-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/minnesota-cwd-detected-in-wild-deer-in.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, JUNE 11, 2021 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Minnesota Deer farming drives predicament over CWD-infested dump site on public land</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/06/minnesota-deer-farming-drives.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/06/minnesota-deer-farming-drives.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Minnesota Deer testing finds additional cases of chronic wasting disease, to date, 95 wild deer have tested positive for CWD in Minnesota</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/minnesota-deer-testing-finds-additional.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/minnesota-deer-testing-finds-additional.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, OCTOBER 16, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Minnesota CWD TSE Prion confirmed in Houston County farmed deer herd</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/minnesota-cwd-tse-prion-confirmed-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/minnesota-cwd-tse-prion-confirmed-in.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, MARCH 14, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Minnesota 4 More Farmed Deer and 1 wild positive for CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/minnesota-4-more-farmed-deer-and-1-wild.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/minnesota-4-more-farmed-deer-and-1-wild.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 21, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Minnesota CWD update test results from deer harvested in the 2019 hunting season and the special hunts have returned 27 wild deer tested positive for CWD all from the southeast DMZ</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/minnesota-cwd-update-test-results-from.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/minnesota-cwd-update-test-results-from.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 10, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Minnesota Investigation leads to additional CWD positive deer on Pine County farm</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/minnesota-investigation-leads-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/minnesota-investigation-leads-to.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Mississippi CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(Mississippi, to date, As of August 2020, Mississippi has detected 56 CWD-positive deer...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Mississippi CWD TSE Prion Total Positive To Date 224 Confirmed Cases.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/apps/cwd-dashboard/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mdwfp.com/apps/cwd-dashboard/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/wildlife-hunting/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mdwfp.com/wildlife-hunting/chronic-wasting-disease/</a> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/media/news/wildlife-hunting/cwd-detected-in-harrison-county/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mdwfp.com/media/news/wildlife-hunting/cwd-detected-in-harrison-county/</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/apps/cwdmap/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mdwfp.com/apps/cwdmap/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mississippi-Since February 2018, 218 CWD-positive white-tailed deer have been detected across eleven (11) counties.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Harrison County</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">12/1/2023 8:00:00 AM</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">By MDWFP</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks (MDWFP) recently received Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) positive test results for a hunter-harvested buck from Harrison County.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This is the first CWD-positive detection for this county.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The buck was considered “suspect positive” through initial testing and confirmed on November 29, 2023 by the National Veterinary Services Laboratories. Additional information will be forthcoming about a CWD Management Zone.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Since February 2018, 218 CWD-positive white-tailed deer have been detected across eleven (11) counties.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MDWFP thanks all hunters that have submitted deer during the 2023–24 hunting season.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hunters can submit deer for testing at established freezer locations or participating taxidermists.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For more information about Chronic Wasting Disease visit <a href="http://www.mdwfp.com/cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.mdwfp.com/cwd</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/media/news/wildlife-hunting/cwd-detected-in-harrison-county/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mdwfp.com/media/news/wildlife-hunting/cwd-detected-in-harrison-county/</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sample Year 2023<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">County CWD Positive Detected / Suspected Positive</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ALCORN COUNTY 4</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BENTON COUNTY 46</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ISSAQUENA COUNTY 1</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MARSHALL COUNTY 32</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TIPPAH COUNTY 1</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUNICA COUNTY 1</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WARREN COUNTY 2</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/apps/cwdmap/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mdwfp.com/apps/cwdmap/</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mississippi CWD TSE Prion 2022 45 Confirmed </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sample Year 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">County CWD Positive Detected</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ALCORN COUNTY 1</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BENTON COUNTY 28</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MARSHALL COUNTY 13</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TIPPAH COUNTY 1</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WARREN COUNTY 2</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/apps/cwdmap/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mdwfp.com/apps/cwdmap/</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tackling CWD: There are multiple reasons why CWD needs to be managed in Mississippi.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">11/2/2020 9:32:27 AM</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">By William T. McKinley and Kamen Campell</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Mississippi initially discovered CWD in February 2018. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">This first detection was an adult buck in Issaquena County. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Samplings in the following deer season uncovered CWD in Pontotoc County (October 2018), Marshall County (November 2018), Benton County (December 2018), Panola County (February 2019), and Tallahatchie County (February 2019). </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">As of August 2020, Mississippi has detected 56 CWD-positive deer. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The most recent positives were two sick deer reported in July and August by a landowner in Benton County. A total of 35 deer tested positive during the 2019-2020 hunting season, all of which were harvested in Benton and Marshall counties. One in seven bucks 2.5 years and older sampled in the 2019-2020 season in Benton County tested positive for CWD (see table below).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Prevalence ranges from less than 1% (in four counties) to 13% (Benton County). MDWFP reports prevalence as the percentage of hunter-harvested bucks 2.5 years and older that are CWD-positive. Tennessee has detected 687 CWD-positive deer since the discovery in December 2018, most of which were harvested in counties that border Mississippi. The disease could likely be present but not detected in other counties. CWD has been detected within six miles of Alcorn, Desoto, Leflore, Sharkey, Tate, Tippah, Union, and Warren counties.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MDWFP will operate a minimum of 46 CWD drop-off freezers for hunters across Mississippi to acquire samples in the upcoming season. Hunters drop off the head of a harvested deer, provide contact information, and remove the receipt from the submission card. Additionally, MDWFP will be working with numerous taxidermists across the state. Hunters can view their test results online. MDWFP will personally contact any hunter submitting a positive animal.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Mississippi is participating in multiple research projects, in-state and nationwide, to further our efforts in managing CWD. Examples include CWD strain typing, white-tailed deer genotyping, CWD control methods, and deer movement studies within CWD-endemic areas.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MDWFP would like to thank hunters for submitting more than 6,000 samples last season; however, Mississippi’s deer herd needs hunters’ continued help to battle this insidious disease. Hunters are urged to stay updated on CWD, report sick deer, and submit deer heads for sampling. Visit MDWFP’s CWD page at mdwfp.com to learn more about CWD and to read the 2019-2020 CWD Annual Report.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/media/news/wildlife-hunting/tackling-cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mdwfp.com/media/news/wildlife-hunting/tackling-cwd/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.mdwfp.com/wildlife-hunting/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.mdwfp.com/wildlife-hunting/chronic-wasting-disease/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Surveillance and Management Report</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2019 - 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.mdwfp.com/media/300945/20-cwd-report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.mdwfp.com/media/300945/20-cwd-report.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/searchpage/?search=2020+cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mdwfp.com/searchpage/?search=2020+cwd</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Mississippi Captive Cervid</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mbah.ms.gov/wp-content/uploads/pdf/animalprograms/CWD_Monitoring_Regulation.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mbah.ms.gov/wp-content/uploads/pdf/animalprograms/CWD_Monitoring_Regulation.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Also cervidae 6 months of age and over must be tested negative for brucellosis within 30 days prior to entry and tested negative to tuberculosis with a cervical tuberculosis test within 30 days prior to entry.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Importing CWD Susceptible Animals into Mississippi.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">White-tailed Deer, Elk, Red Deer, Reindeer, Moose, Sika, Mule Deer and Black-tailed Deer and crosses of those animals are considered CWD susceptible animals and are not allowed entry into Mississippi, with the exception of permits for cervids for exhibition purposes only. Additionally, it is illegal to import white-tail deer into Mississippi.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mbah.ms.gov/regulations/chapter-12/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mbah.ms.gov/regulations/chapter-12/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mbah.ms.gov/?s=cwd&et_pb_searchform_submit=et_search_proccess&et_pb_include_posts=yes&et_pb_include_pages=yes" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mbah.ms.gov/?s=cwd&et_pb_searchform_submit=et_search_proccess&et_pb_include_posts=yes&et_pb_include_pages=yes</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 28, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Mississippi MDWFP North MS CWD Management Zone Since October 2019, 25 CWD-positive deer have been detected from this zone</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/mississippi-mdwfp-north-ms-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/mississippi-mdwfp-north-ms-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, JANUARY 04, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Mississippi CWD TOTALS JUST ABOUT DOUBLE Since October 1, 2019 To Date Statewide Total is 37 Confirmed</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/mississippi-cwd-totals-just-about.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/mississippi-cwd-totals-just-about.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Missouri CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Missouri CWD has been detected in 162 cervid...tss)</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Missouri CWD TSE Prion, to Date, 410 Cases.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD Cases Found in Free-Ranging Deer Through June 30, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This table shows the total number of CWD cases found in Missouri free-ranging deer by county through June 30, 2022. Positives for the current surveillance season are not included in this table.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Total CWD-positives (free-ranging deer) by County (through 6/30/2023)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Total 292 118 410</div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://mdc.mo.gov/hunting-trapping/species/deer/chronic-wasting-disease/cwd-surveillance" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://mdc.mo.gov/hunting-trapping/species/deer/chronic-wasting-disease/cwd-surveillance</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2023 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, APRIL 10, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Missouri MDC reports 117 new cases of CWD for 2022 surveillance year Missouri MDC reports 117 new cases of CWD for 2022 surveillance year </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MDC reports 117 new cases of CWD for 2022 surveillance year </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MDC thanks hunters, landowners, taxidermists, and meat processors who participated in CWD sampling and management activities.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">JEFFERSON CITY, Mo. – The Missouri Department of Conservation (MDC) reports that it sampled and tested more than 33,000 deer for chronic wasting disease (CWD) during the 2022 CWD surveillance year between July 2022 and April 2023. Of the more than 33,000 deer sampled, 117 tested positive for CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a 100% fatal disease in white-tailed deer and other members of the deer family. The disease has been attributed to significant deer population declines in other states. Learn more at mdc.mo.gov/cwd.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Those 117 deer bring the total number of CWD cases found in the state to 409 since the first case in wild deer was confirmed by MDC in early 2012. Including recent sampling efforts, more than 243,000 tissue samples from wild deer have been collected for CWD testing in Missouri since MDC began CWD surveillance in 2002.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Nearly 19,400 of the 33,000-plus deer tested this past CWD surveillance year were sampled as part of MDC mandatory CWD sampling efforts in select counties during the opening weekend of the November portion of firearms deer season, Nov. 12 and 13. Most of the remaining samples resulted from MDC’s voluntary sampling efforts conducted throughout the deer season in partnership with taxidermists and meat processors throughout the state.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Of the more than 33,000 samples, about 3,500 were collected during MDC’s targeted culling efforts conducted in cooperation with landowners on a voluntary basis after the close of regular deer season in localized areas near where CWD has been found. Through targeted culling, 41 CWD-positive deer were removed to help slow the spread of CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"The goal of targeted culling is to remove CWD-positive deer from the landscape and reduce deer density in these localized areas to slow the spread of the disease and protect Missouri’s deer herd,” explained MDC Wildlife Health Program Supervisor Deb Hudman. “Targeted culling is a proven method to slow the spread of CWD and Missouri is one of several states that uses it to manage the disease.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Of the deer tested, MDC found CWD-positive deer in 23 counties: Adair (3), Barry (1), Barton (9), Carroll (1), Cedar (1), Crawford (2), Dallas (1), Franklin (22), Gasconade (1), Hickory (1), Jefferson (7), Linn (15), Livingston (1), Macon (13), Perry (4), Putnam (3), Ray (1), St. Clair (1), St. Francois (1), Ste. Genevieve (20), Stone (4), Sullivan (3), and Taney (2).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"During this past year, we found CWD in a number of new counties,” Hudman said. “Cases were detected for the first time in Barton, Carroll, Dallas, Gasconade, Hickory, Livingston, Ray, St. Francois, and Sullivan counties.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">She added that MDC expects CWD to spread but the goal is to slow the spread while researchers work to develop a cure and additional management tools, and to keep the percentage of infected deer low.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In Missouri this past year, less than one percent of tissue samples from hunter-harvested deer tested positive for CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"That is good news,” she said. “It is a testament to our ability to find the disease early in new areas and apply management actions to slow its spread.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">She added that if MDC does not continue to act aggressively to slow the spread of the disease, CWD could have significant effects on the deer population, hunting culture, and economy.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"There are areas of the country where over half of hunter-harvested adult bucks test positive for CWD,” Hudman explained. “We must do everything we can to not let this happen in Missouri and we need the help of hunters and landowners in this fight.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hunters and landowners are critical partners in the fight against CWD and can assist MDC by continuing to deer hunt, by participating in CWD sampling, by following regulations designed to slow CWD spread, and by cooperating with targeted culling efforts. Learn more at mdc.mo.gov/cwd.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://mdc.mo.gov/newsroom/mdc-reports-117-new-cases-cwd-2022-surveillance-year" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://mdc.mo.gov/newsroom/mdc-reports-117-new-cases-cwd-2022-surveillance-year</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, MAY 06, 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Missouri 46 new cases Chronic Wasting Disease found, total to date at 162 documented CWD</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MDC REPORTS FINAL CWD RESULTS FOR 2019-2020 SEASON </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">News from the region: Statewide Joe Jerek May 06, 2020 JEFFERSON CITY, Mo. – The Missouri Department of Conservation (MDC) reports it has completed its monitoring and testing efforts for the 2019-2020 chronic wasting disease (CWD) surveillance year. From those efforts, MDC reports it has confirmed 46 new cases of the deadly deer disease.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">These new findings bring the total number of CWD cases in the state to 162. MDC has tested more than 137,000 deer since the first cases of CWD were found in free-ranging deer in Missouri in 2012. https://mdc.mo.gov/newsroom/mdc-reports-final-cwd-results-2019-2020-season </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://mdc.mo.gov/newsroom/mdc-reports-final-cwd-results-2019-2020-season" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://mdc.mo.gov/newsroom/mdc-reports-final-cwd-results-2019-2020-season</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Missouri 2019 - 2020 CWD</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://huntfish.mdc.mo.gov/sites/default/files/downloads/CWDflyer.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://huntfish.mdc.mo.gov/sites/default/files/downloads/CWDflyer.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://huntfish.mdc.mo.gov/hunting-trapping/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd/cwd-surveillance" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://huntfish.mdc.mo.gov/hunting-trapping/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd/cwd-surveillance</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Missouri Captive Cervid</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://searchapp.mo.gov/search-missouri/mda?q=captive%20cervid&p=1&s=%2Bmogov_custom_datetime_dt" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://searchapp.mo.gov/search-missouri/mda?q=captive%20cervid&p=1&s=%2Bmogov_custom_datetime_dt</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, JANUARY 30, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Missouri CWD TSE PRION 2022-2023 Sampling Results to Date 74 Positive </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/missouri-cwd-tse-prion-2022-2023.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/missouri-cwd-tse-prion-2022-2023.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, MAY 06, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Missouri 46 new cases Chronic Wasting Disease found, total to date at 162 documented CWD</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/05/missouri-46-new-cases-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/05/missouri-46-new-cases-chronic-wasting.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 11, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Missouri MDC 2019-2020 SAMPLING RESULTS CWD TSE PRION TO DATE 28 Positive</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/missouri-mdc-2019-2020-sampling-results.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/missouri-mdc-2019-2020-sampling-results.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, JANUARY 19, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Missouri CWD TSE Prion 2019-2020 SAMPLING RESULTS TO DATE 25 Positive</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/missouri-cwd-tse-prion-2019-2020.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/missouri-cwd-tse-prion-2019-2020.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 02, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Missouri MDC officially reports more than 20 new cases of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/missouri-mdc-officially-reports-more.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/missouri-mdc-officially-reports-more.htm</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Montana CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020 Montana, to date, CWD has been detected in 275 cervid...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Montana CWD TSE Prion, To Date, 1,209 CASES.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://mtfwp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/ccd4d1ee5d7e47bbb16e431102468173" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://mtfwp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/ccd4d1ee5d7e47bbb16e431102468173</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2023-July 2023 to date 139 CWD CASES CONFIRMED</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://mtfwp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/ccd4d1ee5d7e47bbb16e431102468173" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://mtfwp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/ccd4d1ee5d7e47bbb16e431102468173</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MONTANA CWD DETECTED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN HUNTING DISTRICT 213 NEAR DEER LODGE<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Nov 22, 2023 5:21 PM</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DEER LODGE – Chronic wasting disease (CWD) was recently detected in a mule deer buck that was harvested by a hunter in hunting district (HD) 213 west of Deer Lodge. This is the first time CWD has been detected in the HD and in Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks Region 2. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The first tests from the sample indicate that the deer is considered “suspect” for CWD, which means it is considered positive for the disease but will undergo one more follow-up test for confirmation, following testing protocol. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a contagious neurological disease that can infect deer, elk and moose. It is always fatal, and there is no known cure. It was first detected in Montana’s wild herds in 2017. The disease is known to exist in various regions of Montana, with the closest prior detections approximately 100 miles to the southeast of HD 213. To see a map of where CWD has been detected and more details about the disease and management in Montana, visit: fwp.mt.gov/cwd. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hunters play a significant role in CWD disease management and understanding by providing test samples from harvested animals. Hunters in HD 213 and nearby areas are particularly encouraged to submit samples in the remaining days of the general hunting season. Surveillance will also continue in 2024 to understand more about disease prevalence in this area and other parts of the state. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The general deer and elk hunting season ends this Sunday, Nov. 26. Hunters anywhere in the state can either take CWD samples from harvested animals themselves and fill out an online hunter submission form and mail them to the Wildlife Health Lab in Bozeman; or they can bring the animal (or head) to an FWP regional office or CWD sampling station. Testing is free, and some sampling stations will close at the end of hunting season. Please see the FWP website for sampling station locations and hours: fwp.mt.gov/cwd. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For the final three days of the general hunting season (Nov. 24-26), FWP will also be taking CWD test samples at a temporary sampling station at the intersection of West Milwaukee Avenue and South Old Stage Road in Deer Lodge from 10am-6pm daily. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is not known to infect humans. However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that people not eat meat from infected animals and have their harvested animals tested before eating them if they were taken from an area where CWD is known to exist. For more information on CDC recommendations, please visit go.usa.gov/xAcnc. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://fwp.mt.gov/homepage/news/2023/nov/1122-cwd-detected-for-the-first-time-in-hunting-district-213-near-deer-lodge" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://fwp.mt.gov/homepage/news/2023/nov/1122-cwd-detected-for-the-first-time-in-hunting-district-213-near-deer-lodge</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://fwp.mt.gov/conservation/chronic-wasting-disease/in-montana" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://fwp.mt.gov/conservation/chronic-wasting-disease/in-montana</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF LIVESTOCK REPORTS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE (CWD) DETECTION IN FLATHEAD COUNTY GAME FARM</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Friday, November 20, 2020/Categories: Department of Livestock/Tags:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">November 20, 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CONTACT: Dr. Tahnee Szymanski, MT Dept. of Livestock, (406) 444–5214, tszymanski@mt.gov Dr. Marty Zaluski, MT Dept. of Livestock, (406) 444 –2043, mzaluski@mt.gov</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Department of Livestock Reports Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Detection in Flathead County Game Farm</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Helena, Mont.—On November 19 the Montana Department of Livestock received notification that a single game farm animal in Flathead County was confirmed positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). This is the second detection of CWD in domestic cervids in Montana this year.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The CWD positive animal was found as a result of mandatory surveillance of all age eligible animal mortalities in game farm animals in Montana. Montana’s CWD Herd Certification Program requires all animals greater than 12 months of age to be tested. The CWD positive animal was not exhibiting any clinical signs of CWD but was found dead on the affected premises. The infection was confirmed by the National Veterinary Services Laboratories in Ames, Iowa through the identification of the prion in tissue samples collected from the animal.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Department has placed the herd under quarantine and is conducting an epidemiological investigation. Montana law requires CWD positive game farm herds to undergo complete depopulation and post-mortem testing of the herd, or quarantine of the entire herd for a period of five years from the last CWD positive case.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">State Veterinarian Dr. Marty Zaluski stated, “An epidemiologic investigation will be conducted, but at this time, the source of the disease is unknown.” Zaluski added, “We will look at historical animal movements associated with this captive herd and proximity to infected wildlife to try to determine the source of exposure.”</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks (FWP) has documented CWD in wild cervids across much of Montana through surveillance that began in 2017. In 2019, approximately 7,000 wild deer, elk, and moose were sampled statewide, with 140 of them testing positive for CWD.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a progressive, fatal disease that affects the nervous system of white-tailed deer, mule deer, elk, and moose. Transmission can occur through direct contact between animals, through</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">urine, feces, saliva, blood and antler velvet. Infected carcasses may serve as a source of environmental contamination and can infect other animals. Infected animals may carry the disease for years without showing signs of illness, but in later stages, signs may include progressive weight loss, lack of coordination and physical debilitation.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">There is no known transmission of CWD to humans. However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that hunters harvesting an animal in areas known for the presence of CWD, have their animal tested. If the animal tests positive, the CDC advises against eating the meat.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The mission of the Montana Department of Livestock is to control and eradicate animal diseases, prevent the transmission of animal diseases to humans, and to protect the livestock industry from theft and predatory animals. For more information on the Montana Department of Livestock, visit www.liv.mt.gov.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://news.mt.gov/the-department-of-livestock-reports-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-detection-in-flathead-county-game-farm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://news.mt.gov/the-department-of-livestock-reports-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-detection-in-flathead-county-game-farm</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Positive CWD Samples: 275 Total since CWD testing began in 2017</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://mtfwp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/f7ada61c3d844f1cb84a8dd7e1ca75c9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://mtfwp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/f7ada61c3d844f1cb84a8dd7e1ca75c9</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Montana CWD management plan</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">In October 2017, CWD was first detected in free-ranging deer in Montana. It was detected in captive game farms in Montana in 1999 and again in 2020.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://myfwp.mt.gov/getRepositoryFile?objectID=97820" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://myfwp.mt.gov/getRepositoryFile?objectID=97820</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Montana CWD Map</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://fwp.mt.gov/fishAndWildlife/diseasesAndResearch/diseases/chronicWastingDisease/whereInMontana.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://fwp.mt.gov/fishAndWildlife/diseasesAndResearch/diseases/chronicWastingDisease/whereInMontana.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://fwp.mt.gov/news/newsReleases/cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://fwp.mt.gov/news/newsReleases/cwd/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://fwp.mt.gov/fishAndWildlife/diseasesAndResearch/diseases/chronicWastingDisease/management.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://fwp.mt.gov/fishAndWildlife/diseasesAndResearch/diseases/chronicWastingDisease/management.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Yellowstone National Park Confirms First Case of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/yellowstone-national-park-confirms.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/yellowstone-national-park-confirms.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONTANA CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE DETECTED IN GREAT FALLS MULE DEER BUCK</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/montana-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/montana-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 21, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Montana 18 deer test positive for chronic wasting disease CWD TSE Prion </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD positives from across the state, no new areas</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/montana-18-deer-test-positive-for.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/montana-18-deer-test-positive-for.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, MAY 19, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Montana White-tailed deer in Gallatin County suspected positive for CWD</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/05/montana-white-tailed-deer-in-gallatin.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/05/montana-white-tailed-deer-in-gallatin.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 03, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Montana Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in Eastern Part of State Game Farm Elk</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/montana-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/montana-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 07, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Montana 142 animals tested positive for CWD thus far during 2019/20 sampling</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/montana-142-animals-tested-positive-for.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/montana-142-animals-tested-positive-for.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 17, 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Montana Moose Tests Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PRION in Libby Area</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks 2019 CWD Surveillance Hunter Test Results CWD TSE PRION LOOKS LIKE 136 POSITIVE SO FAR, count them up...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/montana-moose-tests-positive-for.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/montana-moose-tests-positive-for.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 25, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Montana 16 more deer positive for CWD first time positive hunting district 705 in southeast</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/montana-16-more-deer-positive-for-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/montana-16-more-deer-positive-for-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Nebraska CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Nebraska, to date, 815 deer and 14 elk have been detected with CWD...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Nebraska CWD TSE Prion</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Nebraska CWD central and north-central November firearm deer season detected 31 positive cases in deer</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Surveillance detects 31 positive CWD cases</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BY JERRY KANE ON DEC 19, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CONSERVATION NEWS, WILDLIFE NEWS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease surveillance conducted in central and north-central Nebraska during the November firearm deer season detected 31 positive cases in deer.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">603 samples were collected from harvested deer at check stations in the Sandhills, Keya Paha, Calamus East, Calamus West and Loup West Deer Management Units. CWD was detected for the first time in Rock, Blaine and Thomas counties.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD surveillance in Nebraska takes place in five to seven units each year, rotating to a different part of the state each year. To view the 2023 CWD results, identified by the deer seal number, visit OutdoorNebraska.gov; search for “CWD.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Currently, there is no strong evidence CWD poses a risk for humans; however, public health officials recommend that human exposure to the CWD infectious agent be avoided as they continue to evaluate any potential health risk. People should remain cautious in how they handle, process and consume deer. Hunters and commercial processors should avoid butchering or processing of deer that spreads spinal cord or brain tissue to meat or to the environment.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a prion disease that attacks the brain of infected deer, elk and moose. Animals in the late stages of CWD often are emaciated, show erratic behavior and exhibit neurological irregularities. However, due to the slow advancement of the disease, infected deer may not show symptoms. CWD always is fatal to the infected animal.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hunters can help prevent the spread of CWD by using proper carcass disposal methods. CWD prions, the infectious proteins that transmit the disease, can remain viable for months or even years in the soil. Hunters should field dress animals at the place of kill, avoid spreading spinal cord or brain tissue to meat, and to dispose of the head (brain), spinal column and other bones at a licensed landfill.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD was first discovered in Colorado in 1967 and in Nebraska in 2000 in Kimball County. Since 1997, the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission has tested more than 57,000 deer and more than 400 elk, with 1,269 deer and 19 elk testing positive for CWD to date. At this time, CWD has been detected in free-ranging deer and elk in 57 counties. No population declines have been attributed to the disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">More in-depth information on CWD can be found at cwd-info.org or cdc.gov.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://outdoornebraska.gov/about/press-events/news/surveillance-detects-31-positive-cwd-cases/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://outdoornebraska.gov/about/press-events/news/surveillance-detects-31-positive-cwd-cases/</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">To Date, Since 1997, the Nebraska Game & Parks Commission (NGPC) has tested over 57,000 deer and over 400 elk, with 1,238 deer and 19 elk testing positive for CWD to date. At this time, CWD has been detected in free-ranging deer and elk in 54 counties. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://outdoornebraska.gov/conservation/conservation-challenges/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://outdoornebraska.gov/conservation/conservation-challenges/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">In 2022, NGPC had 1065 deer samples and 83 elk samples tested. Of those, 274 deer and 1 elk were positive for CWD.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://outdoornebraska.gov/conservation/conservation-challenges/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://outdoornebraska.gov/conservation/conservation-challenges/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://outdoornebraska.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2023CWDmap-1024x663.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://outdoornebraska.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2023CWDmap-1024x663.jpg</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2023-Nebraska Game & Parks Commission (NGPC) has tested over 57,000 deer and over 400 elk, with 1,238 deer and 19 elk testing positive for CWD to date. At this time, CWD has been detected in free-ranging deer and elk in 54 counties. In 2022, NGPC had 1065 deer samples and 83 elk samples tested. Of those, 274 deer and 1 elk were positive for CWD. At this time, no population declines have been attributed to the disease. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://outdoornebraska.gov/conservation/conservation-challenges/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://outdoornebraska.gov/conservation/conservation-challenges/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2019-The Nebraska Game & Parks Commission has tested over 55,000 deer and over 280 elk, with 815 deer and 14 elk testing positive overall. 49 counties have detected CWD in free ranging herds. NGPC sent in 1,804 deer samples and 124 elk samples in 2019 with 171 deer and 6 elk (see map below), but no population declines attributable to the disease have yet occurred. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://outdoornebraska.gov/cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://outdoornebraska.gov/cwd/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Nebraska Chronic wasting disease testing paused, will resume in 2021</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease testing paused, will resume in 2021</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">LINCOLN, Neb. — With the move to online deer checking for the November firearm season, the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission will not collect samples to test for chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Hunters wishing to have their deer tested for chronic wasting disease can do so, for a fee, through the Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Learn more at vbms.unl.edu/tse-test.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The agency typically collects approximately 1,200 samples from older age-class bucks in specific management units during the nine-day firearm season. Check stations are the primary way staff collects a scientifically robust number of lymph nodes to test for the disease. The results aid in future deer management decisions.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Testing will take place in targeted regions of the state over the next several years, and Game and Parks plans to resume chronic wasting disease testing for the 2021 November firearm season.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease is prion disease that attacks the brain of infected deer and elk, eventually causing emaciation, listlessness, excessive salivation and death. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, no person is known to have contracted chronic wasting disease; however, hunters should cautiously handle and process deer and avoid consuming animals that test positive or look sick. Livestock and other animals not in the deer family do not appear susceptible to chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Hunters can help prevent the spread of chronic wasting disease by using proper carcass disposal methods. Chronic wasting disease prions, the infectious proteins that transmit the disease, can remain viable for months or even years in the soil. Hunters should field dress animals at the place of kill, avoid spreading spinal cord or brain tissue to meat, and dispose of the head (brain), spinal column and other bones at a licensed landfill. Learn more about chronic wasting disease at http://OutdoorNebraska.gov/cwd.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">-30- </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/NEGPC/bulletins/2aa453e" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/NEGPC/bulletins/2aa453e</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2019 Final CWD testing results</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Elk and deer season testing results from the Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (NVDL) can be viewed below. Only positive results are shown for deer. The CWD# column on the results corresponds to the hunter’s seal number.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Download final 2019 CWD positive deer results</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://outdoornebraska.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2019-CWD-Harvested-Deer-Results-for-Website-2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://outdoornebraska.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2019-CWD-Harvested-Deer-Results-for-Website-2.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Download 2019 elk results</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://outdoornebraska.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2019-Elk-Harvest-Results.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://outdoornebraska.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2019-Elk-Harvest-Results.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Download 2020 elk results</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://outdoornebraska.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2019-Elk-Harvest-Results.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://outdoornebraska.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2019-Elk-Harvest-Results.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Nebraska Captive Cervid</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://nda.nebraska.gov/animal/diseases/chronic_wasting/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://nda.nebraska.gov/animal/diseases/chronic_wasting/index.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 03, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Nebraska November 2019 firearm season CWD TSE Prion 169 positives from 1,803 deer sampled in the Pine Ridge, Plains, Missouri, Elkhorn, Calamus East and Loup East management units </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/nebraska-november-2019-firearm-season.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/nebraska-november-2019-firearm-season.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, DECEMBER 17, 2018 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Nebraska Confirms 131 Cases of CWD detected for first time in Valley, Keya Paha counties</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/nebraska-confirms-131-cases-of-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/nebraska-confirms-131-cases-of-cwd.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">see history Nebraska cwd Singeltary</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/nebraska-four-positives-for-cwd-found.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/nebraska-four-positives-for-cwd-found.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Nevada CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> Nevada CWD TSE Prion, to date, has not detected CWD TSE Prion, and if you don't test in enough numbers to find cwd, cwd will find you, and by then it's much too late...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ndow.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/FY22-CWD-Report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ndow.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/FY22-CWD-Report.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ndow.org/blog/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ndow.org/blog/chronic-wasting-disease/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">NEVADA 2019–2020 BIG GAME Help Prevent the Spread of C.W.D. Page 53 HUNTING GUIDE</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">To date, CWD has not been detected in Nevada, however, cases have been identified in eastern and central Utah. Nevada and Utah share migratory deer and elk herds; for these reasons, NDOW focuses annual surveillance efforts primarily in the eastern half of the state. Surveillance consists of collecting the brain stem and adjacent lymph nodes from hunter harvested adult deer and elk. We also collect samples from animals killed on the road or sick animals displaying symptoms consistent with CWD infection. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://epubs.nsla.nv.gov/statepubs/epubs/455919-2019big.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://epubs.nsla.nv.gov/statepubs/epubs/455919-2019big.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.ndow.org/Nevada_Wildlife/Health_and_Disease/Chronic_Wasting_Disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.ndow.org/Nevada_Wildlife/Health_and_Disease/Chronic_Wasting_Disease/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.ndow.org/uploadedFiles/ndoworg/Content/Public_Meetings/Com/19-Chronic-wasting-disease-update-Commission.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.ndow.org/uploadedFiles/ndoworg/Content/Public_Meetings/Com/19-Chronic-wasting-disease-update-Commission.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://nda.nebraska.gov/animal/imports/cwd_plan.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://nda.nebraska.gov/animal/imports/cwd_plan.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***New England CWD TSE Prion</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023, New England CWD TSE Prion, Since sampling efforts began in 2003, no cases of CWD have been detected in Connecticut or New England.<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">IF you don't look enough, you don't find, CWD will find you, by then, it's too late...terry</div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Wildlife/Wildlife-Diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Wildlife/Wildlife-Diseases</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***New Hampshire CWD TSE PRION</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 New Hampshire CWD TSE Prion, To Date, CWD is not known to be present in New Hampshire.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">if you don't CWD test, you will not find, until cwd finds you, by then it's much too late...terry<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Update on Chronic Wasting Disease in New Hampshire </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: 05/03/2023 Author: nh fish and game CONTACT: Becky Fuda: (603) 271-1126 May 3, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Deer with CWD Concord, NH – New Hampshire’s white-tailed deer population has once again demonstrated no evidence of chronic wasting disease (CWD), based on monitoring data gathered during the 2022 hunting season.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a neurological disorder that is always fatal to white-tailed deer, moose, and other cervids (members of the deer family). Currently it is not believed that CWD is transmissible to humans; however, hunters are advised not to consume animals that have tested positive for CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">New Hampshire Fish and Game Deer Biologist Becky Fuda recently received results from a federally certified veterinary diagnostic laboratory indicating that all deer tissue samples taken during the 2022 New Hampshire fall hunting season tested negative for CWD. In 2022, Fish and Game biologists collected 385 samples from hunter-killed deer, with significant support from the US Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services in Concord. New Hampshire’s monitoring program is part of a nationwide effort to slow the spread of CWD. Since the monitoring program began in 2002, 7,787 deer have been tested in New Hampshire.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NH Fish and Game is asking hunters to do their part in the effort to keep the state CWD-free by not using natural urine-based deer lures and following state restrictions on importing carcasses from CWD-positive jurisdictions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Don’t Use Urine-Based Lures</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“While it is good news that New Hampshire remains CWD-free, we are asking hunters to help our herd by not using natural urine-based deer lures when hunting, because these products can potentially spread CWD,” said Fuda. Fish and Game recommends that hunters instead choose from among the many effective synthetic lures available on the market today.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The heart of the problem is that CWD is transmitted by an abnormal protein, also known as a prion. These abnormal proteins are very stable and may persist in the environment for several years, posing a risk to animals that come into contact with them. While most hunters use small amounts of these lures, continued application can have cumulative effects over time.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Studies have shown these prions are found in nervous system tissue, lymph nodes, saliva, urine, and feces, among other places. Urine for natural lures is collected from captive deer facilities outside of New Hampshire, many of which are located in states where CWD is present. In many cases, urine is collected from animals held in pens over grates, where a mixture of urine, feces, and saliva accumulates. The liquid portion is then strained out.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“Deer urine is not a regulated industry or product, and these lures do not undergo any quality control or treatment that might inactivate or kill disease-causing agents,” said Fuda.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Because of these risk factors, Fish and Game strongly discourages the use of natural urine-based deer lures while hunting. Several states and Canadian provinces have already banned the use and possession of natural urine-based lures. Further, evidence suggests lures are not as effective as marketing campaigns would make hunters believe. A survey conducted by the Pennsylvania Game Commission found that hunters who used urine lures were no more successful in harvesting a deer than hunters who did not. A study from Austin State University found urine lures were no more effective at attracting deer than other non-hunting scents. The researchers put trail cameras on “mock deer scrapes” and monitored visitations by deer. They found no difference in the number of bucks that visited scrapes treated with urine lures vs. those treated with human urine or new car scent. They concluded that the scrape was a visual attractant and the scent was merely a curiosity factor for the deer.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD Spread</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease was first identified in 1967 and remained isolated in Colorado and Wyoming for almost three decades. Since then, CWD has spread within the US and internationally, and has been found as far east as New York and Quebec, bringing the disease far closer to New Hampshire’s borders. To date, CWD has been detected in wild or captive deer in a total of 30 states and 5 Canadian provinces as well as in South Korea, Norway, Sweden, and Finland.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hunter-Killed Carcass Import Restrictions</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hunters who make hunting trips to CWD-positive jurisdictions are reminded that they must follow the mandatory regulations on bringing home deer, elk, moose, or other cervid carcasses to help keep New Hampshire CWD-free. You may legally bring back ONLY deboned meat, antlers, upper canine teeth, hides or capes with no part of the head attached, and finished taxidermy mounts. Antlers attached to skull caps or canine teeth must have all soft tissue removed.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Help our herd. To see a map of CWD-positive jurisdictions and find web resources about how you can help keep New Hampshire CWD-free, visit <a href="http://www.wildnh.com/wildlife/cwd/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.wildnh.com/wildlife/cwd/index.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/wildlife/cwd/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/wildlife/cwd/index.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/wildlife/cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/wildlife/cwd/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://search.nh.gov/wildlife-search.htm?q=cwd&cmd=Search%21" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://search.nh.gov/wildlife-search.htm?q=cwd&cmd=Search%21</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***New Jersey CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 New Jersey CWD TSE Prion, to date, Surveys of New Jersey deer harvested in several deer seasons have found no evidence of the disease.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">you don't CWD test enough, you don't find, CWD will find you...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Update on Chronic Wasting Disease in New Hampshire Date: 05/03/2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Author: nhfishandgame CONTACT: Becky Fuda: (603) 271-1126 May 3, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Deer with CWD Concord, NH – New Hampshire’s white-tailed deer population has once again demonstrated no evidence of chronic wasting disease (CWD), based on monitoring data gathered during the 2022 hunting season.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a neurological disorder that is always fatal to white-tailed deer, moose, and other cervids (members of the deer family). Currently it is not believed that CWD is transmissible to humans; however, hunters are advised not to consume animals that have tested positive for CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">New Hampshire Fish and Game Deer Biologist Becky Fuda recently received results from a federally certified veterinary diagnostic laboratory indicating that all deer tissue samples taken during the 2022 New Hampshire fall hunting season tested negative for CWD. In 2022, Fish and Game biologists collected 385 samples from hunter-killed deer, with significant support from the US Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services in Concord. New Hampshire’s monitoring program is part of a nationwide effort to slow the spread of CWD. Since the monitoring program began in 2002, 7,787 deer have been tested in New Hampshire.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NH Fish and Game is asking hunters to do their part in the effort to keep the state CWD-free by not using natural urine-based deer lures and following state restrictions on importing carcasses from CWD-positive jurisdictions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Don’t Use Urine-Based Lures</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“While it is good news that New Hampshire remains CWD-free, we are asking hunters to help our herd by not using natural urine-based deer lures when hunting, because these products can potentially spread CWD,” said Fuda. Fish and Game recommends that hunters instead choose from among the many effective synthetic lures available on the market today.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The heart of the problem is that CWD is transmitted by an abnormal protein, also known as a prion. These abnormal proteins are very stable and may persist in the environment for several years, posing a risk to animals that come into contact with them. While most hunters use small amounts of these lures, continued application can have cumulative effects over time.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Studies have shown these prions are found in nervous system tissue, lymph nodes, saliva, urine, and feces, among other places. Urine for natural lures is collected from captive deer facilities outside of New Hampshire, many of which are located in states where CWD is present. In many cases, urine is collected from animals held in pens over grates, where a mixture of urine, feces, and saliva accumulates. The liquid portion is then strained out.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“Deer urine is not a regulated industry or product, and these lures do not undergo any quality control or treatment that might inactivate or kill disease-causing agents,” said Fuda.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Because of these risk factors, Fish and Game strongly discourages the use of natural urine-based deer lures while hunting. Several states and Canadian provinces have already banned the use and possession of natural urine-based lures. Further, evidence suggests lures are not as effective as marketing campaigns would make hunters believe. A survey conducted by the Pennsylvania Game Commission found that hunters who used urine lures were no more successful in harvesting a deer than hunters who did not. A study from Austin State University found urine lures were no more effective at attracting deer than other non-hunting scents. The researchers put trail cameras on “mock deer scrapes” and monitored visitations by deer. They found no difference in the number of bucks that visited scrapes treated with urine lures vs. those treated with human urine or new car scent. They concluded that the scrape was a visual attractant and the scent was merely a curiosity factor for the deer.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD Spread</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease was first identified in 1967 and remained isolated in Colorado and Wyoming for almost three decades. Since then, CWD has spread within the US and internationally, and has been found as far east as New York and Quebec, bringing the disease far closer to New Hampshire’s borders. To date, CWD has been detected in wild or captive deer in a total of 30 states and 5 Canadian provinces as well as in South Korea, Norway, Sweden, and Finland.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hunter-Killed Carcass Import Restrictions</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hunters who make hunting trips to CWD-positive jurisdictions are reminded that they must follow the mandatory regulations on bringing home deer, elk, moose, or other cervid carcasses to help keep New Hampshire CWD-free. You may legally bring back ONLY deboned meat, antlers, upper canine teeth, hides or capes with no part of the head attached, and finished taxidermy mounts. Antlers attached to skull caps or canine teeth must have all soft tissue removed.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Help our herd. To see a map of CWD-positive jurisdictions and find web resources about how you can help keep New Hampshire CWD-free, visit www.wildnh.com/wildlife/cwd/index.html.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dep.nj.gov/njfw/hunting/chronic-wasting-disease-information/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dep.nj.gov/njfw/hunting/chronic-wasting-disease-information/</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/cwdinfo.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/cwdinfo.htm</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">NJDEP Division of Fish and Wildlife</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Office of Fish and Wildlife Health and Forensics</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2019-2020 CWD Survey</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Retropharyngeal lymph node samples were collected from 1,091 hunter-killed deer from 6 participating butchers as part of the 2019-2020 statewide CWD surveillance effort. Of the hunter harvested deer 54% were female, 46% were male, 3 were not recorded (Table 1; Figures 3 and 4). In addition to hunter killed deer, 8 wild white-tailed deer, 6 males and 2 females, with clinical signs were opportunistically tested for CWD throughout the year (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020). In total 1,099 wild white-tailed deer were sampled in this survey bringing the current total of wild deer sampled in New Jersey from 1997-2020 to 9,129.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The top three DMZ’s sampled this year included Zone 12 with 191 samples, Zone 8 with 125 samples, and Zone 14 with 65 samples (Table 2). Of the 21 counties, Hunterdon with 298, Somerset with 158 and Burlington with 111, had the largest sample sizes (Figure 2). Hudson County was the only county not represented. Figure 2 shows the number of deer sampled this season based on county and DMZ. The age of deer is an important consideration for CWD surveillance since older individuals more are more likely to be infected due to the long incubation period of the CWD prion. Fawns, or deer less than 1.5 years old, were not sampled. In order to consider age in the survey, deer were given scores from 1 to 3 for age groups 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 respectively. In this year’s survey 27% had an age-weighted score of 1, 38% had an age-weighted score of 2, 35% had an age-weighted score of 3, and 16 were not recorded. These age-weighted scores are shown by county in Figure 1. The top 3 counties with the most deer with scores of 3 included Hunterdon with 109, Somerset with 69, and Burlington with 34.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">A total of 2 captive deer, including a male Sika deer and a female elk, were collected for CWD testing statewide. This brings the total number of captive deer tested in NJ since 1997 to 151 white-tailed deer, 7 elk, 2 reindeer, 4 red deer, 1 sika deer and 3 axis deer, all of which tested negative. This year, no deer harvested out of state were tested.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Table 1: Breakdown of Total Deer Sampled by County and Sex </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/pdf/cwd_survey19-20.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/pdf/cwd_survey19-20.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/pdf/cwd_surveys.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/pdf/cwd_surveys.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/pdf/cwd_responseplan13.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/pdf/cwd_responseplan13.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/pdf/captv_deer_notice.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/pdf/captv_deer_notice.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/pdf/2006/cwdprionsurvey06.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/pdf/2006/cwdprionsurvey06.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/cwdinfo.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.njfishandwildlife.com/cwdinfo.htm</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.nj.gov/dep/fgw/cwdinfo.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.nj.gov/dep/fgw/cwdinfo.htm</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.nj.gov/search/?qt=cwd&submit+search.x=0&submit+search.y=0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.nj.gov/search/?qt=cwd&submit+search.x=0&submit+search.y=0</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***New Mexico CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020, New Mexico, to date, has detected 58 cases of CWD, and imo that figure might be low, considering...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 New Mexico CWD Positives, To Date, the cumulative number of positive CWD tests is 26, and of those, 4 were harvested elk.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">I'm still not feeling good about CWD surveillance and reporting of both Wild and Captive Cervid in New Mexico. The CWD data on surveillance cwd totals to date both wild and captive are hard to find, the page is outdated, only showing results for 2002-2016. what is so hard about posting the total CWD positive captive deer and the total CWD positive wild deer, by year, since discovery?...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">New Mexico Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP Confirmed February 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NM528 28 x552857 Detected </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NM530 28 1541x22, 3927798 Detected</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/invasives-diseases/CWD-Results-02_02_2022.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/invasives-diseases/CWD-Results-02_02_2022.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2002 to 2016 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP Confirmed in 58 Cases in New Mexico...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/#tab-d7881b34bedc6ed7122" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/#tab-d7881b34bedc6ed7122</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">as you can see here, CWD Stats NM woefully outdated, 2002 to 2016;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/invasives-diseases/CWD-Website-Results-through-3-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/invasives-diseases/CWD-Website-Results-through-3-1.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/#tab-d7881b34bedc6ed7122" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/#tab-d7881b34bedc6ed7122</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2023 CWD New Mexico Testing</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/invasives-diseases/CWD-Website-Results-through-3-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/invasives-diseases/CWD-Website-Results-through-3-1.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, MARCH 21, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">New Mexico Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP Confirmed February 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NM528 28 x552857 Detected </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NM530 28 1541x22, 3927798 Detected</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/invasives-diseases/CWD-Results-02_02_2022.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/invasives-diseases/CWD-Results-02_02_2022.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, AUGUST 15, 2021</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">New Mexico CWD TEST RESULTS: 1/19/2021 update</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NM18-290 28 3418801 Detected</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NM18-293 28 3446090 Detected</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NM475 29 3460171 Detected</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NM518 28 3464748 Detected</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NM515 28 3500214 Detected</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NM778 34 3510401 Detected</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/invasives-diseases/CWD-Results-01_19_2021.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/download/conservation/invasives-diseases/CWD-Results-01_19_2021.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/new-mexico-cwd-test-results-1192021.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/new-mexico-cwd-test-results-1192021.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2002 to 2016 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP Confirmed in 58 Cases in New Mexico...<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/#tab-d7881b34bedc6ed7122" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/invasive-species-and-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease/#tab-d7881b34bedc6ed7122</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">From: TSS</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Subject: CWD TWO NEW CASES NEAR WHITE SANDS MISSLE RANGE NEW MEXICO </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Date: June 27, 2005 at 4:43 pm PST </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">New Mexico Department of Game and Fish </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Contact: Dan Williams, (505) 476-8004 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">dan.williams@state.nm.us </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE, JUNE 24, 2005: </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TWO MULE DEER TEST POSITIVE FOR CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">ANGLER LANDS STATE RECORD BLUE CATFISH AT ELEPHANT BUTTE LAKE </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TWO MULE DEER TEST POSITIVE FOR CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SANTA FE – Two mule deer captured in the Organ Mountains as part of an ongoing research project near White Sands Missile Range have tested positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD), a fatal neurological disease that attacks the brains of infected deer and elk, the Department of Game and Fish announced. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The number of confirmed CWD cases in New Mexico now stands at 11 since 2002, when the disease was first confirmed in a deer found near the eastern foothills of the Organ Mountains. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">All 11 CWD-infected deer were found in the same general area of southern New Mexico. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The origin of the disease in New Mexico remains unknown. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The carcasses of the infected deer will be incinerated, said Kerry Mower, the Department’s lead wildlife disease biologist. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease causes animals to become emaciated, display abnormal behavior, lose bodily functions and die. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The disease has been found in wild deer and elk, and in captive deer and elk, in eight states and two Canadian provinces. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">There currently is no evidence of CWD being transmitted to humans or livestock. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Mower said the most recent CWD-positive deer showed no obvious physical signs of having the disease. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">They were captured in April 2005 and tested as part of a 3-year-old research project studying deer population dynamics in southern New Mexico. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">More than 140 deer have been captured alive and tested for the study, in which researchers hope to find the cause of a 10-year decline in the area deer population. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Study participants include the Department of Game and Fish, the U.S. Army at White Sands Missile Range and Fort Bliss, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Geological Survey at New Mexico State University, and San Andres National Wildlife Refuge. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Hunters can assist the Department in its CWD research and prevention efforts by bringing their fresh, legally harvested deer or elk head to an area office, where officers will remove the brain stem for testing. Participants will be eligible for drawings for an oryx hunt on White Sands Missile Range and a trophy elk hunt on the Valle Vidal. For more information about the drawing and chronic wasting disease, visit the Department web site at <br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">www.wildlife.state.nm.us. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/publications/press_releases/documents/0624CWDandcatfish.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/publications/press_releases/documents/0624CWDandcatfish.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SEE MAP ; </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/disease/cwd/documents/cwdmap.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/conservation/disease/cwd/documents/cwdmap.pdf</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">New Mexico Captive Deer</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.srca.nm.gov/wp-content/uploads/attachments/19.35.7new.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.srca.nm.gov/wp-content/uploads/attachments/19.35.7new.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Greetings list members, </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">I am deeply concerned with these CWD mad deer so close to the Texas border. WHAT keeps them from crossing the border to Texas ??? IF these illegal aliens can so easily cross our borders, why not these infected deer? maybe we should get these minute men to start watching for mad deer coming in to Texas from New Mexico. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">I mentioned my concerns several other times before; </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">-------- Original Message -------- </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Subject: Current status of CWD testing in Texas </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Date: Tue, 10 May 2005 09:09:47 -0500 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">From: "kschwaus" </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">To: </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Mr. Singeltary, </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">I was asked to provide you with the following information. If you have any other questions regarding CWD sampling in Texas, please do not hesitate to give me a call. My office number is below. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Below I have included a chart showing CWD samples that have been tested since the fall of 2002 through the present at the eco-region level. The second chart shows the totals on a given year. The unknown location samples come from private individuals sending in samples directly to the Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Lab (TVMDL). Due to the confidentiality laws that the TVMDL operates under, they are unable to provide TPWD with the location of those samples. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Region Population Estimate </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sampling from Fall 2002 to Present </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">=============================== </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">I would like to thank Kevin and TPWD for there prompt reply with updated data. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">I am still concerned about the Texas, New Mexico border and New Mexico's apparent lack of CWD testing updates. Makes one wonder about there CWD testing program. NO report/reply back from New Mexico about there CWD testing update yet. ... </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TSS </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">=================== </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, MARCH 21, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">New Mexico Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP Confirmed February 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/new-mexico-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/new-mexico-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, AUGUST 15, 2021 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">New Mexico CWD TEST RESULTS 1/19/2021 update </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/new-mexico-cwd-test-results-1192021.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/new-mexico-cwd-test-results-1192021.html</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 08, 2019 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">New Mexico Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Update 2018-2019? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/new-mexico-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/new-mexico-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 07, 2018 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">New Mexico Bans All Live Cervid Importation Due To CWD TSE Prion still NO Final 2017 Positives Update for N.M. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/new-mexico-bans-all-live-cervid.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/new-mexico-bans-all-live-cervid.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 02, 2017 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">New Mexico Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Figures 2016 - 2017 Update ??? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/11/new-mexico-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/11/new-mexico-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 22, 2016 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">New Mexico CWD confirmed in 5 McGregor Range deer during the 2015-16 hunting season </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/09/new-mexico-cwd-confirmed-in-5-mcgregor.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/09/new-mexico-cwd-confirmed-in-5-mcgregor.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 25, 2015 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Cases Confirmed In New Mexico 2013 and 2014 UPDATE 2015 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/03/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-cases.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/03/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-cases.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 17, 2012 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">New Mexico DGF EXPANDS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CONTROL AREAS, while Texas flounder </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/09/new-mexico-dgf-expands-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/09/new-mexico-dgf-expands-chronic-wasting.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Monday, March 26, 2012 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">3 CASES OF CWD FOUND NEW MEXICO MULE DEER SEVERAL MILES FROM TEXAS BORDER </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/03/3-cases-of-cwd-found-new-mexico-mule.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/03/3-cases-of-cwd-found-new-mexico-mule.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, OCTOBER 04, 2009 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD NEW MEXICO SPREADING SOUTH TO TEXAS 2009 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/10/cwd-new-mexico-spreading-south-to-texas.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/10/cwd-new-mexico-spreading-south-to-texas.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***New York CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 New York State CWD TSE Prion, To Date, More than 49,000 wild white-tailed deer have been tested statewide since 2002 with no new cases of the disease being discovered in New York State since 2005. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://extapps.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/cwdpreventionplan2018.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://extapps.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/cwdpreventionplan2018.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">New York CWD 2023-CWD is not currently known to be in New York???</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">makes me wonder about New York State CWD statistics and surveillance as a whole now, and if you don't test enough, you will not find...terry</div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2005-New York, to date, CWD TSE Prion has been detected in 5 captive cervid and 2 wild cervid...tss</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">NEW YORK STATE Chronic Wasting Disease<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal disease found in deer, elk, and moose that poses a serious threat to wild populations. Consequently, it has the potential to impact all the benefits associated with deer and moose in New York: enjoyment of watching healthy animals; hunting traditions and sustainable use of venison; and economic benefits derived from big game hunting. CWD is not currently known to be in New York.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/nature/animals-fish-plants/wildlife-health/animal-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dec.ny.gov/nature/animals-fish-plants/wildlife-health/animal-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">New York, to date, CWD TSE Prion has been detected in 5 captive cervid and 2 wild cervid...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">In spring 2005, CWD was first detected in New York in a captive deer herd in Oneida County. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">A second infected deer was discovered in a nearby captive herd within days of the index case. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Deer had been exchanged between the two herds. Both herds were depopulated and indemnification was paid by DEC. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Five captive deer tested positive for CWD. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The index herd also had a taxidermy studio and engaged in the rehabilitation of white-tailed deer; deer may have been exposed to CWD via improperly handled taxidermy waste (salt). </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Immediate intensive sampling efforts began in a 10-mile radius “containment area” around those herds. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Two wild deer tested positive for CWD during that sampling effort. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Emergency regulations were subsequently enacted, which included: ...snip...see full report;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">New York State Interagency CWD Risk Minimization Plan</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Division of Fish and Wildlife</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Prepared February 2018</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/cwdpreventionplan2018.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/cwdpreventionplan2018.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/86796.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/86796.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SECOND CASE OF CWD FOUND IN ONEIDA COUNTY DEER</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">State's Trace Back Finds Second Positive CWD in Herd Directly Linked to Index Herd</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** NOTE TO REPORTERS: There will be an 11:00 am press conference call with State officials from the Departments of Agriculture & Markets and Environmental Conservation to answer any questions regarding todays announcement. To participate in the call, reporters should call 1-866-814-1918. Please be prepared to provide the operator with the conference ID# 682688 and conference name CWD.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">A second positive case of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in New York State has been confirmed in a white-tailed deer from a captive herd in Oneida County that is directly linked to the herd where a white-tailed doe was found positive for CWD earlier this week.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a transmissible disease that affects the brain and central nervous system of deer and elk. There is no evidence that CWD is linked to disease in humans or domestic livestock other than deer and elk.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">During the investigation of the States first case of CWD this week, the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets found that one of the herds associated with the index animal had recently sent a sample to the States Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory to be tested for CWD. The sample was collected and sent for testing as part of the States mandatory CWD surveillance and testing protocols.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The positive sample was from a two and a half year old white-tailed deer that died from aspiration pneumonia, which is often but not exclusively associated with CWD. Due to the direct association with the index herd, the Department expedited the testing procedure by re-routing the sample to the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa, which late yesterday found the sample to be positive for CWD.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Two days ago, the New York State Departments of Agriculture and Markets, and Environmental Conservation announced the States first case of CWD, found in a six-year old white-tailed doe from a captive herd in Oneida County. The deer was sampled as part of the States Enhanced CWD Surveillance and Monitoring Program.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Currently, the index herd and the six other associated herds including the second positive herd are under quarantine. All animals remaining in the index herd and the herd with the second confirmed positive herd will be depopulated and tested for CWD. The investigation to determine the source of the infection is ongoing.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets will continue to seek any susceptible deer that came into contact with either herd and to assess the health and environmental risks associated with such establishments.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation will continue to conduct intensive monitoring of the wild deer population surrounding the two positive herds to determine if CWD has spread to wild deer.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of deer and elk. Scientific and epidemiological research into CWD is ongoing. To date, research shows that the disease is typified by chronic weight loss, is always fatal, and is transmissible between susceptible species. CWD has only been found in members of the deer family in North America, which include white-tailed deer, mule deer, elk and moose.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">More information and the transcript of Thursdays press conference regarding the first positive case of CWD in New York State can be found at the Department of Agriculture and Markets website at www.agmkt.state.ny.us or at the Department of Environmental Conservations website at www.dec.state.ny.us .</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">###</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923093239/http://www.agmkt.state.ny.us/AD/release.asp?ReleaseID=1423" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060923093239/http://www.agmkt.state.ny.us/AD/release.asp?ReleaseID=1423</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">DEC began CWD monitoring efforts in 2002, but intensified the effort in 2005 after CWD was confirmed in both captive and wild deer in Oneida County – the first incidents of the disease in New York State. Since that time, DEC has tested over 40,000 deer statewide with no additional cases being discovered, until now. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">New York State Interagency</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Response Plan 2015-2025</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/cwdresplan2015.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/cwdresplan2015.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/cwdpreventionplan2018.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/cwdpreventionplan2018.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">New York State Interagency CWD Risk Minimization Plan</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Oneida County CWD outbreak in 2005 was at a captive deer facility where the owner mixed taxidermy and deer rehabilitation activities together so NY has taken steps to limit co-occurrence of these activities. This captive facility was designated as Special Purpose (Monitored) and conducted required testing. The subsequent epidemiological investigation revealed CWD-positive animals in the facility and in the wild.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*From publication of the new rule (Oct. 15, 2013) forward, all new CWD-certified herds will be required to have a restraint system.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Why are deer carcasses and parts a risk for CWD entry?</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Prions are found throughout the body, but are in higher concentrations in specific tissues, such as the brain, spinal cord, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, and intestinal tract (Williams 2005). Disposal of deer carcasses by hunters is not easily regulated in New York. A deer carcass that is disposed of on the landscape where it is available to scavengers and wild deer presents a risk because prions are not easily degraded and can remain viable for an undetermined amount of time [>16 years for scrapie prions (Georgsson et al. 2006)]. Prions bind to soil particles and remain infectious and prions can be taken up by plants (Pritzkow et al. 2015). Scavengers may transport prions in feces (VerCauteren et al. 2012, Nichols et al. 2015). A minimum of 54,000 deer are taken to taxidermists and processors each year in New York and of those, an estimated 3-5% (>2000) are deer harvested from outside the state. When conducting a 2012 survey of deer hunting businesses in the state, DEC biologists found that many deer processors and taxidermists were unaware that DEC’s solid waste regulations applied to their businesses for waste disposal (Appendix V). For disposal, 50% of businesses used a landfill, 25% used rendering services exclusively, and 15% indicated they composted, used a pit, or otherwise left carcasses on the landscape where they could be encountered by wild deer and present a risk of disease transmission to wild deer. The remaining 10% used a variety of methods, with <1% choosing incineration. Our concern is that 25% of businesses (those not using landfills or rendering) were disposing of waste with a method that made prions directly available to wild deer.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/cwdpreventionplan2018.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/cwdpreventionplan2018.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Is CWD in New York State? CWD was discovered in two captive deer facilities in New York in 2005 and subsequently in two wild whitetailed deer nearby. Intensive annual surveillance has not identified any additional cases in that area or in the rest of the state. Keeping CWD out of New York is a priority for the NYS Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) and the NYS Department of Agriculture and Markets (DAM).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/cwdbooklet2018.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/cwdbooklet2018.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/7191.html#Surveillance" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/7191.html#Surveillance</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, MARCH 24, 2018 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">New York Status Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion History To Date </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/03/new-york-status-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/03/new-york-status-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, AUGUST 05, 2017 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD PLAN Singeltary Submission Comment New York State DEC </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Greetings New York State DEC, and Honorable Team Members et al, </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">i wish to kindly submit comments on your CWD Plan. my comments will follow a snip of your request for comments page CWD Risk Minimization Plan. please take my submission very seriously, and please read over the most updated science on the CWD TSE Prion, and i have included the most recent data on Prion 2017 Conference with video url link. i only wish, ... </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/cwd-plan-singeltary-submission-comment.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/cwd-plan-singeltary-submission-comment.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***North Carolina CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-North Carolina, to date, At the time of this printing, CWD has NOT been confirmed in North Carolina)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 North Carolina CWD TSE Prion, To Date, 12 Cases.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncwildlife.org/hunting/chronic-wasting-disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncwildlife.org/hunting/chronic-wasting-disease</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">North Carolina Wildlife Agency Confirms First Case of CWD in Franklin County</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wildlife Agency Confirms First Case of CWD in Franklin County, North Carolina</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">21 November 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) confirms a 2.5-year-old female white-tailed deer harvested in Franklin County has tested positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). The deer was hunter-harvested during firearms season and represents the first detection of the disease in Franklin County. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is transmissible to other deer and spreads through infected saliva, urine and feces of live deer and the movement of infected deer carcasses and carcass parts. During early stages of infection, deer may appear healthy, therefore, NCWRC stresses to hunters the importance of taking precautions when transporting or disposing of deer carcasses as this may lead to moving CWD to new locations. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NCWRC is collecting important data related to the distribution of the disease, due primarily to the cooperation of hunters who have submitted samples for testing of the disease. NCWRC’s Wildlife Management Division Chief, Brad Howard, said this new detection in yet another county further from the initial detections is disappointing, but illustrates that efforts to determine the extent of the disease in North Carolina are working. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“I want to point out that this detection in Franklin County, along with the last two unexpected CWD positive cases we detected in Johnston and Cumberland counties, doesn’t necessarily mean that CWD is spreading rapidly across the state,” says Howard “More likely it means that all the sample submissions we are getting from hunters is really helping to find the places where CWD has already gotten a foothold in the state. It’s likely that it’s been in these places for a few years and had not been detected. I’d rather CWD not be here at all, but if it is here, I’m glad we are finding out about it as soon as possible. My hat’s off to all the cooperating hunters, cervid health cooperators, and the hard work of all our employees in the field.” </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“As we continue to find the disease in new counties, hunters should be aware that CWD could be anywhere. We need to continue to test as many hunter-harvested deer as possible to determine the distribution of CWD in our state,” said Howard. “It is also essential that we understand how important it is to safely dispose of deer carcasses. Deer hunters must be vigilant and mindful of carcass disposal. The last thing we want to do is inadvertently move it to yet another new location. We continue to stress don’t give it a ride.” </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Howard confirmed that the current Surveillance Areas in the northwest and southeast portions of the state will remain unchanged. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“Franklin County will become a primary county, but not until next year. As with the detection earlier this season in Johnston County, the realities of establishing rules and ensuring hunters are aware of the changes during an open hunting season are challenging, therefore the rules will not change this season for Franklin County,” said Howard. Hunters should still be mindful of this new confirmed detection and follow NCWRC’s carcass transportation and disposal guidelines to prevent the potential spread of the disease to other locations. NCWRC also recommends hunters submit deer harvested in Franklin and surrounding counties for testing. Hunters can use NCWRC’s interactive map for information on testing locations. Additional locations will be added to the map throughout the hunting season. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NCWRC recommends that whole deer carcasses and high-risk carcass parts remain in Franklin County or be taken to a processor or taxidermist participating in the NCWRC’s Cervid Health Cooperator Program for proper carcass disposal and test submission. Hunters should follow one of the following disposal methods if not taken to a Cervid Health Cooperator: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Bury the deer remains where you harvest the animal when possible. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Double bag deer remains for disposal at the closest landfill. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Leave the deer remains on the ground where the animal was harvested. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Low-risk carcass parts, including boned-out meat, caped hides, antlers and cleaned skulls, cleaned jawbones and teeth, and finished taxidermy products are safe for transportation to areas outside of Franklin County. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To learn more about CWD and NCWRC’s response, visit ncwildlife.org/CWD and visit ncwildlife.org. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">About the N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Since 1947, the N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission has been dedicated to the conservation and sustainability of the state’s fish and wildlife resources through research, scientific management, wise use and public input. The Commission is the state regulatory agency responsible for the enforcement of fishing, hunting, trapping and boating laws and provides programs and opportunities for wildlife-related educational, recreational and sporting activities. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Get N.C. Wildlife Update — news including season dates, bag limits, legislative updates and more — delivered free to your Inbox from the N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncwildlife.org/Connect-With-Us/wildlife-agency-confirms-first-case-of-cwd-in-franklin-county-north-carolina" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncwildlife.org/Connect-With-Us/wildlife-agency-confirms-first-case-of-cwd-in-franklin-county-north-carolina</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wildlife Agency Confirms First Case of CWD in Johnston County, North Carolina</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">13 October 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wildlife Agency Confirms First Case of CWD in Johnston County, North Carolina</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Wildlife Commission has confirmed the first case of a CWD-positive deer in Johnston County.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">RALEIGH, NC (October 13, 2023) – The North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) confirms a 3 1/2-year-old female white-tailed deer harvested in Johnston County has tested positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). The deer was hunter-harvested during archery season and represents the first detection of the disease in Johnston County since the state’s first recorded case of CWD in March 2022. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is highly transmissible to other deer. It spreads through infected saliva, urine and feces of live deer and the movement of deer carcasses and carcass parts. During early stages of infection, deer may appear healthy, therefore, NCWRC stresses to hunters the importance of taking precautions when transporting or disposing of deer carcasses as this may lead to moving CWD to new locations. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NCWRC’s Wildlife Management Division Chief, Brad Howard, said, although a new detection in yet another county is disappointing, it illustrates that efforts to determine the extent of the disease in North Carolina are working, including the cooperation from hunters who have submitted samples for testing of the disease. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“Now more than ever we need the cooperation of sportsmen and sportswomen. We need to continue to test as many hunter-harvested deer as possible to determine the distribution of CWD in our state and how many deer are infected,” said Howard. “It is also essential that we understand how important it is to safely dispose of deer carcasses. Deer hunters must be vigilant and mindful of carcass disposal. The last thing we want to do is inadvertently move it to a new location. We continue to stress to "don't give it a ride." </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Howard confirmed that the current Surveillance Areas in the northwest and southeast portions of the state will remain unchanged. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“Johnston County will become a primary county. However, the realities of establishing rules and ensuring hunters are aware of the changes during an open hunting season are challenging, and so the rules will not change for this season for Johnston County,” said Howard. Hunters should still be mindful of this new confirmed detection and follow NCWRC’s carcass transportation and disposal guidelines to prevent the potential spread of the disease to other locations. NCWRC also recommends hunters submit deer harvested in Johnston and surrounding counties for testing. Hunters can use NCWRC’s interactive map for information on testing locations. Additional locations will be added to the map throughout the hunting season. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NCWRC recommends that whole deer carcasses and high-risk carcass parts remain in Johnston County or be taken to a processor or taxidermist participating in the NCWRC’s Cervid Health Cooperator Program in an adjacent county for proper carcass disposal and test submission. Hunters should follow one of the following disposal methods if not taken to a Cervid Health Cooperator: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Bury the deer remains where you harvest the animal when possible. Double bag deer remains for disposal at the closest landfill. Leave the deer remains on the ground where the animal was harvested. Low-risk carcass parts, including boned-out meat, caped hides, antlers and cleaned skulls, cleaned jawbones and teeth, and finished taxidermy products are safe for transportation to areas outside of Johnston County. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To learn more about CWD and NCWRC’s response, visit ncwildlife.org/CWD. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncwildlife.org/Connect-With-Us/wildlife-agency-confirms-first-case-of-cwd-in-johnston-county-north-carolina" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncwildlife.org/Connect-With-Us/wildlife-agency-confirms-first-case-of-cwd-in-johnston-county-north-carolina</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">North Carolina Wildlife Commission Announces First Chronic Wasting Disease CWD-Positive TSE PrP Deer</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wildlife Commission Announces First CWD-Positive Deer in North Carolina</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Agency officials confirmed Chronic Wasting Disease found in Yadkin County</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">31 March 2022Number of views: 1</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">RALEIGH, N.C. (March 31, 2022) – Officials with the N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission announced today that a sample collected from a hunter-harvested, white-tailed deer in Yadkin County has tested positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). This is the first case of CWD detected in North Carolina’s deer herd and was confirmed by the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The deer was harvested in northern Yadkin County in December 2021. The sample was sent in by a taxidermist through a cooperator program established by the Wildlife Commission. Wildlife Commission staff ramped up testing this past season and collected over 7,200 samples from cooperators and hunters due to the discovery of a CWD-positive deer 33 miles away from the North Carolina border last year in Montgomery County, Virginia.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“We are appreciative of all the cooperating taxidermists, meat processors and hunters that have helped us with our CWD surveillance,” said Brad Howard, chief of Wildlife Commission’s Wildlife Management Division. “Their diligence helped us to detect the presence of CWD now, which is much better than if the disease had gone undetected. Now that we know the disease is in North Carolina we will implement our CWD Response Plan to help slow the spread of CWD while preserving our deer herd and deer hunting tradition.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">While there has been only one confirmed positive to date, the Wildlife Commission continues to receive results from this year’s testing. At this time, the agency has received results from 60% (4,287) of all samples submitted, and 76% (626) of results from a four-county focal area (Alleghany, Surry, Stokes, and Rockingham) that was initiated because of the 2021 Virginia CWD-positive deer.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Now that a positive detection has been verified, agency staff will continue to follow the CWD Response Plan</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Hunting/Documents/Deer/CWD-Response-Plan.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Hunting/Documents/Deer/CWD-Response-Plan.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> in collaboration with the NC Department of Agriculture & Consumer Science, and will continue to share the agency’s next steps with the public through multiple communication channels. An out-of-cycle meeting with Commissioners will be held on April 7, and public meetings in the impacted area will be announced as they are scheduled.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“Although the detection of CWD is bad news, we have been preparing for this possibility for decades. Our long-term goal is to protect our deer herd and our deer hunting culture. Achieving that goal means we must work with our constituents to implement our response plan and refine our long-term management strategy,” said Howard. “We’ve been in contact with wildlife professionals in other states that are already CWD-positive to learn from their experiences. Adapting to CWD is going to be a challenge for everyone, but I’m confident that our staff and North Carolina deer hunters can do it.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Continued testing is imperative because it’s nearly impossible to tell if a deer has CWD by observation. Signs of illness may not be apparent for 16 months or more after infection. The slow incubation period, ease of transmission, and the fact that there is no vaccine, treatment or cure make CWD a looming threat to the state’s white-tailed deer population and deer hunting traditions. Given enough time, the disease is always fatal.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is caused by abnormal proteins, called prions, that slowly spread through a deer’s nervous system, eventually causing spongy holes in the brain that lead to death. The disease is spread between deer through direct contact and environmental contamination from infected saliva, urine and feces of live deer or carcasses and body parts.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For more information about CWD, including answers to frequently asked questions, visit ncwildlife.org/CWD and get to KNOW CWD through this 5 minute video released by the Wildlife Commission.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Media Contact: Fairley Mahlum</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">fairley.mahlum@ncwildlife.org</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">919-817-6820 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://fb.watch/c5QK3AM_cY/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://fb.watch/c5QK3AM_cY/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncwildlife.org/Connect-With-Us/wildlife-commission-announces-first-cwd-positive-deer-in-north-carolina" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncwildlife.org/Connect-With-Us/wildlife-commission-announces-first-cwd-positive-deer-in-north-carolina</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncwildlife.org/Hunting/Chronic-Wasting-Disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncwildlife.org/Hunting/Chronic-Wasting-Disease</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Saturday, September 20, 2014</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** North Carolina Captive cervid licenses and permits Senate Bill 744 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Description The proposed changes to 15A NACA 10H .0301 would allow the Commission to issue new captivity licenses and permits for the purpose of holding cervids in captivity and allow certified herd owners to sell or transfer cervids to any licensed facility. Also, mandatory testing for CWD will be raised from all cervids that die at age 6 months or older to all cervids that die at age 12 months or older.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/ProposedRegulations/15A%20NCAC%2010H%20.0301%20for%20web%20posting.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/ProposedRegulations/15A%20NCAC%2010H%20.0301%20for%20web%20posting.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">North Carolina Captive cervid licenses and permits Senate Bill 744 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** p.s. please add this to my submission, very important information...</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Saturday, September 20, 2014</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** North Carolina Captive cervid licenses and permits Senate Bill 744 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Description The proposed changes to 15A NACA 10H .0301 would allow the Commission to issue new captivity licenses and permits for the purpose of holding cervids in captivity and allow certified herd owners to sell or transfer cervids to any licensed facility. Also, mandatory testing for CWD will be raised from all cervids that die at age 6 months or older to all cervids that die at age 12 months or older.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/ProposedRegulations/15A%20NCAC%2010H%20.0301%20for%20web%20posting.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/ProposedRegulations/15A%20NCAC%2010H%20.0301%20for%20web%20posting.pdf</a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncwildlife.org/Search-Results#?cludoquery=cwd%20&cludopage=1&cludorefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncwildlife.org%2Fhunting%2Fafter-the-hunt%2Fdeer-diseases&cludorefpt=Deer%20Diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncwildlife.org/Search-Results#?cludoquery=cwd%20&cludopage=1&cludorefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncwildlife.org%2Fhunting%2Fafter-the-hunt%2Fdeer-diseases&cludorefpt=Deer%20Diseases</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Learning/documents/Chronic-Waste-Fact-sheet-v3.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Learning/documents/Chronic-Waste-Fact-sheet-v3.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncwildlife.org/hunting/after-the-hunt/deer-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncwildlife.org/hunting/after-the-hunt/deer-diseases</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Saturday, September 20, 2014</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** North Carolina Captive cervid licenses and permits Senate Bill 744 Singeltary Submission </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/09/north-carolina-captive-cervid-licenses.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/09/north-carolina-captive-cervid-licenses.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 22, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">North Carolina Wildlife Agency Confirms First Case of CWD in Franklin County </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/north-carolina-wildlife-agency-confirms.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/north-carolina-wildlife-agency-confirms.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">***North Dakota CWD TSE Prion</div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-North Dakota, to date, CWD has been detected in 26 cervid (personal communication Dr. Charlie Bahnson, wildlife veterinarian for the North Dakota Game and Fish Department...November 23, 2020).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 North Dakota CWD TSE Prion TOTAL TO DATE, i had to write to find out;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Your number was correct. CWD had been confirmed in 94 deer through 2022. Surveillance results are still pending for 2023, so look for an updated number in a month or two.<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">cwd prevelance, starting at about the 10 minute mark here;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vnfk_LZbu1E" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vnfk_LZbu1E</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">A total of 24 deer harvested in 2022-23 tested positive for chronic wasting disease, with CWD being detected for the first time in four hunting units (3A3, 3E1, 3F1 and 4F). From the 2022 hunter-harvested surveillance, CWD positive deer were also detected in 3A1 (eight mule deer), 3A3 (one mule deer), 3B1 (one mule deer), 3E1 (one mule deer), 3E2 (one mule deer), 3F1 (one mule deer), 3F2 (seven mule deer and one white-tailed deer), 4B (two mule deer) and 4F (one mule deer).<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gf.nd.gov/magazine/2023/aug-sep/2023-hunting-season-outlook" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gf.nd.gov/magazine/2023/aug-sep/2023-hunting-season-outlook</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mafwa.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/nd_rpt23.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mafwa.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/nd_rpt23.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, MARCH 13, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">North Dakota reported 24 deer from the 2022 hunting season tested positive North Dakota reported 24 deer from the 2022 hunting season tested positive</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD Test Results </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mon, 03/13/2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">With most chronic wasting disease testing completed, the North Dakota Game and Fish Department reported 24 deer from the 2022 hunting season tested positive.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Eight deer were from hunting unit 3F2; eight from unit 3A1; two from unit 4B; and one from units 3B1 and 3E2. Single positive deer were also found in four new units – 3A3, 3E1, 3F1 and 4F – where the disease had not been previously detected.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wildlife division chief Casey Anderson said the department is encouraged the number of cases was on par with results from the 2021 hunting season when 26 cases were found.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“While we certainly wish the number was zero, this stable trend is a good thing and supports our current management approach,” he said.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a fatal disease of deer, moose and elk that remains on the landscape and can cause long-term population impacts as infection rates climb. The 2022 results come while the state legislature considers a bill that would strip the Game and Fish Department’s ability to restrict baiting as a means to combat CWD. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“Baiting restrictions are one of only a few tools the department has to try to slow down how fast CWD spreads,” said Dr. Charlie Bahnson, wildlife veterinarian. “Artificially concentrating deer from August through November puts more animals in contact with each other and each other’s bodily fluids. That’s a lot of unnecessary risk that’s hard to justify in areas where CWD has been detected.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD forces Game and Fish to make tough decisions that leave some folks unhappy, Anderson said.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“That said, the department is charged with protecting the health of the deer herd for current and future use,” he said. “It’d be irresponsible of us to ignore the serious threat CWD poses, and we hope to have every tool available to do our job. Unfortunately, with CWD, we don’t get a redo.” </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Confirmed cases included 22 hunter harvested mule deer; one harvested white-tailed deer; and one mule deer hit by a vehicle. The estimated infection rates among mule deer were 4.9% in unit 3F2 and 9.8% in unit 3A1. Only 4.4% of hunters submitted heads for testing in units where the department focused its surveillance efforts. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Game and Fish will use its 2022 surveillance data to guide its CWD management strategy moving forward. More information about CWD can be found by visiting the department’s website, gf.nd.gov. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gf.nd.gov/news/6390" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gf.nd.gov/news/6390</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ndlegis.gov/assembly/68-2023/testimony/HNATRES-1151-20230120-14647-F-THOMPSON_WYATT_C.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ndlegis.gov/assembly/68-2023/testimony/HNATRES-1151-20230120-14647-F-THOMPSON_WYATT_C.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">North Dakota Game and Fish Department reports 26 deer tested positive during the 2021 hunting season</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD Test Results</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wed, 02/23/2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">With most chronic wasting disease testing completed, the North Dakota Game and Fish Department reports 26 deer tested positive during the 2021 hunting season.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Fourteen were from hunting unit 3F2, eight from unit 3A1, and one was found in unit 3B1. Single positive deer were also found in three units (3C, 3D1 and 3E2) where the disease had not been previously detected.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a fatal disease of deer, moose and elk that can cause long-term population declines as infection rates climb.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The estimated infection rates in unit 3F2 were 4.9% in mule deer and 3% in whitetail deer. In unit 3A1, the estimated infection rate in mule deer was 6.9%. Approximately 4.9% of hunters turned in heads for testing in units where the Department was focusing surveillance efforts.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Game and Fish will use its 2021 surveillance data to guide its CWD management strategy moving forward. More information about CWD can be found at gf.nd.gov/cwd.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gf.nd.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd#testing" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gf.nd.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd#testing</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gf.nd.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/more" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gf.nd.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/more</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gf.nd.gov/news/5266" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gf.nd.gov/news/5266</a> </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FEBRUARY 2020 NUMBER 7 VOLUME LXXXII</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Eight deer taken during the 2019 North Dakota deer gun season tested positive for chronic wasting disease, according to Dr. Charlie Bahnson, wildlife veterinarian for the North Dakota Game and Fish Department.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">All were antlered deer taken from areas previously known to have CWD – six from unit 3F2 and two from 3A1. Bahnson said six of the eight were mule deer, with two whitetails from unit 3F2. CWD was not detected in any deer harvested in the eastern portion of the state where hunterharvested surveillance was conducted last fall. In addition, no elk or moose tested positive.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">“Only about 15% of hunters submit heads for testing in units where CWD has been found, so the infection rate is more meaningful than the raw number of positive animals found,” Bahnson said. “Approximately 3% of harvested mule deer were infected with CWD in unit 3F2, and roughly 2% in unit 3A1. Our infection rate in whitetails in 3F2 was about 1%.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">“Overall,” he continued, “we could probably live with these current infection rates long-term, but they suggest an upward trend and we’ve certainly seen an expansion in the known distribution of the disease. We need to continue to try to limit the spread within our herds as best as we can.”</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a fatal disease of deer, moose and elk that can cause long-term population declines if left unchecked.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Bahnson said the eight positive deer put the total at 11 detected since September 1. As previously reported, two mule deer taken in September tested positive for CWD – one was harvested during the archery season from deer gun unit 4B, and one during the youth season in unit 3A1. CWD was also detected in a whitetailed deer from unit 3F2 that was euthanized in December following a report from the public that it appeared sick and was displaying erratic behavior.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Game and Fish will use its 2019 surveillance data to guide its CWD management strategy moving forward. More information about CWD is available on the Game and Fish Department’s website, gf.nd.gov/cwd.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gf.nd.gov/sites/default/files/2020-02/ndo-feb-2020.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gf.nd.gov/sites/default/files/2020-02/ndo-feb-2020.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gf.nd.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd#testing" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gf.nd.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd#testing</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Taking aim at chronic wasting disease: Fatal deer disease a focus as rifle hunting season approaches</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Written By: Brad Dokken | Nov 4th 2019 - 8am.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">To date, 17 deer – all wild – have tested positive for CWD in North Dakota, Bahnson said. First detected in 2009 in south-central North Dakota, CWD in the past year has been found in northwest North Dakota and, most recently, McKenzie County in the North Dakota Badlands, where a mule deer buck shot with a bow in September in hunting Unit 4B tested positive.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The deer in 4B was tested as part of a routine sampling effort. A second mule deer buck taken during the September youth season in Unit 3A1 in Divide County also tested positive.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Both deer appeared perfectly healthy, Bahnson said. That’s been the case with most of the nearly 30,000 deer Game and Fish has tested since it began sampling for the disease in 2002, he said.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.grandforksherald.com/news/4747097-Taking-aim-at-chronic-wasting-disease-Fatal-deer-disease-a-focus-as-rifle-hunting-season-approaches" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.grandforksherald.com/news/4747097-Taking-aim-at-chronic-wasting-disease-Fatal-deer-disease-a-focus-as-rifle-hunting-season-approaches</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Deer found near Williston tests positive for CWD</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Written By: Forum staff reports | Mar 19th 2019 - 2pm.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">BISMARCK — A white-tailed deer found dead just south of Williston in late February has been confirmed positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD), according to Dr. Charlie Bahnson, wildlife veterinarian for the North Dakota Game and Fish Department.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The find means CWD is much farther south than previously thought, officials said.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a fatal disease of deer, moose and elk that can cause long-term population declines if left unchecked. Since 2009, 14 other deer have tested positive for CWD in North Dakota; 13 from Grant and Sioux counties in hunting unit 3F2 in the southwest, and the other taken last fall from the northwest in Divide County.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The deer found near Williston is the first documented case of a mortality due to CWD in North Dakota. Previous deer found with CWD were hunter harvested before they became sick. This latest deer was severely emaciated and had an empty digestive tract, officials said.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Game and Fish Department will collect additional samples for testing through targeted removal over the next week or so. In addition to the targeted removal and testing, Game and Fish will review the need to amend the current CWD proclamation to reflect the new CWD positive.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.inforum.com/sports/outdoors/990434-Deer-found-near-Williston-tests-positive-for-CWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.inforum.com/sports/outdoors/990434-Deer-found-near-Williston-tests-positive-for-CWD</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in McKenzie County</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Two mule deer taken in September tested positive for chronic wasting disease, including one during the archery season from deer gun unit 4B in McKenzie County, where CWD had not previously been found. The other deer was harvested during the youth season in unit 3A1 in Divide County where CWD was first detected last fall.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">North Dakota Game and Fish Department wildlife veterinarian Dr. Charlie Bahnson said the finding in 4B marks the first detection of CWD in the badlands.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">“This is an iconic place to hunt big game where people travel to from across the state,” Bahnson said. “By no means does this first detection spell doom for hunting in this area, as long as we are proactive in trying to keep infection rates from climbing. We also need to reduce the chance of CWD spreading to new areas.”</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Game and Fish will review its CWD management strategy after the deer rifle season and will consider making revisions for next season. While unit 4B does not have carcass transportation restrictions in place for 2019, Bahnson does recommend that hunters in 4B submit their deer for testing, and avoid transporting high-risk carcass parts, such as the brain and spinal column, outside of the hunting unit.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gf.nd.gov/magazine/2019/nov/buffaloberry-patch#2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gf.nd.gov/magazine/2019/nov/buffaloberry-patch#2</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gf.nd.gov/magazine/2019/nov/buffaloberry-patch#1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gf.nd.gov/magazine/2019/nov/buffaloberry-patch#1</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gf.nd.gov/magazine/2019/may/cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gf.nd.gov/magazine/2019/may/cwd</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wASwBppoank&feature=youtu.be" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wASwBppoank&feature=youtu.be</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">North Dakota CWD 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQ1RByGqybk" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQ1RByGqybk</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, MARCH 13, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">North Dakota reported 24 deer from the 2022 hunting season tested positive<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/03/north-dakota-reported-24-deer-from-2022.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/03/north-dakota-reported-24-deer-from-2022.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, MARCH 03, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">North Dakota Eight deer taken during the 2019 deer gun season tested positive for chronic wasting disease CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/north-dakota-eight-deer-taken-during.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/north-dakota-eight-deer-taken-during.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 17, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">North Dakota 11 Positive Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion detected since Sept 1, 2019</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/north-dakota-11-positive-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/north-dakota-11-positive-chronic.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Ohio CWD TSE Prion </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020-Ohio, to date, cwd tse prion has been detected in 24 CWD POSITIVES IN CAPTIVE CERVID ZERO IN WILD...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 OHIO CWD TSE PRION OHIO CWD CONFIRMED TO DATE IS 28 CASES IN WILD CERVID...i believe that count to be woefully undercounted and confirmed, considering the Captive Cervid Count and surveillance there from, imo...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD Testing Continues in Surveillance Area</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">COLUMBUS, Ohio – The Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) Division of Wildlife reminds white-tailed deer hunters in the Chronic Wasting Disease surveillance area of Hardin, Marion, and Wyandot counties that sampling is mandatory for all deer harvested during the upcoming seven-day gun season, Monday, Nov. 27 to Sunday, Dec. 3.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Division of Wildlife confirmed that six deer in the disease surveillance area have tested positive for CWD since the summer of 2023, including one in Hardin County, the county’s first. Since the fall of 2020, 28 wild deer have tested positive for CWD: 21 in Wyandot County, six in Marion County, and one in Hardin County. A disease surveillance area in those three counties remains in effect. A sample was recently discovered in Allen County that requires additional testing.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease that affects deer and other similar species, including mule deer, elk, and moose. No evidence exists that CWD can spread to humans, pets, or livestock.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Within Hardin, Marion, and Wyandot counties, hunters are required to submit deer harvested during the seven-day gun season, Nov. 27-Dec. 3, for testing. Successful hunters are not required to surrender their deer. Those with questions about having their deer sampled can call (419) 429-8322. Staffed sampling locations are available during the weeklong gun season at the following locations: Big Island Wildlife Area Headquarters, 5389 Larue-Prospect Rd West, New Bloomington, 43341 Killdeer Plains Wildlife Area Headquarters, 19100 County Hwy 115, Harpster, 43323 Wyandot County Fairgrounds, 10171 OH 52, Upper Sandusky, 43351 Rural King, 233 American Blvd, Marion, 43302 Hardin County Fairgrounds, 14134 County Rd 140, Kenton, 43326 McGuffey Conservation Club, 6950 Township Rd 55, Ada, 54810 Self-serve kiosks are available for mandatory sample submission during the gun season and for voluntary sample submission until the close of the deer archery season on Feb. 4, 2024. Sampling locations can be found at ohiodnr.gov/cwd. Outside of the disease surveillance area, hunters can have harvested deer tested by the Ohio Department of Agriculture’s Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory which can be reached at (614) 728-6220. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In addition to mandatory testing, the following regulations apply within the disease surveillance area: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The placement of or use of bait (salt, minerals, or any food) to attract or feed deer, as well as the hunting of deer by the aid of bait, is prohibited. Normal agricultural activities, including feeding domestic animals, as well as hunting deer over food plots, naturally occurring or cultivated plants, and agriculture crops, are not prohibited.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The removal of a complete carcass or high-risk parts from the disease surveillance area is prohibited unless the carcass complies with deer carcass regulations, or the carcass is delivered to a certified taxidermist or processor within 24 hours of leaving the area. Additional information on carcass regulations and a complete list of certified processors and taxidermists can be found at ohiodnr.gov/cwd.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The proper handling of carcasses, trims, and parts dramatically decreases the risk of spreading disease. Hunters should properly dispose of deer carcasses by double-bagging all high-risk parts (brain, spinal cord, eyes, and lymphoid tissue) and setting them out with their household garbage for trash pickup, when permitted by waste disposal facilities. Those without trash pickup can double-bag the carcass and take it to a municipal solid waste landfill or bury the carcass at least 3 feet deep on the property of harvest. The Division of Wildlife provides receptacles in the disease surveillance area for proper carcass disposal. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The ODNR Division of Wildlife has conducted routine surveillance for CWD since 2002, with more than 39,000 deer tested. CWD has been detected in 31 states and four Canadian provinces. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Division of Wildlife is responsible for protecting and managing Ohio’s fish and wildlife resources for the benefit of all Ohioans. We greatly appreciate the cooperation of hunters in monitoring Ohio’s deer herd. For more information about CWD, visit wildohio.gov, contact your county wildlife officer, or call (419) 429-8322.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The mission of the Division of Wildlife is to conserve and improve fish and wildlife resources and their habitats for sustainable use and appreciation by all. Visit wildohio.gov to find out more. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ODNR ensures a balance between wise use and protection of our natural resources for the benefit of all. Visit the ODNR website at ohiodnr.gov. For more information, contact:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Brian Plasters, Division of Wildlife Phone: 614-601-3836 Ohio Department of Natural Resources</div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/safety-conservation/about-ODNR/news/cwd-testing-continues-in-surveillance-area-fall-2023" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/safety-conservation/about-ODNR/news/cwd-testing-continues-in-surveillance-area-fall-2023</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The first confirmed case of CWD in Ohio was found in a captive deer at a shooting preserve in Holmes County in 2014. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Since then, 24 additional deer from three other captive facilities in Holmes and Wayne counties have tested positive for CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Since 2002, nearly 39,000 wild deer (including nearly 2,500 in the Holmes County region) have been tested for CWD statewide.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ohio confirmed its first and second CWD-positive wild deer in late 2020 and early 2021 in Wyandot County.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">An additional nine and 11 deer tested positive for CWD in the 2021-22 and 2022-23 seasons, respectively, bringing the total number of positive cases in wild deer to 22 – all of which have been found in southern Wyandot and northern Marion counties.</div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ohiodnr.gov/buy-and-apply/hunting-fishing-boating/hunting-resources/chronic-wasting-disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ohiodnr.gov/buy-and-apply/hunting-fishing-boating/hunting-resources/chronic-wasting-disease</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/wildlife/wildlife-management/wildlife-diseases/2022-23+Season+Summary.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/wildlife/wildlife-management/wildlife-diseases/2022-23+Season+Summary.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">OHIO DIVISION OF WILDLIFE CONFIRMS ADDITIONAL CWD CASES IN MARION, WYANDOT COUNTIES</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DIVISION OF WILDLIFE CONFIRMS ADDITIONAL CWD CASES IN MARION, WYANDOT COUNTIES</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">May 22, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">COLUMBUS, Ohio – The Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) Division of Wildlife has confirmed 11 additional white-tailed deer tested positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in Marion and Wyandot counties.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Seven of the CWD-positive deer were bucks, and four were does. Testing was performed on deer harvested by hunters during the 2022-23 season, as well as on deer taken through targeted removal efforts in February and March. Postseason deer removal is meant to slow the spread of CWD by reducing deer numbers in areas where the disease has been detected.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Since the fall of 2020, a total of 22 wild deer have tested positive for CWD, all in Wyandot and Marion counties (16 in Wyandot, six in Marion). CWD is a fatal neurological disease that affects white-tailed deer and other similar species, including mule deer, elk, and moose. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there is no strong evidence that CWD is transmissible to humans. Find more information about CWD, including a map of known locations, at ohiodnr.gov/cwd.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sampling for CWD will continue in the 2023-24 deer hunting season. Special deer hunting regulations and hunting opportunities will be in effect in the disease surveillance area of Hardin, Marion, and Wyandot counties.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Division of Wildlife has extensively monitored and tested deer in the disease surveillance area since CWD was discovered in the wild in 2020. The Division of Wildlife has conducted routine surveillance for CWD since 2002, with approximately 39,000 deer tested. CWD has been detected in 30 states and four Canadian provinces. The disease was first discovered in the 1960s in the western U.S. More information about this disease is available at cwd-info.org.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/safety-conservation/about-ODNR/news/division-of-wildlife-confirms-additional-cwd-cases-in-marion-wyandot-counties" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/safety-conservation/about-ODNR/news/division-of-wildlife-confirms-additional-cwd-cases-in-marion-wyandot-counties</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ohio 3 positive CWD cases confirmed this fall 2 Wyandot and 1 Marion Counties</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD TESTING CONTINUES IN SURVEILLANCE AREA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">November 22, 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">UPPER SANDUSKY, Ohio – The Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) Division of Wildlife has confirmed that three white-tailed deer tested positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) following the collection of 637 samples in the fall of 2022. During the 2022 deer hunting season, testing has been performed in the disease surveillance area of Hardin, Marion, and Wyandot counties on hunter-harvested and road-killed deer, as well as through targeted sampling.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The three positive CWD cases confirmed this fall were all deer harvested by hunters. Two of the deer were confirmed in Wyandot County and one in Marion County. Two were harvested Oct. 8, and the third on Oct. 9. An early deer gun hunting season was held Oct. 8-10 in the disease surveillance area to limit the spread of CWD and monitor its prevalence. The Division of Wildlife is grateful to all hunters who have complied with testing requirements and submitted deer for sampling to help keep Ohio’s deer herd healthy.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Since the fall of 2020, 14 wild deer have tested positive for CWD, all in Marion and Wyandot counties. CWD is a fatal neurological disease that affects white-tailed deer and other similar species, including mule deer, elk, and moose. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there is no strong evidence that CWD is transmissible to humans.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Within Hardin, Marion, and Wyandot counties, hunters are required to submit deer harvested during the seven-day gun season, Nov. 28-Dec. 4, for testing, and hunters can voluntarily submit deer for testing until the close of the deer archery season on Feb. 5, 2023. Sampling locations can be found at ohiodnr.gov/cwd. Outside of the disease surveillance area, hunters can have harvested deer tested by the Ohio Department of Agriculture’s Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (614-728-6220).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Division of Wildlife has extensively monitored and tested deer in the disease surveillance area since CWD was discovered in the wild in 2020. The Division of Wildlife has conducted routine surveillance for CWD since 2002. CWD has been detected in 30 states and four Canadian provinces. The disease was first discovered in the 1960s in the western U.S. More information about this disease is available at cwd-info.org.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The mission of the Divisin of Wildlife is to conserve and improve fish and wildlife resources and their habitats for sustainable use and appreciation by all. Visit wildohio.gov to find out more.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ODNR ensures a balance between wise use and protection of our natural resources for the benefit of all. Visit the ODNR website at ohiodnr.gov.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SHARE THIS FOR MORE INFORMATION 1-800-WILDLIFE (800) 945-3543</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">wildinfo@dnr.ohio.gov</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/safety-conservation/about-ODNR/news/cwd-testing-continues-in-surveillance-area" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/safety-conservation/about-ODNR/news/cwd-testing-continues-in-surveillance-area</a> </div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, JULY 30, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Ohio Deer Summary 2019 - 2020 CWD TSE Prion 24 Confirmed To Date All Captive Cervid </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/07/ohio-deer-summary-2019-2020-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/07/ohio-deer-summary-2019-2020-cwd-tse.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Please note, to date, 24 CASES OF CWD TSE PRION POSITIVE HAVE BEEN DETECTED IN _CAPTIVE_ Cervid in Ohio, with the latest being announced May 16, 2020 in Wayne County farm. ''Subsequent to that announcement, another doe tested positive on the same farm, bringing the total number of CWD+ deer (all captive) to 24''.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">personal communication Michael J. Tonkovich, Ph.D. Deer Program Administrator Ohio DNR Division of Wildlife, July 30, 2020.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sent: Sat, May 16, 2020 10:18 am</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Subject: Ohio Chronic Wasting Disease Detected on Wayne County Farm</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected on Wayne County Farm</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">May 15, 2020 | Animal Health</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected on Wayne County Farm</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">REYNOLDSBURG, Ohio (May 15, 2020) – Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) has been detected at a farm in Wayne County. CWD is a degenerative brain disease that affects elk, mule deer and white-tailed deer. Investigators with the Ohio Department of Agriculture (ODA) detected CWD in a doe in the herd. ODA is conducting an epidemiological investigation on the farm and developing a herd plan. ODA has applied for an indemnity plan with the United States Department of Agriculture for depopulation of the herd. This is necessary in order to stop the transmission and spread of CWD. Once approved, ODA officials will depopulate the affected herd.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD has occurred in Ohio in the past but has been eradicated through depopulation. It has never been found in Ohio’s wild deer herd population. If you have questions or concerns regarding CWD, please contact the Division of Animal Health at 614-728-6220 or by email, animal@agri.ohio.gov. https://agri.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/oda/divisions/animal-health/news-and-events/cwd-detected-on-wayne-co-farm A captive white-tailed deer breeding facility in Holmes County was confirmed CWD-positive in January 2018 and depopulated in February 2018. Two of the 93 deer euthanized were CWD-positive as well. A disease surveillance area (DSA) has been established around the facility and will remain in effect for at least three years.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://wildlife.ohiodnr.gov/species-and-habitats/diseases-in-wildlife" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://wildlife.ohiodnr.gov/species-and-habitats/diseases-in-wildlife</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, JANUARY 14, 2018 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Ohio ODA confirms CWD TSE Prion in another captive deer Ohio detects CWD in captive deer again</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease found in Ohio captive deer</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Ohio Department of Agriculture (ODA) confirmed a positive case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a captive deer. The state is taking quarantine action to control the further spread of the disease and there is no evidence that CWD has affected the wild deer population in the state.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The positive sample was taken from a single buck on a hunting preserve in Guernsey County and tested as part of Ohio’s CWD monitoring program for captive white-tailed deer operations. The animal was transferred from a captive breeding facility in Holmes County just days before it was harvested. Both the hunting preserve and the breeding farm are under quarantine and are subject to intensive monitoring and sampling protocols. The quarantine will remain enforced until the state is satisfied that disease transference can no longer occur between captive operations.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">“While the confirmed case is unfortunate, this proves the necessity of testing and monitoring the health of captive deer populations in Ohio in order to monitor the health of the animals and to manage exposure to diseases,” said State Veterinarian Dr. Tony Forshey. “ODA will work with our state partners and continue to take whatever steps necessary in order to manage CWD and prevent exposure to Ohio’s wild deer population.”</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">ODA regulates Ohio’s captive white-tailed deer facilities and monitors the health of animals through regular testing of deer at both farms and hunting preserves. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife conducts regular surveillance throughout Ohio to monitor the health of the state’s wild deer population. Acting in an abundance of caution, increased surveillance of wild deer will occur around the quarantined facilities associated with the recent CWD positive test. Again, no CWD has ever been confirmed in Ohio’s wild deer population.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://ocj.com/2018/01/chronic-wasting-disease-found-in-ohio-captive-deer/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://ocj.com/2018/01/chronic-wasting-disease-found-in-ohio-captive-deer/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/01/ohio-oda-confirms-cwd-tse-prion-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/01/ohio-oda-confirms-cwd-tse-prion-in.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD confirmed in captive Ohio deer</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">January 12, 2018 Ohio DNR Reports</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">REYNOLDSBURG, Ohio – The Ohio Department of Agriculture (ODA) confirmed a positive case of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in a captive deer, the ODA and Ohio DNR announced in a shared news release Friday, Jan. 12.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The state is taking quarantine action to control the further spread of the disease and there is no evidence that CWD has affected the wild deer population in the state, the release said.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The positive sample was taken from a single buck on a hunting preserve in Guernsey County and tested as part of Ohio’s CWD monitoring program for captive white-tailed deer operations. The animal was transferred from a captive breeding facility in Holmes County just days before it was harvested. Both the hunting preserve and the breeding farm are under quarantine and are subject to intensive monitoring and sampling protocols. The quarantine will remain enforced until the state is satisfied that disease transference can no longer occur between captive operations.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">“While the confirmed case is unfortunate, this proves the necessity of testing and monitoring the health of captive deer populations in Ohio in order to monitor the health of the animals and to manage exposure to diseases,” said State Veterinarian Dr. Tony Forshey. “ODA will work with our state partners and continue to take whatever steps necessary in order to manage CWD and prevent exposure to Ohio’s wild deer population.”</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">ODA regulates Ohio’s captive white-tailed deer facilities and monitors the health of animals through regular testing of deer at both farms and hunting preserves. The Ohio DNR, Division of Wildlife conducts regular surveillance throughout Ohio to monitor the health of the state’s wild deer population. Acting in an abundance of caution, increased surveillance of wild deer will occur around the quarantined facilities associated with the recent CWD positive test. Again, no CWD has ever been confirmed in Ohio’s wild deer population, the DNR added in the release.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.outdoornews.com/2018/01/12/cwd-confirmed-captive-ohio-deer/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.outdoornews.com/2018/01/12/cwd-confirmed-captive-ohio-deer/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">OHIO CAPTIVE DEER INDUSTRY </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD was detected in Ohio in captive deer in 2014 and in wild deer in 2020 and 2021. Visit the Ohio Department of Natural Resources for the latest CWD test results in wild deer.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><a href="https://agri.ohio.gov/divisions/animal-health/cervid-program/chronic-wasting-disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://agri.ohio.gov/divisions/animal-health/cervid-program/chronic-wasting-disease</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ohiodnr.gov/buy-and-apply/regulatory-permits/commercial-wildlife-permits/captive-white-tailed-deer" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ohiodnr.gov/buy-and-apply/regulatory-permits/commercial-wildlife-permits/captive-white-tailed-deer</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://agri.ohio.gov/divisions/animal-health/licenses/license_application_for_ohio_captive_whitetail_deer_with_status" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://agri.ohio.gov/divisions/animal-health/licenses/license_application_for_ohio_captive_whitetail_deer_with_status</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://agri.ohio.gov/programs/animal-disease-diagnostic-lab/resources/cwd-sample-collection" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://agri.ohio.gov/programs/animal-disease-diagnostic-lab/resources/cwd-sample-collection</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, MAY 09, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ohio 9 ADDITIONAL CWD-POSITIVE DEER CONFIRMED IN WYANDOT, MARION COUNTIES </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/ohio-9-additional-cwd-positive-deer.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/ohio-9-additional-cwd-positive-deer.html</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 17, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">OHIO CWD Disease Surveillance Hunter Harvest 2022 Test Results 8 CWD WILD Suspect To Date</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/02/ohio-cwd-disease-surveillance-hunter.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/02/ohio-cwd-disease-surveillance-hunter.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 20, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">OHIO CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PrP in five additional CWD-positive deer</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/01/ohio-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/01/ohio-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, JUNE 11, 2021</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ohio Confirms 2 CWD Positive Wild Cervid 2020-2021 With Additional 25 deer from four captive deer facilities confirmed positive to date</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/06/ohio-confirms-2-cwd-positive-wild.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/06/ohio-confirms-2-cwd-positive-wild.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, MAY 16, 2020 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ohio Chronic Wasting Disease Detected on Wayne County Farm </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/05/ohio-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/05/ohio-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html</a> </div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 08, 2020 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">OHIO CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE TSE PRION UPDATE TO DATE 24 CWD POSITIVES IN CAPTIVE CERVID ZERO IN WILD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/ohio-chronic-wasting-disease-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/ohio-chronic-wasting-disease-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 02, 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ohio Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PRION FEBRUARY 2019 Newsletter Update</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/ohio-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/ohio-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 04, 2018 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ohio Changes in CWD Sample Submission for IHC Testing, Ohio is considered free of CWD?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/ohio-changes-in-cwd-sample-submission.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/ohio-changes-in-cwd-sample-submission.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 25, 2018 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ohio Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion aka mad deer update 2016-2017 SEASON SUMMARY</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/01/ohio-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/01/ohio-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, DECEMBER 03, 2017 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ohio Chronic Wasting Disease Update Through November 2017</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/12/ohio-chronic-wasting-disease-update.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/12/ohio-chronic-wasting-disease-update.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 15, 2017 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ohio ODNR Continues Plan to Monitor Ohio’s Deer Herd for Chronic Wasting Disease or do they?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/11/ohio-odnr-continues-plan-to-monitor.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/11/ohio-odnr-continues-plan-to-monitor.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 16, 2017</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">OHIO Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion UPDATE?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/ohio-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9; outline: 0px;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/ohio-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 05, 2015</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Ohio confirms to me Chronic Wasting Disease </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD Spreads 19 confirmed cases to date Just got off the phone with Christy Clevenger of Ohio</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Ohio Department of Agriculture March 2012 – Present (3 years 6 months) Reynoldsburg, Ohio CWD program</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Ms. Clevenger confirmed, to date, from the Yoder debacle, 1 confirmed case of CWD from the Hunting Preserve, 2 confirmed cases from the Breeding Farm, and 16 confirmed cases of CWD from the Breeder Depopulation, with a total to date of 19 cases of CWD in Ohio...with sad regards, Terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/ohio-confirms-to-me-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/ohio-confirms-to-me-chronic-wasting.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2015 Ohio CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD Spreads 19 confirmed cases to date Just got off the phone with Christy Clevenger of Ohio</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 05, 2015</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Ohio confirms to me Chronic Wasting Disease <***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD Spreads 19 confirmed cases to date Just got off the phone with Christy Clevenger of Ohio</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ohio Department of Agriculture March 2012 – Present (3 years 6 months) Reynoldsburg, Ohio CWD program</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Ms. Clevenger confirmed, to date, from the Yoder debacle, 1 confirmed case of CWD from the Hunting Preserve, 2 confirmed cases from the Breeding Farm, and 16 confirmed cases of CWD from the Breeder Depopulation, with a total to date of 19 cases of CWD in Ohio...with sad regards, Terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/ohio-confirms-to-me-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/ohio-confirms-to-me-chronic-wasting.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, OCTOBER 23, 2015</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ohio Wildlife Council Passes Rule to Help Monitor CWD From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sent: Friday, October 23, 2015 4:39 PM</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To: wildinfo@dnr.state.oh.us</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Cc: dnrmail@dnr.state.oh.us</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: Ohio Wildlife Council Passes Rule to Help Monitor CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/10/ohio-wildlife-council-passes-rule-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/10/ohio-wildlife-council-passes-rule-to.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, AUGUST 24, 2015 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Ohio wildlife officials ramp up fight against fatal deer brain disease after 17 more positive tests CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/ohio-wildlife-officials-ramp-up-fight.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/ohio-wildlife-officials-ramp-up-fight.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thursday, April 02, 2015</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">OHIO CONFIRMS SECOND POSTIVE CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD on Yoder's properties near Millersburg</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/04/ohio-confirms-second-postive-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/04/ohio-confirms-second-postive-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wednesday, February 11, 2015</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> World Class Whitetails quarantined CWD deer Daniel M. Yoder charged with two counts of tampering with evidence</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/02/world-class-whitetails-quarantined-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/02/world-class-whitetails-quarantined-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thursday, October 23, 2014 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** FIRST CASE OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CONFIRMED IN OHIO ON PRIVATE PRESERVE </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/10/first-case-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/10/first-case-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Monday, June 11, 2012</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** OHIO Captive deer escapees and non-reporting ***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/06/ohio-captive-deer-escapees-and-non.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/06/ohio-captive-deer-escapees-and-non.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 2012 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> OHIO TURNS OVER CERVID GAME FARMS (and CWD risk) TO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, GOD HELP THEM</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/03/ohio-turns-over-cervid-game-farms-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/03/ohio-turns-over-cervid-game-farms-and.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Atypical Nor-98 Scrapie Ohio 2010</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Of the five Nor98-like scrapie cases, four were RSSS cases that originated from flocks in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Oregon, and Idaho and one was a field case form Maine. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.usaha.org/upload/Committee/Scrapie/report-scr-2010.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.usaha.org/upload/Committee/Scrapie/report-scr-2010.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2021/01/atypical-nor-98-scrapie-tse-prion-usa.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2021/01/atypical-nor-98-scrapie-tse-prion-usa.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">OHIO 13 Scrapie Outbreaks, seem Map of Scrapie Outbreaks USA 1947 to 1977</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thursday, July 14, 2011</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Valley Farm Meats (DBA Strasburg Provision, Inc) Issues Precautionary Recall for Beef Products Due to Possible Contamination with Prohibited Materials SRM</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ohio Department of Agriculture and Ohio Department of Health</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/valley-farm-meats-dba-strasburg.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/valley-farm-meats-dba-strasburg.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Oklahoma CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Oklahoma, to date, CWD has been detected in 6 cases of CWD TSE Prion documented to date in Captive Cervid...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Oklahoma CWD TSE Prion, best i can count, total CWD Oklahoma in both Captive and Wild now, </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Total CWD to date is 8 Total to date, 2 wild and 6 Captive deer, i don't see what's so difficult showing cwd total statistics to date...terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, JULY 05, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">OKLAHOMA CONFIRMS SECOND CWD POSITIVE WTD OKLAHOMA CONFIRMS SECOND CWD POSITIVE WTD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SECOND CWD-POSITIVE WILD DEER CONFIRMED IN OKLAHOMA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Jul 3, 2023 A second wild white-tailed deer has tested positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Oklahoma.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The deer was located about 15 miles east of Woodward in Woodward County after a landowner reported the deer behaving abnormally.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Oklahoma's first case of a wild deer infected with CWD was confirmed the first week of June in Texas County, prompting the activation of the next stage in the state's CWD Response Strategy jointly produced by the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation and the Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“We will be working through our response plan implementing surveillance efforts and steps to monitor and slow the potential spread of this disease. Our ultimate goal is to ensure healthy and well-managed deer with as little impact to either the resource or our constituents as possible,” said Jerry Shaw, Wildlife Programs Supervisor with ODWC.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is an always-fatal neurological disease that affects the brains of deer, elk, moose, and other members of the cervid family, creating holes resembling those in sponges. CWD transmission from wild animals to people or to livestock has never been documented.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Wildlife Department has conducted CWD monitoring on hunter-harvested deer and elk, and road-killed deer, since 1999. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Department staff will continue monitoring for evidence of CWD within Oklahoma’s borders and will release additional information, including ways deer and elk hunters can help with detection and mitigation, as hunting seasons approach.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Additional guidelines or management plans will be distributed and well-advertised if determined necessary to further protect Oklahoma’s deer and elk populations.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Additional human health information relating to CWD is available at <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nwhc/science/chronic-wasting-disease#publications" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nwhc/science/chronic-wasting-disease#publications</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For more information on the disease, hunting regulations, and proper disposal of infected animals, go to https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/hunting/resources/deer/cwd</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/outdoor-news/second-cwd-positive-wild-deer-confirmed-oklahoma" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/outdoor-news/second-cwd-positive-wild-deer-confirmed-oklahoma</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Oklahoma Detects First Wild Deer Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ODWC ACTIVATES CWD RESPONSE STRATEGY AFTER DISEASED WILD DEER FOUND IN PANHANDLE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Jun 6, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A white-tailed deer in the Oklahoma Panhandle has tested positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A Texas County landowner reported the deer to the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation after witnessing it behaving abnormally. The deer was recovered near Optima and testing was conducted.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This marks the first case of CWD in a wild deer in Oklahoma.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ODWC has activated the next stage of the CWD Response Strategy jointly produced with the Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“While this is unfortunate news, it is not unexpected since CWD has already been detected in every state that borders Oklahoma. We will be working through our response plan to ensure we can monitor potential spread and keep our state’s deer herd healthy,” said Jerry Shaw, Wildlife Programs Supervisor with ODWC.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is an always-fatal neurological disease that affects the brains of deer, elk, moose, and other members of the cervid family, creating holes that resemble those in sponges. It’s important to note that CWD transmission from wild animals to people or to livestock has never been documented </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Wildlife Department has conducted CWD monitoring on hunter-harvested deer and elk, and road-killed deer, since 1999. This case marks the first time the disease has been detected in laboratory testing of tissue samples from more than 10,000 wild deer and elk from throughout Oklahoma.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Wildlife Department will continue monitoring for evidence of this disease within Oklahoma’s borders and will release additional information, including ways deer and elk hunters can help with detection and mitigation, as hunting seasons approach.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Additional guidelines or management plans will be distributed and well-advertised if determined necessary to further protect Oklahoma’s deer and elk populations.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Additional human health information relating to CWD is available at <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nwhc/science/chronic-wasting-disease#publications" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nwhc/science/chronic-wasting-disease#publications</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For more information on the disease, hunting regulations, and proper disposal of infected animals, go to </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/hunting/resources/deer/cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/hunting/resources/deer/cwd</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/outdoor-news/odwc-activates-cwd-response-strategy-after-diseased-wild-deer-found-panhandle" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/outdoor-news/odwc-activates-cwd-response-strategy-after-diseased-wild-deer-found-panhandle</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Oklahoma Wild Deer Test Positive for CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/outdoor-news/odwc-activates-cwd-response-strategy-after-diseased-wild-deer-found-panhandle" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/outdoor-news/odwc-activates-cwd-response-strategy-after-diseased-wild-deer-found-panhandle</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">OKLAHOMA ODWC ACTIVATES CWD RESPONSE PLAN AFTER DISEASED DEER FOUND WITHIN MILES OF PANHANDLE OKLAHOMA ODWC ACTIVATES CWD RESPONSE PLAN AFTER DISEASED DEER FOUND WITHIN MILES OF PANHANDLE </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ODWC ACTIVATES CWD RESPONSE PLAN AFTER DISEASED DEER FOUND WITHIN MILES OF PANHANDLE Sep 9, 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A white-tailed deer carcass recently recovered along a Texas road about 2.5 miles south of the Oklahoma border in the western Panhandle south of Felt, Okla., has tested positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD). The CWD positive deer was found in an area of Texas with a history of CWD detection dating back 3 years. Although not inside of our borders, due to the proximity of this finding to Oklahoma, the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation (ODWC) has activated the next stage of the CWD Response Plan that was jointly produced with the Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“With the ability of deer to easily travel many miles in a day, the CWD Response Plan dictates that we respond to this finding as if CWD has now been detected among free-roaming wild deer in Oklahoma,” said Jerry Shaw, Wildlife Programs Supervisor with ODWC. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is an always-fatal neurological disease that affects the brains of deer, elk, moose, and other members of the cervid family, creating holes that resemble those in sponges. It’s important to note in this area of the state that CWD does not affect pronghorn antelope, and CWD transmission from wild animals to humans or livestock has never been documented either. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">No CWD-positive wild deer have been found within Oklahoma’s borders. But CWD has been found in two captive elk herds in the state. CWD has been confirmed in wild cervids in every state surrounding Oklahoma. In total, 30 states now have detected CWD within their borders. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Wildlife Department has conducted CWD monitoring on hunter-harvested deer and elk and road-killed deer since 1999. The disease has not been detected in laboratory testing of tissue samples from more than 10,000 wild deer and elk from throughout Oklahoma. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Wildlife Department will continue monitoring for evidence of this disease within Oklahoma’s borders and will release additional information, including ways deer and elk hunters can help with detection and mitigation as hunting seasons approach. Additional guidelines or restrictions will be distributed and well-advertised if determined necessary to further protect Oklahoma’s deer and elk populations. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Additional human health information relating to CWD is available at <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nwhc/science/chronic-wasting-disease#publications" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nwhc/science/chronic-wasting-disease#publications</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For more information on the disease, how it could affect hunting, and proper disposal of infected animals, go to <a href="https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/hunting/resources/deer/cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/hunting/resources/deer/cwd</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/outdoor-news/odwc-activates-cwd-response-plan-after-diseased-deer-found-within-miles-panhandle" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/outdoor-news/odwc-activates-cwd-response-plan-after-diseased-deer-found-within-miles-panhandle</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Oklahoma CWD Past History</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 07, 2020</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Oklahoma Farmed Elk Lincoln County CWD Depopulation 3 Positive Elk with 1 Additional Dead Trace Out Confirmed Positive</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">i was wondering what the results (if any), from all the other cervid that this Elk came into contact with, from any additional testing, was there any, from the existing herd, trace in and outs and such, and herds there from??? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">was that breeding farm completely depopulated yet, and if so, what are the numbers on any additional positives, if any?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PERSONAL COMMUNICATION @ag.ok.gov Tue, Jan 7, 2020 4:11 pm</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We completed the depopulation of the elk herd. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Out of 250 head there were 3 positive elk. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We know of one trace out that died and was tested positive. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Many other trace outs (over 100) have been tested and are negative.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">END...TSS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">re-Commission Hears Update on CWD Status in Oklahoma </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Fri, May 10, 2019 4:19 pm</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Terry Singeltary flounder9@verizon.net</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To comdist1 comdist1@odwc.ok.gov Cc comdist2 comdist2@odwc.ok.gov, comdist3 comdist3@odwc.ok.gov, comdist4 comdist4@odwc.ok.gov, comdist5 comdist5@odwc.ok.gov, comdist6 comdist6@odwc.ok.gov, comdist7 comdist7@odwc.ok.gov, comdist8 comdist8@odwc.ok.gov, micah.holmes micah.holmes@odwc.ok.gov</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">May 8, 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Commission Hears Update on CWD Status in Oklahoma </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Oklahoma Wildlife Conservation Commission on Monday authorized the Director of the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation to take reasonable steps to respond to future developments related to chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Oklahoma. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The authorization by a vote of 5-1 also instructed Director J.D. Strong to bring any such actions to the attention of the Commission as soon as possible after any actions are taken. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease that affects the brains of elk, deer and other cervid species. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">No vaccine or treatment for the disease exists. Importantly, no health risk to humans or non-cervid livestock has been documented. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In late April, an elk from a farmed herd in Lincoln County tested positive for CWD. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Strong emphasized that any CWD response related to farmed cervids, cervid breeding facilities or the import and export of farmed cervids is under the jurisdiction of the state Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Wildlife Department is responsible for managing the wild cervid populations and overseeing cervid hunting facilities. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Strong said the Wildlife Department’s goal is not to make any hasty, large-scale decisions right away in dealing with the threat of CWD, but to take a measured, scientific approach and collect all the information possible before deciding how to best respond to any possible confirmed cases in wild cervids. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">He stressed the need for a team approach and expressed his continued willingness to work with the various stakeholder groups in finalizing a CWD action plan. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“At the end of the day, it’s all about hunting,” Strong said, whether CWD strikes farmed cervids or wild cervids. “One of the best ways is to enlist the help of hunters” in a strategy to minimize the spread of CWD. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/OKDWC/bulletins/2434f4a" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/OKDWC/bulletins/2434f4a</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''In late April, an elk from a farmed herd in Lincoln County tested positive for CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Strong emphasized that any CWD response related to farmed cervids, cervid breeding facilities or the import and export of farmed cervids is under the jurisdiction of the state Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry. The Wildlife Department is responsible for managing the wild cervid populations and overseeing cervid hunting facilities.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Strong said the Wildlife Department’s goal is not to make any hasty, large-scale decisions right away in dealing with the threat of CWD, but to take a measured, scientific approach and collect all the information possible before deciding how to best respond to any possible confirmed cases in wild cervids.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">if you wait for cwd to find you, then you have lost the fight already imo. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Greetings ODWC et al, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">i kindly wish to submit the following updated science on the chronic wasting disease cwd tse prion. you do know that the new strain of cwd in Texas is of a more virulent strain? see below......GOOD LUCK!</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">kindest regards, terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...end...TSS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Confirmed in One Oklahoma Elk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">04.24.2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://ag.ok.gov/chronic-wasting-disease-confirmed-in-one-oklahoma-elk/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://ag.ok.gov/chronic-wasting-disease-confirmed-in-one-oklahoma-elk/</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Oklahoma, to date, CWD has been detected in 6 cases of CWD TSE Prion documented to date in Captive Cervid...tss<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">1st cwd positive captive 1998, </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2nd cwd positive captive 2019, </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">3 cwd positives from that herd depopulation, </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">with 1 additional Trace Out CWD Trace Out Positive, </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">equal to date 6 captive CWD positives in Oklahoma to date, </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">and since my confirming these figures the last time via phone, i am told now i will have to fill out a FOIA request for any further reports of CWD TSE Prion in captive herds in Oklahoma. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ag.ok.gov/ais/farmedcervidae.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ag.ok.gov/ais/farmedcervidae.htm</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903202350/http://www.ag.ok.gov/ais/cwdinvinsp.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190903202350/http://www.ag.ok.gov/ais/cwdinvinsp.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, JULY 05, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">OKLAHOMA CONFIRMS SECOND CWD POSITIVE WTD </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/07/oklahoma-confirms-second-cwd-positive.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/07/oklahoma-confirms-second-cwd-positive.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, JUNE 07, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Oklahoma Detects First Wild Deer Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/06/oklahoma-detects-first-wild-deer.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/06/oklahoma-detects-first-wild-deer.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Oklahoma Proper Carcass Disposal Cervid Importation with 6 cases of CWD TSE Prion documented to date in Captive Cervid</div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/oklahoma-proper-carcass-disposal-cervid.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/oklahoma-proper-carcass-disposal-cervid.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 07, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Oklahoma Farmed Elk Lincoln County CWD Depopulation 3 Positive Elk with 1 Additional Dead Trace Out Confirmed Positive</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/oklahoma-farmed-elk-lincoln-county-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/oklahoma-farmed-elk-lincoln-county-cwd.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Oklahoma Farmed Elk Lincoln County has tested positive for chronic wasting disease CWD TSE Prion </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">JOINT RELEASE FROM THE OKLAHOMA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOOD & FORESTRY AND THE OKLAHOMA DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Confirmed in One Farmed Oklahoma Elk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/04/oklahoma-farmed-elk-lincoln-county-has.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/04/oklahoma-farmed-elk-lincoln-county-has.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 07, 2018 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Oklahoma Wildlife Department Monitors, Prepares for Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/oklahoma-wildlife-department-monitors.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/oklahoma-wildlife-department-monitors.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Oregon CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> Oregon 2023 CWD TSE Prion, Oregon, to date, CWD has not been detected in Oregon, and we all know, if you don't cwd test enough, you will not find cwd, cwd will find you, and by then, it's much too late...terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dfw.state.or.us/wildlife/health_program/chronic_wasting/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dfw.state.or.us/wildlife/health_program/chronic_wasting/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://myodfw.com/CWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://myodfw.com/CWD</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://oregon.public.law/rules/oar_603-011-0382" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://oregon.public.law/rules/oar_603-011-0382</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/displayDivisionRules.action?selectedDivision=2941" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/displayDivisionRules.action?selectedDivision=2941</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Pennsylvania CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Pennsylvania, to date, CWD has been detected in 481 wild cervid as of August, 8, 2020, and captive positives is anyone's guess...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Pennsylvania CWD TSE Prion, 1,462 Total Cases To Date</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://pgcdatacollection.pa.gov/CWDResultsLookup" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://pgcdatacollection.pa.gov/CWDResultsLookup</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PENNSYLVANIA CAPTIVE CWD POSITIVES CWD TOTAL POSITIVES TO DATE, anyone's guess...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Pages/CWD-Dashboard.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Pages/CWD-Dashboard.aspx</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">as of 09/11/2023 To date, CWD has been found in more than 1,400 deer, 243 of those taken by hunters last season. It has not been detected in Pennsylvania’s elk herd.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Pennsylvania first detected CWD in 2012 at a captive deer facility in Adams County. The Game Commission has tested more than 131,000 wild, free-ranging whitetails for CWD since 1998, along with more than 1,900 elk.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NEW CWD RULES MORE CONVENIENT FOR PENNSYLVANIANS HUNTING OUT-OF-STATE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">09/11/2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.media.pa.gov/Pages/game-commission-details.aspx?newsid=612" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.media.pa.gov/Pages/game-commission-details.aspx?newsid=612</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Pennsylvania CWD Since July 1, 2022, 400+ Wild Deer Test Positive, Captive Deer Total CWD?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/06/pennsylvania-cwd-since-july-1-2022-400.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/06/pennsylvania-cwd-since-july-1-2022-400.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">2023 Pennsylvania CWD TSE Prion </div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wild Positives as of 08.08.2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">County #</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Bedford 230</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Blair 71</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Fulton 132</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Total for CCMZ 433</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Total for PA 481</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Documents/CWD%20in%20PA%20Map.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Documents/CWD%20in%20PA%20Map.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MAP</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Documents/CWD%20in%20PA%20Map.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Documents/CWD%20in%20PA%20Map.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Current Status: Following the detection of CWD in both captive and free-ranging deer in Pennsylvania, an executive order (PDF) was issued by the Game Commission to establish Disease Management Areas (DMAs). Within DMAs, rehabilitation of cervids (deer, elk and moose); the use or possession of cervid urine-based attractants in an outdoor setting; the removal of high-risk cervid parts; and the feeding of wild, free-ranging cervids are prohibited. Increased testing continues in these areas to determine the distribution of the disease. Newly confirmed cases alter the boundaries of DMAs as the Game Commission continues to manage the disease and minimize its effect on free ranging cervids.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">As a result of discovering CWD in both captive and free-ranging deer, the Pennsylvania Game Commission expanded DMAs 2, 3 and 4 for 2020. Of course, CWD has been detected in wild or captive deer and/or elk in many other states and provinces. So for the most up-to-date maps and descriptions of DMA boundaries, visit the interactive map.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">DMA 1 was established after CWD was discovered on a captive deer farm in Adams County in 2012 (DMA 1 has since been eliminated).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">DMA 2 was established in 2012 and now covers approximately 7,470 square miles, an expansion of 755 square miles over last year. For 2020 biologists expanded it west into Westmoreland County as the result of a CWD-positive adult female roadkill deer, northwest into Cambria and Indiana counties as the result of CWD-positive captive deer facilities and north into Centre County and Mifflin, Union, and Snyder counties as the result of two CWD-positive adult male roadkill deer. DMA 2 currently includes all or parts of Indiana, Cambria, Clearfield, Centre, Union, Snyder, Blair, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Juniata, Perry, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Somerset, Bedford, Fulton, Franklin, and Adams counties.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">DMA 3 was established in 2014 and now covers approximately 1,233 square miles, an expansion of 114 square miles over last year. For 2020 biologists expanded it southwest into Jefferson, Indiana, and Armstrong counties because of a CWD-positive yearling male roadkill deer. DMA 3 now covers portions of Jefferson, Clearfield, Indiana, Armstrong, and Clarion counties.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">DMA 4 was established in 2018 and now covers approximately 746 square miles, an increase of 397 square miles over last year. For 2020 biologists expanded it further south into Lancaster County after detection of a captive deer with CWD. It now covers portions of Berks, Lancaster, and Lebanon counties.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.pgc.pa.gov/Wildlife/Wildlife-RelatedDiseases/Pages/ChronicWastingDisease.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.pgc.pa.gov/Wildlife/Wildlife-RelatedDiseases/Pages/ChronicWastingDisease.aspx</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312222820/https://www.pgc.pa.gov/Wildlife/Wildlife-RelatedDiseases/Pages/ChronicWastingDisease.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170312222820/https://www.pgc.pa.gov/Wildlife/Wildlife-RelatedDiseases/Pages/ChronicWastingDisease.aspx</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Pages/default.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Pages/default.aspx</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Documents/CCMZ%20PDA%20Recording.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Documents/CCMZ%20PDA%20Recording.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Agriculture Department Revises Chronic Wasting Disease Quarantine Requirements For Deer Farms In Bedford, Blair, Fulton Counties </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">08/28/2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Harrisburg, PA - The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture today announced changes to quarantine requirements for deer farms in Blair, Bedford and Fulton Counties to control Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). The department established a CWD Core Captive Management Zone, to control the disease in the area of the state where it is most prevalent, while allowing deer farms to stay in business.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">“Pennsylvania has taken CWD very seriously, taking aggressive steps to contain the disease, using a scientific, fact-based approach,” State Veterinarian Dr. Kevin Brightbill said. “Despite aggressive measures, we have seen a rapid increase in the number of deer testing positive over the past two years.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">“The goal of implementing such a zone is to slow the spread of CWD across Pennsylvania while scientists race toward establishing long-term solutions. This order provides a path forward for deer farmers to maintain their livelihoods and continue to offer goods and services. A key component of the order is providing incentive for deer farms to implement management techniques, such as herd density and age management, genetic selection and other rapidly evolving scientific advancements that make their operations and their herds less susceptible to CWD.”</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a highly contagious disease that develops very slowly in the lymph nodes, spinal tissue and brains of deer and similar animals like reindeer and elk. It does not affect other livestock. To date there is no evidence that it can be spread to humans.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The PA Department of Agriculture oversees the state’s deer farming industry. Pennsylvania’s 760 breeding farms, hunting preserves and hobby farms provide breeding does, breeder and trophy bucks, semen, embryos, antlers and urine products to Pennsylvania and states across the nation. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Pennsylvania deer farms must participate in one of two stringent programs – the federal Herd Certified program, or the state Herd Monitored Program. Both programs require proper IDs; record-keeping on all animals moved on or off farms; annual herd inventories; reporting of CWD suspects, animals that die, escape or are stolen; testing animals over a year old that die for any reason; maintaining a minimum 8-foot high fence; obtaining permits to import animals from out-of-state; and other measures to monitor herds for disease.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Blair, Bedford and Fulton County deer farms in the new CWD Core Captive Management Zone will be affected by the updated quarantine as follows:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Farms will not be permitted to move high risks parts out of the zone. This includes the brain, eyes, tonsils, lymph nodes, backbone, spleen and anything containing visible brain or spinal cord material where the prions that spread CWD are concentrated. Farms will be permitted to move low risk parts out of the zone including antlers, clean skull caps, capes and deboned meat. Deer farms in this zone can continue to import deer into the zone. Deer farms in this zone can continue to offer hunts. Herd Monitored farms will not be permitted to move live deer out of this zone to other parts of Pennsylvania. Herd Certified farms will continue to be permitted to sell deer out of state, with a permit. Herd Certified farms who screen their entire herd using live animal rectal lymphoid screening for prion detection through a licensed, accredited veterinarian with non-detected results will be permitted to sell live deer, embryos and semen to other parts of Pennsylvania. Deer Farms will be able to buy, sell and transfer live deer if the annual rate of CWD positive animals in their herd remains below five percent. The formula for calculating this rate is included in the quarantine order. Deer farms crossing the five percent threshold will be required to segregate females from males and may continue hunting operations as terminal male hunting facilities until the 60-month quarantine period has expired. No new premises or business with CWD-susceptible species may be established within this zone. Pre-existing establishments with CWD-susceptible species will be grandfathered at the time of publication of this quarantine order, as long as such establishments continuously maintain an active business inventory. The updated quarantine affects deer farms outside the Core Captive Management Zone as follows:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Farms will continue to be allowed to sell breeding stock, trophy bucks, embryos and semen bucks to farms within the zone. Farms are restricted from buying live deer, embryos and semen from the zone unless purchased from Herd Certified farms that in the past three years screened their entire herd using live animal rectal lymphoid testing for prion and established non-detected results. The new quarantine order can be found in the Pennsylvania Bulletin or on the department’s website. A map of locations of deer farms that have had CWD-positive deer, and locations of positive deer in the wild can be found on the department’s website. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Find CWD genetic testing through the Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory at padls.agriculture.pa.gov.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Find more information about Pennsylvania’s captive deer CWD programs, and the department’s broader efforts to safeguard animal health, at agriculture.pa.gov.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MEDIA CONTACT: Shannon Powers - 717.603.2056; shpowers@pa.gov</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"># # #</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.media.pa.gov/pages/Agriculture_details.aspx?newsid=958" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.media.pa.gov/pages/Agriculture_details.aspx?newsid=958</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, JULY 27, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Pennsylvania GAME COMMISSION UNVEILS NEW CWD RESPONSE PLAN</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/07/pennsylvania-game-commission-unveils.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/07/pennsylvania-game-commission-unveils.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, JUNE 26, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Pennsylvania CWD TSE Prion AREAS EXPAND</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/06/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-areas-expand.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/06/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-areas-expand.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, APRIL 12, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PENNSYLVANIA REVISED CWD RESPONSE PLAN DRAFT AVAILABLE FOR REVIEW</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/04/pennsylvania-revised-cwd-response-plan.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/04/pennsylvania-revised-cwd-response-plan.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 04, 2020 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Pennsylvania YOUR STATE WILDLIFE AGENCY 2019 ANNUAL REPORT CWD TSE Prion 123 tested positive</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/pennsylvania-your-state-wildlife-agency.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/pennsylvania-your-state-wildlife-agency.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, MARCH 06, 2020 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Pennsylvania CWD TSE Prion deer and State Rep. David Maloney, R-Berks</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-deer-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-deer-and.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, MARCH 05, 2020 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PGC Audit Reeks of Politics Research Representative Maloney Wants To Gut wildlife management and hunting and help spread CWD in Pennsylvania</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/pgc-audit-reeks-of-politics-research.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/pgc-audit-reeks-of-politics-research.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 04, 2020 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Politicians State Rep. David Maloney, R-Berks Helping to Spread Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/politicians-state-rep-david-maloney-r.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/politicians-state-rep-david-maloney-r.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2019 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Legislators legislating, or throwing away your money for battling cwd tse prion, State Rep. Steve Green, R-Fosston more money to deer farms for antibiotics?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/11/legislators-legislating-or-throwing.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/11/legislators-legislating-or-throwing.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 29, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Pennsylvania CWD TSE Prion 2019-20 hunting seasons as of January 14, 148 of the samples had tested positive for CWD in Wild Deer</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-2019-20.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-2019-20.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, DECEMBER 22, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Pennsylvania Steady Climb of CWD TSE Prion Confirms 250 Positive To Date In Wild Cervid As At September 12, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Pennsylvania Captive Cervid Industry Total CWD TSE Prion ??? anyone's guess...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/pennsylvania-steady-climb-of-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/pennsylvania-steady-climb-of-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, JANUARY 20, 2018</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Pennsylvania CWD TSE Prion Cases Explodes 51 deer from the 2017-18 hunting seasons have tested positive for CWD majority of samples collected still are being analyzed</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/01/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-cases.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/01/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-cases.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 12, 2018</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Pennsylvania Deer found near Jefferson County elementary school tests positive for CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/pennsylvania-deer-found-near-jefferson.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/pennsylvania-deer-found-near-jefferson.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Game Farms Captive Cervid Surveillance </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">LAUGH OUT LOUD! LOL!</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PENNSYLVANIA TOTAL CWD TSE PRION CAPTIVE CERVID INDUSTRY TO DATE... LMAO, your guess good as mine...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Pages/default.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Pages/default.aspx</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Pennsylvania NEWLY DETECTED CWD-POSITIVE DEER CAPTIVE-RAISED WILL EXPAND DMA 4 IN 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/10/pennsylvania-newly-detected-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/10/pennsylvania-newly-detected-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 10, 2018</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> Pennsylvania Thirty-Eight Deer Test Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease on Fulton and Bedford County Deer Farms</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/11/pennsylvania-thirty-eight-deer-test.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/11/pennsylvania-thirty-eight-deer-test.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 12, 2018 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Pennsylvania CWD TSE Prion has been found in captive deer in Huntingdon and Lancaster counties</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-has-been.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-has-been.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, AUGUST 12, 2017</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Pennsylvania 27 deer from Bedford County farm test positive for chronic wasting disease ***</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/pennsylvania-27-deer-from-bedford.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/pennsylvania-27-deer-from-bedford.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, JUNE 01, 2017</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PENNSYLVANIA Third Case of CWD Discovered in a Captive Deer Farm in Four Months</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/06/pennsylvania-third-case-of-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/06/pennsylvania-third-case-of-cwd.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"> MONDAY, MAY 15, 2017 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Pennsylvania 25 more deer test positive for CWD TSE PRION in the wild</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/pennsylvania-25-more-deer-test-positive.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/pennsylvania-25-more-deer-test-positive.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 01, 2017 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">South central Pennsylvania Captive Deer Tests Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/south-central-pennsylvania-captive-deer.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/south-central-pennsylvania-captive-deer.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 13, 2017 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Pennsylvania Deer Tests Positive for Chronic Wasting Disease four-year-old white-tailed deer Franklin County Hunting Preserve</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/pennsylvania-deer-tests-positive-for.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/pennsylvania-deer-tests-positive-for.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wednesday, May 11, 2016 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PENNSYLVANIA TWELVE MORE CASES OF CWD FOUND: STATE GEARS UP FOR ADDITIONAL CONTROL MEASURES </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/pennsylvania-twelve-more-cases-of-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/pennsylvania-twelve-more-cases-of-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, October 18, 2015 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Pennsylvania Game Commission Law and Law Makers CWD TSE PRION Bans Singeltary 2002 from speaking A smelly situation UPDATED 2015 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/10/pennsylvania-game-commission-law-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/10/pennsylvania-game-commission-law-and.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Saturday, November 07, 2015 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PENNSYLVANIA CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION RULES EXPAND </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/11/pennsylvania-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/11/pennsylvania-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Saturday, November 07, 2015 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Pennsylvania 2015 September Minutes CWD Urine Scents </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/11/pennsylvania-2015-september-minutes-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/11/pennsylvania-2015-september-minutes-cwd.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday, May 05, 2015 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Pennsylvania CWD DETECTED IN SIX MORE FREE-RANGING DEER Disease Management Area 2 again expanded due to new cases Release #030-15 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/05/pennsylvania-cwd-detected-in-six-more.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/05/pennsylvania-cwd-detected-in-six-more.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"> Sunday, July 13, 2014 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Louisiana deer mystery unleashes litigation 6 does still missing from CWD index herd in Pennsylvania Great Escape </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/07/louisiana-deer-mystery-unleashes.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/07/louisiana-deer-mystery-unleashes.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Saturday, June 29, 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PENNSYLVANIA CAPTIVE CWD INDEX HERD MATE YELLOW *47 STILL RUNNING LOOSE IN INDIANA, YELLOW NUMBER 2 STILL MISSING, AND OTHERS ON THE RUN STILL IN LOUISIANA </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/06/pennsylvania-captive-cwd-index-herd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/06/pennsylvania-captive-cwd-index-herd.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday, June 11, 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** CWD GONE WILD, More cervid escapees from more shooting pens on the loose in Pennsylvania</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/06/cwd-gone-wild-more-cervid-escapees-from.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/06/cwd-gone-wild-more-cervid-escapees-from.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday, May 28, 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD quarantine Louisiana via CWD index herd Pennsylvania Update May 28, 2013 *** 6 doe from Pennsylvania CWD index herd still on the loose in Louisiana, quarantine began on October 18, 2012, still ongoing, Lake Charles premises. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/05/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-quarantine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/05/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-quarantine.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, January 06, 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">USDA TO PGC ONCE CAPTIVES ESCAPE *** "it‘s no longer its business.” </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/01/usda-to-pgc-once-captives-escape-its-no.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/01/usda-to-pgc-once-captives-escape-its-no.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">”The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it’s subsequent recognition as a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and consequently not their province!” page 26. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wednesday, November 14, 2012 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PENNSYLVANIA 2012 THE GREAT ESCAPE OF CWD INVESTIGATION MOVES INTO LOUISIANA and INDIANA </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/pennsylvania-2012-great-escape-of-cwd_14.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/pennsylvania-2012-great-escape-of-cwd_14.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday, October 23, 2012 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PA Captive deer from CWD-positive farm roaming free </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/10/pa-captive-deer-from-cwd-positive-farm.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/10/pa-captive-deer-from-cwd-positive-farm.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Thursday, October 11, 2012 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Pennsylvania Confirms First Case CWD Adams County Captive Deer Tests Positive </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/10/pennsylvania-confirms-first-case-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/10/pennsylvania-confirms-first-case-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Rhode Island CWD TSE PRION</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Rhode Island CWD TSE Prion, Rhode Island, to date, CWD has not been documented in Rhode Island, if you CWD test enough, CWD will find you, by then, it's much too late...terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dem.ri.gov/programs/fish-wildlife/wildlifehuntered/education/chronic-wasting-disease.php" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dem.ri.gov/programs/fish-wildlife/wildlifehuntered/education/chronic-wasting-disease.php</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/bnatres/fishwild/pdf/cwdsumry.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/bnatres/fishwild/pdf/cwdsumry.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/bnatres/fishwild/pdf/cwdsurv.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/bnatres/fishwild/pdf/cwdsurv.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/fish-wildlife/wildlifehuntered/education/chronic-wasting-disease.php" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/fish-wildlife/wildlifehuntered/education/chronic-wasting-disease.php</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***South Carolina CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 CWD TSE Prion, South Carolina, to date, CWD has not been detected, it you don't cwd test enough, you don't find, cwd finds you, then it's too late...terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dnr.sc.gov/cwd/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dnr.sc.gov/cwd/index.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Does CWD exist in South Carolina?</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">To date CWD has not been found in South Carolina. To establish whether CWD occurs in South Carolina, the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (SCDNR) initiated a CWD surveillance program in fall 2002. This program included testing deer using two different surveillance approaches. These consisted of (1) active random sampling of hunter-killed deer, (2) targeted surveillance of clinical suspect and highrisk animals. The active random surveillance was designed to detect CWD in the free-ranging deer population, even if the prevalence was very low (less than 0.5%). Deer have been sampled from every county in the state. Over the past five years, samples collected using this approach resulted in over 1,500 deer testing negative for CWD. Without sampling the entire deer population, South Carolina’s deer herd cannot be declared absolutely free of CWD. Even so, the Department’s surveillance efforts provide a high degree of confidence that CWD is not present in South Carolina’s deer herd. Compared to many other states, South Carolina lacks several significant risk factors typically associated with CWD; in particular, importation of deer has never been allowed and it appears that commercial movements of deer has played a role in the spread of CWD in other states. Also, South Carolina’s geographic location is far from any state were CWD has been diagnosed.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.dnr.sc.gov/wildlife/deer/chronicwastinganw.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.dnr.sc.gov/wildlife/deer/chronicwastinganw.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">> South Carolina’s deer population peaked in the mid to late 1990’s at just over 1,000,000 deer. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">> Currently the statewide population is estimated at about 730,000 deer.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.dnr.sc.gov/wildlife/deer/2015DeerHarvest.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.dnr.sc.gov/wildlife/deer/2015DeerHarvest.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">> Over the past five years, samples collected using this approach resulted in over 1,500 deer testing negative for CWD. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">> Surveillance since 2002 has included samples from all 46 South Carolina counties and over 6,000 total deer have been tested.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SO, to put this in perspective, in South Carolina, anywhere from 750,000 to 1,000,000 deer in South Carolina in any give year, and from that, in the past five years, only 1,500 deer tested for CWD tse prion, and from the year 2002, around 15 years, only 6,000 deer have been tested for CWD tse prion in South Carolina. That is not enough CWD testing folks, for anyone wanting to find CWD TSE Prion. IF you wait for CWD to find you, you have failed terribly, because it will find you, but by then it's much too late. If you think game farms are the only culprits helping to introduce CWD into your state, you are only fooling yourselves. you can't wish cwd away, you can't hope it will not find you, because it will, ask Norway, CWD knows no borders, National or International.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 2017 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">South Carolina Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Emergency Response Plan? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/11/south-carolina-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/11/south-carolina-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***South Dakota CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-2020-South Dakota, to date, CWD has found 546 cases of CWD (311 deer and 235 elk) in free-ranging deer and elk since testing began in 1997.)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> South Dakota CWD TSE Prion, As of June 30, 2023, South Dakota has found 722 cases of CWD (439 deer and 283 elk) in free-ranging deer and elk since testing began in 1997. Wind Cave National Park (WICA) accounts for 192 of these animals (177 elk, 15 deer). Thirty-five elk and 12 deer have been found in Custer State Park. A total of 33,918 wild deer and elk have been tested for CWD since 1997. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">South Dakota is reporting a total of 59 positive deer and elk (12 mule deer, 23 white-tailed deer and 24 elk) in the testing period of July 1, 2022 to June 30, 2023. A total of 1,042 cervids were tested during this sampling period. As of June 30, 2023, South Dakota has found 722 cases of CWD (439 deer and 283 elk) in free-ranging deer and elk since testing began in 1997. Wind Cave National Park (WICA) accounts for 192 of these animals (177 elk, 15 deer). Thirty-five elk and 12 deer have been found in Custer State Park. A total of 33,918 wild deer and elk have been tested for CWD since 1997. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gfp.sd.gov/userdocs/docs/chronic_wasting_disease_faqs.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gfp.sd.gov/userdocs/docs/chronic_wasting_disease_faqs.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gfp.sd.gov/userdocs/docs/cwd_testing.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gfp.sd.gov/userdocs/docs/cwd_testing.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gfp.sd.gov/userdocs/docs/management_of_cwd_in_south_dakota_june_2023.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gfp.sd.gov/userdocs/docs/management_of_cwd_in_south_dakota_june_2023.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD was first identified in South Dakota in seven captive elk herds in the winter of 1997‐1998. More recently, CWD was identified in captive elk herds in Meade and Clark counties in 2019, a captive elk in Custer County in October 2020, and a captive deer herd in Haakon County in 2021. CWD was first found in free‐ranging wildlife in a white‐tailed deer in Fall River County during the 2001 big game hunting season. Since then, in South Dakota, CWD has been detected in free-ranging wildlife in Bennett, Buffalo, Butte, Corson, Custer, Fall River, Haakon, Harding, Jackson, Lyman, Meade, Mellette, Lawrence, Pennington, Perkins, Stanley, Sully, Tripp, Union, and Ziebach counties, including Custer State Park and Wind Cave National Park. A map of the known distribution of CWD within free‐ranging deer and elk can be found at the bottom of https://gfp.sd.gov/chronic‐wasting‐disease/ under “Related Maps.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gfp.sd.gov/userdocs/docs/chronic_wasting_disease_faqs.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gfp.sd.gov/userdocs/docs/chronic_wasting_disease_faqs.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2023 South Dakota CWD TSE Prion</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://sdgfp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=e6a7f87d2e25468583634e4f1af06a9c" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://sdgfp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=e6a7f87d2e25468583634e4f1af06a9c</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">South Dakota is reporting a total of 95 positive deer and elk (15 mule deer, 59 white-tailed deer and 21 elk) in the testing period of July 1, 2019 to June 30, 2020. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">To date, South Dakota has found 546 cases of CWD (311 deer and 235 elk) in free-ranging deer and elk since testing began in 1997. Wind Cave National Park (WICA) accounts for 166 of these animals (154 elk, 12 deer). Thirty-two elk and 12 deer have been found in Custer State Park. A total of 29,795 wild deer and elk have been tested for CWD since 1997. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gfp.sd.gov/where-does-cwd-occur/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gfp.sd.gov/where-does-cwd-occur/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD was first identified in South Dakota in 7 captive cervid herds in the winter of 1997-1998. CWD was recently identified in captive cervid herds in Meade and Clark counties in 2019. CWD was first found in free-ranging wildlife in a white-tailed deer in Fall River County during the 2001 big game hunting season. In South Dakota, CWD has been detected in free-ranging wildlife in Bennett, Butte, Corson, Custer, Fall River, Haakon, Harding, Jackson, Meade, Lawrence, Pennington and Tripp counties, Custer State Park, and Wind Cave National Park. A map of the known distribution of CWD within free-ranging deer and elk can be found at the bottom of the page under "Related Maps". </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The maps below illustrate where CWD has been confirmed by deer and elk hunting units (as of August 2020) .</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://gfp.sd.gov/where-does-cwd-occur/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://gfp.sd.gov/where-does-cwd-occur/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 11, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">South Dakota Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Detected in New Areas </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/south-dakota-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/south-dakota-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2018 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wind Cave elk capture project to limit spread of disease or Planned elk drive from Wind Cave National Park raises question about spread of disease?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/wind-cave-elk-capture-project-to-limit.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/wind-cave-elk-capture-project-to-limit.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wednesday, September 21, 2016 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Elk Cull Coming To Wind Cave National Park South Dakota Due To CWD TSE PRION DISEASE </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/09/elk-cull-coming-to-wind-cave-national.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/09/elk-cull-coming-to-wind-cave-national.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday, February 26, 2013 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Planned elk drive from Wind Cave National Park raises question about spread of disease </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">just when you think it can’t get worse, dumb and dumber step up to the plate. this is about as dumb, if not dumber, than the blunder at Colorado Division of Wildlife Foothills Wildlife Research Facility in Fort Collins, where cwd was first documented. sometimes, you just can’t fix stupid. ...tss this should never happen! </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/02/planned-elk-drive-from-wind-cave.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/02/planned-elk-drive-from-wind-cave.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Tennessee CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Tennessee, to date, has detected Summary of CWD Testing Results for the 2019-2020 Deer Season = 491 positives detected...terry)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Tennessee CWD TSE Prion, Through 2021, tested over 60,000 samples statewide with 1,953 total positive from 16 counties<div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD Strategic Plan and Agency Actions – 2023-2027</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Through 2021, tested over 60,000 samples statewide with 1,953 total positive from 16 counties</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mcnewstn.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Draft_CWD-Response-and-Management-Plan_2023-2027.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mcnewstn.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Draft_CWD-Response-and-Management-Plan_2023-2027.pdf</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee TWRA July 2022 to June 2023 Confirms 813 CWD Positives<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/cwd/Year2022_2023Positives.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/cwd/Year2022_2023Positives.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee TWRA July 2022 to June 2023 Confirms 813 CWD Positives Tennessee TWRA July 2022 to June 2023 Confirms 813 CWD Positives</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee CWD Confirmed for first time in Lewis County</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD has been found in wild white-tailed deer in seventeen: Chester, Crockett, Dyer, Fayette, Gibson, Hardeman, Hardin, Haywood, Henderson, Henry, Lauderdale, Lewis, Madison, McNairy, Shelby, Tipton, and Weakley.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Please note that Carroll, Decatur, Dyer, Hardin, Henry, Lake, Lewis, Obion, Wayne, and Weakley Counties, although affected by CWD, are not currently in Unit CWD and remain in Deer Unit L.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">After the 2022-2023 deer hunting season, Fayette County had the highest county-wide prevalence of CWD at 18.4% and Hardeman county had the next highest at 17.5%. Both Fayette County and Hardeman County have seen increases in prevalence since 2018. Within these two high-prevalence counties, the disease is not distributed evenly, and the prevalence essentially represents an average for the county.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The remaining counties where CWD has been detected all had a prevalence below 2% with the exception of Shelby county at 2.06% and range from 1.4% (Tipton) to 0.13% (Chester). Although it may seem as if the disease has spread rapidly across southwest Tennessee, the reality is the disease was likely there for many years before being detected. Through TWRA surveillance efforts we are gaining a better understanding of the geographic distribution of the disease, but we may not know the full extent of the affected area until approximately five years of continued surveillance.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/tn/twra/hunting/cwd/cwd-in-tennessee.html#distribution" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/content/tn/twra/hunting/cwd/cwd-in-tennessee.html#distribution</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">July 2022 to June 2023 813 CWD Positives</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/cwd/Year2022_2023Positives.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/cwd/Year2022_2023Positives.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Former Tennessee Wildlife and Resources Agency biologist: agency manipulated data on deer disease In a lawsuit filed against the agency</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Former Tennessee Wildlife and Resources Agency biologist: agency manipulated data on deer disease In a lawsuit filed against the agency, the former employee claims officials misled the public about the rate of neurological disorder in deer, changing protocols to avoid admitting mistakes </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BY: ANITA WADHWANI - SEPTEMBER 7, 2023 6:01 AM </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency vehicle. (Photo: John Partipilo) A Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency vehicle. (Photo: John Partipilo)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A state biologist claims he was confronted in his home by law enforcement officers with the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency on the same day he sent his boss’s superiors evidence that the state was falsifying data on wildlife diseases.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">After his cell phone, laptops and other items were confiscated, the biologist said he was then subjected to hours of questioning by officers — among them the husband of his immediate supervisor. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">James Kelly, a wildlife biologist, led the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency’s deer management program, chaired the agency’s CWD Deer Management Standing Team and served as a wildlife biologist until he was fired in 2022.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In a whistleblower lawsuit filed this week, Kelly alleges state officials manipulated data and misled the public about the prevalence of chronic wasting disease, a fatal and infectious disease that attacks deer populations.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">He claims TWRA failed to follow best scientific practices and its own regulations in diagnosing potentially infected deer. He also claims TWRA chose to forgo more expensive and accurate lab testing then rewrote its regulations to keep its data mistakes from the public before dispatching law enforcement officers to Kelly’s home, interrogating him then firing him after he sought to make his allegations public.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The consequences of releasing inaccurate data, according to the lawsuit, was overinflated reporting of the prevalence of the disease in multiple Tennessee counties. Instead of 16 counties with confirmed CWD cases reported by the state, Kelly claims there have only ever been two: Hardeman and Fayette counties.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The over-reporting of cases leads to economic impacts in counties now avoided by some hunters and lost hunting fees collected by private property owners. It can also inadvertently lead to the spread of disease; once a county has been designated at risk for disease, diseased deer may be transported there for disposal, posing a potential infection hazard for otherwise uninfected deer in that county, the lawsuit said.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“Incorrectly reporting the spread of CWD can have an economic impact on the counties where CWD is reportedly found, and it can have an impact on a state wildlife agency’s use of funds and resources,” said a lawsuit filed by a former state biologist against Tennessee’s wildlife agency. Incorrect reporting on disease prevalence can also increase public costs for state intervention and monitoring, including added staffing, testing, harvest incentive payments to hunters and carcass incinerators. According to TWRA’s most recent disease management plan, it spent more than $1.2 million on chronic waste disease in the last fiscal year. “Incorrectly reporting the spread of CWD can have an economic impact on the counties where CWD is reportedly found, and it can have an impact on a state wildlife agency’s use of funds and resources,” the lawsuit said. TWRA has “engaged in fraud and mismanagement of its CWD program,” it said. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A spokesperson for TWRA declined to offer comment on pending litigation Wednesday but issued a statement that disputed claims that the state had publicized faulty data. The state’s protocols are based on “extensive vetting of the latest peer-reviewed research,” the statement said.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">William Caldwell, Kelly’s attorney, declined comment. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease is a fatal neurological disorder with no known cure that affects deer and elk populations, whose carcasses can also remain contagious. According to the Centers for Disease Control, there have been no reported cases of human transmission. The detection of disease, however, requires state intervention and monitoring to prevent its spread. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The agency first detected disease in 10 deer harvested in Fayette and Hardeman Counties in 2018.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">At the time, the lawsuit said, TWRA followed the same practice of every other state: first screening tissue through a process known as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) then getting a second, more expensive test using known as immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing to confirm positives. ELISA testing yields a high number of false positives, the lawsuit said.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">But as the number of samples being collected grew, TWRA ceased using IHC testing to confirm the results. Today, 16 counties are designated as being positive or at high risk for disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Kelly, 36, in 2021 grew suspicious at the high number of positive results. He began reviewing lab results and concluded that too many counties were being added, and too fast. He shared his concern that tests were yielding inaccurate results with other TWRA officials. Officials agreed to send positive samples for further IHC testing. None of the tests were found positive under this testing method, the lawsuit said. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The lawsuit claims that rather than admit to hunters, local governments and wildlife officials that mistakes may have been made to designate all 16 counties as positive or at risk for CWD, the agency created new protocols that allowed state officials to ignore the results of the second test. It also claims the new protocols would allow the agency to keep from admitting mistakes to Kentucky wildlife officials, who expended resources creating disease response after TWRA officials reported a bordering Tennessee county had a positive test. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“In other words, rather than respond to the discrepancies in CWD testing results by following its rules and protocols, the TWRA changed the rules and protocols to avoid having to admit mistakes,” the lawsuit claims.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A spokesperson for TWRA said Wednesday agency personnel could not comment on pending legislation. But, in a statement released about the state testing methods, the agency disputed Kelly’s allegations about the validity of their tests.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“The ELISA test used at the laboratories to detect CWD prions has been shown to be effective for early detection of disease, including animals recently infected but not yet showing symptoms,” the statement said. “For the agency, the results are critical for the continued surveillance and monitoring of CWD. Last season was the first since the discovery of CWD in Tennessee there was not a spread of the disease to new counties, which we believe is a positive indicator that current management protocols are working.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Frustrated by his efforts to call attention to the problem, Kelly said he wrote a memo to the Tennessee Fish and Wildlife Commission, the agency’s oversight board.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The day Kelly sent the memo, TWRA officers arrived at his home to hand deliver a letter placing him on leave. The wildlife law enforcement officers confiscated his cell phone, keys and laptops. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Kelly was then ordered to TWRA headquarters, where he was “questioned by law enforcement officers for hours” — among them a TWRA law enforcement officer married to Kelly’s immediate supervisor. The lawsuit calls Kelly’s treatment “malicious and willful.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The lawsuit claims TWRA violated state laws protecting state employee and citizen whistleblower complaints. TWRA has not yet filed its legal response. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tennesseelookout.com/2023/09/07/former-tennessee-wildlife-and-resources-agency-biologist-agency-manipulated-data-on-deer-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tennesseelookout.com/2023/09/07/former-tennessee-wildlife-and-resources-agency-biologist-agency-manipulated-data-on-deer-disease/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">see Tennessee CWD Distribution Maps </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/cwd/Year2022_2023Positives.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/cwd/Year2022_2023Positives.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/twra/hunting/cwd/cwd-in-tennessee.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/twra/hunting/cwd/cwd-in-tennessee.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">On December 14, 2018, TWRA was informed by its CWD diagnostic laboratory 10 hunter-harvested deer from Hardeman and Fayette Counties were suspect for CWD. These deer had been sampled in November during the opening weekend of the deer gun season. Once the CWD-suspect deer were confirmed positive, TWRA’s CWD Response Plan was enacted and the Tennessee Fish and Wildlife Commission (TFWC) established what is now known as Unit CWD, extended the deer season in the affected area to get more deer sampled, and instituted deer carcass exportation and wildlife feeding restrictions to help prevent disease spread.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The 2018-2019 Deer Season</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Thanks to the cooperation of hunters and the actions of the Commission, the extended season in January 2019 was a very successful data-gathering effort and TWRA was able to learn a lot about the frequency and distribution of CWD in the affected area. With the aid of hunters, processors, and taxidermists, TWRA was able to test over 3,100 deer. Of these deer, 185 deer were confirmed positive for CWD, with 107 confirmations coming from Fayette County, 77 from Hardeman County, and one from Madison County. It was also determined, in accordance with TWRA’s CWD Management Plan; another 5 southwestern counties were affected since CWD was detected within 10 miles of their borders. These five counties include Chester, Haywood, McNairy, Shelby, and Tipton Counties and were considered high-risk status for CWD. In all counties designated high risk or positive, carcass transportation and wildlife feeding regulations are applicable.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The 2019-2020 Deer Season</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The TWRA and the Tennessee Fish and Wildlife Commission (TFWC) created Unit CWD, consisting of Chester, Haywood, Fayette, Hardeman, Madison, McNairy, Shelby, and Tipton counties. Unit CWD deer bag limits and seasons were tailored to empower hunters to increase the deer harvest to keep the number of diseased deer in the affected area to a minimum, reduce disease rates where possible, and keep CWD from spreading. With incredible support and participation from hunters, processors, taxidermists, and TWRA field staff, a grand total 14, 243 samples were tested for CWD. These tests were collected by way of mandatory check station weekends, drop-offs at 27 freezer locations, 13 taxidermists, 21 processors, and from deer showing clinical symptoms. This was a remarkably commendable effort from all involved! See the 2019-2020 CWD Results table for the county by county breakdown. By the close of the season, CWD had been found in wild deer in three additional counties and three additional counties are now considered high risk. The current status of CWD affected counties:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">- Positive Counties (CWD positive deer found within the county): Chester, Fayette, Hardeman, Haywood, Madison, Shelby, and Tipton</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">- High-Risk Counties (CWD positive deer found within 10 miles of the county border): Crocket, Gibson, Lauderdale, and McNairy</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">In all counties designated high risk or positive, carcass transportation and wildlife feeding regulations are applicable.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/twra/hunting/cwd/cwd-in-tennessee.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/twra/hunting/cwd/cwd-in-tennessee.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/images/cwd/CWD-Mapped-Positives.png" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/images/cwd/CWD-Mapped-Positives.png</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Summary of CWD Testing Results for the 2019-2020 Deer Season = 491 positives detected.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Currently, there are 11 counties affected by CWD, including high-risk counties where CWD has been detected within ten miles of the county border, and positive counties in which CWD has been detected. High-risk counties include Crocket, Gibson, Lauderdale, and McNairy counties. Positive counties include Chester, Fayette, Hardeman, Haywood, Madison, Shelby, and Tipton counties.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/twra/hunting/cwd/cwd-in-tennessee.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/twra/hunting/cwd/cwd-in-tennessee.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">On December 14, 2018, TWRA was informed by its CWD diagnostic laboratory 10 hunter-harvested deer from Hardeman and Fayette Counties were suspect for CWD. These deer had been sampled in November during the opening weekend of the deer gun season. Once the CWD-suspect deer were confirmed positive, TWRA’s CWD Response Plan was enacted and the Tennessee Fish and Wildlife Commission (TFWC) established what is now known as Unit CWD, extended the deer season in the affected area to get more deer sampled, and instituted deer carcass exportation and wildlife feeding restrictions to help prevent disease spread.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The 2018-2019 Deer Season</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Thanks to the cooperation of hunters and the actions of the Commission, the extended season in January 2019 was a very successful data-gathering effort and TWRA was able to learn a lot about the frequency and distribution of CWD in the affected area. With the aid of hunters, processors, and taxidermists, TWRA was able to test over 3,100 deer. Of these deer, 185 deer were confirmed positive for CWD, with 107 confirmations coming from Fayette County, 77 from Hardeman County, and one from Madison County. It was also determined, in accordance with TWRA’s CWD Management Plan; another 5 southwestern counties were affected since CWD was detected within 10 miles of their borders. These five counties include Chester, Haywood, McNairy, Shelby, and Tipton Counties and were considered high-risk status for CWD. In all counties designated high risk or positive, carcass transportation and wildlife feeding regulations are applicable.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The 2019-2020 Deer Season</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The TWRA and the Tennessee Fish and Wildlife Commission (TFWC) created Unit CWD, consisting of Chester, Haywood, Fayette, Hardeman, Madison, McNairy, Shelby, and Tipton counties. Unit CWD deer bag limits and seasons were tailored to empower hunters to increase the deer harvest to keep the number of diseased deer in the affected area to a minimum, reduce disease rates where possible, and keep CWD from spreading. With incredible support and participation from hunters, processors, taxidermists, and TWRA field staff, a grand total 14, 243 samples were tested for CWD. These tests were collected by way of mandatory check station weekends, drop-offs at 27 freezer locations, 13 taxidermists, 21 processors, and from deer showing clinical symptoms. This was a remarkably commendable effort from all involved! See the 2019-2020 CWD Results table for the county by county breakdown. By the close of the season, CWD had been found in wild deer in three additional counties and three additional counties are now considered high risk. The current status of CWD affected counties:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">- Positive Counties (CWD positive deer found within the county): Chester, Fayette, Hardeman, Haywood, Madison, Shelby, and Tipton</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">- High-Risk Counties (CWD positive deer found within 10 miles of the county border): Crocket, Gibson, Lauderdale, and McNairy</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">In all counties designated high risk or positive, carcass transportation and wildlife feeding regulations are applicable.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/twra/hunting/cwd/cwd-in-tennessee.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/twra/hunting/cwd/cwd-in-tennessee.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Deer Management in Tennessee 2019-2023 A Strategic Plan for the Systems, Processes, Protocols, and Programs Pertaining to the Management of White-tailed Deer in Tennessee </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is in the family of diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE). It is caused by a prion or infectious protein particle that persists in the environment indefinitely. In Tennessee, native white-tailed deer and reintroduced wild elk, as well as several exotic captive cervid species, including captive elk, are at risk for infection with CWD. CWD is the greatest threat to the future of deer and deer hunting in Tennessee, and TWRA is proactively addressing this threat.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">We have monitored deer for CWD since 2004. In November 2018, we began implementation of a new CWD surveillance strategy weighted towards counties with higher risk (Schuler et al. 2018). On December 14th, 2018 we received notification from our CWD testing facility that 10 samples collected during our CWD surveillance tested positive for CWD. The 10 positive samples occured in two counties that were considered high risk and received increased surveillance under the new strategy.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Immediate implementation of our CWD Response Plan (TWRA 2018), resulted in over 180 additional positives being confirmed in these two counties as well as one in southwest Madison County.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">As this plan was being finalized, we began developing a long-term management plan for CWD in light of these findings. With the exception of minor revisions, the objectives outlined below were mostly developed prior to finding CWD in Tennessee. These objectives still apply, but more objectives, strategies, and actions will likely arise as a CWD Management Plan is further developed.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/wildlife/deer-management-plan_2019-2023.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/twra/documents/wildlife/deer-management-plan_2019-2023.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee TWRA July 2022 to June 2023 Confirms 813 CWD Positives<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/tennessee-twra-july-2022-to-june-2023.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/tennessee-twra-july-2022-to-june-2023.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, JULY 19, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee CWD-Positive Deer Confirmed in Dyer County, Obion County, Lake County Become High-Risk </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/07/tennessee-cwd-positive-deer-confirmed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/07/tennessee-cwd-positive-deer-confirmed.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, OCTOBER 29, 2021</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee 2020-2021 CWD TSE Prion Sample Collection 645 Positive</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/tennessee-2020-2021-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/tennessee-2020-2021-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 22, 2021 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee During the 2020-21 season,18,616 deer sampled 556 positives and 2,319 tests pending </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/01/tennessee-during-2020-21-season18616.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/01/tennessee-during-2020-21-season18616.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, JANUARY 25, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee 2019-20 deer season 462 CWD TSE Prion Confirmed To Date</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/tennessee-2019-20-deer-season-462-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/tennessee-2019-20-deer-season-462-cwd.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 13, 2019 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee CWD TSE Prion 2019 to 2020 Sample 148 Positive So Far </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee CWD TSE Prion 2019 to 2020 Sample 148 Positive So Far</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee CWD TSE Prion 2019 to 2020 To Date 148 Positive</div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/tennessee-cwd-tse-prion-2019-to-2020.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/tennessee-cwd-tse-prion-2019-to-2020.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 20, 2018 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee Confirms Ten Plus Three More Preliminary Chronic Wasting Disease Cases Enacts CWD Response Plan</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/tennessee-confirms-ten-plus-three-more.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/tennessee-confirms-ten-plus-three-more.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, DECEMBER 15, 2018 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee Preliminarily Detects Ten Chronic Wasting Disease Cases; Enacts CWD Response Plan Friday, December 14, 2018 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/tennessee-preliminarily-detects-ten.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/tennessee-preliminarily-detects-ten.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 20, 2018 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee Confirms Ten Plus Three More Preliminary Chronic Wasting Disease Cases Enacts CWD Response Plan</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/tennessee-confirms-ten-plus-three-more.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/tennessee-confirms-ten-plus-three-more.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, DECEMBER 15, 2018 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee Preliminarily Detects Ten Chronic Wasting Disease Cases; Enacts CWD Response Plan Friday, December 14, 2018</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/tennessee-preliminarily-detects-ten.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/tennessee-preliminarily-detects-ten.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 22, 2017</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee Four Charged with Illegal Importation of Deer Carcasses from a CWD Positive State</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/11/tennessee-four-charged-with-illegal.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/11/tennessee-four-charged-with-illegal.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Saturday, January 07, 2017 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee Republican representative Bud Hulsey wants to weaken CWD Carcass Ban rule and put other states at risk </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/tennessee-republican-representative-bud.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/tennessee-republican-representative-bud.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, APRIL 13, 2013</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee Launches CWD Herd Certification Program in the wake of legislation for game farms</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/04/tennessee-launches-cwd-herd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/04/tennessee-launches-cwd-herd.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2013</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Greetings Tennessean Hunters et al, and politicians,</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">well, the writing is on the wall Tennessee hunters.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">it’s only a matter a time for Tennessee and CWD, and the big ag and officials can’t wait for it $$$</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">it’s only a matter of time now Tennesseans, and your state too will be full of CWD.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">sad...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/04/tennessee-launches-cwd-herd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/04/tennessee-launches-cwd-herd.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Monday, November 12, 2012</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee The White-tailed Deer Breeding and Farming Act pushes to legalize deer farming 2012</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/tennessee-white-tailed-deer-breeding.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/tennessee-white-tailed-deer-breeding.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Texas CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Texas, to date, CWD has been detected in 185 Cases...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 TEXAS CWD TSE PRION CONFIRMED TO DATE 575+ CASES AND MOUNTING!</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">***> 2023 Texas TPWD CWD Update December 8, 2023, is extremely dire!</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">TITLE 31. NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION PART 2. TEXAS PARKS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">CHAPTER 65. WILDLIFE</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">SUBCHAPTER B. DISEASE DETECTION AND RESPONSE</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">DIVISION 2. CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE - COMPREHENSIVE RULES</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">31 TAC §65.95</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Snip…</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Since mid-July of this year, the department has received confirmation of CWD in deer breeding facilities in Brooks, Frio, Zavala, Kimble, and Cherokee counties. Current rules provide that when CWD is detected in a breeding facility or at a location where breeder deer have been released, the facility and any directly connected facilities are immediately prohibited from receiving or transferring deer and the department and Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) staff immediately begin epidemiological investigations to determine the extent and significance of possible disease transmission.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the case of the Brooks County breeding facility, department records indicate that the facility has within the last five years transferred 1,057 deer to 51 deer breeding facilities, five Deer Management Permit (DMP) sites, and 77 release sites located in a total of 67 counties, as well as to three destinations in Mexico.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the case of the Frio County breeding facility, department records indicate that the facility has "certified herd" status under the TAHC herd certification program and within the last five years has transferred 627 deer to 46 deer breeding facilities, two nursing facilities, two DMP sites, and 29 release sites located in a total of 41 counties.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the case of the Zavala County breeding facility, department records indicate that within the last five years the facility has transferred 276 deer to three deer breeding facilities, one DMP facility, and 21 release sites located in a total of 14 counties.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the case of the Kimble County breeding facility, the facility was the source or destination for 282 deer, including deer sent to seven release sites.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In the case of the Cherokee County breeding facility, the facility received 17 deer from four breeding facilities but did not transfer deer to another breeding facility or release site.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The breeding facilities, nursing facilities, DMP facilities, and release sites that have received deer from the positive facilities are directly connected to those facilities and are of epidemiological concern. These facilities are by current rule also prohibited from receiving or transferring deer unless and until epidemiological investigation determines that Movement Qualified (MQ) status can be restored. Deer breeding facilities that received deer from one or more of the directly connected breeding facilities (referred to as "Tier 1" facilities) are indirectly connected to the positive facilities and are of epidemiological concern because they have received exposed deer that were in a trace-out breeding facility.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The recent detections of CWD in breeding facilities located in Brooks, Frio, Zavala, Kimble, and Cherokee counties are part of an ongoing outbreak of CWD in deer breeding facilities.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Since March 29, 2021, CWD has been detected in 15 counties.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In 2023 alone, CWD has been detected in 12 deer breeding facilities located in nine counties.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Prior to 2021, CWD was detected in six deer breeding facilities located in four counties.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In response to the magnitude and the potential severity of this situation, the emergency rules require the ante-mortem testing of test eligible deer prior to transfer from a breeding facility to another breeding facility.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The emergency action is necessary to protect the state's white-tailed deer populations, as well as associated industries.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/December82023/Emergency%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#9">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/December82023/Emergency%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#9</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS TPWD Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Free-Range Coleman County Deer </span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Free-Range Coleman County Deer </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dec. 8, 2023 Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">AUSTIN — Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) received confirmation of a case of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Coleman County, marking the first detection in the county.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A two-year-old whitetail buck harvested by a hunter on a low-fenced property tested positive through sampling conducted voluntarily to assist with the state’s CWD surveillance.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The sample was collected by a TPWD Wildlife Biologist as part of the statewide surveillance effort. Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory initially analyzed the samples, and the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Iowa confirmed the CWD detection.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, so the first indication of the disease in a herd is often found through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to the detection of CWD and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TPWD encourages hunters to voluntary test hunter-harvested deer in the area between Coleman and Cross Plains. For more information about voluntary sampling contact your local TPWD biologist (need a link to our webpage). The Department will establish CWD containment and surveillance zones in the area but they may not be implemented until 2024.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the disease process continues, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD’s CWD page.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231208a&utm_campaign=govdelivery-email&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231208a&utm_campaign=govdelivery-email&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Texas CWD cases are mounting from Captive Breeder Facilities at an exponential rate, pretty much out of control, imo...terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RISES SUBSTANTIALLY TO 575 CONFIRMED CWD CASES TO DATE<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Listing of CWD Cases in Texas</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Show 25</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Positive Number CWD Positive Confirmation Date Free Range Captive County Source Species Sex Age</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">575 2023-10-26 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer M 2.3</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">574 2023-10-26 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 4.3</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">573 2023-10-26 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.3</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">572 2023-10-26 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer M 3.4</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">571 2023-10-26 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 2.3</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">570 2023-10-19 White-tailed Deer Medina Facility #27 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer M 1.2</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">569 2023-10-26 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Release Site F 3.5</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">568 2023-10-24 Elk Medina Facility #3 Elk - Breeder Release Site M Unknown</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">567 2023-10-24 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 2.3</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">566 2023-10-24 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.3</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">565 2023-10-12 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 0.3</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">564 2023-09-19 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer M 6.2</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">563 2023-09-19 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.3</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">562 2023-09-19 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.1</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">561 2023-09-12 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer M 0.2</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">560 2023-09-12 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.2</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">559 2023-09-12 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 2.1</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">558 2023-09-12 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.2</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">557 2023-09-11 White-tailed Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 3.1</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">556 2023-09-11 Elk Dallam N/A Elk - Free Range M Unknown</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">555 2023-09-07 White-tailed Deer Kimble Facility #26 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 6.2</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">554 2023-09-08 Mule Deer El Paso N/A Mule Deer - Free Range F 4.5</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">553 2023-09-08 Breeder Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 4.1</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">552 2023-09-08 Breeder Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer - Breeder Deer F 13.1</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...see all of the 575 CWD Positive Cervid in Texas, multiple pages;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">June 14th of 2023 the CWD Positive tally was at 508 confirmed cases in Texas. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">TODAY, November 1st, 2023, that total increased to 575 CWD Confirmed Cases, to date, in Texas. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">AN increase of 67 CWD positive cases in 4+ months for Texas...WOW!</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Medina County Deer Breeding Facility</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Oct. 24, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">AUSTIN — The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) received confirmation of a case of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Medina County, marking the fifth detection since 2015 in a deer-breeding facility in the county.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A one-year-old buck tested positive through an antemortem (live-animal) test conducted to meet annual CWD surveillance requirements for the facility.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Lab initially analyzed the samples, and the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Iowa confirmed the CWD detection.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, so the first indication of the disease in a herd is often found through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to the detection of CWD and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Due to this recent detection, TPWD may establish a surveillance zone encompassing a two-mile radius. Any hunter harvesting a deer on a property that is wholly or partially encompassed by the zone will be subject to CWD zone rules. All hunter-harvested deer from this new zone must be presented at the Hondo check station location within 48 hours of harvesting the deer.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">All affected landowners within this zone will be contacted by the department after the zone boundaries are established.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the irreversible disease process continues, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD’s CWD page. The recently updated page includes a map of all CWD zones, check stations and positive case tracking. This webpage can be utilized to find answers to frequently asked questions, view videos with information from wildlife veterinarians and review the latest news.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231024a" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231024a</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">SINCE THEN, the 575+ cases have increased by who knows, TPWD et al CWD Tracker page is outdated again, but i understand why, they can't keep up, here are the cases since October 2023...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected at Kerr Wildlife Management Area Captive Deer Research Facility</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dec. 1, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Media Contact: TPWD News, Business Hours, 512-389-8030</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">AUSTIN — Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) biologists have reported a suspect-positive case of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in a 14-month-old captive male white-tailed deer at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area (WMA) research facility. The detection resulted from ante-mortem testing conducted on all captive white-tailed deer as part of ongoing research. Samples from the buck were sent to the National Veterinary Service Laboratory in Iowa for confirmation.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Out of an abundance of caution, TPWD staff euthanized all deer in the research facility and collected post-mortem samples, which resulted in no additional detections. TPWD will continue monitoring for CWD throughout the research facility and the WMA.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“TPWD staff are disappointed to abruptly end nearly 50 years of white-tailed deer research that has significantly influenced deer management in Texas and across the country” said John Silovsky, Wildlife Division Director. “Staff will continue to investigate opportunities to enhance the understanding of this insidious disease in both captive environments and free-ranging populations.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Built in 1974, the high-fenced research facility offers researchers facilities to study white-tailed deer in a controlled setting. The 23-acre facility now is double high fenced and consists of breeding and rearing enclosures, and a series of other structures that facilitate the safe handling of research animals.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The initial stock of deer in the research facility consisted of native Texas whitetails obtained from various locations throughout the state. TPWD did not routinely move deer into or out of the facility after that initial stocking.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The research herd has been maintained as a pedigreed herd investigating nutritional, age and genetic relationships in deer. Research programs in the facility have supported wild deer herd management activities, outreach programs, trainings and the development of antler regulations across the state.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Kerr WMA has conducted CWD surveillance of its wild and captive deer herds since 2002. Surveillance efforts within the research facility totaled 242 regulatory tests since 2018. Wild deer harvested on the WMA through the public hunting program and field research since 2018 have provided an additional 259 regulatory tests with no detections.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TPWD has intensified its investigations within the facility for the presence of CWD prions since May 8, when the agency received conflicting results —from a presumptive positive RT-QuIC amplification test and not-detected regulatory tests— on a female deer euthanized in January of this year. Assessments within the facility this summer included surveillance with swabs of equipment, water and feed sites paired with targeted euthanasia and tissue testing. Subsequent amplification and regulatory tests confirmed not-detected results on the 66 deer postmortem tested, as part of the investigation. Remaining individuals in the facility were screened with ante-mortem tonsil and rectal biopsies in October resulting in the positive detection from a tonsil biopsy on the 14-month-old male.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the disease process continues, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, so the first indication of the disease in a herd is often found through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to the detection of CWD and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD’s CWD page. For more information about the Kerr WMA and research projects visit Kerr WMA web page.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231201a&utm_campaign=govdelivery-email&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20231201a&utm_campaign=govdelivery-email&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">very sad TPWD et al, but keep up the good work trying to detect and contain CWD...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">HERE IS some previous suspect deer there i ask about in August 2023;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***>I recommend you send questions to WL.Health@tpwd.texas.gov and our knowledge experts can respond to you. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Greetings TPWD et al, I have followed Cwd, BSE, Scrapie, Camel Prion Disease, CJD, closely since 1997, and every deer in Texas that had CWD since 2012, Mule deer. The travesty of the junk science the breeders are throwing out on cwd is almost comical, if not for the seriousness of Cwd. I keep hearing about a Deer at Kerr WMA, all these breeders keep asking about. Now I read a while back about Kerr WMA, that there was a false positive cwd, that was followed by two negative tests, so this deer was negative, but I have no confirmation on this. Could you please confirm or deny this please, and give me a bit of background on this? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thank you kindly for all the hard work you are doing trying to contain this monster… </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Kindest regards, terry Terry S. Singeltary Sr. flounder9@verizon.com</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">On Aug 1, 2023, at 12:19 PM, WL Health <WL.Health@tpwd.texas.gov> wrote: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hello sir, please see below for the background you are looking for. In the case of the Kerr WMA, included are 2 statements written by TPWD as the situation unfolded and the course of action taken by test type and subsequent results. These include the dates they were prepared as well. Currently the facility, as stated below, is conducting further testing out of an abundance of caution. June 8, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TPWD is continuing to investigate a test result on a white-tailed deer at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area. Researchers working with TPWD have reported a CWD-positive test result on the deer, produced by an experimental test not yet validated by USDA. However, this result conflicts with a “not-detected” test result from the same animal using a USDA-validated test. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TPWD has now received additional test results, using immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing, from Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (TVMDL). The results came back “Not Detected.” </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Additional analysis is still being conducted to compare results.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TPWD is investigating this case, which involves one deer. The suspect and unofficial CWD-positive detection resulted from an RT-QuIC test, an experimental assay that shows some promise as a more sensitive CWD detection technique that can be used on a wider range of tissues than other available methods of detection. The “not-detected” test result was produced using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA is a USDA-validated immunological test administered by Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. Out of an abundance of caution and to reconcile the different test results, TPWD is seeking further tissue testing and in the meantime is treating the facility with a high standard of precautionary measures. All deer from this CWD research project were euthanized at the end of the project and tested for CWD as part of established research protocol. All other deer tested “not detected” for CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Since 1974, TPWD has maintained the closed, pedigreed white-tailed deer herd at Kerr WMA for controlled studies on age, nutrition and genetics, providing results to stakeholders for management of wild deer herds. TPWD continues to operate the facility to share results with stakeholders for research and demonstration purposes and does not routinely move deer into or out of the facility. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">6-28-2023 Update The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) has received additional test results on a suspect CWD-positive white-tailed deer at the Kerr Wildlife Management Area (WMA). Researchers working with TPWD originally reported a suspect CWD-positive test result on the deer, produced by an RT-QuIC test, an experimental test not yet validated by USDA. However, this result conflicted with two “Not-Detected” test results from the same animal using USDA-validated tests, from Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory. Further testing on lymph nodes and brain tissue from the suspect animal utilizing protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) testing, a technique similar to RT-QuIC, have been performed and reported with “Not Detected” results. Out of an abundance of caution, TPWD is pursuing further testing in the facility and maintaining biosecurity measures. All deer from this CWD research project were euthanized at the end of the project and tested for CWD as part of established research protocol. All other deer tested “Not Detected” for CWD. The facility performs CWD testing on mortalities and euthanized individuals as part of routine protocols. Since 1974, TPWD has maintained the closed, pedigreed white-tailed deer herd at Kerr WMA for controlled studies on age, nutrition, and genetics, providing results to stakeholders for management of wild deer herds. TPWD does not routinely move deer into or out of the facility. </div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">end...personal communication...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/tpwd-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/tpwd-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TAHC Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Cherokee County Deer Breeding Facility</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For Immediate Release</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">November 17, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Cherokee County Deer Breeding Facility</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">AUSTIN, TX — Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) and Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) received confirmation of a case of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Cherokee County, marking the first detection in a deer breeding facility in the county.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A four-year-old buck tested positive using postmortem testing conducted to meet annual CWD surveillance requirements for the facility.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory initially analyzed the samples, and the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Iowa confirmed the CWD detection.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD has an incubation period that can span years, so the first indication of the disease in a herd is often found through surveillance testing rather than observed clinical signs. Early detection and proactive monitoring improve the state’s response time to the detection of CWD and can greatly reduce the risk of further disease spread.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Any person interested in having their harvest tested for CWD should contact a local biologist, found on the TPWD website.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. This slow, progressive disease may not produce visible signs in susceptible species for several years after infection. As the disease process continues, animals with CWD may show changes in behavior and appearance. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears, and excessive thirst, salivation or urination.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In Texas, the disease was first discovered in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. CWD has since been detected in Texas captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For more information on previous detections in Texas and CWD best management practices for hunters and landowners, visit TPWD's CWD page or the TAHC's CWD page.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">###</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2023/2023-11-17_CWD_CherokeeCo.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2023/2023-11-17_CWD_CherokeeCo.pdf</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/tahc-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/tahc-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Texas CWD Surveillance Positives (please note, TPWD CWD POSITIVE Tracking page is outdated again)<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/positive-cases/listing-cwd-cases-texas.phtml#texasCWD</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Counties where CWD Exposed Deer were Released</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Number of CWD Exposed Deer Released by County</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD Captive Herds updated April 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP in Texas</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease in Texas</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A Real Disease with Proven Impacts</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Produced by a coalition of concerned hunters, landowners, & conservationists (last update 08/2023)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Since 2012, CWD has been detected in wild deer in just 7 counties in Texas and is only established in the western panhandle and far west Texas.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In that same period of time, captive deer breeders have exposed almost half of Texas counties to CWD. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Deer held in captive breeding facilities are confined to much tighter spaces, and have intimate contact with many more animals on a daily basis. By far the greatest factor in amplifying the spread of CWD is the artificial movement of these animals, shipped in livestock trailers hundreds of miles, far outside of their natural home range, and ultimately released to co-mingle with wild deer. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Each year, Texas captive deer breeders liberate 20,000-30,000 deer from their pens to the wild. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For every deer breeding facility where a CWD positive deer is discovered, an epidemiological investigation is conducted by the Texas Parks & Wildlife Department and the Texas Animal Health Commission to determine how many other deer may have been exposed to the disease and where they have been shipped. Because of the prolific artificial movement of captive deer, one deer with CWD can impact hundreds of other facilities and ranches across the state.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Unfortunately, released deer in Texas are not required to retain any kind of visible identification (an ear tag), and for this reason, the vast majority of released deer cannot be relocated for testing. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">As of August 2023, 116 Texas counties have received possibly infected breeder deer that cannot be located, putting more than 140,000 landowners at risk of the disease. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The state of Texas has been testing for CWD since 2002. Since that time, more than 302,360 captive and free range deer have been tested. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From 2015-2022, more than 127,000 samples were collected from hunter-harvested and roadkill deer. This sampling rate and risk-based distribution provides scientists confidence that they would have detected the disease if it existed at a very low prevalence (<1%) in any given region at the time sampling began.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We have learned from other states where CWD has been present the longest, that a constant increase in the prevalence of the disease may lead to a significant decline in the deer population. When disease prevalence exceeds 20%, deer populations have declined by up to 50%. In some areas of Colorado, where CWD has been present since 1985, mule deer abundance has declined by 45% since that time, despite adequate habitat and no hunting ( Miller et al. 2008 ). Similarly, the South Converse Game Unit in Wyoming has documented CWD prevalence exceeding 50% and has seen an approximate 50% decline in mule deer populations.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Rural Economies</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Deer hunting is the lifeblood of rural Texas. White-tailed deer hunting is by far the most impactful segment of the hunting economy, representing $4.3 billion, according to a recent Texas A&M Study. And while deer breeders represent a very small segment of that economy (less than 5%), they represent one of the greatest risks. ( Full Texas A&M Report )</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Real Estate</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Rural land prices are largely driven by recreational buyers with hunting as a top land amenity. Without deer hunting, many of these properties will be worth much less.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conservation Funding</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Deer hunters are the largest funders of wildlife conservation in Texas through excise taxes on firearms, ammunition, and gear along with active membership supporting and funding conservation organizations. If deer hunting suffers due to CWD, all wildlife in Texas lose.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Culture & Health</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Texas’ native deer herd has iconic value for all Texans. Deer hunting brings families together, creates camaraderie in communities, and serves to connect Texans to nature. There is no better protein than wild, locally harvested, non-GMO and totally organic venison. A healthy deer herd leads to healthy Texans and a healthy and prosperous Texas. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This isn't a disease for our lifetime. It's a disease for our grandchildren's lifetime. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> - Dr. Bob Dittmar, Former Texas State Wildlife Veterinarian </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">See the full text with maps, graphs, much more, excellent data…</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Since 2012, CWD has been detected in wild deer in just 7 counties in Texas and is only established in the western panhandle and far west Texas.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In that same period of time, captive deer breeders have exposed almost half of Texas counties to CWD. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">As of August 2023, 116 Texas counties have received possibly infected breeder deer that cannot be located, putting more than 140,000 landowners at risk of the disease. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/3xL16Gm</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease in Texas A Real Disease with Proven Impacts</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Produced by a coalition of concerned hunters, landowners, & conservationists (last update 08/2023)</div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/b93f528938ac48e9b56dcc79953cbec0</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TPWD Executive Order No. 23-003 CWD Emergency Rules Adopted for Movement of Breeder Deer <br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Executive Orders</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Executive Order No. 23-003</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: July 24, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Executive Director finds that additional discoveries of CWD in free-ranging white-tailed deer within deer breeding facilities regulated under Parks and Wildlife Code, Chapter 43, Subchapter L and regulations adopted pursuant to that subchapter (31 TAC Chapter 65, Subchapters B and T) constitute an immediate danger to the white-tailed deer and mule deer resources of Texas and that the adoption of rules on an emergency basis with fewer than 30 days’ notice is necessary to address an immediate danger.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/executive_orders/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/executive_orders/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 minute mark video shows sick deer with cwd, and this deer DIED FROM CWD, IT'S DOCUMENTED, commentator says ''so if anyone every tells you, that a deer has never died from CWD, think of this picture, because the Wisconsin Veterinary Lab told us, what when they looked at her sample under a microscope, she was the hottest animal they had ever seen, and that's in terms of the fluorescents that comes off the slide when the look at it, so, a lot of Prion in her system.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see much more about 2 hours long...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3CAI-EwlgM" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3CAI-EwlgM</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS BREEDER DEER ESCAPEE WITH CWD IN THE WILD, or so the genetics would show?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">OH NO, please tell me i heard this wrong, a potential Texas captive escapee with cwd in the wild, in an area with positive captive cwd herd?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">apparently, no ID though. tell me it ain't so please...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">23:00 minute mark</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Free Ranging Deer, Dr. Deyoung looked at Genetics of this free ranging deer and what he found was, that the genetics on this deer were more similar to captive deer, than the free ranging population, but he did not see a significant connection to any one captive facility that he analyzed, so we believe, Ahhhhhh, this animal had some captive ahhh, whatnot.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://youtu.be/aoPDeGL6mpQ?t=1384" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/aoPDeGL6mpQ?t=1384</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Commission Agenda Item No. 5 Exhibit B</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DISEASE DETECTION AND RESPONSE RULES</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PROPOSAL PREAMBLE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1. Introduction. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> A third issue is the accuracy of mortality reporting. Department records indicate that for each of the last five years an average of 26 deer breeders have reported a shared total of 159 escapes. Department records for the same time period indicate an average of 31 breeding facilities reported a shared total of 825 missing deer (deer that department records indicate should be present in the facility, but cannot be located or verified). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2022/1104/agenda/item.phtml?item=5" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2022/1104/agenda/item.phtml?item=5</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">On January 21, 2017 a tornado took down thousands of feet of fence for a 420-acre illegal deer enclosure in Lamar County that had been subject to federal and state investigation for illegally importing white-tailed deer into Mississippi from Texas (a CWD positive state). Native deer were free to move on and off the property before all of the deer were able to be tested for CWD. Testing will be made available for a period of three years for CWD on the property and will be available for deer killed within a 5-mile radius of the property on a voluntary basis. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/media/254796/2016-17-deer-report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.mdwfp.com/media/254796/2016-17-deer-report.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“It is interesting to note that, in 2001, the State of Texas shifted its deer management strategies toward the same leanings that Kroll has suggested for Wisconsin. In Texas, the change was brought about via heavy lobbying from the high-fence deer ranching industry. This pressure helped convince the Texas Parks and Wildlife to change their regulations and allow private landowners to select the own deer biologists.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/which-side-fence-are-you" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/which-side-fence-are-you</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2012 “For 10 years, Texas has had an aggressive Chronic Wasting Disease prevention and monitoring program. Wildlife agency regulations prohibit importing deer into the state, and the agency has tested more than 26,000 hunter-taken deer and 7,400 animals from the captive-deer industry. None of those deer tested positive.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Brain-eating-disease-found-in-Texas-deer-3697731.php" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Brain-eating-disease-found-in-Texas-deer-3697731.php</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''On January 21, 2017 a tornado took down thousands of feet of fence for a 420-acre illegal deer enclosure in Lamar County that had been subject to federal and state investigation for illegally importing white-tailed deer into Mississippi from Texas (a CWD positive state). Native deer were free to move on and off the property before all of the deer were able to be tested for CWD. Testing will be made available for a period of three years for CWD on the property and will be available for deer killed within a 5-mile radius of the property on a voluntary basis. ''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Texas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Symposium 2018 posted January 2019 VIDEO SET 18 CLIPS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">See Wisconsin update...terrible news, right after Texas updated map around 5 minute mark...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAK_YBZh2tA&feature=youtu.be&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj&t=299" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAK_YBZh2tA&feature=youtu.be&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj&t=299</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WISCONSIN CWD CAPTIVE CWD UPDATE VIDEO</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAK_YBZh2tA&feature=youtu.be&t=602&fbclid=IwAR04yvki5GDJqjAeNOeP3QETcUOmWHRNRrGXzRUTnsxvcLUO50kSDsBzHTs" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAK_YBZh2tA&feature=youtu.be&t=602&fbclid=IwAR04yvki5GDJqjAeNOeP3QETcUOmWHRNRrGXzRUTnsxvcLUO50kSDsBzHTs</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">cwd update on Wisconsin from Tammy Ryan...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvy2SMGQt6o&index=11&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvy2SMGQt6o&index=11&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Texas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Symposium 2018 posted January 2019 VIDEO SET 18 CLIPS See Wisconsin update...terrible news, right after Texas updated map around 5 minute mark...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAK_YBZh2tA&feature=youtu.be&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj&t=299" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAK_YBZh2tA&feature=youtu.be&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj&t=299</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD WEBINAR CWD YESTERDAY! December 11, 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dr. Mckenzie and CIDRAP on CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzYcnmc3Xh0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzYcnmc3Xh0</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">122: Prions and Chronic Wasting Disease with Jason Bartz</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.asm.org/Podcasts/MTM/Episodes/Prions-and-Chronic-Wasting-Disease-with-Jason-Bart" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.asm.org/Podcasts/MTM/Episodes/Prions-and-Chronic-Wasting-Disease-with-Jason-Bart</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Texas CWD Symposium: Transmission by Saliva, Feces, Urine & Blood</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">the other part, these tissues and things in the body then shed or secrete prions which then are the route to other animals into the environment, so in particular, the things, the secretions that are infectious are salvia, feces, blood and urine. so pretty much anything that comes out of a deer is going to be infectious and potential for transmitting disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bItnEElzuKo&index=6&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bItnEElzuKo&index=6&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 01, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RISES SUBSTANTIALLY TO 575 CONFIRMED CWD CASES TO DATE<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-rises.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, AUGUST 30, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Texas CWD TSE Prion 3 More Documented, 185 Cases To Date</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/08/texas-cwd-tse-prion-3-more-documented.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/08/texas-cwd-tse-prion-3-more-documented.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, JULY 09, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Texas CWD TSE Prion Jumps BY 13 To 182 Confirmed Cases To Date</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/07/texas-cwd-tse-prion-jumps-by-13-to-182.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/07/texas-cwd-tse-prion-jumps-by-13-to-182.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, JULY 04, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TAHC CHAPTER 40 CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE 406th COMMISSION MEETING AGENDA June 23, 2020 8:30 A.M.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/07/tahc-chapter-40-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/07/tahc-chapter-40-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, MARCH 08, 2020 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Texas CWD TSE Prion Confirms 169 Positive To Date</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/texas-cwd-tse-prion-confirms-169.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/texas-cwd-tse-prion-confirms-169.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, JANUARY 19, 2019</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Texas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Symposium 2018 posted January 2019 VIDEO SET 18 CLIPS</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/01/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/01/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 20, 2019</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS ANIMAL HEALTH COMMISSION EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR ORDER DECLARING A CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE HIGH RISK AREA CONTAINMENT ZONE FOR PORTIONS OF VAL VERDE COUNTY</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/texas-animal-health-commission.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/texas-animal-health-commission.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 31, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">In Vitro detection of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) prions in semen and reproductive tissues of white tailed deer bucks (Odocoileus virginianus </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/in-vitro-detection-of-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/in-vitro-detection-of-chronic-wasting.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, AUGUST 02, 2015 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS CWD, Have you been ThunderStruck, deer semen, straw bred bucks, super ovulation, and the potential TSE Prion connection, what if? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/in-vitro-detection-of-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/in-vitro-detection-of-chronic-wasting.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 16, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> Jerking for Dollars, Are Texas Politicians and Legislators Masturbating Deer For Money, and likely spreading CWD TSE Prion? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/jerking-for-dollars-are-texas.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/jerking-for-dollars-are-texas.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 04, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS REPORTS 20 NEW CWD TSE PRION CASES 3 WILD 17 BREEDER 166 POSITIVE TO DATE</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/texas-reports-20-new-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/texas-reports-20-new-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, MAY 22, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TPW Commission has adopted rules establishing Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) management zones to further detection and response efforts among WTD</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/05/tpw-commission-has-adopted-rules.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/05/tpw-commission-has-adopted-rules.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, MARCH 01, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Texas As one CWD investigation continues, another launches...THE FULL MONTY!</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/texas-as-one-cwd-investigation.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/03/texas-as-one-cwd-investigation.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, DECEMBER 02, 2017 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS TAHC CWD TSE PRION Trace Herds INs and OUTs Summary Minutes of the 399th and 398th Commission Meeting – 8/22/2017 5/9/2017 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/12/texas-tahc-cwd-tse-prion-trace-herds.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/12/texas-tahc-cwd-tse-prion-trace-herds.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, MAY 14, 2017 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">85th Legislative Session 2017 AND THE TEXAS TWO STEP Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion, and paying to play </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/85th-legislative-session-2017-and-texas.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/85th-legislative-session-2017-and-texas.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, JANUARY 22, 2017 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Texas 85th Legislative Session 2017 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Captive Breeder Industry </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/texas-85th-legislative-session-2017.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/texas-85th-legislative-session-2017.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** TEXAS TAHC OLD STATISTICS BELOW FOR PAST CWD TESTING ***</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD TEXAS TAHC OLD FILE HISTORY</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">updated from some of my old files, some of the links will not work.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Subject: CWD testing in Texas ***</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Date: Sun, 25 Aug 2002 19:45:14 –0500</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">From: Kenneth Waldrup</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">To: flounder@wt.net</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...see ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/07/texas-animal-health-commission.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/07/texas-animal-health-commission.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, AUGUST 14, 2017</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*** Texas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion History ***</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Utah CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(Utah, to date, as of October 7, 2020, 118 mule deer and two elk have tested positive for CWD TSE Prion...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***2023 Utah CWD TSE Prion, Currently, 188 mule deer and four elk have tested positive for CWD in Utah.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thursday, November 30, 2023, 9:50 am </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease confirmed in deer for first time in Payson SALT LAKE CITY — Chronic wasting disease was first detected in mule deer in Utah in 2002 in northeastern Utah, and the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources recently confirmed it has now spread to deer in the Payson area of Utah County, as well.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Buck deer standing in grass next to a barbed wire fence, in the fall Chronic wasting disease is a relatively rare transmissible disease that affects the nervous systems of deer, elk and moose. The disease was first discovered in Utah in 2002 in a buck deer harvested during the rifle hunt near Vernal.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The DWR monitors for the spread of chronic wasting disease in big game animals across Utah and conducts check stations each fall during the general-season rifle deer hunts to test harvested deer in specific hunting units. The samples taken from deer during this year's check stations were sent to the Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory in Logan, and the DWR recently received the test results.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Between July 1 and Nov. 28, DWR biologists have confirmed 26 positive cases of chronic wasting disease, including 25 deer and one elk. Of those animals, 18 were harvested by hunters, five were found dead and three were sick animals that were reported and euthanized by the DWR. The majority of the positive CWD cases were from northeastern Utah, but a positive deer was also located in Payson, which is a new area for chronic wasting disease. Three deer from Moab also tested positive, which is an ongoing hotspot for the disease. Two deer from North Salt Lake were also among the positive CWD cases, which is another recent hotspot for the disease after a deer tested positive for the first time there last year.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Currently, 188 mule deer and four elk have tested positive for CWD in Utah. CWD is currently found in areas of northeastern Utah, southeastern Utah and northern Utah. Visit the DWR website to see a map of the areas of Utah with CWD (but note that the map hasn't yet been updated with these latest cases.)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"We can't accurately compare each year's positive cases to determine how fast the disease is spreading because we sample different areas of the state each year that have different prevalence; alternatively, we compare each unit from year to year," DWR State Wildlife Veterinarian Ginger Stout said. "However, we are finding the disease in new areas, so unfortunately, it does appear to be spreading in Utah. We are continuing to do extensive monitoring and trying different hunting strategies to stay on top of the disease and its prevalence in the state."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease is caused by a misfolded protein, called a prion, that aggregates in the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by the same type of misfolded protein as "mad cow disease" in cows. Infected animals develop brain lesions, become emaciated, appear listless and have droopy ears. They may also salivate excessively and eventually die.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Infected animals may shed prions in their urine, feces and saliva. Transmission may occur directly through contact with an infected animal or indirectly through environmental contamination. (A dead carcass can contaminate the soil.) Prions are extremely resilient in the environment and can stay infectious for years.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">While the Centers for Disease Control says the risk of transmission from animals to humans is considered extremely low, they recommend not consuming meat from animals infected with chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wildlife.utah.gov/news/utah-wildlife-news/1815-chronic-wasting-disease-confirmed-in-deer-for-first-time-in-payson.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wildlife.utah.gov/news/utah-wildlife-news/1815-chronic-wasting-disease-confirmed-in-deer-for-first-time-in-payson.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wildlife.utah.gov/chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wildlife.utah.gov/chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wildlife.utah.gov/diseases/cwd/2020-positive-distribution-map.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wildlife.utah.gov/diseases/cwd/2020-positive-distribution-map.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wildlife.utah.gov/pdf/mule_deer/plans/chronic-wasting-disease-management-plan.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wildlife.utah.gov/pdf/mule_deer/plans/chronic-wasting-disease-management-plan.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, OCTOBER 10, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Utah As of October 7, 2020, 118 mule deer and two elk have tested positive for CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/utah-as-of-october-7-2020-118-mule-deer.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/utah-as-of-october-7-2020-118-mule-deer.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 29, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Utah CWD TSE Prion Since July 1, 2019, the DWR confirmed 16 positive deer statewide Six of those, including Coal, were in the La Sal Unit, 59 test pending</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/utah-cwd-tse-prion-since-july-1-2019.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/utah-cwd-tse-prion-since-july-1-2019.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Vermont CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Vermont CWD TSE PRION, to date, CWD has not been detected, don't cwd test enough, you don't find...terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://vtfishandwildlife.com/learn-more/living-with-wildlife/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://vtfishandwildlife.com/learn-more/living-with-wildlife/wildlife-diseases/chronic-wasting-disease</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://vtfishandwildlife.com/search/node/cwd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://vtfishandwildlife.com/search/node/cwd</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://vtfishandwildlife.com/search/node/chronic%20wasting%20disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://vtfishandwildlife.com/search/node/chronic%20wasting%20disease</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Virginia CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Virginia, to date, has detected 84 CWD-positive deer have been detected in Virginia in Frederick and northern Shenandoah counties...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***2023 Virginia CWD TSE Prion, Since 2009, a total of 179 CWD-positive deer have been confirmed in Virginia.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.eregulations.com/virginia/hunting/deer-hunting-cwd#" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.eregulations.com/virginia/hunting/deer-hunting-cwd#</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">UPDATE!</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For Immediate Release</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">December 15, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Contact:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alexandra Lombard alexandra.lombard@dwr.virginia.gov 540-315-6145</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected for First Time in Carroll County</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Richmond, VA — The Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources (DWR) has recently confirmed the presence of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in an adult male deer legally harvested near Dugspur, in Carroll County, VA. This marks the first confirmed case of CWD in Carroll County, although the county is already included in Disease Management Area 3 (DMA3) due to previous detections in neighboring counties.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The deer in question was brought to a taxidermist in October 2023, and DWR obtained the sample shortly thereafter as part of the Department’s proactive CWD surveillance efforts. After confirmatory testing at a separate lab and verification of the exact location of harvest, DWR has arranged for additional sample collection from the general area. No regulatory changes will be implemented until the conclusion of the 2023–2024 deer hunting season.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">As a reminder, whole carcasses and high-risk tissues from deer harvested in Carroll County may not be transported outside of DMA3 boundaries. Hunters in Carroll County can choose to have their deer tested for CWD at no cost by bringing the head to a CWD drop site or a participating meat processor in DMA3. Refrigerator locations and participating processors can be found through the new interactive testing map or in this DMA3 drop site list.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For additional information about hunting in DMA3, please visit: What You Need To Know About Hunting in Disease Management Area 3.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In addition to increased testing in Carroll County, the DWR aims to enhance CWD testing in neighboring Wythe County. To achieve this, a voluntary refrigerator drop location has been established at the Wytheville State Fish Hatchery. Hunters in Wythe County can utilize this location to have their harvested deer tested at no cost. However, it is important to note that deer harvested in DMA3 must remain within the DMA and are not eligible to be brought into Wythe County at this time.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To aid in the tracking and management of CWD, DWR encourages hunters to continue hunting and to electively test harvested deer. The DWR has been closely monitoring CWD prevalence and spread in northwestern Virginia (DMA1 and DMA2) since 2002. DMA3 in southern Virginia was added after a positive detection in Montgomery County in 2020. Over the past five years, the DWR has been conducting CWD surveillance across the rest of the state with the assistance of cooperating taxidermists. From 2009 to the end of the 2022-2023 hunting season, a total of 181 positive cases of CWD have been detected in Virginia, with only 11 cases in DMA3. DWR is appreciative of the support and cooperation demonstrated by taxidermists, processors, and hunters who aid in this sampling effort. This assistance is critical to the success of the ongoing statewide CWD monitoring, surveillance, and prevention efforts.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD has been confirmed in at least 32 U.S. states, three Canadian provinces, northern Europe, and South Korea. In North America, this incurable disease is found in deer, elk, and moose. It is a slow-acting and progressive neurologic disease that ultimately results in the death of the animal. The disease-causing agent, known as a prion, is spread through the urine, feces, and saliva of infected animals. Infected animals may not exhibit any symptoms of CWD for 16 months to two years after exposure. Clinical signs of CWD may include staggering, abnormal posture, lowered head, drooling, confusion, and marked weight loss. While there is no evidence that CWD can be transmitted naturally to humans, pets, or livestock, there is still much unknown about the potential for transmission to humans. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that hunters test all deer harvested from known CWD- positive areas and refrain from consuming meat from animals that test positive.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For more information about CWD regulations, maps of affected states, and general information about CWD, please visit the DWR website. To report a sick deer, please call the Wildlife Helpline at 1-855-571- 9003.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/media/press-release/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-for-first-time-in-carroll-county/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/media/press-release/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-for-first-time-in-carroll-county/</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Lombard added that DWR recorded 47 positive cases during the 2022-23 season, and staff performed a similar amount of testing as in previous years. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/2023-cwd-update/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/2023-cwd-update/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">OLD CWD TIMELINE FOR VIRGINIA 2009-2021</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/tracking-cwd-in-virginia/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/tracking-cwd-in-virginia/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Virginia Chronic Wasting Disease Detected for the First Time in Fairfax County</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For Immediate Release</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">January 17, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Contact:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alexandra Lombard, DWR Wildlife Health Coordinator</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alexandra.Lombard@dwr.virginia.gov</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">540-315-6145</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Detected for the First Time in Fairfax County</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Richmond, VA — The Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources (DWR) has confirmed chronic wasting disease (CWD) in an adult male deer legally harvested in Vienna, Fairfax County. The deer was brought to a taxidermist in late October of 2022 and DWR obtained the sample shortly thereafter as part of the Department’s proactive statewide CWD surveillance efforts. At the time of harvest, no outward signs of disease were noted, and the deer appeared to be in good condition. Because this is the first CWD-positive detection in Fairfax County, a county bordering Disease Management Area 2 (DMA2), the DWR conducted an extensive forensic investigation to confirm the harvest location of this deer.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">No regulatory changes will be made until the conclusion of the 2022–2023 deer hunting season.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Until then, the following are strongly recommended:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Carcass transport: do not transport whole deer carcasses or any parts containing brain or spinal cord tissue out of Fairfax County to a non-DMA county (please see https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/transporting-carcasses-into-within-and-out-of-dma2/ ). Carcass disposal: Double-bag deer parts and place directly in a landfill or a trash receptacle to be picked up with the regular trash collection. REMINDER: It is illegal to feed deer at any time of the year in Fairfax County.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD Testing: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hunters in Fairfax County may choose to get deer tested for CWD at no cost by bringing the head to a CWD drop site in DMA2, which includes neighboring Loudoun County. Sites in DMA2 can be found here: <a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/media/DMA2-Refrigerators-2022.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/media/DMA2-Refrigerators-2022.pdf</a> . DWR will identify additional drop sites in Fairfax County ahead of the 2023–2024 hunting season.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hunters are encouraged to continue hunting deer. Hunter-harvested deer are essential to tracking CWD. Hunting regulations and season dates can be found here: <a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/hunting/regulations/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/hunting/regulations/</a> .</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thanks to the Fairfax County Deer Management Program, extensive CWD testing has been conducted throughout the county for the past few years. Since the 2019–2020 season, over 750 deer have been tested, with this being the only detection to date in the county.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The DWR has been closely monitoring CWD prevalence and spread in northwestern Virginia (DMA1 and DMA2) for over thirteen years. DMA3 in southern Virginia was added after a positive detection in Montgomery County in 2020. Across the rest of the state, DWR has been conducting CWD surveillance for the past five years with the assistance of cooperating taxidermists. From 2009 to the end of the 2021–2022 hunting season, 134 positive cases of CWD have been detected in Virginia. The Department is very appreciative of the support and cooperation demonstrated by taxidermists, processors and hunters who aid in this sampling effort. As evidenced by this newly diagnosed CWD positive deer, this assistance is critical to the success of our ongoing statewide CWD monitoring, surveillance and prevention efforts.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD has been confirmed in at least twenty-nine states, three Canadian provinces, northern Europe, and South Korea. In North America, this incurable disease is found in deer, elk and moose. It is a slow-acting and progressive neurologic disease that ultimately results in death of the animal. The disease-causing agent, called a prion, is spread through the urine, feces, and saliva of infected animals. Infected animals may not develop any symptoms of CWD for several months to over a year after exposure. Clinical signs of CWD may be staggering, abnormal posture, lowered head, drooling, confusion, and marked weight loss.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">There is no evidence that CWD can be transmitted naturally to humans, pets or livestock. However, there is still much that is unknown about the potential for transmission to humans. Although the CWD diagnostic tests are not food-safety tests, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that hunters test all deer harvested from known CWD-positive areas and not consume meat from animals that test positive.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Regulations pertaining to CWD, maps of affected states and information about CWD can be found on the DWR website at: <a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/</a> . If you would like to report a sick deer, please call our Wildlife Helpline at 1-855-571-9003.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/media/press-release/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-for-the-first-time-in-fairfax-county/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/media/press-release/chronic-wasting-disease-detected-for-the-first-time-in-fairfax-county/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/2023-deer-season-forecast/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/2023-deer-season-forecast/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/cwd-information-for-hunters/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/cwd-information-for-hunters/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/6805eec0b6534f3cb6bc6c85ddcc2ee0/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/6805eec0b6534f3cb6bc6c85ddcc2ee0/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Virginia OUTDATED CWD INFORMATION</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/tracking-cwd-in-virginia/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/tracking-cwd-in-virginia/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">HUNTING &TRAPPING IN VIRGINIA July 2020-June 2021</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD Surveillance in Virginia</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an infectious, fatal, neurologic disease of deer. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Since 2009, a total of 84 CWD-positive deer have been detected in Virginia in Frederick and northern Shenandoah counties. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">An additional four CWD positive deer have been detected in Clarke (2), Culpeper (1), and Fauquier (1) counties. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The success of the Department’s CWD surveillance and management efforts hinge directly on hunter participation. DWR greatly appreciates hunters’ cooperation and assistance in this effort.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Disease Management Area Boundaries</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/media/2020-2021-Virginia-Hunting-and-Trapping-Regulations-Digest.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/media/2020-2021-Virginia-Hunting-and-Trapping-Regulations-Digest.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">In 2020, Disease Management Area 1 (DMA1) will include Frederick, Shenandoah, Warren, and Clarke counties. DMA2 will include Culpeper, Fauquier, Loudoun, Madison, Orange, Page, and Rappahannock counties.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">HUNTING &TRAPPING IN VIRGINIA July 2020-June 2021</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/media/2020-2021-Virginia-Hunting-and-Trapping-Regulations-Digest.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/media/2020-2021-Virginia-Hunting-and-Trapping-Regulations-Digest.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">• Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been found in Clarke and Fauquier counties.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">• Disease Management Area 2 (DMA2) has been expanded to include Fauquier, Loudoun, Page, and Rappahannock counties, in addition to Culpeper, Madison, and Orange counties (see page 39).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">• Whole deer carcasses, and parts containing brain or spinal cord tissue, originating from a Disease Management Area (DMA) cannot be transported to any county not designated as a DMA (see pages 39-40).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">• Whole deer carcasses, and parts containing brain or spinal cord tissue, originating from DMA1 may be transported only within DMA1 (see pages 39-40).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">• Whole deer carcasses, and parts containing brain or spinal cord tissue, originating from DMA2 may be transported anywhere within both DMA1 and DMA2 (see pages 39-40).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">• All deer killed in Culpeper, Madison, and Shenandoah counties on November 14, 2020 must be brought to a designated CWD sample station to be tested for CWD (see pag</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">e 39).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">• Feeding of deer is now prohibited year round in Prince William County (see page 19). </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) was confirmed by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (DGIF) in 14 deer in Frederick County and two deer in Shenandoah County during the 2017 deer hunting season. Fifteen of the deer were harvested by hunters and one deer was killed by a vehicle. Approximately 1,500 deer from Frederick, Clarke, Warren, and Shenandoah counties were tested for CWD during the 2017 hunting season. Since 2009, 38 CWD-positive deer have been confirmed in Frederick (35) and Shenandoah (3) Counties.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/16-new-cwd-positive-white-tailed-deer-in-northwest-virginia/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/16-new-cwd-positive-white-tailed-deer-in-northwest-virginia/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Nine new cases of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) were detected in Frederick County during the 2016 deer hunting season. Seven were deer harvested by hunters and two were killed by vehicles. All of the new cases were detected in the same general areas as previous cases. In total, 22 CWD-positive deer have been detected in Virginia since CWD was first discovered in western Frederick County in fall 2009. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/nine-new-cwd-positives-confirmed-in-frederick-county/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/nine-new-cwd-positives-confirmed-in-frederick-county/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD Surveillance in Virginia Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is an infectious, fatal, neurologic disease of deer. Since 2009, a total of 67 CWD-positive deer have been detected in Virginia in western Frederick and northern Shenandoah counties. In fall 2018, CWD was detected for the first time in a single deer in Culpeper County. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019-2020-Virginia-Hunting-and-Trapping-Regulations-Digest.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019-2020-Virginia-Hunting-and-Trapping-Regulations-Digest.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">As of April 2019, the Department has diagnosed 68 positive cases of CWD in Virginia since 2009.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/tracking-cwd-in-virginia/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/tracking-cwd-in-virginia/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">In fall 2018, the Department worked with fifty permitted taxidermists across the state to enhance Virginia’s CWD surveillance. Of the more than 1,600 samples submitted by participating taxidermists, CWD was only detected in one deer harvested in Culpeper County. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/2018-cwd-surveillance-and-monitoring/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/2018-cwd-surveillance-and-monitoring/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014-cwd-response-plan.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014-cwd-response-plan.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/cwd-information-for-hunters/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/diseases/cwd/cwd-information-for-hunters/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Virginia DWR hunter-harvested CWD positive deer was recently confirmed in Loudoun County </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/virginia-dwr-hunter-harvested-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/virginia-dwr-hunter-harvested-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Virginia DGIF say 21 new cases of CWD TSE Prion confirmed in white-tailed deer in northwest Virginia throughout 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/virginia-dgif-say-21-new-cases-of-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/virginia-dgif-say-21-new-cases-of-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, APRIL 23, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Virginia DGIF CWD TSE Prion As April 2019 the Department has diagnosed 68 positive cases since 2009 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/04/virginia-dgif-cwd-tse-prion-as-april.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/04/virginia-dgif-cwd-tse-prion-as-april.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 13, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Virginia DGIF REPORTS 28 NEW CWD-POSITIVE WHITE-TAILED DEER IN NORTHWEST VIRGINIA </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/virginia-dgif-reports-28-new-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/virginia-dgif-reports-28-new-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 09, 2018 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Virginia 2017 Hunt Confirms 16 Cases Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/virginia-2017-hunt-confirms-16-cases.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/virginia-2017-hunt-confirms-16-cases.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, July 17, 2016 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Virginia Chronic Wasting Disease CWD As of March 2016 has diagnosed 13 CWD-positive white-tailed deer </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/07/virginia-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-as.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/07/virginia-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-as.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Washington CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Washington CWD TSE PRION, to date, CWD has not been detected in Washington, you don't test enough for cwd, you don't find CWD, until CWD finds you, then it's too late...terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">To date, CWD has not been detected in Washington.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wdfw.wa.gov/species-habitats/diseases/chronic-wasting" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wdfw.wa.gov/species-habitats/diseases/chronic-wasting</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wdfw.wa.gov/search?q=chronic+wasting+disease#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=chronic%20wasting%20disease&gsc.page=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wdfw.wa.gov/search?q=chronic+wasting+disease#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=chronic%20wasting%20disease&gsc.page=1</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife has been testing for chronic wasting disease (CWD) since 1995. To date, CWD has not been detected in Washington. We urge hunters to help us maintain our healthy deer, elk, and moose populations. For more information on CWD, check out wdfw.wa.gov/species-habitats/diseases/chronicwasting.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wdfw.wa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/02063/2019-2020%20Big%20Game%20Hunting%20Pamphlet.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wdfw.wa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/02063/2019-2020%20Big%20Game%20Hunting%20Pamphlet.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wdfw.wa.gov/search?q=2020+chronic+wasting+disease#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=2020%20chronic%20wasting%20disease&gsc.page=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wdfw.wa.gov/search?q=2020+chronic+wasting+disease#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=2020%20chronic%20wasting%20disease&gsc.page=1</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wdfw.wa.gov/search?q=chronic+wasting+disease#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=chronic%20wasting%20disease&gsc.page=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wdfw.wa.gov/search?q=chronic+wasting+disease#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=chronic%20wasting%20disease&gsc.page=1</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***West Virginia CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-West Virginia, to date, total number of confirmed CWD cases in deer in the Eastern Panhandle is 398 — 358 deer in Hampshire County, six deer in Hardy County, 21 deer in Berkeley County, seven deer in Mineral County and six deer in Morgan County.)</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 West Virginia CWD TSE Prion, As of, 2021-2022, The disease has now been detected in 456 deer in Hampshire County, 14 deer in Hardy County, 25 deer in Berkeley County, 10 deer in Mineral County and nine deer in Morgan County.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wvdnr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2021-2022-DNR-Annual-Report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wvdnr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2021-2022-DNR-Annual-Report.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">A sample collection for Hardy County and published in the 2021-2022 Hunting and Trapping Regulations Summary was conducted during the first two days of the buck firearms season. WVDNR staff collected and submitted samples from 277 hunter-harvested deer. Fifty of these samples were found to have the abnormal protein associated with CWD. The disease has now been detected in 456 deer in Hampshire County, 14 deer in Hardy County, 25 deer in Berkeley County, 10 deer in Mineral County and nine deer in Morgan County.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wvdnr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2021-2022-DNR-Annual-Report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wvdnr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2021-2022-DNR-Annual-Report.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">2020-2021 CWD has now been detected in a total of 413 deer in Hampshire County, eight deer in Hardy County, 25 deer in Berkeley County, nine deer in Mineral County and eight deer in Morgan County.<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wvdnr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/2022.01.10-DNRAnnualReport_2020-2021.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wvdnr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/2022.01.10-DNRAnnualReport_2020-2021.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WVDNR 2018-2019 ANNUAL REPORT</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WILDLIFE RESOURCES</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">White-tailed Deer</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Efforts to control the spread and monitor chronic wasting disease (CWD) in free-ranging deer in West Virginia continued.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In the 2018 deer seasons, samples taken from 814 hunter harvested deer brought to WVDNR staffed stations were tested for CWD. Twenty-seven samples were found to have the abnormal protein associated with CWD. CWD has now been detected in 350 deer in Hampshire County, six in Hardy County, 15 in Berkeley County, four in Mineral County and one in Morgan County.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wvdnr.gov/admin/PDF/DNR_Admin_AnnualReport_2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wvdnr.gov/admin/PDF/DNR_Admin_AnnualReport_2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://oeps.wv.gov/cwd/pages/default.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://oeps.wv.gov/cwd/pages/default.aspx</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Five deer taken in Morgan County during buck season test positive for Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">By Editor | January 15, 2020 | 0 by Kate Evans</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Five deer that were hunter-harvested in Morgan County during the first two days of the 2019-2020 buck firearms season tested positive for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Regional count near 400</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Crum said the total Eastern Panhandle count for Chronic Wasting Disease for the 2019-2020 hunting season is 22 hunter-harvested deer</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">out of 716 samples. That includes five deer in Morgan County, six deer in Berkeley County, eight deer in Hampshire County and three deer in Mineral County. There were also three additional clinical deer that were shot and looked sick.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Added to figures from June 2019, the total number of confirmed CWD cases in deer in the Eastern Panhandle is 398 — 358 deer in Hampshire County, six deer in Hardy County, 21 deer in Berkeley County, seven deer in Mineral County and six deer in Morgan County.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Crum noted that CWD is a covert disease where the mortality is distributed over time.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“It doesn’t present as a mass die-off. Over the years it reduces the herd,” he said.</div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200121151917/https://www.morganmessenger.com/2020/01/15/five-deer-taken-in-morgan-county-during-buck-season-test-positive-for-chronic-wasting-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200121151917/https://www.morganmessenger.com/2020/01/15/five-deer-taken-in-morgan-county-during-buck-season-test-positive-for-chronic-wasting-disease/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, JULY 17, 2016 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">West Virginia Chronic Wasting Disease CWD has been found in 195 white-tailed deer As of June 2016 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/07/west-virginia-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/07/west-virginia-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, June 29, 2014 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease spreads in West Virginia </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/06/chronic-wasting-disease-spreads-in-west.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/06/chronic-wasting-disease-spreads-in-west.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Friday, February 28, 2014 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">West Virginia Deer farming bill passes in House unanimously </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/02/west-virginia-deer-farming-bill-passes.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/02/west-virginia-deer-farming-bill-passes.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Wisconsin CWD TSE Prion </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(2020-Wisconsin, to date, has detected 7,109 cases of CWD data released through November 22, 2020...tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 CWD TSE PRION </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Wisconsin Dodge County Deer Farm Depopulated, In total, there were 26 positive cases of CWD at this premises</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Dodge County Herd Depopulated Following CWD Detection</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: December 20, 2023</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Contact: Neal Patten, Public Information Officer, <span dir="ltr">(608) 440-0294</span>, <span dir="ltr">neal.patten@wisconsin.gov</span></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">MADISON, Wis. – The Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection (DATCP) confirms that a Dodge County deer farm that tested positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD) in May 2023 has been depopulated. Of the 172 animals depopulated, 23 tested positive for the disease. In total, there were 26 positive cases of CWD at this premises, as three cervids had died prior to depopulation.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">DATCP quarantined the farm in May 2023 when a 9-year-old doe tested positive for CWD. A quarantine means that no live animals or whole carcasses are permitted to leave the property. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Wildlife Services depopulated the herd, and samples were submitted to the USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa, for testing.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">The farm owner will receive federal indemnity for the depopulated animals. The farm will not be permitted to hold cervids for five years, and during that period it must maintain fences and submit to routine inspections. </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">CWD is a fatal, neurological disease of deer, elk, and moose caused by an infectious protein called a prion that affects the animal's brain, and testing for CWD is typically only performed after the animal's death. DATCP regulates deer farms for registration, recordkeeping, disease testing, movement, and permit requirements.</span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/News_Media/DodgeCountyHerdDepopulated.aspx">https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/News_Media/DodgeCountyHerdDepopulated.aspx</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Wisconsin CWD TSE Prion, 12,399 Confirmed Cases through December 15, 2023</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2022 Wisconsin CWD TSE Prion, 1,492 Confirmed Cases</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/cwd/summary/county" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://apps.dnr.wi.gov/cwd/summary/county</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201052851/https://dnr.wi.gov/wmcwd/Summary/Zone">https://web.archive.org/web/20180201052851/https://dnr.wi.gov/wmcwd/Summary/Zone</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SET FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: 2023-11-01</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Contact: Michelle Carlisle, DNR Polk County Wildlife Biologist</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Michelle.Carlisle@wisconsin.gov or 715-554-1728</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DNR CONFIRMS CWD IN WILD DEER IN POLK COUNTY</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BAITING AND FEEDING BAN TO BEGIN IN DECEMBER, PUBLIC MEETING</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MADISON, Wis. – The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) confirms the first positive test result for chronic wasting disease (CWD) in a wild deer in Polk County. The deer was harvested in the town of Apple River and is within 10 miles of the Barron County border.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This detection will cause the following:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Polk will begin a three-year baiting and feeding ban on Dec. 1, 2023. Barron will renew the ban already in place. The deer was a hunter-harvested 3-year-old doe and is the first confirmed wild deer CWD-positive detected in Polk County.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The DNR and the Polk County Deer Advisory Council will be hosting a public meeting on Thursday, Nov. 9 at 5:30 p.m. DNR staff will provide information about CWD in Wisconsin, local CWD testing efforts and disease surveillance options being considered.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">State law requires that the DNR enact a three-year baiting and feeding ban in counties where CWD has been detected, as well as a two-year ban in adjoining counties within 10 miles of a CWD detection. If additional CWD cases are found during the lifetime of a baiting and feeding ban, the ban will renew for an additional two or three years.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The DNR also reminds the public that it is illegal to hunt over an area previously used for legal baiting and feeding until that area is completely free of bait or feed for 10 consecutive days.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Baiting or feeding deer encourages them to congregate unnaturally around a shared food source where infected deer can spread CWD through direct contact with healthy deer or by leaving behind infectious prions in their saliva, blood, feces and urine.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">More information regarding baiting and feeding regulations is available on the DNR’s Baiting and Feeding webpage.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hunters Can Help</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The DNR asks deer hunters in Polk County to help with efforts to identify where CWD occurs on the landscape by having their deer tested for the disease. The collection of CWD samples is essential for assessing the presence of CWD in the deer population across the state.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In addition to submitting samples for CWD testing, hunters are also encouraged to properly dispose of deer carcass waste by locating a designated dumpster, transfer station or landfill location. Proper carcass disposal helps slow the spread of CWD by removing potentially infected deer carcasses from the landscape. A map of CWD sampling and carcass disposal locations is available on the DNR’s CWD sampling webpage.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a fatal, infectious nervous system disease of deer, moose, elk and reindeer/caribou. It belongs to the family of diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases. The DNR began monitoring the state's wild white-tailed deer population for CWD in 1999. The first positives were found in 2002.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">More general information about CWD can be found on the DNR’s CWD webpage.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">EVENT DETAILS What: Public meeting on CWD in Wisconsin and local CWD testing efforts</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">When: Nov. 9 at 5:30 p.m.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Where: Polk County Government Center West Conference Room (2nd floor) 100 Polk County Plaza Balsam Lake, WI 54810</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/newsroom/release/84676" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/newsroom/release/84676</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: 2023-11-01 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Contact: Jess Carstens, DNR Area Wildlife Supervisor Jess.Carstens@wisconsin.gov or 715-577-8829</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DNR CONFIRMS CWD IN WILD DEER IN TREMPEALEAU COUNTY</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BAITING AND FEEDING BANS RENEWED</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MADISON, Wis. – The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) confirms a wild deer tested positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Trempealeau County. The deer was harvested in the town of Hale. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This detection will cause the following:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Trempealeau and Jackson counties will renew the baiting and feeding bans already in place.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Eau Claire County currently has a baiting and feeding ban in place from positive detections within the county. The ban in Eau Claire is not renewed by this detection because it is longer than the two-year ban that would result from this detection.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The deer was a hunter-harvested 3-year-old doe and is the first confirmed wild deer CWD-positive detected in Trempealeau County.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">State law requires that the DNR enact a three-year baiting and feeding ban in counties where CWD has been detected, as well as a two-year ban in adjoining counties within 10 miles of a CWD detection. If additional CWD cases are found during the lifetime of a baiting and feeding ban, the ban will renew for an additional two or three years.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The DNR also reminds the public that it is illegal to hunt over an area previously used for legal baiting and feeding until that area is completely free of bait or feed for 10 consecutive days.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">More information regarding baiting and feeding regulations is available on the DNR’s Baiting and Feeding webpage.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Baiting or feeding deer encourages them to congregate unnaturally around a shared food source where infected deer can spread CWD through direct contact with healthy deer or indirectly by leaving behind infectious prions in their saliva, blood, feces and urine.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Hunters Can Help</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The DNR asks deer hunters in Trempealeau, Jackson and Eau Claire counties to help with efforts to identify where CWD occurs on the landscape by having their deer tested for the disease. The collection of CWD samples is essential for assessing the presence of CWD in the deer population across the state.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In addition to submitting samples for CWD testing, hunters are also encouraged to properly dispose of deer carcass waste by locating a designated dumpster, transfer station or landfill location. Proper carcass disposal helps slow the spread of CWD by removing potentially infected deer carcasses from the landscape. A map of CWD sampling and carcass disposal locations is available on the DNR’s CWD sampling webpage.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a fatal, infectious nervous system disease of deer, moose, elk and reindeer/caribou. It belongs to the family of diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases. The DNR began monitoring the state's wild white-tailed deer population for CWD in 1999. The first positives were found in 2002.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">More general information about CWD can be found on the DNR’s CWD webpage.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/newsroom/release/84686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/newsroom/release/84686</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2023-11-01</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Wisconsin DNR CONFIRMS CWD IN WILD DEER IN POLK COUNTY</div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/newsroom/release/84676" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/newsroom/release/84676</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2023-11-01 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Wisconsin DNR CONFIRMS CWD IN WILD DEER IN TREMPEALEAU COUNTY</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/newsroom/release/84686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/newsroom/release/84686</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Wisconsin Washburn County Deer Farm Confirmed with CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: August 31, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Contact: Neal Patten, Public Information Officer, 608-440-0294 neal.patten@wisconsin.gov</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MADISON, Wis. – The Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection (DATCP) confirms that a Washburn County deer farm has tested positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD). The samples were confirmed by the National Veterinary Services Laboratories in Ames, Iowa.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The positive result came from a 3-year-old doe. The 150-acre farm has been placed under quarantine, where it will remain while DATCP and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) veterinarians and staff conduct the epidemiological investigation.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a fatal, neurological disease of deer, elk, and moose caused by an infectious protein called a prion that affects the animal's brain. DATCP regulates deer farms for registration, recordkeeping, disease testing, movement, and permit requirements.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">About CWD: <a href="https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/ChronicWastingDisease.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/ChronicWastingDisease.aspx</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">About DATCP's farm-raised deer program:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/FarmRaisedDeer.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/FarmRaisedDeer.aspx</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">###</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wisconsin Washburn County Deer Farm Confirmed with CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/News_Media/20230831WashburnCountyCWD.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/News_Media/20230831WashburnCountyCWD.aspx</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Wisconsin Sauk County Deer Farm Confirmed with CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRESS RELEASES Dept. of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection: Sauk County deer farm confirmed...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dept. of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection: Sauk County deer farm confirmed with CWD MADISON, Wis. – The Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection (DATCP) confirms that a Sauk County deer farm has tested positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD). The samples were confirmed by the National Veterinary Services Laboratories in Ames, Iowa.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The positive result came from a 10-year-old doe. The 22-acre farm has been placed under quarantine, where it will remain while DATCP and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) veterinarians and staff conduct the epidemiological investigation.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a fatal, neurological disease of deer, elk, and moose caused by an infectious protein called a prion that affects the animal’s brain. DATCP regulates deer farms for registration, recordkeeping, disease testing, movement, and permit requirements.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">More information</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">About CWD: https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/ChronicWastingDisease.aspx About DATCP’s farm-raised deer program: https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/FarmRaisedDeer.aspx</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.wisbusiness.com/2023/dept-of-agriculture-trade-and-consumer-protection-sauk-county-deer-farm-confirmed-with-cwd/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.wisbusiness.com/2023/dept-of-agriculture-trade-and-consumer-protection-sauk-county-deer-farm-confirmed-with-cwd/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sauk County Deer Farm Confirmed with CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: May 30, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Contact: Dan Richter, Public Information Officer, (608) 419-5352, dan.richter@wisconsin.gov</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MADISON, Wis. – The Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection (DATCP) confirms that a Sauk County deer farm has tested positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD). The samples were confirmed by the National Veterinary Services Laboratories in Ames, Iowa. The positive result came from a 10-year-old doe. The 22-acre farm has been placed under quarantine, where it will remain while DATCP and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) veterinarians and staff conduct the epidemiological investigation.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a fatal, neurological disease of deer, elk and moose caused by an infectious protein called a prion that affects the animal's brain. DATCP regulates deer farms for registration, recordkeeping, disease testing, movement, and permit requirements.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">More information</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">• About CWD: <a href="https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/ChronicWastingDisease.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/ChronicWastingDisease.aspx</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">• About DATCP’s farm-raised deer program:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/FarmRaisedDeer.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/FarmRaisedDeer.aspx</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">###</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://datcp.wi.gov/Documents2/20230530SaukCountyCWD.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://datcp.wi.gov/Documents2/20230530SaukCountyCWD.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wisconsin DNR CONFIRMS CWD IN SECOND WILD DEER IN WOOD COUNTY</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: 2023-05-15</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Contact: Ryan Haffele, DNR Area Wildlife Supervisor</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ryan.haffele@wisconsin.gov or 715-928-0470</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DNR CONFIRMS CWD IN SECOND WILD DEER IN WOOD COUNTY</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BAITING AND FEEDING BANS RENEWED</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MADISON, Wis. – The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) confirms a wild deer tested positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Wood County in the town of Rudolph. The deer was a 3-year-old doe, reported sick and dispatched by local department staff.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This is the second confirmed CWD-positive wild deer detected in Wood County. This positive is also within 10 miles of the Portage County border.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">As required by state law, the DNR enacts three-year baiting and feeding bans in counties where CWD has been detected and two-year bans in adjoining counties that lie within 10 miles of a CWD detection.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This recent detection of CWD in Wood County will renew a 3-year baiting and feeding ban in the county. Portage County is also within 10 miles of the harvest location but is already under a longer three-year baiting and feeding ban due to positive CWD detections within the county.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Baiting or feeding deer encourages them to congregate unnaturally around a shared food source where sick deer can spread CWD through direct contact with healthy deer or by leaving behind infectious prions in their saliva, blood, feces and urine.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">More information regarding baiting and feeding regulations is available on the DNR’s Baiting and Feeding Regulations webpage.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a fatal, infectious nervous system disease of deer, moose, elk and reindeer/caribou. It belongs to the family of diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases. The Wisconsin DNR began monitoring the state's wild white-tailed deer population for CWD in 1999. The first positives were found in 2002.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/newsroom/release/75906" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/newsroom/release/75906</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/WildlifeHabitat/prevalence.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/WildlifeHabitat/prevalence.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/wildlifehabitat/cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/wildlifehabitat/cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://dnr.wi.gov/wmcwd/Summary/YearZone/2020" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://dnr.wi.gov/wmcwd/Summary/YearZone/2020</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WILD WISCONSIN - OFF THE RECORD • EPISODE 51 CWD Updates For The 2020 Deer Season</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://share.transistor.fm/s/deeca84d" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://share.transistor.fm/s/deeca84d</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Texas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Symposium 2018 posted January 2019 VIDEO SET 18 CLIPS</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">See Wisconsin update...terrible news, right after Texas updated map around 5 minute mark...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAK_YBZh2tA&feature=youtu.be&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj&t=299" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAK_YBZh2tA&feature=youtu.be&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj&t=299</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">cwd update on Wisconsin from Tammy Ryan...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvy2SMGQt6o&index=11&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvy2SMGQt6o&index=11&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 20, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wisconsin Sinks Further Into the Abyss With CWD TSE Prion 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/09/wisconsin-sinks-further-into-abyss-with.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/09/wisconsin-sinks-further-into-abyss-with.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wisconsin Game Farm deer and elk</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Positives in Farm-raised Deer</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Revised: 01/22/2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">County (Premises #) Sample Collection Date of First CWD Positive in Farm-Raised Deer Sample Collection Date of Last CWD Positive in Farm-Raised Deer Total CWD Positive in Farm-Raised Deer</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Portage(1) 9/4/2002 1/18/2006 82</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Walworth(1) 9/20/2002 12/13/2002 6</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Manitowoc 3/5/2003 3/5/2003 1</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sauk(1) 10/3/2003 10/3/2003 1</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Racine 5/1/2004 5/1/2004 1</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Walworth(2) 7/28/2004 11/3/2004 3</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Crawford 1/19/2005 1/25/2007 2</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Portage(2) 9/22/2008 11/18/2008 2</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Jefferson 12/1/2008 12/1/2008 1</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Marathon 11/7/2013 10/7/2019 104</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Richland(1) 9/13/2014 11/19/2014 8</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Eau Claire 6/8/2015 11/24/2015 34</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Oneida 11/4/2015 10/6/2019 14</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Iowa(1) 1/22/2016 9/14/2019 4</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Oconto 9/4/2016 10/31/2019 52</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Shawano 9/18/2017 9/19/2019 27</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Waupaca 9/21/2017 12/7/2017 12</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Washington 2/18/2018 11/15/2018 12</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Richland(2) 5/11/2018 5/11/2018 1</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Dane 5/16/2018 5/16/2018 1</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Iowa(2) 5/18/2018 5/18/2018 21</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Marinette 5/19/2018 5/19/2018 1</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sauk(2) 6/4/2018 11/28/2018 2</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Portage(3) 10/23/2018 10/23/2018 1</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Portage(4) 11/16/2018 5/1/2019 8</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Forest 1/8/2019 11/18/2019 3</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Burnett 7/30/2019 7/30/2019 1</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://datcp.wi.gov/Documents/FRDCWDWebData.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://datcp.wi.gov/Documents/FRDCWDWebData.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Farm-Raised Deer Program provides the requirements for keeping and moving farm-raised deer in Wisconsin, including registration, recordkeeping, disease testing, movement, and permit requirements. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wisconsin Deer Farm Statistics</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The following data is updated annually during the license renewal process:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Number of registered deer premises in Wisconsin 338</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Number of hunting ranches 69 of the 338</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Number of premises enrolled in the CWD herd status program 145</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The following data was last updated September 17, 2019:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Number of farms with a CWD positive test since 2001 27</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Number of herds depopulated as a result of a CWD positive 17</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/FarmRaisedDeer.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/FarmRaisedDeer.aspx</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Registered Deer Farms and Past/Current CWD Farms CWD Affected Counties September 2019</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://datcp.wi.gov/Documents/DeerFarmCWDMapWeb.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://datcp.wi.gov/Documents/DeerFarmCWDMapWeb.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/FarmRaisedDeer.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/FarmRaisedDeer.aspx</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Burnett County Elk Tests Positive for CWD Release Date: August 26, 2019</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Contact: Leeann Duwe, Public Information Officer, (608) 224-5005</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Download PDF</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MADISON –Based on test results from the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, IA, the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection (DATCP) confirms that an elk from a breeding farm in Burnett County has tested positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD). The 6-year old male was euthanized due to an injury and showed no symptoms of the disease. As a result of the positive finding, DATCP has quarantined the farm and the remaining 5 elk in the herd. A quarantine means no animals may move in or out of the property and restricts movement of carcasses. No elk have left the farm since the herd was formed in 2014.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The owner will continue to test all elk that die to monitor if the disease has spread to other animals in the herd. DATCP's Division of Animal Health will investigate the animal's health history and the premises to determine if any other herds may have been exposed to the CWD-positive elk.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD is a fatal, neurological disease of deer, elk, and moose caused by an infectious protein called a prion that affects the animal's brain. Testing for CWD can only be performed after the animal's death. More information about CWD is available at https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/ChronicWastingDi sease.aspx. DATCP regulates deer farms for registration, recordkeeping, disease testing, movement, and permit requirements. To learn more about deer farm regulations in Wisconsin, visit DATCP's farm-raised deer program at https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/FarmRaisedDeer.aspx. The Department of Natural Resources monitors the state's wild whitetail deer for CWD and has resources available at https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/wildlifehabitat/regulations.html. ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">###</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/News_Media/20190826CWDBurnettCounty.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/News_Media/20190826CWDBurnettCounty.aspx</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://datcp.wi.gov/Documents/2018.05.24DATCPBoardATCP10.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://datcp.wi.gov/Documents/2018.05.24DATCPBoardATCP10.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">''The owner will continue to test all elk that die to monitor if the disease has spread to other animals in the herd. DATCP's Division of Animal Health will investigate the animal's health history and the premises to determine if any other herds may have been exposed to the CWD-positive elk.''</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">the decision and policy NOT to depopulate positive cwd tse prion infected captive herds in Wisconsin or anywhere else, at this time, is a grave mistake, and also, a 5 year quarantine is not near long enough for the cwd tse prion, science shows this...terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WISCONSIN CWD CAPTIVE CWD UPDATE VIDEO</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAK_YBZh2tA&feature=youtu.be&t=602&fbclid=IwAR04yvki5GDJqjAeNOeP3QETcUOmWHRNRrGXzRUTnsxvcLUO50kSDsBzHTs" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAK_YBZh2tA&feature=youtu.be&t=602&fbclid=IwAR04yvki5GDJqjAeNOeP3QETcUOmWHRNRrGXzRUTnsxvcLUO50kSDsBzHTs</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wisconsin Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Update for 2022 To Date 1480 Positive Cases</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/wisconsin-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd_23.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/wisconsin-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd_23.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, JUNE 01, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wisconsin CWD TSE Prion Continues to Spiral Out of Control, 6585 Cases Confirmed to Date in Wild, and it's anyone's guess for captive</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/06/wisconsin-cwd-tse-prion-continues-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/06/wisconsin-cwd-tse-prion-continues-to.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 05, 2020</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wisconsin CWD TSE Prion 2019 to date wild deer 1317 positive and Captive Farmed Livestock Cervid CWD update</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/wisconsin-cwd-tse-prion-2019-to-date.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/wisconsin-cwd-tse-prion-2019-to-date.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, JUNE 09, 2020 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wisconsin Trempealeau County Deer Farm Tests Positive for CWD Release Date: June 9, 2020</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/06/wisconsin-trempealeau-county-deer-farm.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/06/wisconsin-trempealeau-county-deer-farm.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 23, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wisconsin Confirms CWD Detected In Marquette and Marathon County</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/wisconsin-confirms-cwd-detected-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/wisconsin-confirms-cwd-detected-in.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 08, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wisconsin Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Positives in Farm-raised Deer in 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The majority of the positives have come after 2013 when DATCP began letting some deer farms and hunting ranches continue operating after CWD was detected on their property.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/wisconsin-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd_8.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/wisconsin-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd_8.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">436 Deer Have Escaped From Farms to Wild</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday, 18 March 2003 00:00</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">As the DNR prepared to hand over authority for overseeing game farms to the agriculture department, it sent 209 conservation wardens to 550 farms to collect information, attempt to pinpoint the source of the disease and to learn whether other deer had been exposed to it. The audit found that most farms were in compliance, but the DNR found many violations and instances of poor record keeping. Also in numerous instances, fences did not stop wild and captive deer from intermingling. see;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">436 Deer Have Escaped From Farms to Wild</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday, 18 March 2003 00:00</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://cwd-info.org/436-deer-have-escaped-from-farms-to-wild/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://cwd-info.org/436-deer-have-escaped-from-farms-to-wild/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2016 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wisconsin Two deer that escaped farm had chronic wasting disease CWD </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/02/wisconsin-two-deer-that-escaped-farm.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/02/wisconsin-two-deer-that-escaped-farm.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, JULY 14, 2015</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TWO Escaped Captive Deer on the loose in Eau Claire County Wisconsin CWD postive farm Yellow ear tag</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/07/two-escaped-captive-deer-on-loose-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/07/two-escaped-captive-deer-on-loose-in.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***Wyoming CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">(Wyomiruary 2020, CWD had been identified in 31 of 37 (84%) of the state’s mule deer herds, in nine of 36 (25%) of the state’s elk herds, and generally wherever white-tailed deer occur in Wyoming (white-tailed deer herd units are loosely defined in Wyoming outside of the Black Hills). In contrast, CWD remains very rare in moose, and has only been detected in one targeted moose in 2008, with 1,198 moose tested to date....tss)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 Wyoming CWD TSE Prion, The Wyoming Game and Fish Department’s Wildlife Health Laboratory tested 6,701 samples from big game animals for chronic wasting disease (CWD) in 2022. Testing was completed earlier this year and samples were submitted from throughout the state. CWD was not detected in 5,875 samples and 826 samples were positive. Some samples submitted were not testable. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wgfd.wyo.gov/News/Wildlife-health-lab-tests-more-than-6,000-CWD-samp" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wgfd.wyo.gov/News/Wildlife-health-lab-tests-more-than-6,000-CWD-samp</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) – The WHL continued annual surveillance for CWD throughout the state, focusing on priority herds in order to increase sample sizes. A total of 6,884 deer, elk, and moose samples were analyzed by the WHL, with 839 being CWD positive. The 2021 surveillance effort identified four new CWD positive deer hunt areas and five new positive elk hunt areas. New areas are added to an interactive web map to keep the public informed.</div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wgfd.wyo.gov/WGFD/media/content/About%20Us/Commission/2022-CMS-Annual-Report-Final.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wgfd.wyo.gov/WGFD/media/content/About%20Us/Commission/2022-CMS-Annual-Report-Final.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wgfd.wyo.gov/About-Us/Game-and-Fish-Commission/Game-and-Fish-Commission-Annual-Reports" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wgfd.wyo.gov/About-Us/Game-and-Fish-Commission/Game-and-Fish-Commission-Annual-Reports</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wgfd.wyo.gov/WGFD/media/content/Hunting/2023-CWD-Surveillance-and-Monitoring-brochure.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wgfd.wyo.gov/WGFD/media/content/Hunting/2023-CWD-Surveillance-and-Monitoring-brochure.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wgfd.wyo.gov/Wildlife-in-Wyoming/More-Wildlife/Wildlife-Disease/CWD-in-Wyoming-Wildlife/CWD-Testing" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wgfd.wyo.gov/Wildlife-in-Wyoming/More-Wildlife/Wildlife-Disease/CWD-in-Wyoming-Wildlife/CWD-Testing</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wgfd.wyo.gov/Wildlife-in-Wyoming/More-Wildlife/Wildlife-Disease/CWD-in-Wyoming-Wildlife/CWD-Map" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wgfd.wyo.gov/Wildlife-in-Wyoming/More-Wildlife/Wildlife-Disease/CWD-in-Wyoming-Wildlife/CWD-Map</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wyoming Chronic Wasting Disease Management Plan</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wyoming Game and Fish Department Cheyenne, Wyoming July 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">As of February 2020, CWD had been identified in 31 of 37 (84%) of the state’s mule deer herds, in nine of 36 (25%) of the state’s elk herds, and generally wherever white-tailed deer occur in Wyoming (white-tailed deer herd units are loosely defined in Wyoming outside of the Black Hills). In contrast, CWD remains very rare in moose, and has only been detected in one targeted moose in 2008, with 1,198 moose tested to date. Prevalence estimates vary between herds, although deer herds generally exhibit significantly higher prevalence than sympatric elk herds (Table 1). In the majority of mule deer herd units where statistically significant sample sizes have been obtained, prevalence has steadily increased since its initial discovery within that herd. However, in some southeastern Wyoming mule 12 deer herds where the disease has long been established, CWD prevalence has either somewhat declined from peak levels and/or has remained relatively static, albeit at levels high enough to likely impact population performance. Overall, prevalence tends to be higher in southeastern Wyoming, where the disease has long been established, but is quickly becoming more common and widespread in much of the state.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Figure 2. Known CWD distribution in Wyoming deer and elk hunt areas (2019).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Table 1. CWD prevalence in sympatric Wyoming mule deer and elk herd units based on adult mule deer bucks and adult male and female elk (2016-2018). </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wgfd.wyo.gov/WGFD/media/content/PDF/Vet%20Services/Approved-CWD-Mgmt-Plan-July-16-2020.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wgfd.wyo.gov/WGFD/media/content/PDF/Vet%20Services/Approved-CWD-Mgmt-Plan-July-16-2020.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wyoming Game and Fish Department</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2018/2019 Chronic Wasting Disease Surveillance Report</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">May 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2019 Results and Discussion:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">A total of 5,067 deer, elk, and moose samples were analyzed by the WH Lin 2019. From the total samples received, 3,018 were from hunter-killed adult male mule deer, adult male white-tailed deer, adult elk, and adult moose. Of these, 354 tested positive for CWD representing 213 mule deer, 124 white-tailed deer, and 17 elk (Table 4).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Table 4. Distribution of hunter-killed samples and proportion of positives according to species.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2018 Results and Discussion:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">A total of 5,694 deer, elk, and moose samples were analyzed by the WH L. From the total samples received, 3,688 were from hunter-killed adult male mule deer, adult male white-tailed deer, adult elk, and adult moose. Of these, 370 tested positive for CWD representing 263 mule deer, 67 whitetailed deer, and 40 elk (Table 1). All moose tested for CWD were negative. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Non-Target Deer Herd Units 2019.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease was documented for the first time in the Sublette herd unit, which resulted in an initial CWD prevalence of 2.8%. In areas with a sample size of ≥ 40 (80% CI), prevalence in the Laramie Mountains herd increased from 23.5% (avg. 2015-2018) to 28.6% in 2019, prevalence in the Upper Shoshone remained constant, Pumpkin Buttes prevalence dropped from 8.8% to 4.8%.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD in Western Wyoming. The identification of two, hunter harvested, CWD positive mule deer bucks in deer HA 152 this year extended CWD’s distribution in western Wyoming. Other positives in the general geographic area include GTNP, where a positive road-kill mule deer was discovered in 2018, deer HA 145 which had a positive CWD targeted mule deer in 2016, and deerHA 139 near Pinedale, which had one positive CWD targeted mule deer in 2017, and another in 2019.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Target Elk Herd Units for 2019.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Three elk herd units were targeted for the 2019 season; only the Snowy Range herd unit reached the 200 sample goal in the first year (Table 7). CWD prevalence in the Snowy Range showed a slight decrease from the previous four-year average of 2.8%. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wgfd.wyo.gov/WGFD/media/content/PDF/Vet%20Services/2018-2019-CWD-Surveillance-Report-wo-points.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wgfd.wyo.gov/WGFD/media/content/PDF/Vet%20Services/2018-2019-CWD-Surveillance-Report-wo-points.pdf</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wgfd.wyo.gov/Wildlife-in-Wyoming/More-Wildlife/Wildlife-Disease/Chronic-Wasting-Disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wgfd.wyo.gov/Wildlife-in-Wyoming/More-Wildlife/Wildlife-Disease/Chronic-Wasting-Disease</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wgfd.wyo.gov/WGFD/media/content/PDF/Vet%20Services/CWD_flyer_Surveillance-and-Monitoring-Revised-2020_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wgfd.wyo.gov/WGFD/media/content/PDF/Vet%20Services/CWD_flyer_Surveillance-and-Monitoring-Revised-2020_1.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wyoming CWD Dr. Mary Wood</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">''first step is admitting you have a problem''</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">''Wyoming was behind the curve''</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">wyoming has a problem...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y1bsK4Igt1o&index=10&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y1bsK4Igt1o&index=10&list=PL7ZG8MkruQh3wI96XQ8_EymytO828rGxj</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Yellowstone National Park Confirms First Case of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/yellowstone-national-park-confirms.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/yellowstone-national-park-confirms.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 12, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wyoming Game and Fish Department has confirmed a new hunt area where an elk has tested positive for chronic wasting disease (CWD) </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/wyoming-game-and-fish-department-has.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/wyoming-game-and-fish-department-has.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD found in new deer and elk hunt areas in northeast Wyoming</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/09/cwd-found-in-new-deer-and-elk-hunt.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/09/cwd-found-in-new-deer-and-elk-hunt.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 08, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wyoming Chronic wasting disease 2020 surveillance and monitoring </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/wyoming-chronic-wasting-disease-2020.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/wyoming-chronic-wasting-disease-2020.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Fri, Jan 24, 2020 2:29 pm</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wyoming Game & Fish Discovers CWD-Positive Mule Deer in Pinedale, Discourages Feeding of Wildlife</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">''As of September 2019, CWD has been identified in 31 of 37 (84%) Wyoming mule deer herds, nine of 36 (25%) elk herds, and generally wherever white-tailed deer occur. Increasing prevalence and distribution of CWD has the potential to cause widespread and long-term negative impacts to Wyoming’s cervid populations. Prevalence of this disease in chronically infected Wyoming deer herds has exceeded 40%, with one elk herd exhibiting nearly 15% prevalence.''</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">''for the first time, there is clear evidence that CWD is adversely affecting the overall health and viability of some herds.''</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/wyoming-game-fish-discovers-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/wyoming-game-fish-discovers-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">chronic wasting disease proximity to elk feedgrounds in wyoming 2009-2010 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2010/07/cwd-controversy-still-stalking-elk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2010/07/cwd-controversy-still-stalking-elk.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Friday, November 16, 2012 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Yellowstone elk herds feeding grounds, or future killing grounds from CWD </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/yellowstone-elk-herds-feeding-grounds.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/yellowstone-elk-herds-feeding-grounds.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, DECEMBER 08, 2018 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wind Cave elk capture project to limit spread of disease or Planned elk drive from Wind Cave National Park raises question about spread of disease?</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/wind-cave-elk-capture-project-to-limit.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/wind-cave-elk-capture-project-to-limit.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 12, 2014 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Shenandoah National Park, Chronic Wasting Disease Management Plan/Environmental Assessment </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/shenandoah-national-park-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/shenandoah-national-park-chronic.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wednesday, October 29, 2014 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease now rings Greater Yellowstone in Wyoming </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/10/chronic-wasting-disease-now-rings.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/10/chronic-wasting-disease-now-rings.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday, March 05, 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Shenandoah National Park Virginia </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/03/chronic-wasting-disease-management.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/03/chronic-wasting-disease-management.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday, February 26, 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Planned elk drive from Wind Cave National Park raises question about spread of disease </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip... </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">just when you think it can’t get worse, dumb and dumber step up to the plate. this is about as dumb, if not dumber, than the blunder at Colorado Division of Wildlife Foothills Wildlife Research Facility in Fort Collins, where cwd was first documented. sometimes, you just can’t fix stupid. ...tss this should never happen! </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/02/planned-elk-drive-from-wind-cave.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/02/planned-elk-drive-from-wind-cave.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Friday, November 16, 2012 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Yellowstone elk herds feeding grounds, or future killing grounds from CWD </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/yellowstone-elk-herds-feeding-grounds.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/11/yellowstone-elk-herds-feeding-grounds.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CASESCWD STATUS OF CAPTIVE HERDS <br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">EFSA TSE Prion Report 2022 First published 28 November 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">First published: 28 November 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8384" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8384</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Approved: 19 October 2023 Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This report presents the results of surveillance on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in cattle, sheep, goats, cervids and other species, and genotyping in sheep and goats, carried out in 2022 by 27 Member States (MS, EU27), the United Kingdom (in respect of Northern Ireland [XI]) and other eight non-EU reporting countries: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland and Türkiye. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In total, 977,008 cattle were tested by EU27 and XI (−4.3%, compared with 2021), and 52,395 cattle by eight non-EU reporting countries, with one case of H-BSE in France. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In total, 295,145 sheep and 109,074 goats were tested in the EU27 and XI (−5.2% and −7.9%, respectively, compared to 2021). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In the other non-EU reporting countries, 25,535 sheep and 633 goats were tested. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In sheep, 557 cases of scrapie were reported by 17 MS and XI: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">480 classical scrapie (CS) by five MS (93 index cases [IC] with genotypes of susceptible groups in 97.6% of the cases), 77 atypical scrapie (AS) (76 IC) by 14 MS and XI. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In the other non-EU reporting countries, Norway reported 16 cases of ovine AS. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ovine random genotyping was reported by eight MS and genotypes of susceptible groups accounted for 7.3%. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In goats, 224 cases of scrapie were reported, all from EU MS: 216 CS (42 IC) by six MS, and 8 AS (8 IC) by four MS. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In Cyprus, two cases of CS were reported in goats carrying the heterozygous DN146 allele. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In total, 3202 cervids were tested for chronic wasting disease by 10 MS. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">One wild European moose tested positive in Finland. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Norway tested 17,583 cervids with two European moose, one reindeer and one red deer positive. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In total, 154 animals from four other species tested negative in Finland.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8384" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8384</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 2023<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">EFSA TSE Report 2022 First published 28 November 2023 The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2022<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-tse-report-2022-first-published-28.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-tse-report-2022-first-published-28.html</a></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">***> 2023 CANADA CWD TSE PRION</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Current as of: 2023-11-30</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Domestic cervid herds confirmed to be infected with CWD in Canada</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Year Date confirmed Location Animal type infected</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">2023 August 2 Alberta Elk</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">2023 June 6 Saskatchewan White-tailed deer</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">2023 June 6 Alberta White-tailed deer</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">2023 April 20 Saskatchewan White-tailed deer</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">2023 March 29 Alberta Elk</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">2023 March 27 Alberta Elk</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">2023 March 8 Saskatchewan Elk</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Snip…see history;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://inspection.canada.ca/animal-health/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/prion-diseases/cwd/herds-infected/eng/1554298564449/1554298564710">https://inspection.canada.ca/animal-health/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/prion-diseases/cwd/herds-infected/eng/1554298564449/1554298564710</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">2020-Canada CWD TSE Prion Confirmed in Five Herds</div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Canada Federally Reportable Terrestrial Diseases</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The number of confirmed cases of federally reportable diseases affecting terrestrial animals has been updated to include the month of October 2020.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">In October, chronic wasting disease was confirmed in five herds.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020 October 2 Alberta Elk</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020 October 14 Alberta Elk</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020 October 21 Saskatchewan Elk</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020 October 21 Alberta Elk</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2020 October 28 Alberta Elk</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.inspection.gc.ca/animal-health/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/cwd/herds-infected/eng/1554298564449/1554298564710" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.inspection.gc.ca/animal-health/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/cwd/herds-infected/eng/1554298564449/1554298564710</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 22, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Canada October 2020 CWD TSE Prion Confirmed in Five Herds</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/canada-october-2020-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/canada-october-2020-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 10, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Saskatchewan, Canada, Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/09/saskatchewan-canada-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/09/saskatchewan-canada-chronic-wasting.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 23, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) has updated the following chapter of the Accredited Veterinarian's Manual: Chapter 13 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Programs</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/canadian-food-inspection-agency-cfia.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/canadian-food-inspection-agency-cfia.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Finland Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE was found in a killed moose in Laukas</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/11/finland-transmissible-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/11/finland-transmissible-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, MARCH 10, 2018 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FINLAND REPORTS FIRST CASE OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION IN A moose or European elk (Alces alces)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/03/finland-reports-first-case-of-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/03/finland-reports-first-case-of-chronic.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sweden The third case of CWD in moose in Arjeplog is now established</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/09/sweden-third-case-of-cwd-in-moose-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/09/sweden-third-case-of-cwd-in-moose-in.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, JUNE 01, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sweden Documents Another Case of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Norrbotten</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/06/sweden-documents-another-case-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/06/sweden-documents-another-case-of.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, APRIL 12, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sweden Wasting Disease (CWD) discovered on moose in Norrbotten County</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/04/sweden-wasting-disease-cwd-discovered.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/04/sweden-wasting-disease-cwd-discovered.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, OCTOBER 09, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Norway Regulatory process VKM order for CWD TSE Prion after discovery on the Hardangervidda in 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/norway-regulatory-process-vkm-order-for.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/norway-regulatory-process-vkm-order-for.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 14, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Norway Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) identified in a wild reindeer at Hardanger Plateau</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/09/norway-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/09/norway-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Norway Skrantesjuke CWD TSE Prion detected on reindeer buck from Hardangervidda</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/09/norway-skrantesjuke-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/09/norway-skrantesjuke-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 01, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Norway Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Skrantesjuke 2 Positive Moose for 2019</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/04/norway-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/04/norway-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Norway Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Detected in Sixth Moose</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/11/norway-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/11/norway-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 06, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Norway The Madness Continues in Nordfjella Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/03/norway-madness-continues-in-nordfjella.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/03/norway-madness-continues-in-nordfjella.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 14, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Norway Eradication of Chronic Wasting Disease is not completed </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/norway-eradication-of-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/norway-eradication-of-chronic-wasting.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, JULY 14, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Korea Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion additional cases were observed in red deer, sika deer, and their crossbred deer in 2010 and 2016, beyond that, anyone's guess</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/07/korea-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/07/korea-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">No deer ever died from cwd?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">That dog don’t hunt, that’s like saying no one dies from Alzheimer’s…</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 minute mark video shows sick deer with cwd, and this deer DIED FROM CWD, IT'S DOCUMENTED, commentator says ''so if anyone every tells you, that a deer has never died from CWD, think of this picture, because the Wisconsin Veterinary Lab told us, what when they looked at her sample under a microscope, she was the hottest animal they had ever seen, and that's in terms of the fluorescents that comes off the slide when the look at it, so, a lot of Prion in her system.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''SCENTS AND LURES, we know that the Prion is shed in urine, and essentially the production of these products is unregulated, we have no idea, you can't tell where they come from, what species are in them, how many animals, how they are processed, there is really no rules about them, so we are concerned it is a way to bring the disease into new areas, and have us fighting on multiple fronts, AND there are zero risk synthetic options that are readily available in stores, so we have ask hunters to switch to zero risk options.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see much more about 2 hours long...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3CAI-EwlgM&t=922s" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3CAI-EwlgM&t=922s</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3CAI-EwlgM" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3CAI-EwlgM</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD Seeing is believing part 1 Video</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvDTHEwnmO8" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvDTHEwnmO8</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD Seeing is believing part 2 Video</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbaYYLWewNg" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbaYYLWewNg</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> PLEASE WATCH THIS VIDEO, AND BE SURE TO SEE AROUND THE 8 MINUTE MARK, VERY, VERY, DISTURBING...terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Unsustainable for population.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrzPAMfSp1U" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrzPAMfSp1U</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">LISTEN TO THIS NICE LITTLE CWD BLUES DIDDY BY TAMI ABOUT WISCONSIN CWD TSE PRION. WOW, ANNUAL UPDATES NOW, FROM HERE ON OUT, ABOUT CWD...200,000 CWD TESTS, WITH OVER 3500 CWD POSITIVE CASES, SEEING INCREASING TRENDS IN PREVALENCE AND DISTRIBUTION...CARCASS DISPOSAL SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGE...CWD SAMPLING EFFORTS GONE DONE, WHILE CWD POSITIVES HAVE GONE UP...ALSO, 40 SELF SERVING KIOSKS ACROSS STATE AND FREE HUNTER SERVICE CWD TESTING AND SICK DEER POLICY REPORTING AND TESTING ACROSS STATE!</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> LISTEN TO THIS CWD BLUES DIDDY ABOUT WISCONSIN CWD TSE PRION...terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6DHindrC1x0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6DHindrC1x0</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS BREEDER DEER ESCAPEE WITH CWD IN THE WILD, or so the genetics would show?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">OH NO, please tell me i heard this wrong, a potential Texas captive escapee with cwd in the wild, in an area with positive captive cwd herd?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">apparently, no ID though. tell me it ain't so please...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">23:00 minute mark</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Free Ranging Deer, Dr. Deyoung looked at Genetics of this free ranging deer and what he found was, that the genetics on this deer were more similar to captive deer, than the free ranging population, but he did not see a significant connection to any one captive facility that he analyzed, so we believe, Ahhhhhh, this animal had some captive ahhh, whatnot.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://youtu.be/aoPDeGL6mpQ?t=1384" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/aoPDeGL6mpQ?t=1384</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Texas symposium Cwd</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=nsX4MUWX_d8" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=nsX4MUWX_d8</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Arkansas Cwd</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=OWpyhEu77hw" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=OWpyhEu77hw</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wyoming Cwd 2022 test results</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=cy_CDnNKQSE" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=cy_CDnNKQSE</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Monday, November 13, 2023<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION UPDATE DECEMBER 14, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 23, 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid State by State and Global Update November 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Expanding Distribution of Chronic Wasting Disease ACTIVE By National Wildlife Health Center November 24, 2023 <br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nwhc/science/expanding-distribution-chronic-wasting-disease" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nwhc/science/expanding-distribution-chronic-wasting-disease</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 09, 2020 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Management of chronic wasting disease in ranched elk: conclusions from a longitudinal three-year study</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Although the herd owners were presented with additional management directives, including culling of CWD positive bulls and those animals positive by an amplification assay (RT-QuIC), they were not implemented due to concern regarding its potential impact on hunting revenue. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/management-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/management-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 06, 2019 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Estimating relative CWD susceptibility and disease progression in farmed white-tailed deer with rare PRNP alleles</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/estimating-relative-cwd-susceptibility.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/estimating-relative-cwd-susceptibility.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 16, 2020 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">North America coyotes or pumas can serve as a vehicle for prions contributing to the spread of the infectious agent in the environment</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/11/north-america-coyotes-or-pumas-can_16.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/11/north-america-coyotes-or-pumas-can_16.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 19, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD TSE PRION CERVID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/cwd-tse-prion-cervid-environmental-risk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/10/cwd-tse-prion-cervid-environmental-risk.html</a></div></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">APHIS Indemnity Regulations [Docket No. APHIS-2021-0010] RIN 0579-AE65 Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Sep 8, 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PUBLIC SUBMISSION</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Comment from Terry Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Posted by the Food and Drug Administration on May 17, 2016 Comment</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Singeltary Submission </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/docket/FDA-2003-D-0432" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/docket/FDA-2003-D-0432</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (Tg12), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the Tg12 mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***>To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we aimed to determine the zoonotic potential of CWD using a mouse model for human prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Material and Methods: Transgenic mice overexpressing human PrPChomozygous for methionine at codon 129 (tg650) were inoculated intracerebrally with brain homogenates of white-tailed deer infected with Wisc-1/CWD1 or 116AG CWD strains. Mice were monitored for clinical signs and were euthanized at terminal disease. Brains were tested by RT-QuIC, western blot upon PK digestion, and immunohistochemistry; fecal homogenates were analyzed by RT-QuIC. Brain/spinal cord and fecal homogenates of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice were inoculated into tg650 mice or bank voles. Brain homogenates of bank voles inoculated with fecal homogenates of CWD-infected tg650 mice were used for second passage in bank voles.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to tg650 mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of tg650 mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and tg650 with fecal homogenates.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PLoS One. 2020; 15(8): e0237410. Published online 2020 Aug 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237410 PMCID: PMC7446902 PMID: 32817706 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The results demonstrate: (a) that the minimum CWD oral infectious dose is vastly lower than historical studies used to establish infection; (b) that a direct relationship exists between dose and incubation time to first prion replication detection in tonsils, irrespective of genotype; (c) that a difference was not discernible between brain vs. saliva source prions in ability to establish infection or in resultant disease course; and (d) that the CWD infection process appears to conform more to a threshold dose than an accumulative dose dynamic. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Original Paper Open access Published: 22 August 2022 volume 144, pages767–784 (2022)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">================================</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650[12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=================================</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">USDA Announces Atypical L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE Detection</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/usda-announces-atypical-l-type-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/usda-announces-atypical-l-type-bovine.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/122/announces-atypical-bovine-spongiform-encephalopa" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/122/announces-atypical-bovine-spongiform-encephalopa</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, MAY 20, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ABOUT 2+ WEEKS BEFORE THE DETECTION OF BSE IN THE USA IN 2023, I WROTE THIS;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">May 2, 2023, i submitted this to the USDA et al;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ONLY by the Grace of God, have we not had a documented BSE outbreak, that and the fact the USDA et al are only testing 25K cattle for BSE, a number too low to find mad cow disease from some 28.9 million beef cows in the United States as of Jan. 1, 2023, down 4% from last year. The number of milk cows in the United States increased to 9.40 million. U.S. calf crop was estimated at 34.5 million head, down 2% from 2021. Jan 31, 2023. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ALL it would take is one BSE positive, yet alone a handful of BSE cases, this is why the Enhanced BSE was shut down, and the BSE testing shut down to 25k, and the BSE GBRs were replaced with BSE MRRs, after the 2003 Christmas Mad cow, the cow that stole Christmas, making it legal to trade BSE, imo. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see full submission;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ireland Atypical BSE confirmed November 3 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ireland Atypical BSE case, 3 progeny of case cow to be culled </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, JULY 16, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Switzerland Atypical BSE detected in a cow in the canton of St. Gallen </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Monday, March 20, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Price of TSE Prion Poker goes up substantially, all you cattle ranchers and such, better pay close attention here...terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====end</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====end</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Experimental transmission of ovine atypical scrapie to cattle Experimental transmission of ovine atypical scrapie to cattle</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Timm Konold, John Spiropoulos, Janet Hills, Hasina Abdul, Saira Cawthraw, Laura Phelan, Amy McKenna, Lauren Read, Sara Canoyra, Alba Marín-Moreno & Juan María Torres </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Veterinary Research volume 54, Article number: 98 (2023) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle was caused by the recycling and feeding of meat and bone meal contaminated with a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agent but its origin remains unknown. This study aimed to determine whether atypical scrapie could cause disease in cattle and to compare it with other known TSEs in cattle. Two groups of calves (five and two) were intracerebrally inoculated with atypical scrapie brain homogenate from two sheep with atypical scrapie. Controls were five calves intracerebrally inoculated with saline solution and one non-inoculated animal. Cattle were clinically monitored until clinical end-stage or at least 96 months post-inoculation (mpi). After euthanasia, tissues were collected for TSE diagnosis and potential transgenic mouse bioassay. One animal was culled with BSE-like clinical signs at 48 mpi. The other cattle either developed intercurrent diseases leading to cull or remained clinical unremarkable at study endpoint, including control cattle. None of the animals tested positive for TSEs by Western immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. Bioassay of brain samples from the clinical suspect in Ov-Tg338 and Bov-Tg110 mice was also negative. By contrast, protein misfolding cyclic amplification detected prions in the examined brains from atypical scrapie-challenged cattle, which had a classical BSE-like phenotype. This study demonstrates for the first time that a TSE agent with BSE-like properties can be amplified in cattle inoculated with atypical scrapie brain homogenate.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This is the first study in cattle inoculated with naturally occurring scrapie isolates that found the presence of prions resembling classical BSE in bovine brain although this was limited to detection by the ultrasensitive PMCA. The results from thermostability assay confirmed that the isolates were as thermoresistant as the BSE agent as proven in other studies [36, 48]. Previous PMCA studies with various British atypical scrapie isolates did not find any evidence of amplification [49, 50]. This may be explained by the use of ovine brain as substrate rather than brain from Bov-Tg110 mice, which may facilitate conversion to classical BSE prions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Two hypotheses for prion strain propagation in cross-species transmission experiments have been proposed: conformational selection favours a particular strain conformation out of a mixture of conformations in a scrapie isolate whilst mutation results in the conformational shift of one conformation into another [51]. Following on from the study in mice [17], it has been subsequently suggested that classical BSE properties that arise in atypical scrapie isolates transmitted to cattle may be due to conformational mutation in a new host [52]. It does not confirm that the atypical scrapie agent is the origin of the classical BSE epidemic and further transmission studies would be required to see whether classical BSE can be generated.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Would PMCA applied to brains from cattle exposed to TSE agents other than classical BSE and atypical scrapie also produce a classical BSE-like molecular phenotype? The PMCA product obtained in the thermostability test using a thermosensitive classical scrapie control showed a profile unlike classical BSE. Atypical BSE has been linked to the origin of classical BSE because of its conversion into classical BSE following serial passages in wild-type mice (L-type BSE [11]) and bovine transgenic mice (H-type BSE [53]). Although we have not tested PMCA products of atypical BSE isolates as part of this study, there is no evidence that PMCA products from atypical BSE convert into classical BSE, at least for H-type BSE using bovine brain as substrate [54]. In fact, we were unable to propagate H-type BSE using the same methodology (S Canoyra, A Marín-Moreno, JM Torres, unpublished observation).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The study results support the decision to maintain the current ban on animal meal in feedstuffs for ruminants, particularly as atypical scrapie occurs world-wide, and eradication is unlikely for a sporadic disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In summary, experimental inoculation of cattle with the atypical scrapie agent may produce clinical disease indistinguishable from classical BSE, which cannot be diagnosed by conventional diagnostic tests, but prions can be amplified by ultrasensitive tests in both clinically affected and clinically unremarkable cattle, which reveal classical BSE-like characteristics. Further studies are required to assess whether a BSE-like disease can be confirmed by conventional tests, which may initially include a second passage in cattle.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-023-01224-3" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-023-01224-3</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Title: Transmission of atypical BSE: a possible origin of Classical BSE in cattle</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Authors: Sandor Dudas1, Samuel James Sharpe1, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Stefanie Czub1, Waqas Tahir1,2, *</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Affiliation: 1National and WOAH reference Laboratory for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Canadian Food inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, Canada. 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*Corresponding and Presenting Author: waqas.tahir@inspection.gc.ca</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Background: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle and is categorized into classical and atypical forms. Classical BSE (CBSE) is linked to the consumption of BSE contaminated feed whereas atypical BSE is considered to be spontaneous in origin. The potential for oral transmission of atypical BSE is yet to be clearly defined.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: To assess the oral transmissibility of atypical BSE (H and L type) in cattle. Should transmission be successful, determine the biochemical characteristics and distribution of PrPSc in the challenge cattle.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Material and Methods: For oral transmission, calves were fed with 100 g of either H (n=3) or L BSE (n=3) positive brain material. Two years post challenge, 1 calf from each of the H and L BSE challenge groups exhibited behavioural signs and were euthanized. Various brain regions of both animals were tested by traditional and novel prion detection methods with inconclusive results. To detect infectivity, brain homogenates from these oral challenge animals (P1) were injected intra-cranially (IC) into steer calves. Upon clinical signs of BSE, 3/4 of IC challenged steer calves were euthanized and tested for PrPSc with ELISA, immunohistochemistry and immunoblot.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: After 6 years of incubation, 3/4 animals (2/2 steers IC challenged with brain from P1 L-BSE oral challenge and 1/2 steer IC challenged with brain from P1 H-BSE oral challenge) developed clinical disease. Analysis of these animals revealed high levels of PrPSc in their brains, having biochemical properties similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusion: These results demonstrate the oral transmission potential of atypical BSE in cattle. Surprisingly, regardless of which atypical type of BSE was used for P1 oral challenge, PrPSc in the P2 animals acquired biochemical characteristics similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE, suggesting atypical BSE as a possible origin of C-BSE in UK.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Presentation Type: Oral Presentation</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: CFIA, Health Canada, Alberta Livestock and Meat Agency, Alberta Prion Research Institute</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Grant Number: ALMA/APRI: 201400006, HC 414250</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">spontaneous/sporadic CJD in 85%+ of all human TSE, or spontaneous BSE in cattle, is a pipe dream, dreamed up by USDA/OIE et al, that has never been proven. let me repeat, NEVER BEEN PROVEN FOR ALL HUMAN OR ANIMAL TSE I.E. ATYPICAL BSE OR SPORADIC CJD! please see;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The L-type BSE prion is much more virulent in primates and in humanized mice than is the classical BSE prion, which suggests the possibility of zoonotic risk associated with the L-type BSE prion</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1882_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1882_article</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) transmission to cynomolgus macaques, a non-human primate</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Fumiko Ono 1, Naomi Tase, Asuka Kurosawa, Akio Hiyaoka, Atsushi Ohyama, Yukio Tezuka, Naomi Wada, Yuko Sato, Minoru Tobiume, Ken'ichi Hagiwara, Yoshio Yamakawa, Keiji Terao, Tetsutaro Sata</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Affiliations expand</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PMID: 21266763</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A low molecular weight type of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) was transmitted to two cynomolgus macaques by intracerebral inoculation of a brain homogenate of cattle with atypical BSE detected in Japan. They developed neurological signs and symptoms at 19 or 20 months post-inoculation and were euthanized 6 months after the onset of total paralysis. Both the incubation period and duration of the disease were shorter than those for experimental transmission of classical BSE (C-BSE) into macaques. Although the clinical manifestations, such as tremor, myoclonic jerking, and paralysis, were similar to those induced upon C-BSE transmission, no premonitory symptoms, such as hyperekplexia and depression, were evident. Most of the abnormal prion protein (PrP(Sc)) was confined to the tissues of the central nervous system, as determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The PrP(Sc) glycoform that accumulated in the monkey brain showed a similar profile to that of L-BSE and consistent with that in the cattle brain used as the inoculant. PrP(Sc) staining in the cerebral cortex showed a diffuse synaptic pattern by immunohistochemistry, whereas it accumulated as fine and coarse granules and/or small plaques in the cerebellar cortex and brain stem. Severe spongiosis spread widely in the cerebral cortex, whereas florid plaques, a hallmark of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, were observed in macaques inoculated with C-BSE but not in those inoculated with L-BSE.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266763/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266763/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see full text;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/64/81.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/64/81.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''H-TYPE BSE AGENT IS TRANSMISSIBLE BY THE ORONASAL ROUTE''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Comparing the Distribution of Ovine Classical Scrapie and Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Italy: Spatial and Temporal Associations (2002-2014) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aim: This study aims to investigate potential spatial and temporal associations between Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans (2010-2014) and ovine classical scrapie (CS) (2002- 2006) in Italy, serving as a proxy for exposure. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: The analysis of data at the district level revealed no significant association. However, when considering aggregated regional data, all four models consistently indicated a statistically significant positive association, suggesting a higher incidence of the disease in humans as the regional incidence of sheep scrapie increased. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: While the results are intriguing, it is important to acknowledge the inherent limitations of ecological studies. Nevertheless, these findings provide valuable evidence to formulate a hypothesis regarding the zoonotic potential of classical scrapie. Further investigations are necessary, employing specific designs such as analytical epidemiology studies, to test this hypothesis effectively. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of Idiopathic human prion disease CJD MM1 to small ruminant mouse models (Tg338 and Tg501). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: No evidence of transmission was found on a first passage in Tg338 nor Tg501ovinized mice, but on second passage, 4/10 Tg338 mice succumbed to CJDMM1 (40% attack rate after 645 dpi) and 1/12 Tg501 mice (519dpi, 10 still alive). The remaining 2nd passages are still ongoing. Conclusions: In this poster, the neuropathological features of the resulting strain are discussed. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">============== </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 1933-690X </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday, December 16, 2014 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions Hervé Cassard,1, n1 Juan-Maria Torres,2, n1 Caroline Lacroux,1, Jean-Yves Douet,1, Sylvie L. Benestad,3, Frédéric Lantier,4, Séverine Lugan,1, Isabelle Lantier,4, Pierrette Costes,1, Naima Aron,1, Fabienne Reine,5, Laetitia Herzog,5, Juan-Carlos Espinosa,2, Vincent Beringue5, & Olivier Andréoletti1, Affiliations Contributions Corresponding author Journal name: Nature Communications </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Volume: 5, Article number: 5821 DOI: doi:10.1038/ncomms6821 Received 07 August 2014 Accepted 10 November 2014 Published 16 December 2014 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Although Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the cause of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, the zoonotic potential of scrapie prions remains unknown. Mice genetically engineered to overexpress the humanprion protein (tgHu) have emerged as highly relevant models for gauging the capacity of prions to transmit to humans. These models can propagate human prions without any apparent transmission barrier and have been used used to confirm the zoonotic ability of BSE. Here we show that a panel of sheep scrapie prions transmit to several tgHu mice models with an efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***The serial transmission of different scrapie isolates in these mice led to the propagation of prions that are phenotypically identical to those causing sporadic CJD (sCJD) in humans. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject terms: Biological sciences• Medical research At a glance</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $ 5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip... R. BRADLEY </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. PMID: 6997404</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias" Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously. snip... 76/10.12/4.6 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC. Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/</a> </div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion 2023 CJD TSE Prion</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Title: Diagnostic Journey of Patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) in the United States: A RealWorld Evidence Study</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Author list: Duncan Brown1 , Emily Kutrieb2 , Montserrat Vera Llonch1 , Rob Pulido1 , Anne Smith1 , Derek Weycker2 , Ellen Dukes2 , Brian S Appleby3-5</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Affiliations: 1 Ionis Pharmaceuticals; 2Policy Analysis Inc. (PAI); 3National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center; 4Case Western Reserve University; 5University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Identification of clinical symptoms leading to a diagnosis of CJD from real-world evidence is limited. A new study using a United States (US) healthcare claims database was thus undertaken to address this evidence gap.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort design and the Merative MarketScan Database (01/2012-12/2020) were employed. The study population comprised adults aged ≥18 years with ≥1 inpatient diagnosis or ≥2 outpatient diagnoses (≥3 days apart) of CJD, magnetic resonance imaging of the head or lumbar puncture, and no evidence of selected neurologic conditions after the last CJD diagnosis. Patients without healthcare coverage during the 12-month pre-diagnosis period were excluded; alternative pre-diagnosis periods (spanning 24 and 36 months, respectively) were also explored. Diagnostic journey was detailed based on diagnosis codes for selected symptoms and neurologic conditions during the pre-diagnosis period.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Among the 61.8 million persons in the source population from 01/2013-12/2019, 215 CJD patients qualified for inclusion in the study population. CJD patients first presented with symptoms consistent with the diagnosis 5.0 (SD=4.0) months, on average, before the initial CJD diagnosis, and 80% had ≥3 symptoms, most commonly altered mental status (82%), gait/coordination disturbance (60%), and malaise/fatigue (44%). Most patients (63%) also had ≥1 differential (neurologic) diagnosis leading to the CJD diagnosis, most commonly cerebrovascular disease (49%), peripheral vertigo (11%), and Alzheimer’s disease (7%); mean duration from first differential diagnosis to initial CJD diagnosis was 2.4 (SD=3.1) months.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Study findings suggest that, in US clinical practice, CJD patients present with one or more clinical symptoms impacting motor, cognitive or other domains, and many are initially mis-diagnosed, prolonging the diagnostic journey. CJD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of those with rapidly progressing dementia or motor disturbance.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: Ionis Pharmaceuticals</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Grant number: N/A</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgment: XXX</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Study findings suggest that, in US clinical practice, CJD patients present with one or more clinical symptoms impacting motor, cognitive or other domains, and many are initially mis-diagnosed, prolonging the diagnostic journey."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">22 years ago;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2001 Singeltary on CJD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">February 14, 2001</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The role of environmental factors on sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease mortality: evidence from an age-period-cohort analysis</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/the-role-of-environmental-factors-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/11/the-role-of-environmental-factors-on.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases, sCJD accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases “The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.” There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">i was warning England and the BSE Inquiry about just this, way back in 1998, and was ask to supply information to the BSE Inquiry. for anyone that might be interested, see;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION... I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease. just saying...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100 3 July 1998</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr. E-Mail: Flounder at wt.net Ref: E2979</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dear Mr Singeltary, Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments. Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died. As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments. Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">http://www.bse.org.uk.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it? In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on... snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year previously and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. both cases confirmed. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX, mad by standard process; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. also; what about potential mad cow candy bars ? see their potential mad cow candy bar list too... THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply out of a health concern.'' </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE Friday, January 19, 2001</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 Open Public Hearing</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">16 DR. FREAS: We are opening the open public hearing</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 now. We have received one response to speak in this</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">18 afternoon's open public hearing. That is from Dr. Scott</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">19 Norton. If Dr. Norton is here, would you please come</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">20 forward. You can either use the podium or the microphone,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">21 whichever is your choice.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">22 DR. NORTON: I am Scott Norton and I am a</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">23 physician in the Washington D.C. area. I am here speaking</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">24 as a private citizen today.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">25 I first became concerned about the presence of 231</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1 tissues from ruminant animals in dietary supplements about</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2 six months ago and expressed my concern in a letter that was 3 published in New England Journal of Medicine in July of Year 4 2000. 5 A couple of the products that I had looked at, and 6 examined their labels, that raised these concerns I brought 7 in right here. I will just read some of the organs that are 8 found in one that is called Male Power. Deer antler, 9 pancreas, orchic--despite what we just heard that the FDA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">10 prefers the term "testicular tissue" to be written on the</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">11 labels, I have never seen a dietary supplement say</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">12 "testicle." They always say "orchis" or "orchic" which may</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">13 sound rather flowery to the etymologically impaired--thymus,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">14 adrenal, heart, lymph node, prostate, spleen and pituitary.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 There are actually seventeen organs in that particular</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">16 product.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 There is another product that is called Brain</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">18 Nutrition that tells us that it is vitamins and minerals</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">19 essential for important brain function. It does not mention</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">20 that there is any glandulars on at least the bold print. 21 But if you look at the small print on the back, we learn</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">22 that it has brain extract and pituitary extract, raw, in</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">23 there.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">24 We know that many of the organs that can be found</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">25 in the dietary supplements do fall in that list of organs</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">232</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1 that are suspect for contamination with TSEs, the labels, in 2 nearly all cases, identify neither the animal source nor the 3 geographic location from which the organs were derived. I 4 have seen one line that did specify from New Zealand cattle 5 but no other manufacturer will list either the species or 6 the geographic location. 7 The FDA's and the USDA's import alerts that we 8 just learned about prohibit the use of these organs in 9 foods, medicines and medical devices. But my reading of the</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">10 alert, 17-04, suggests that DSHEA does allow some loopholes</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">11 for these tissues to possible slip in.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">12 I will just read from 17-04 that we heard. On the</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">13 first page, it says that, "This alert does not establish any</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">14 obligations on regulated entities." I love seeing</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 legislation that starts out with that caveat.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">16 Then it says, further, "The USDA regulations do</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 not apply to bovine-derived materials intended for human</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">18 consumption as finished dietary supplements." We also learn</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">19 that the prohibition, or the import alert, is limited to</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">20 bulk lots of these tissues, completed tissues, from BSE-</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">21 derived countries. It does not mention if it is not a bulk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">22 import or if it is raw materials rather than finished</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">23 materials.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">24 Further, we know that it is strongly recommended</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">25 but not actually prohibited in the language here. So I have</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">233</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1 not taken the assurances from that import alert that Dr. 2 Moore was trying to convey to us. 3 So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United 4 States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed 5 sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't 6 think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, 7 but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with 8 those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply 9 out of a health concern.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">10 So my question to the advisory committee is this;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">11 is my caution reasonable and, if it is, should we take</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">12 further efforts to inform, or even protect, the American</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">13 public from such exposure.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">14 I was curious about Dr. Moore's remarks. I sensed</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 two messages. One was the initial reassurance that FDA has</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">16 the regulatory authority but then I also learned that it is</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 the manufacturer's responsibility to provide those 18 assurances, that the FDA doesn't actually inspect.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">19 I think that the FDA commissioners from Harvey</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">20 Wylie to David Kessler would say that that track record has</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">21 proven itself.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">22 Thank you very much.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">23 [Applause.]</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">24 DR. BROWN: Thanks, Dr. Norton. 25 Committee Discussion snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite 18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary 19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified- 20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material. 21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something 22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood 23 donors. 24 That is probably worse than spending six months in 25 the U.K. 1/19/01 3681t2.rtf(845) page 501 http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Advisory Committees: CBER 2001 Meeting Documents</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see actual paper;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090120100414/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2_03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090120100414/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2_03.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030830045538/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030830045538/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090120100414/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2_03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090120100414/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2_03.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Given the science and the information presented, and given the comprehensive array of Natraflex quality control and chain-of-custody procedures, we believe that you can be confident, the our velvet-antler supplements are safe.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090120095558/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2_02.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090120095558/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2_02.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090120094525/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t1_01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090120094525/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t1_01.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: Sun, 12 Jan 2003 12:56:44 -0600</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sender: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: Re: USA ruminant-to-ruminant feed ban warning letters ??? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2004 video</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Jeff Swann and his Mom, cwd link... sporadic CJD?, CBC NEWS Jeff Schwan sCJD, CWD, and Professor Aguzzi on BSE and sporadic CJD </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">????: CBCnews</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://histodb15.usz.ch/pages/Images/videos/video-004/video-004.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://histodb15.usz.ch/pages/Images/videos/video-004/video-004.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1997 nvCJD video</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://histodb15.usz.ch/pages/Images/videos/video-009/video-009.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://histodb15.usz.ch/pages/Images/videos/video-009/video-009.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Friday, October 20, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">An investigation has been opened into the death of a scientist who was studying a transmissible and deadly disease CJD in Spain </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2023/10/an-investigation-has-been-opened-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2023/10/an-investigation-has-been-opened-into.html</a> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MOM DOD 12/14/97 CONFIRMED HEIDENHAIN VARIANT CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE hvCJD, just made a promise to MOM, never forget, never let them forget, SHOW ME THE TRANSMISSION STUDIES!</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA 77518, flounder9@verizon.net</div><div><br /></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-76549996977932063162023-12-03T15:38:00.004-06:002023-12-03T15:38:49.699-06:00Plants as vectors for environmental prion transmission<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Plants as vectors for environmental prion transmission</span></p><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Christina M. Carlson 15 Samuel Thomas 9, 15 Matthew W. Keating 10 Rodrigo Morales Christopher J. Johnson 14, 17 Joel A. Pedersen</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: November 09,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2023DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108428" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108428</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Advertisement Highlights</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Abnormal prion protein can enter the roots of plants</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Plants can translocate detectable levels of prions to aerial tissues</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">•Animals exposed to prion-contaminated plant tissues can acquire disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">•Contaminated plants may represent a route of prion exposure Summary</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases and exhibit remarkable durability, which engenders a wide array of potential exposure scenarios. In chronic wasting disease of deer, elk, moose, and reindeer and in scrapie of sheep and goats, prions are transmitted via environmental routes and the ability of plants to accumulate and subsequently transmit prions has been hypothesized, but not previously demonstrated. Here, we establish the ability of several crop and other plant species to take up prions via their roots and translocate them to above-ground tissues from various growth media including soils. We demonstrate that plants can accumulate prions in above-ground tissues to levels sufficient to transmit disease after oral ingestion by mice. Our results suggest plants may serve as vectors for prion transmission in the environment—a finding with implications for wildlife conservation, agriculture, and public health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We examined whether plants could serve as vectors for prion diseases by experimentally investigating the complete process: root uptake, translocation, and subsequently transmission of prions via the environmentally relevant oral route. Others have provided evidence for some of these steps (viz. uptake via roots and translocation of PrPTSE by barley and oral transmission after external contamination of plants with high concentrations of prions26), but the question of whether plants grown in contaminated media could accumulate sufficient amounts of prions in aerial tissues to serve as environmental vectors of prion diseases remained unanswered. Here, we have shown that plants can take up, translocate, accumulate, and deliver enough prions to infect mice via the oral route of exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is important to note the present study was conducted using carefully controlled laboratory models of environmental prion uptake and transmission and future efforts to study such processes at field scale in larger animals are certainly warranted. Aspects of these experiments that do not faithfully recapitulate the diseases they model include animal digestive tract structure (viz. mouse versus ruminant), prion strain (viz. lab animal-adapted strains versus authentic stains), and the means by which infectious prions were introduced to plants (e.g., extent of infected material degradation). Nonetheless, we expect the present models do offer key insights into likely behavior in the environment. For example, while the minimum infectious dose of prions in plants should certainly be examined under environmentally relevant conditions, a vanishingly small amount—as little as 300 ng of CWD-infected brain material—is sufficient to infect white-tailed deer when delivered orally.36 Additionally, the duration of prion exposure, to both plants and subsequently mice, was transient and compressed here relative to scenarios relevant to the environment or to animal husbandry. Wild plants and crops could accumulate prions over longer periods of time from contaminated soils and serve as vectors for exposure over the lifetime of deer and other animals. Environmental exposures would involve repeated, intermittent intake, which is likely to increase disease incidence relative to a single ingestion event.37</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">At present, our ability to characterize the risk of plants as vectors for prion transmission is impeded by the lack of quantitative information on prion uptake, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in both plants and animals. Nonetheless, our finding of accumulation of two prion strains by a variety of plants grown hydroponically, in agar, or on soil supports the potential for plants to acquire CWD, scrapie, or other prions from the environment and transmit prion disease to susceptible hosts, making plants a plausible vector for prion diseases in wildlife, livestock, and humans. The potential for plants to serve as vectors for prion disease has implications for the disposal of infected carcasses, grazing practices, and the use and transport of potentially contaminated crop materials.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/iscience/pdf/S2589-0042(23)02505-1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2 1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease is a prion disease affecting cervids captive and free-range. CWD is thought to be caused by indirect exposure to contaminated environments. Many studies have shown that infectious prions can enter the environment through saliva, feces, or urine from infected animals and decaying carcasses. However, we need to understand the specific contribution of this component to disease transmission events. Plants are logical environmental components to be evaluated since they grow in environments contaminated with CWD prions and are relevant for transmission. The main objective of this study is to characterize whether prions are transported to the roots and leaves of carrots, an edible plant commonly used in the human diet and as deer bait. We have grown carrot plants in CWD-infected soils. We harvested the carrots and separated them from the leaves. These materials were interrogated for their prion seeding activity using the PMCA. Infectivity was evaluated in mouse bioassays (intracerebral injections in Tg1536 mice). The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in soils contaminated with CWD prions and in carrot plants (leaves and roots) grown on them. Bioassays showed that both plants and roots contained CWD prions sufficiently to induce disease. As expected, animals treated with prion-infected soils developed prion disease at shorter incubation periods (and complete attack rates) compared to plant components. We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts. Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Regulation No. 1599 of 2018 on additional requirements for the import of hay and straw for used for animal feed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This content is exclusively provided by</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FAO, FAOLEX</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Regulation No. 1599 of 2018 on additional requirements for the import of hay and straw for used for animal feed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Country Norway</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Type of law Regulation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FAO , FAOLEX</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This Regulation seeks to prevent the spread of infectious animal diseases that can be caused by the importation of hay and straw used in animal feed from countries outside the European Economic Area. Hay and straw imported into Norway as animal feed must: (a) be accompanied by a confirmation from the manufacturer that the product has been stored for at least two months in the country of dispatch and harvested from farms where no animal manure has been fertilized during the past two years; and b) be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian in the country of dispatch that the product has been harvested from farms where no restrictions have been set due to infectious animal disease. In addition, hay and straw from the United States and Canada must be accompanied by a certificate from a public veterinarian that the product has been harvested in states or provinces where Chronic Wasting Disease has not been detected on deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Attached files</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor189761.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Web site</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.lovdata.no/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.lovdata.no</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date of text</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 Oct 2018</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Repealed</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">No</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source language</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">English</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Legislation Amendment</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">No</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Original title</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Forskrift om tilleggskrav ved import av høy og halm til dyrefôr.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Amends</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Regulation prohibiting the importation of animals and infectious objects. on 22 Oct 2018</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://leap.unep.org/countries/no/national-legislation/regulation-no-1599-2018-additional-requirements-import-hay-and" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://leap.unep.org/countries/no/national-legislation/regulation-no-1599-2018-additional-requirements-import-hay-and</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, December 14, 2012</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip.....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. snip..... In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip.....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip.....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P.157: Uptake of prions into plants</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Christopher Johnson1, Christina Carlson1, Matthew Keating1,2, Nicole Gibbs1, Haeyoon Chang1, Jamie Wiepz1, and Joel Pedersen1 1USGS National Wildlife Health Center; Madison, WI USA; 2University of Wisconsin - Madison; Madison, WI USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Soil may preserve chronic wasting disease (CWD) and scrapie infectivity in the environment, making consumption or inhalation of soil particles a plausible mechanism whereby na€ıve animals can be exposed to prions. Plants are known to absorb a variety of substances from soil, including whole proteins, yet the potential for plants to take up abnormal prion protein (PrPTSE) and preserve prion infectivity is not known. In this study, we assessed PrPTSE uptake into roots using laser scanning confocal microscopy with fluorescently tagged PrPTSE and we used serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) and detect and quantify PrPTSE levels in plant aerial tissues. Fluorescence was identified in the root hairs of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, as well as the crop plants alfalfa (Medicago sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) upon exposure to tagged PrPTSE but not a tagged control preparation. Using sPMCA, we found evidence of PrPTSE in aerial tissues of A. thaliana, alfalfa and maize (Zea mays) grown in hydroponic cultures in which only roots were exposed to PrPTSE. Levels of PrPTSE in plant aerial tissues ranged from approximately 4 £ 10 ¡10 to 1 £ 10 ¡9 g PrPTSE g ¡1 plant dry weight or 2 £ 105 to 7 £ 106 intracerebral ID50 units g ¡1 plant dry weight. Both stems and leaves of A. thaliana grown in culture media containing prions are infectious when intracerebrally-injected into mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Our results suggest that prions can be taken up by plants and that contaminated plants may represent a previously unrecognized risk of human, domestic species and wildlife exposure to prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">===========</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Our results suggest that prions can be taken up by plants and that contaminated plants may represent a previously unrecognized risk of human, domestic species and wildlife exposure to prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** SEE ; Friday, May 15, 2015 Grass Plants Bind, Retain, Uptake, and Transport Infectious Prions Report</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/05/grass-plants-bind-retain-uptake-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/05/grass-plants-bind-retain-uptake-and.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grass Plants Bind, Retain, Uptake, and Transport Infectious Prions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdfExtended/S2211-1247(15)00437-4" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdfExtended/S2211-1247(15)00437-4</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, September 27, 2013</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Uptake of Prions into Plants</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/09/uptake-of-prions-into-plants.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/09/uptake-of-prions-into-plants.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/05/grass-plants-bind-retain-uptake-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/05/grass-plants-bind-retain-uptake-and.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SEAC 91st Meeting 2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION UPDATE VIA VEGETABLE PLANTS FROM THE SOIL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">56. Members considered that there is no evidence that crops grown on the land which received composted excreta from BSE-challenged animals pose a TSE risk to humans or animals. One member suggested that, as some of these animals are orally challenged with high doses of BSE-infected materials, and the distribution of infectivity in the digestive system is not completely understood, it might be premature to conclude that there is no infective agent in the manure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Furthermore, an unpublished study had indicated low level absorption of PrP from soil by tomato plants although it should be noted that this study had not been repeated. Details of this work would be sent to the SEAC Secretary. Dr Matthews explained that most of the manure from animals challenged with high doses of BSE had already been composted and used for coppicing. Members agreed that the risks from disposal of residual manure from experimental animals would be much less than historic risks of on farm contamination from naturally infected animals at the height of the BSE epidemic. ...SNIP...END</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/final91.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/final91.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070623223549/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/final91.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070623223549/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/final91.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of prions in soils contaminated by multiple routes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stuart Siegfried Lichtenberg1,2 , Heather Inzalaco3 , Sam Thomas4 , Dan Storm5 , Dan Walsh6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 2Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. 3 Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A 4Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 6U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, U.S.A.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Free-ranging animals afflicted with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies frequently shed infectious prions into the broader environment. The quintessential example is chronic wasting disease, the TSE of cervids. Over the course of the disease, an infected animal will shed infectious prions in blood, urine, saliva, and feces. Upon death, the total prion load interred in the animal’s tissues will be deposited wherever the animal falls. This contamination creates substantial risk to naïve animals, and likely contributes to disease spread. Identification and quantification of prions at contamination hotspots is essential for any attempt at mitigation of environmental transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Surfactant extraction of soils followed by precipitation yields a sample that is amenable to analysis by real-time quaking induced conversion. However, differences in extraction yield are apparent depending on the properties of the matrix from which the prions are being extracted, principally soil clay content.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We are able to detect prion seeding activity at multiple types of environmental hotspots, including carcass sites, contaminated captive facilities, and scrapes (i.e. urine and saliva). Differences in relative prion concentration vary depending on the nature and source of the contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Detection of prions in the environment is of the utmost importance for controlling chronic wasting disease spread. Here, we have demonstrated a viable method for detection of prions in complex environmental matrices. However, it is quite likely that this method underestimates the total infectious prion load in a contaminated sample, due to incomplete recovery of infectious prions. Further refinements are necessary for accurate quantification of prions in such samples, and to account for the intrinsic heterogeneities found in the broader environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Additionally, we have determined that prion seeding activity is retained for at least fifteen years at a contaminated site following attempted remediation."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) detection in environmental and biological samples from a taxidermy site</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, J Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood4, Rodrigo Morales1,2 1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, San Antonio, USA. 4Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Kerrville, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible prionopathy affecting free-ranging and captive deer which can spread through both direct and indirect transmission. One area of concern is the risk of CWD transmission associated with taxidermy operations, especially since most CWD susceptible species brought to these operations are of unknown CWD status. Furthermore, taxidermy facilities can become a nidus of prion infectivity if biosecurity practices are not followed or implemented. In this study, we evaluated the presence of infectious prions in a taxidermy facility that was possibly exposed to CWD. To determine if the facility was exposed to CWD, we collected biological and environmental specimens from the facility, and we screened the samples for CWD prions through the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) technique. Additionally, we swabbed different surfaces possibly exposed to CWD-infected animals or carcasses. For the PMCA reactions, we directly used a swab piece or 10 µL of 20% w/v homogenized samples. We detected the presence of prions in i) soils that were in contact with the heads of dead animals, ii) insects used to clean skulls, and iii) dumpsters where animal carcasses were disposed. This is the first report demonstrating that environmental swabbing is a useful surveillance method to screen for CWD-prion infectivity. In addition, our results suggest that CWD may be transmitted due to taxidermy practices.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We detected the presence of prions in i) soils that were in contact with the heads of dead animals, ii) insects used to clean skulls, and iii) dumpsters where animal carcasses were disposed.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Introduction: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder, which is so-called as prion diseases due to the causative agents (PrPSc). TSEs are believed to be due to the template-directed accumulation of disease-associated prion protein, generally designated PrPSc. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease that is known spread horizontally. CWD has confirmed last in Republic of Korea in 2016 since first outbreak of CWD in 2001. The environmental reservoirs mediate the transmission of this disease. The significant levels of infectivity have been detected in the saliva, urine, and faeces of TSE-infected animals. Soil can serve as a stable reservoir for infectious prion proteins. We found that PrPCWD can be extracted and detected in CWD contaminated soil which has kept at room temperature until 4 years after 0.001 ~ 1% CWD exposure and natural CWD-affected farm soil through PBS washing and sPMCAb.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Procedure of serial PMCAb. CWD contaminated soil which has kept at room temperature (RT) for 1 ~ 4 year after 0.001%~1% CWD brain homogenates exposure for 4 months collected 0.14 g. The soil was collected by the same method once of year until 4 year after stop CWD exposure. We had conducted the two steps. There are two kinds of 10 times washing step and one amplification step. The washing step was detached PrPSc from contaminated soil by strong vortex with maximum rpm. We harvest supernatant every time by 10 times. As the other washing step, the Washed soil was made by washing 10 times soil using slow rotator and then harvest resuspended PBS for removing large impurity material. Last step was prion amplification step for detection of PrPCWD in soil supernatant and the washed soil by sPMCAb. Normal brain homogenate (NBH) was prepared by homogenization of brains with glass dounce in 9 volumes of cold PBS with TritonX-100, 5 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl and 0.05% Digitonin (sigma) plus Complete mini protease inhibitors (Roche) to a final concentration of 5%(w/v) NBHs were centrifuged at 2000 g for 1 min, and supernatant removed and frozen at −70 C for use. CWD consisted of brain from natural case in Korea and was prepared as 10%(w/v) homogenate. Positive sample was diluted to a final dilution 1:1000 in NBH, with serial 3:7 dilutions in NBH. Sonication was performed with a Misonix 4000 sonicator with amplitude set to level 70, generating an average output of 160W with two teflon beads during each cycle. One round consisted of 56 cycles of 30 s of sonication followed 9 min 30 s of 37°C incubation. Western Blotting (WB) for PrPSc detection. The samples (20 µL) after each round of amplification were mixed with proteinase K (2 mg/ml) and incubated 37°C for 1 h. Samples were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred onto PVDF membrane. After blocking, the membrane was incubated for 1 h with 1st antibody S1 anti rabbit serum (APQA, 1:3000) and developed with enhanced chemiluminescence detection system.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We excluded from first to third supernatant in view of sample contamination. It was confirmed abnormal PrP amplification in all soil supernatants from fourth to tenth. From 0.01% to 1% contaminated washed soils were identified as abnormal prions. 0.001% contaminated washed soil did not show PrP specific band (Fig 1). The soil was collected by the same method once of year until 4 year after stop CWD exposure. After sPMCAb, there were no PrPCWD band in from second to fourth year 0.001% washed soil. but It was confirmed that the abnormal prion was amplified in the washing supernatant which was not amplified in the washed soil. we have decided to use soil supernatant for soil testing (Fig. 2). After third rounds of amplification, PrPSc signals observed in three out of four sites from CWD positive farm playground. No signals were observed in all soil samples from four CWD negative farm (Fig. 3).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 19 January 2019 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapie positive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">you can bury it and it will not go away.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent. I’m thinking tools used to dress a deer, knives with wooden handles, carcass disposal, burial only 3ft, scavengers, exposure of Cwd to soil and surrounding area, plants intake, …I could go on…Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bethesda, MD 20892.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMID: 8006664 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">You can take this communication from my old files with how ever many grains of salt you wish…Terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Confidential!!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">---end personal email early BSE days---end...tss</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1 , Francisca Bravo1,2, J. Hunter Reed3 , Mitch Lockwood3 , Glenn Telling4 , Rodrigo Morales1,2 1 Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; 2 Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins. Santiago, Chile; 3 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA. 4 Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: identify the presence of CWD prions in processed meats derived from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a CWD-positive (pre-clinical) free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. The presence of CWD-prions in these samples were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. The same analyses were performed in grilled and boiled meats to evaluate the resistance of the infectious agent to these procedures. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH and USDA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: 1R01AI132695 and APP-20115 to RM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank TPWD personnel for providing us with valuable samples</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">end... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-67138853944427360742023-10-13T12:29:00.001-05:002023-10-13T12:34:15.952-05:00Deer Antler Extract Market Research Reports Cover Future, Past and Present Trends, what about CWD TSE Prion, what if?<p>Deer Antler Extract Market Research Reports Cover Future, Past and Present Trends, what about CWD TSE Prion, what if?</p><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">THE MEADE COUNTY MESSENGER</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">US World Regional News</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Open menu Technology Politics Business Entertainment Health Sports</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Deer Antler Extract Market Research Reports Cover Future, Past and Present Trends | Ltd., Antler Farms, Xi’an Sgonek Biological Technology Co., Ltd.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Statsndata Deer Antler Extract Market research reports provide all the information. It fuels market growth by providing customers with reliable data that helps them make critical decisions. These documents encapsulate extensive studies and analyses conducted by experts in various fields, presenting findings and insights that are crucial for both businesses and individuals seeking to navigate the complexities of the Deer Antler Extract market.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Get a sample report:https://www.statsndata.org/download-sample.php?id=63813</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Provides an overview including market, definition, applications and developments, and manufacturing technology. This Deer Antler Extract market research report tracks all the recent developments and innovations in the market. It provides data on the obstacles encountered when starting a business and provides guidance for overcoming future challenges and obstacles.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Some of the major companies influencing this Deer Antler Extract market include:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Shaanxi Yuantai Biological Technology Co., Ltd.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Antler Farms</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Xi’an Sgonek Biological Technology Co., Ltd.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Nutronics Labs</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Naturalin Bio-Resources Co.,Ltd</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Xi’an Sost Biotech Co.,Ltd</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Herbal Nutrition</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Royal Elk Products</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Mountain Red</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Bio Lab Naturals</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This Deer Antler Extract research report highlights the major market players that are thriving in the market. Track business strategy, financial status and upcoming products.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">First, this Deer Antler Extract research report provides an overview of the market, covering definitions, applications, product launches, developments, challenges, and geographies. The market is expected to see a solid development thanks to the stimulation of consumption in various markets. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">An analysis of the current market design and other fundamentals is provided in the Deer Antler Extract report.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The regional scope of the Deer Antler Extract market is mostly mentioned in the region-focused report.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• North America</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• South America</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Asia Pacific</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Middle East and Africa</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Europe</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Market Segmentation Analysis</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Deer Antler Extract market is segmented on the basis of type, product, end user, etc. Segmentation helps provide an accurate description of the market.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Market Segmentation: By Type</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Pharma & Healthcare, Food & Feed Additives, Others</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Market Segmentation: By Application</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Below 95%, Above 95%</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Customization Requests: https://www. statsndata.org/request-customization.php?id=63813</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Purpose of this report:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Qualitative and quantitative trends, dynamics and forecast analysis of the Deer Antler Extract market from 2023 to 2029.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Use analytical tools such as SWOT analysis and Porter’s Five Competitive Skills analysis to describe the abilities of Deer Antler Extract buyers and suppliers to make profit-driven decisions and build their business.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">An in-depth analysis of market segmentation helps identify existing market opportunities.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">After all, this Deer Antler Extract report helps you save time and money by providing unbiased information in one place.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Segmentation Specification Historic Study on Deer Antler Extract 2019 – 2022 Future Forecast Deer Antler Extract 2023 – 2029 Company Accounted Shaanxi Yuantai Biological Technology Co., Ltd. • Antler Farms • Xi’an Sgonek Biological Technology Co., Ltd. • Nutronics Labs • Naturalin Bio-Resources Co.,Ltd • Xi’an Sost Biotech Co.,Ltd • Herbal Nutrition • Royal Elk Products • Mountain Red • Bio Lab Naturals Types Pharma & Healthcare, Food & Feed Additives, Others Application Below 95%, Above 95%</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Deer Antler Extract Market attractiveness assessments have been published in publications regarding the competitive potential that new entrants and new products might offer to existing entrants. This research report also mentions the innovations, new developments, marketing strategies, branded technologies and products of key players in the global industry. An in-depth analysis of the competitive landscape using value chain analysis to provide a clear vision of the market. Future opportunities and threats for major Deer Antler Extract market players are highlighted in the post.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Table Of Content</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chapter 1 Deer Antler Extract Market Overview</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Deer Antler Extract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1.2 Deer Antler Extract Market Segmentation by Type</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1.3 Deer Antler Extract Market Segmentation by Application</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1.4 Deer Antler Extract Market Segmentation by Regions</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of Deer Antler Extract (2018-2029)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chapter 2 Global Economic Impact on Deer Antler Extract Industry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2.1 Global Macroeconomic Environment Analysis</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2.2 Global Macroeconomic Environment Analysis by Regions</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chapter 3 Global Deer Antler Extract Market Competition by Manufacturers</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3.1 Global Deer Antler Extract Production and Share by Manufacturers (2023 and 2023)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3.2 Global Deer Antler Extract Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2023 and 2023)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3.3 Global Deer Antler Extract Average Price by Manufacturers (2023 and 2023)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3.4 Manufacturers Deer Antler Extract Manufacturing Base Distribution, Production Area and Product Type</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3.5 Deer Antler Extract Market Competitive Situation and Trends</div><div style="outline: none;"> <br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chapter 4 Global Deer Antler Extract Production, Revenue (Value) by Region (2018-2023)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">4.1 Global Deer Antler Extract Production by Region (2018-2023)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">4.2 Global Deer Antler Extract Production Market Share by Region (2018-2023)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">4.3 Global Deer Antler Extract Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2018-2023)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">4.4 Global Deer Antler Extract Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Continue…</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Buy the full report: <a href="https://www.statsndata.org/checkout-report.php?id=63813" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.statsndata.org/checkout-report.php?id=63813</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Contact Us</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">sales@statsndata.org</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">https://www.statsndata.org</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published 11 October 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">By Jeson</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.meadecountymessenger.com/business/deer-antler-extract-market-research-reports-cover-future-past-and-present-trends-ltd-antler-farms-xian-sgonek-biological-technology-co-ltd/282124/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.meadecountymessenger.com/business/deer-antler-extract-market-research-reports-cover-future-past-and-present-trends-ltd-antler-farms-xian-sgonek-biological-technology-co-ltd/282124/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Deer Antler Extract Market Research Reports Cover Future, Past and Present Trends, what about CWD TSE Prion, what if?</span></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">i am very concerned with the potential transmission of chronic wasting disease cwd tse prion of cervid (if it already hasn't happened, just not diagnosed), and the continued use of deer antler velvet in nutritional supplements or spray for humans. with the recent and old science that shows the zoonotic transmission of cwd to humans can transmit to humans, and with the recent science out that warns us of this, i think any use of deer antler velvet in nutritional supplements for humans, without testing the source cervid antler velvet for cwd, should be banned, you are playing with fire, with this TSE Prion disease and it's long incubation, all cervid must be tested for cwd before any use for humans or animals...</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">please see;</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Volume 15, Number 5—May 2009</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Research</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Elk Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Rachel C. Angers1, Tanya S. Seward, Dana Napier, Michael Green, Edward Hoover, Terry Spraker, Katherine O’Rourke, Aru Balachandran, and Glenn C. Telling</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Author affiliations: University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (R.C. Angers, T.S. Seward, D. Napier, M. Green, G.C. Telling); Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (E. Hoover, T. Spraker); US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, USA (K. O’Rourke); Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (A. Balachandran); 1Current affiliation: Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious, fatal prion disease of deer and elk that continues to emerge in new locations. To explore the means by which prions are transmitted with high efficiency among cervids, we examined prion infectivity in the apical skin layer covering the growing antler (antler velvet) by using CWD-susceptible transgenic mice and protein misfolding cyclic amplification. Our finding of prions in antler velvet of CWD-affected elk suggests that this tissue may play a role in disease transmission among cervids. Humans who consume antler velvet as a nutritional supplement are at risk for exposure to prions. The fact that CWD prion incubation times in transgenic mice expressing elk prion protein are consistently more rapid raises the possibility that residue 226, the sole primary structural difference between deer and elk prion protein, may be a major determinant of CWD pathogenesis.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Implications for Horizontal CWD Transmission and Human Exposure Our studies indicate that antler velvet represents a previously unrecognized source of CWD prions in the environment. Whereas oral transmission of rodent-adapted scrapie prions is known to be ≈5 orders of magnitude less efficient than transmission by intracerebral inoculation (14,15), the relative efficiency of oral CWD prion transmission is unknown. Multiple exposures to low levels of CWD prions in the environment (16,17), as well as increased infectivity when prions are bound to soil minerals (18), are factors that may influence transmission.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The appearance of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans exposed to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) (19,20) and the demonstration of CWD prions in muscle (3) placed the human species barrier to CWD prions at the forefront of public health concerns. Our studies indicate that antler velvet represents an additional source for human exposure to CWD prions. Widely used in traditional Asian medicine to treat a variety of ailments including impotence, arthritis, and high blood pressure, antler velvet can be readily purchased in caplet form and its usage has increased worldwide.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Fortunately, to date there is no epidemiologic evidence that rates of CJD in the CWD-endemic region (Colorado, USA) have increased (21,22). Also reassuring is the inefficient in vitro conversion of human PrP to protease-resistant PrP by CWD (23). Two studies have shown that CWD prions failed to induce disease in Tg mice expressing human PrP (24,25). However, the failure of BSE to be transmitted to Tg mice expressing human prion protein (HuPrP) was cited as early evidence of a BSE transmission barrier in humans (26); subsequent studies demonstrated a strong effect of the codon 129 polymorphism on transmissibility of BSE prions (27). To date, only mice expressing HuPrP with methionine at 129 have been challenged with CWD. In support of the argument that humans might be susceptible to CWD, intracerebral inoculation of squirrel monkeys produced disease after >30 months (28). Prion strain properties are also critical when considering the potential for interspecies transmission. The existence of multiple CWD strains has been suggested by several studies (4,25,29,30), but strain isolation and host range characterization have not been reported. Finally, it is worth considering that if CWD were to cross the species barrier into humans, this transmission source might not be recognized if the disease profile overlapped with one of the forms of sporadic CJD reported in North America.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Possible Role for Residue 226 in CWD Pathogenesis Previous studies that demonstrated more rapid CWD prion incubation times in Tg mice expressing elk PrP (24,29) than in Tg(CerPrP)1536+/– mice (4) raised the possibility that the single amino acid difference at residue 226 between elk and deer PrP (5) may influence CWD pathogenesis (29). However, when the transmission characteristics of CWD isolates were directly compared in Tg mice expressing differing levels of deer or elk PrP, Tamgüney et al. concluded that CWD incubation times were related solely to the level of PrP transgene expression (25). We compared CWD transmission in Tg(CerPrP-E226)5037+/– and Tg(CerPrP)1536+/– mice, which express PrP at levels ≈5-fold higher than PrP levels in wild type mouse brain (Figure 1A), and found that CWD transmission was consistently and substantially more rapid in Tg(CerPrP-E226)5037+/– mice. Our results appear compatible with more efficient CWD prion propagation by elk cellular prion protein (CerPrPC) containing E at residue 226 than by deer CerPrPC containing Q at this position. Consistent with this interpretation, despite 5-fold lower levels of transgene expression in Tg(CerPrP-E226)5029+/– mice than in Tg(CerPrP)1536+/– mice, mean incubation times of the D92 isolate were equivalent in these 2 lines (Table). Nonetheless, undetected differences in CerPrPC expression, for example in particular cell types, might result in more rapid disease and/or altered pathologic changes. The generation of transgenic mice expressing elk and deer coding sequences using gene replacement strategies would seem to be an excellent approach for resolving this issue.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The different responses to CWD in Tg mice also appear to recapitulate aspects of CWD pathogenesis in the natural hosts. Previous limited comparative transmission studies indicated that CWD developed ≈25% more rapidly in orally challenged elk than deer (31). Although plaques were not detected in brains of CWD-affected elk, florid plaques have been observed in the brains of diseased deer (32,33). Similar differences in pathologic changes were observed in Tg(CerPrP-E226)5037+/– and Tg(CerPrP)1536+/– mice (Figure 4). Structural analyses suggest that residue 226 is located within a region of PrPC proposed to interact with a factor (34), possibly equivalent to the postulated protein X (35). Although mutation of the equivalent residue from Q to lysine (K) in epitope-tagged mouse PrP had no effect on PrPSc formation in transfected chronically infected ScN2A cells, the effects of the Q-to-E substitution were not assessed (36).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/5/08-1458_article">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/5/08-1458_article</a><br /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br /></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE: A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">i was warning England and the BSE Inquiry about just this, way back in 1998, and was ask to supply information to the BSE Inquiry. for anyone that might be interested, see;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION... I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease. just saying...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100 3 July 1998</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr. E-Mail: Flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">wt.net</span> Ref: E2979</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dear Mr Singeltary, Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments. Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died. As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments. Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">http://www.bse.org.uk</span>.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it? In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on... snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year previously and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. both cases confirmed. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX, mad by standard process; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. also; what about potential mad cow candy bars ? see their potential mad cow candy bar list too... THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply out of a health concern.'' </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE Friday, January 19, 2001</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">15 Open Public Hearing</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">16 DR. FREAS: We are opening the open public hearing</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">17 now. We have received one response to speak in this</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">18 afternoon's open public hearing. That is from Dr. Scott</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">19 Norton. If Dr. Norton is here, would you please come</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">20 forward. You can either use the podium or the microphone,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">21 whichever is your choice.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">22 DR. NORTON: I am Scott Norton and I am a</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">23 physician in the Washington D.C. area. I am here speaking</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">24 as a private citizen today.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">25 I first became concerned about the presence of 231</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1 tissues from ruminant animals in dietary supplements about</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2 six months ago and expressed my concern in a letter that was 3 published in New England Journal of Medicine in July of Year 4 2000. 5 A couple of the products that I had looked at, and 6 examined their labels, that raised these concerns I brought 7 in right here. I will just read some of the organs that are 8 found in one that is called Male Power. Deer antler, 9 pancreas, orchic--despite what we just heard that the FDA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">10 prefers the term "testicular tissue" to be written on the</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">11 labels, I have never seen a dietary supplement say</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">12 "testicle." They always say "orchis" or "orchic" which may</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">13 sound rather flowery to the etymologically impaired--thymus,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">14 adrenal, heart, lymph node, prostate, spleen and pituitary.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">15 There are actually seventeen organs in that particular</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">16 product.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">17 There is another product that is called Brain</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">18 Nutrition that tells us that it is vitamins and minerals</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">19 essential for important brain function. It does not mention</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">20 that there is any glandulars on at least the bold print. 21 But if you look at the small print on the back, we learn</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">22 that it has brain extract and pituitary extract, raw, in</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">23 there.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">24 We know that many of the organs that can be found</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">25 in the dietary supplements do fall in that list of organs</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">232</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1 that are suspect for contamination with TSEs, the labels, in 2 nearly all cases, identify neither the animal source nor the 3 geographic location from which the organs were derived. I 4 have seen one line that did specify from New Zealand cattle 5 but no other manufacturer will list either the species or 6 the geographic location. 7 The FDA's and the USDA's import alerts that we 8 just learned about prohibit the use of these organs in 9 foods, medicines and medical devices. But my reading of the</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">10 alert, 17-04, suggests that DSHEA does allow some loopholes</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">11 for these tissues to possible slip in.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">12 I will just read <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">from 17-04</span> that we heard. On the</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">13 first page, it says that, "This alert does not establish any</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">14 obligations on regulated entities." I love seeing</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">15 legislation that starts out with that caveat.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">16 Then it says, further, "The USDA regulations do</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">17 not apply to bovine-derived materials intended for human</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">18 consumption as finished dietary supplements." We also learn</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">19 that the prohibition, or the import alert, is limited to</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">20 bulk lots of these tissues, completed tissues, from BSE-</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">21 derived countries. It does not mention if it is not a bulk</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">22 import or if it is raw materials rather than finished</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">23 materials.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">24 Further, we know that it is strongly recommended</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">25 but not actually prohibited in the language here. So I have</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">233</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1 not taken the assurances from that import alert that Dr. 2 Moore was trying to convey to us. 3 So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United 4 States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed 5 sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't 6 think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, 7 but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with 8 those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply 9 out of a health concern.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">10 So my question to the advisory committee is this;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">11 is my caution reasonable and, if it is, should we take</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">12 further efforts to inform, or even protect, the American</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">13 public from such exposure.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">14 I was curious about Dr.</span> Moore's remarks. I sensed</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">15 two messages. One was the initial reassurance that FDA has</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">16 the regulatory authority but then I also learned that it is</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">17 the manufacturer's responsibility to provide those 18 assurances, that the FDA doesn't actually inspect.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">19 I think that the FDA commissioners from Harvey</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">20 Wylie to David Kessler would say that that track record has</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">21 proven itself.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">22 Thank you very much.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">23 [Applause.]</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">24 DR. BROWN: Thanks, Dr. Norton. 25 Committee Discussion snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite 18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary 19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified- 20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material. 21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something 22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood 23 donors. 24 That is probably worse than spending six months in 25 the U.K. 1/19/01 3681t2.rtf(845) page 501 <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Advisory Committees: CBER 2001 Meeting Documents</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">see actual paper;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090120100414/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2_03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090120100414/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2_03.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030830045538/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030830045538/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090120100414/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2_03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090120100414/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2_03.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Given the science and the information presented, and given the comprehensive array of Natraflex quality control and chain-of-custody procedures, we believe that you can be confident, the our velvet-antler supplements are safe.</div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090120095558/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2_02.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090120095558/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2_02.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090120094525/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t1_01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090120094525/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t1_01.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Date: Sun, 12 Jan 2003 12:56:44 -0600</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sender: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Subject: Re: USA ruminant-to-ruminant feed ban warning letters ??? </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">With these known facts about nutritional supplements, I think it imperative to include this potential route and source of TSE and warning in this article. Why was it not included? I lost my mother to hvCJD DOD 12/14/97, and I probably will not live long enough to know the route and source of her TSE. Exactly one year previously, to the day 12/14/96, my neighbor also lost his mother to sporadic CJD. Both of these cases were confirmed. but my neighbor's mother had been taking a nutritional supplement called IPLEX, made by Standard Process Co. Here is a listing of potentially TSE-tainted tissues: vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. The CDC came and took the pills, a few years later, I spoke with the late Dr. Gibbs and NIH/CDC and he told me that those particular pills did not show any infectivity with the testing techniques to date, but he also told me - </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1. That the testing techniques at that time may not be sufficient to pick up any 'low-level' infectivity. </div><div style="outline: none;">(so, if accumulation plays into this, this could play a big part). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2. She had been taking these type pills for years, could have been another batch. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">There have been other people die of CJD that were taking these type nutritional supplements. So, my point being, I believe this to warrant a potential risk factor, one not to be ignored, especially in the USA where there are many known TSEs, and where there are many unknowns due to the lack of sufficient TSE testing in USA cattle, and especially since the new findings of Collinge et al, where BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype which is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I believe these findings to be of substantial importance: </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Friday, January 19, 2001 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Holiday Inn Bethesda Versailles I and II 8120 Wisconsin Avenue Bethesda, Maryland 2 PARTICIPANTS Paul W. Brown, M.D., Chairperson William Freas, Ph.D., Executive Secretary VOTING MEMBERS Ermias D. Belay, M.D. David C. Bolton, Ph.D. Donald S. Burke, M.D. Dean O. Cliver, Ph.D. Bruce M. Ewenstein, M.D., Ph.D. Peter G. Lurie, M.D. Pedro Piccardo, M.D. Stanley B. Prusiner, M.D. Raymond P. Roos, M.D. Elizabeth S. Williams, D.V.M., Ph.D. VOTING CONSULTANTS Linda A. Detwiler, D.V.M. David Gaylor, Ph.D. Paul R. McCurdy, M.D. Kenrad E. Nelson, M.D. NONVOTING CONSULTANT Susan Leitman, M.D. GUESTS Richard Davey, M.D. Louis Katz, M.D. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip... page 501 253 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1 DR. BOLTON: I have an additional question about 2 that. What is the assurance that additional locally sourced 3 tracheas are not added into that manufacturing process, thus 4 boosting the yield, if you will, but being returned to the 5 U.S. as being produced from U.S.-sourced raw material? 6 DR. McCURDY: Are there data to indicate how many 7 grams, or whatever, of infected brain are likely to infect 8 an organism, either animal or man, when taken orally? 9 DR. BROWN: If I am not mistaken, and I can be 10 corrected, I think a half a gram is enough in a cow, orally; 11 in other words, one good dietary-supplement pill. 12 DR. McCURDY: What I am driving at is the question 13 we are asked is really not do we wish to regulate these 14 things coming in. I think the statements about difficulties 15 in regulating things in the future or near future for new 16 regulations were probably accurate. 17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite 18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary 19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified- 20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material. 21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something 22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood 23 donors. 24 That is probably worse than spending six months in 25 the U.K. 1/19/01 3681t2.rtf(845) page 501 http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm There has been a Nutritional Supplement mad cow warning letter circulating around since about 1990. Every year they issue the same letter to the manufactures asking them to please be sure they source their products from BSE-FREE countries. but we all know, the statement BSE-FREE, is a joke, especially in the USA. I sat in on the 50 state emergency BSE conference call, (uninvited guest) and I know for a fact the so-called 'pharmaceutical grade' bovine source herds, bovines that were to never be fed ruminant materials, the USA cannot for certain say that indeed these cattle have never ingested ruminant feed, in fact, some probably had. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Subject: BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." < flounder@wt.net > </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy < BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de > </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy < BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE > </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Greetings List Members, I was lucky enough to sit in on this BSE conference call today and even managed to ask a question. that is when the trouble started. I submitted a version of my notes to Sandra Blakeslee of the New York Times, whom seemed very upset, and rightly so. "They tell me it is a closed meeting and they will release whatever information they deem fit. Rather infuriating." And I would have been doing just fine, until I asked my question. I was surprised my time to ask a question came so quickly. (understand, these are taken from my notes for now. the spelling of names and such could be off.) </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">[host Richard Barns] And now a question from Terry S. Singeltary of CJD Watch. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">[TSS] Yes, Thank You. U.S. cattle - what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds? [no answer, you could hear in the background, mumbling and "We can't. Have him ask the question again."] </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">[host Richard] Could you repeat the question? </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">[TSS] U.S. cattle..what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds? [not sure whom ask this] What group are you with? </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">[TSS] CJD Watch, my Mom died from hvCJD and we are tracking CJD world-wide. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">[not sure who is speaking] Could you please disconnect Mr. Singeltary </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">[TSS] You are not going to answer my question? </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">[not sure whom speaking] NO </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From this point, I was still connected, got to listen and tape the whole conference. at one point someone came on, a woman, and ask again; [unknown woman] What group are you with? </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">[TSS] CJD Watch and my Mom died from hvCJD We are trying to tract down CJD and other human TSE's world wide. I was invited to sit in on this from someone inside the USDA/APHIS and that is why I am here. Do you intend on banning me from this conference now? </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">At this point the conference was turned back up, and I got to finish listening. They never answered or even addressed my one question, or even addressed the issue. BUT, I will try and give you a run-down for now, of the conference. IF i were another Country, I would take heed to my notes, BUT PLEASE do not depend on them. ask for transcript from: RBARNS@ORA.FDA.GOV 301-827-6906 He would be glad to give you one ;-) Rockville Maryland, Richard Barns Host </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><p class="ydp61e77594yiv2067404069ydpcf2aa9bdyiv8106196362p1" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp61e77594yiv2067404069ydpcf2aa9bdyiv8106196362s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">U.S. 50 State Emergency BSE Conference Call <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">2001</span></span></span></p><p class="ydp61e77594yiv2067404069ydpcf2aa9bdyiv8106196362p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp61e77594yiv2067404069ydpcf2aa9bdyiv8106196362s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank"></a></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp61e77594yiv2067404069ydpcf2aa9bdyiv8106196362s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none 0px;" target="_blank">https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a></span></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">MAD COW DISEASE:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ARE OUR PRECAUTIONS ADEQUATE?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> WEDNESDAY, APRIL 4, 2001</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">U.S. Senate, Subcommittee on Consumer Affairs, Foreign Commerce and Tourism, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Washington, DC.</div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-107shrg88461/html/CHRG-107shrg88461.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-107shrg88461/html/CHRG-107shrg88461.htm</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">BSE issues in the U.S., How they were labelling ruminant feed? Revising issues. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">now to explore more on this issue of TSEs and Nutritional Supplements. please read further; Suit Filed Over Mad Cow Disclaimer</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">By Jason Hoppin The Recorder</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">March 23, 2001 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">A small San Francisco litigation firm has teamed up with Milberg, Weiss, Bershad, Hynes & Lerach to sue a health supplements manufacturer, alleging the company misrepresents the danger of acquiring mad cow disease through its products. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The suit, filed under California's unfair business practices statute, alleges that Wisconsin's Standard Process Inc. uses, in part, crackpot science to allay customers' fears about the transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, also known as mad cow disease. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">"Standard Process either knowingly or recklessly has omitted a material fact by failing to inform consumers that the overwhelming majority of reputable scientists and physicians have concluded that mad-cow disease is transmitted to humans by prions in bovine meat and/or bovine organs," Bushnell, Caplan & Fielding's Alan Caplan wrote. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The complaint points to a statement by the company about the safety of its products which suggests that pesticides may be to blame for mad cow outbreaks, not the consumption of meat. "It's probably loosely referred to as research," deadpanned Jan Novakofski, a University of Illinois researcher who studies the disease. "The evidence for that kind of concept [versus the consumption theory] is about an ounce to a pound." No cases of mad cow have ever been reported in the United States, and the plaintiff in the case, James Gorman, does not suffer from the disease. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Instead, he is seeking damages for misrepresentation, fraud, unfair advertising and unfair business practices. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The case was filed in San Francisco Superior Court. The product, a vitamin supplement called Iplex 5100, is sold through licensed health professionals, including acupuncturists, nutritionists and the like. Iplex 5100 is made in part, with cow parts: eyes, kidneys, livers, bones and brains, where BSE is most highly concentrated. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Standard Process did not return a phone call seeking comment, but the company's Web site says it purchases bovine products only from U.S. government-inspected facilities. "Standard Process has never used any glandular substances or bovine tissue derivatives from animals in any BSE-infected country," the company states. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The human manifestation of BSE -- variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease -- has killed more than 80 people in Great Britain, and new outbreaks have recently been reported in several European countries. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">U.S. officials have worried that dietary supplements may provide an entry point for the disease, which has been detected here in animals other than cows. "The health food industry is totally unregulated," Novakofski said. "You go to the health food store and no one's ever tested anything." However, Standard Process says its Wisconsin production facility is regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and that its cow products are certified by the government.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"> © 2001 law.com Inc. © 1999-2001 NLP IP Company, </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">============================================ </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qa-sup5.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qa-sup5.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030306011730/http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qa-sup5.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030306011730/http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qa-sup5.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">[ Q: ] What is a dietary supplement and how is it regulated? <br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">[ A: ] A dietary supplement is any product taken by mouth that contains a so-called "dietary ingredient" and its label clearly states that it is a dietary supplement. The "dietary ingredients" in dietary supplements may include vitamins, minerals, herbs, and amino acids as well as substances such as enzymes, organ tissues, metabolites, extracts or concentrates. Dietary supplements can be found in many forms such as pills, tablets, capsules, liquids or powders. They must be identified on the label as a dietary supplement. How are Dietary Supplements regulated? The label of a dietary supplement must contain enough information about the composition of the product so that consumers can make informed choices. (The information must be presented in FDA-specified format.) The manufacturer must make sure the label information is truthful and not misleading. The manufacturer is also responsible for making sure that all the dietary ingredients in the supplements are safe. Manufactures and distributors do not need to register with FDA or get FDA approval before producing or selling dietary supplements. Are advertisements for Dietary Supplements regulated by FDA? No. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) handles advertising for dietary supplements and most other products sold to consumers. FDA works closely with FTC in this area, but their work is directed by different laws.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">============================================================ </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">U. S. Food and Drug Administration Email this Page To a Friend [email a friend] Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition January 3, 2001 [ ] Overview of Dietary Supplements What is a dietary supplement? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Congress defined the term "dietary supplement" in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994. A dietary supplement is a product taken by mouth that contains a "dietary ingredient" intended to supplement the diet. The "dietary ingredients" in these products may include: vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, and substances such as enzymes, organ tissues, glandulars, and metabolites. Dietary supplements can also be extracts or concentrates, and may be found in many forms such as tablets, capsules, softgels, gelcaps, liquids, or powders. They can also be in other forms, such as a bar, but if they are, information on their label must not represent the product as a conventional food or a sole item of a meal or diet. Whatever their form may be, DSHEA places dietary supplements in a special category under the general umbrella of "foods," not drugs, and requires that every supplement be labeled a dietary supplement. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">What is a "new dietary ingredient" in a dietary supplement? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 defined both of the terms "dietary ingredient" and "new dietary ingredient" as components of dietary supplements. In order for an ingredient of a dietary supplement to be a "dietary ingredient," it must be one or any combination of the following substances: * a vitamin, * a mineral, * an herb or other botanical, * an amino acid, * a dietary substance for use by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake (e.g., enzymes or tissues from organs or glands), or * a concentrate, metabolite, constituent or extract. A "new dietary ingredient" is one that meets the above definition for a "dietary ingredient" and was not sold in the U.S. in a dietary supplement before October 15, 1994. What is FDA's role in regulating dietary supplements versus the manufacturer's responsibility for marketing them? In October 1994, the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) was signed into law by President Clinton. Before this time, dietary supplements were subject to the same regulatory requirements as were other foods. This new law, which amended the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, created a new regulatory framework for the safety and labeling of dietary supplements. Under DSHEA, a firm is responsible for determining that the dietary supplements it manufactures or distributes are safe and that any representations or claims made about them are substantiated by adequate evidence to show that they are not false or misleading. This means that dietary supplements do not need approval from FDA before they are marketed. Except in the case of a new dietary ingredient, where pre-market review for safety data and other information is required by law, a firm does not have to provide FDA with the evidence it relies on to substantiate safety or effectiveness before or after it markets its products. Also, manufacturers do not need to register themselves nor their dietary supplement products with FDA before producing or selling them. Currently, there are no FDA regulations that are specific to dietary supplements that establish a minimum standard of practice for manufacturing dietary supplements. However, FDA intends to issue regulations on good manufacturing practices that will focus on practices that ensure the identity, purity, quality, strength and composition of dietary supplements. At present, the manufacturer is responsible for establishing its own manufacturing practice guidelines to ensure that the dietary supplements it produces are safe and contain the ingredients listed on the label. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">When must a manufacturer or distributor notify FDA about a dietary supplement it intends to market in the U.S.? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) requires that a manufacturer or distributor notify FDA if it intends to market a dietary supplement in the U.S. that contains a "new dietary ingredient." The manufacturer (and distributor) must demonstrate to FDA why the ingredient is reasonably expected to be safe for use in a dietary supplement, unless it has been recognized as a food substance and is present in the food supply. There is no authoritative list of dietary ingredients that were marketed before October 15, 1994. Therefore, manufacturers and distributors are responsible for determining if a dietary ingredient is "new", and if it is not, for documenting that the dietary supplements its sells, containing the dietary ingredient, were marketed before October 15, 1994. For more detailed information on new dietary ingredients, go to: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ds-ingrd.html. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030202135950/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ds-ingrd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030202135950/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ds-ingrd.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">What information must the manufacturer disclose on the label of a dietary supplement? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">FDA regulations require that certain information appear on dietary supplement labels. Information that must be on a dietary supplement label includes: a descriptive name of the product stating that it is a "supplement;" the name and place of business of the manufacturer, packer, or distributor; a complete list of ingredients; and the net contents of the product. In addition, each dietary supplement (except for some small volume products or those produced by eligible small businesses) must have nutrition labeling in the form of a "Supplement Facts" panel. This label must identify each dietary ingredient contained in the product. Must all ingredients be declared on the label of a dietary supplement? Yes, ingredients not listed on the "Supplement Facts" panel must be listed in the "other ingredient" statement beneath the panel. The types of ingredients listed there could include the source of dietary ingredients, if not identified in the "Supplement Facts" panel (e.g., rose hips as the source of vitamin C), other food ingredients (e.g., water and sugar), and technical additives or processing aids (e.g., gelatin, starch, colors, stabilizers, preservatives, and flavors). </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">For more details, see: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fr97923a.html. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040212195456/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fr97923a.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20040212195456/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fr97923a.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Are dietary supplement serving sizes standardized or are there restrictions on the amount of a nutrient that can be in one serving? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Other than the manufacturer's responsibility to ensure safety, there are no rules that limit a serving size or the amount of a nutrient in any form of dietary supplements. This decision is made by the manufacturer and does not require FDA review or approval. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Where can I get information about a specific dietary supplement? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Manufacturers and distributors do not need FDA approval to sell their dietary supplements. This means that FDA does not keep a list of manufacturers, distributors or the dietary supplement products they sell. If you want more detailed information than the label tells you about a specific product, you may contact the manufacturer of that brand directly. The name and address of the manufacturer or distributor can be found on the label of the dietary supplement. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Who has the responsibility for ensuring that a dietary supplement is safe? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">By law (DSHEA), the manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that its dietary supplement products are safe before they are marketed. Unlike drug products that must be proven safe and effective for their intended use before marketing, there are no provisions in the law for FDA to "approve" dietary supplements for safety or effectiveness before they reach the consumer. Also unlike drug products, manufacturers and distributors of dietary supplements are not currently required by law to record, investigate or forward to FDA any reports they receive of injuries or illnesses that may be related to the use of their products. Under DSHEA, once the product is marketed, FDA has the responsibility for showing that a dietary supplement is "unsafe," before it can take action to restrict the product's use or removal from the marketplace. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Do manufacturers or distributors of dietary supplements have to tell FDA or consumers what evidence they have about their product's safety or what evidence they have to back up the claims they are making for them? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">No, except for rules described above that govern "new dietary ingredients," there is no provision under any law or regulation that FDA enforces that requires a firm to disclose to FDA or consumers the information they have about the safety or purported benefits of their dietary supplement products. Likewise, there is no prohibition against them making this information available either to FDA or to their customers. It is up to each firm to set its own policy on disclosure of such information. For more information on claims that can be made for dietary supplements, see (http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/hclaims.html). </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050212062547/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/hclaims.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050212062547/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/hclaims.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">How can consumers inform themselves about safety and other issues related to dietary supplements? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">It is important to be well informed about products before purchasing them. Because it is often difficult to know what information is reliable and what is questionable, consumers may first want to contact the manufacturer about the product they intend to purchase (see previous question "Where can I get information about a specific dietary supplement?"). </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">In addition, to help consumers in their search to be better informed, FDA is providing the following sites: Tips For The Savvy Supplement User: Making Informed Decisions And Evaluating Information -- http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ds-savvy.html (includes information on how to evaluate research findings and health information on-line) and Claims That Can Be Made for Conventional Foods and Dietary Supplements -- http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/hclaims.html, (provides information on what types of claims can be made for dietary supplements). </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060217105606/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ds-savvy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060217105606/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ds-savvy.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060126231141/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/hclaims.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060126231141/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/hclaims.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">What is FDA's oversight responsibility for dietary supplements? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Because dietary supplements are under the "umbrella" of foods, FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) is responsible for the agency's oversight of these products. FDA's efforts to monitor the marketplace for potential illegal products (that is, products that may be unsafe or make false or misleading claims) include obtaining information from inspections of dietary supplement manufacturers and distributors, the Internet, consumer and trade complaints, occasional laboratory analyses of selected products, and adverse events associated with the use of supplements that are reported to the agency. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Does FDA routinely analyze the content of dietary supplements? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">In that FDA has limited resources to analyze the composition of food products, including dietary supplements, it focuses these resources first on public health emergencies and products that may have caused injury or illness. Enforcement priorities then go to products thought to be unsafe or fraudulent or in violation of the law. The remaining funds are used for routine monitoring of products pulled from store shelves or collected during inspections of manufacturing firms. The agency does not analyze dietary supplements before they are sold to consumers. The manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that the "Supplement Facts" label and ingredient list are accurate, that the dietary ingredients are safe, and that the content matches the amount declared on the label. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">FDA does not have resources to analyze dietary supplements sent to the agency by consumers who want to know their content. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Instead, consumers may contact the manufacturer or a commercial laboratory for an analysis of the content. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Is it legal to market a dietary supplement product as a treatment or cure for a specific disease or condition? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">No, a product sold as a dietary supplement and promoted on its label or in labeling* as a treatment, prevention or cure for a specific disease or condition would be considered an unapproved--and thus illegal--drug. To maintain the product's status as a dietary supplement, the label and labeling must be consistent with the provisions in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994. *Labeling refers to the label as well as accompanying material that is used by a manufacturer to promote and market a specific product. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Who validates claims and what kinds of claims can be made on dietary supplement labels? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">FDA receives many consumer inquiries about the validity of claims for dietary supplements, including product labels, advertisements, media, and printed materials. The responsibility for ensuring the validity of these claims rests with the manufacturer, FDA, and, in the case of advertising, with the Federal Trade Commission. By law, manufacturers may make three types of claims for their dietary supplement products: health claims, structure/function claims, and nutrient content claims. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Some of these claims describe: the link between a food substance and disease or a health-related condition; the intended benefits of using the product; or the amount of a nutrient or dietary substance in a product. Different requirements generally apply to each type of claim, and are described in more detail at the following site: (http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/hclaims.html). </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050220094121/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/hclaims.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050220094121/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/hclaims.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Why do some supplements have wording (a disclaimer) that says: </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">"This statement has not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease"? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">This statement or "disclaimer" is required by law (DSHEA) when a manufacturer makes a structure/function claim on a dietary supplement label. In general, these claims describe the role of a nutrient or dietary ingredient intended to affect the structure or function of the body. The manufacturer is responsible for ensuring the accuracy and truthfulness of these claims; they are not approved by FDA. For this reason, the law says that if a dietary supplement label includes such a claim, it must state in a "disclaimer" that FDA has not evaluated this claim. The disclaimer must also state that this product is not intended to "diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease," because only a drug can legally make such a claim. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">How are advertisements for dietary supplements regulated? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulates advertising, including infomercials, for dietary supplements and most other products sold to consumers. FDA works closely with FTC in this area, but FTC's work is directed by different laws. For more information on FTC, go to: http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-health.htm . Advertising and promotional material received in the mail are also regulated under different laws and are subject to regulation by the U.S. Postal Inspection Service. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">How do I, my health care provider, or any informed individual report a problem or illness caused by a dietary supplement to FDA? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">If you think you have suffered a serious harmful effect or illness from a product FDA regulates, including dietary supplements, the first thing you should do is contact or see your healthcare provider immediately. Then, you and your health care provider are encouraged to report this problem to FDA. Your health care provider can call FDA's MedWatch hotline at 1-800-FDA-1088, submit a report by fax to 1-800-FDA-0178 or on-line at:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"> http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/report/hcp.htm. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050410162320/http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/report/hcp.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050410162320/http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/report/hcp.htm</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The MedWatch program provides a way for health care providers to report problems believed to be caused by FDA-regulated products such as drugs, medical devices, medical foods and dietary supplements. You, or anyone, may report a serious adverse event or illness directly to FDA if you believe it is related to the use of any of the above-mentioned products, by calling FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088, by fax at 1-800-FDA-0178 or reporting on-line at: http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/report/consumer/consumer.htm . FDA would like to know when you think a product caused you a serious problem, even if you are not sure that the product was the cause, or even if you do not visit a doctor or clinic. In addition to communicating with FDA on-line or by phone, you may use the postage-paid MedWatch form available from the FDA Web site. NOTE: The identity of the reporter and/or patient is kept confidential. For a general, not serious, complaint or concern about food products, including dietary supplements, you may contact the consumer complaint coordinator at the local FDA District Office nearest you. See the following Web address for the telephone number:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"> http://www.fda.gov/opacom/backgrounders/complain.html. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">For more recent information on Dietary Supplements See http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/supplmnt.html http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/ds-oview.html </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">FDA Talk Papers are prepared by the Press Office to guide FDA personnel in responding with consistency and accuracy to questions from the public on subjects of current interest. Talk Papers are subject to change as more information becomes available. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">T01-09 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Print Media: 202-205-4144</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">February 5, 2001 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Broadcast Media: 301-827-3434</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Consumer Inquiries: 888-INFO-FDA</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">FDA ISSUES LETTER TO INDUSTRY ON FOODS CONTAINING BOTANICAL AND OTHER NOVEL INGREDIENTS </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently issued a letter to the food industry restating the requirements of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act regarding the marketing of conventional foods containing novel ingredients, including botanicals. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">FDA is issuing this letter because of the significant growth in the marketing of foods containing these ingredients. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">FDA is concerned that some botanical and other novel ingredients that are being added to conventional foods are neither approved food additives, nor generally recognized as being safe for these uses. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">This letter serves as a reminder to the industry of the longstanding legal requirements governing conventional food products. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">In issuing this letter, FDA is also reminding manufacturers about the legal requirements regarding claims on conventional foods. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The Food Drug and Cosmetic Act allows for certain claims such as: </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">* health claims -- a claim characterizing the relationship between a food substance and a disease or health related condition; </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">* nutrient content claims -- a claim characterizing the level of a nutrient in a food; and </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">* structure/function claims -- a claim characterizing the effect of a food on the structure or function of the body. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">FDA must review health claims and nutrient content claims prior to marketing, unless the claim has been authorized by regulation or by statute under the authoritative statement notification procedure. Manufacturers are encouraged to contact the agency regarding the regulatory status of ingredients and claims they intend to use for foods. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2001/ANS01070.html </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010602180834/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2001/ANS01070.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010602180834/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2001/ANS01070.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">more listings of potential TSE carrying nutritional supplements, only a few of hundreds out there; </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">IPLEX; (listing only potentially TSE tainted tissues) vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">also this is another; Immuplex Ingredients; Bovine Liver PMG Extract, zinc-iron-copper liver chelate, bovine liver powder, veal bone PMG Extract, ascorbic acid, nutritional yeast, bovine spleen PMG Extract, high selenium yeast, vaccum dried bovine and ovine spleen, bovine thymus PMG Extract, bovine thymus Cytosol Extract, mixed tocopherois, high chromium yeast, pyridoxal 5-phosphate, vitamin A esters, calcium lactate, folic asid and cyanocabalamin. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Two capsules supple 165 mg Bovine Liver PMG Extract, 45 mg Bovine spleen PMG Extract, 40 mg Vacuum Dried Bovine and Ovine Spleen, 35 mg. Bovine Thymus PMG Extract and 35 mg Bovine Thymus Cytosol Extract. METABOLIFE; Bovine Complex; Glandular system; Ovaries, Prostate, Scrotum and Adrenal</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"> (usda cattle) [big deal...tss] </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">12,500 cattle ever checked for a TSE in the U.S.A. in the 12 year program (to aug. 2001) in that 12 years, the U.S. has raised 1.5 BILLION head of cattle including calf crop. 100 million in the USA in any given year. 37 MILLION slaughtered annually 190,000 DOWNERS annually</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"> ========================================= </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Subject: Metabolife Date: Mon, 7, Dec 1998 14:21:35 -0800 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">From: Rand Smith < rsmith@metabolife.com > </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">To: "' flounder@wt.net '" < flounder@wt.net > </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Dear Sir, We are looking at reformulation. I agree that slow virus diseases present a problem in some areas of the world. Our product uses healthy USDA inspected cattle for the glandular extract. If you have any links to more information on this subject I would like to examine them. Thank you for your interest and concern. Dr. Smith </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">============================ </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">here is the famous yearly token letter from FDA to supplements manufacturer; </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Letter to Manufacturers of Biological Products - Recommendations Regarding Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration 1401 Rockville Pike Rockville, MD 20852-1448 April 19, 2000 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">To Manufacturers of Biological Products </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued letters (date May 3, 1991, December 17, 1993, and May 9, 1996) and a guidance document (September 1997) requesting that materials derived from ruminants which have resided in or originated from countries where Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) has been diagnosed not be used in the manufacture of FDA-regulated products intended for administration to humans. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) also issued an interim rule on January 6, 1998, restricting the importation of ruminants, meat and meat products from ruminants, and certain ruminant products and byproducts from all countries of Europe. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Because of the serious nature of this issue, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) believes it critical to update the current recommendations. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">CBER strongly recommends that manufacturers take whatever steps are necessary to assure that materials derived from all species of ruminant animals born, raised or slaughtered in countries where BSE is known to exist, or countries where the USDA has been unable to assure FDA that BSE does not exist, are not used in the manufacture of FDA-regulated products intended for administration to humans. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The Agency has previously recommended that manufacturers take the following steps to prevent this occurrence: </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">1.Identify all ruminant-derived materials (e.g., culture medium, transferrin, albumin, enzymes, lipids) used in the manufacture of regulated products. FDA considers the manufacture of biological products to include the preparation of master (including the original cell line) and working cell banks, as well as materials used in fermentation, harvesting, purification and formulation of the products. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">2.Document the country of origin and all countries where the live animal source has resided for each ruminant-derived material used in the manufacture of the regulated product. The regulated-product manufacturer should obtain this information from the supplier of the ruminant-derived product. The regulated-product manufacturer should also obtain the appropriate veterinary regulatory inspection certification of slaughter, as required by the country of origin of live animals, from the supplier. Documentation should be maintained for any new or in-process lots of licensed, cleared or approved products; products pending clearance or approval; and investigational products intended to be administered to humans. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">3.Maintain traceable records for each lot of ruminant material and each lot of FDA-regulated product manufactured using these materials. These records should be part of the product batch records and available for FDA inspection. Such records should be maintained for products manufactured at foreign as well as domestic facilities. It is the responsibility of the manufacturer to obtain up-to-date information regarding countries where BSE is known to exist, or countries where the USDA has been unable to assure FDA that BSE does not exist. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">This information is available from the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) at telephone number 301-734-8364, website address http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ncie, and codified at 9 CFR 94.18 (see attached). Specific product-related questions should be directed to the appropriate application division within CBER's product offices. The phone numbers are: Dr. David Asher, Office of Blood Research and Review 301-827-3524</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Dr. Paul Richman, Office of Vaccines Research and Review 301-827-3070</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">James Crim, Office of Therapeutics Research and Review 301-827-5101 Thank you for your attention to this matter. Sincerely, ---- signature --- Kathryn C. Zoon, Ph.D. Director Center for Biologics Evaluation And Research Attachment </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/cber/ltr/bse041900.htm </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010417035625/http://www.fda.gov/cber/ltr/bse041900.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010417035625/http://www.fda.gov/cber/ltr/bse041900.htm</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">1992 copy of token TSE nutritional supplement letter to manufacturers; </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Nov. 9, 1992 Dear Manufacturer of Dietary Supplements:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">In a series of recent meetings, representatives of the DIETARY SUPPLEMENT INDUSTRY have suggested that if FDA has CONCERNS INVOLVING DIETARY SUPPLEMENT PRODUCTS, it should communicate its CONCERNS DIRECTLY TO THE INDUSTRY. We agree that this is a reasonable and appropriate suggestion. Therefore, I wish to bring a matter of some IMPORTANCE to FDA to your attention. I would like to share with you FDA's CONCERNS regarding the marketing of certain NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS. We have become aware that some supplements contain BRAIN, NERVOUS TISSUE, OR GLANDULAR MATERIALS FROM A VARIETY OF ANIMAL SPECIES, INCLUDING BOVINE (OXEN, BEEF) AND OVINE (SHEEP) SPECIES. We are CONCERNED that some amount of these materials MAY HAVE COME FROM COUNTRIES EXPERIENCING BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE) IN THE CASE! OF BOVINE TISSUES, OR SCRAPIE IN THE CASE OF OVINE TISSUES...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">As you may know, BSE is an infectious neurologic disorder of cattle, and is prevalent in certain parts of the world. Scrapie is a spongiform encephalopathy of sheep, and is a disease that is endemic in many parts of the world, INCLUDING the United States. It is believed that the rapid spread of BSE among animals in Great Britain was causes by inadequately rendered, scrapie agent-containing material being fed to cattle. Thus, it is suggested that BSE is the clinical manifestation of scrapie in cattle. It is further suggested that cattle became infected by the OROGASTRIC ROUTE. Both scrapie and BSE are classified as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The causal agent is unknown, but suspected to be an agent known variously as "prion", "virino, "unconventional virus", or "slow virus". That these agents can infect across species, and infect primates, has been demonstrated REPEATEDLY IN LABORATORY STUDIES...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Although cases are rare, spongiform encephalopathies can affect humans, most notably, CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD). CJD is a rare disease, its incidence being about 1 case per million population. It is 100% FATAL. Human-to-Human transmission by iatrogenic means (e.g., contaminated neurosurgical instruments, corneal and dura mater implants, human growth hormone injections) has been documented. The possibility of transmission of animal spongiform encephalopathy agents to humans from consumption of animal brains from a variety of species, such as squirrel, goat, sheep, and hogs, and from consumption of sheep's eyeballs has been examined in the past. Although proof of such dietary transmission is lacking, some SUSPICIONS REMAIN. The rarity of the disease, coupled with what is believed to be a long onset time (median - 13 years), make more precise epidemiological studies EXTREMELY DIFFICULT. Additionally, there may be a genetic or other susceptibility in some individuals...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">FDA has recently been involved in investigating a CONSUMER COMPLAINT INVOLVING A CONFIRMED CASE OF CJD. It is standard procedure for FDA to follow-up on all consumer complaints involving death or serious injury. In the course of this investigation, FDA learned that the WOMAN HAD TAKEN A BOVINE TISSUE-CONTAINING DIETARY SUPPLEMENT. Although, at the present there is no basis to conclude that this supplement played any role in causing the disease, FDA and NIH have decided that it is PRUDENT to further investigate this matter. Therefore, both agencies have begun to conduct cooperative studies to determine whether NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS CONTAINING BRAIN, NERVOUS TISSUE OR GLANDULAR MATERIALS FROM BOVINE AND OVINE SPECIES MIGHT BE LINKED TO HUMAN SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">In 1991, the United States Department of Agriculture published a rule (9 CFR 95.4) which PROHIBITS IMPORTS of various tissues and organs from ruminants in countries where BSE exists. Similar prohibitions have been in place for scrapie for many years. The concern addressed by the rules was that BSE or Scrapie-containing materials may find their way into cattle or sheep in the U.S. Never-the-less, FDA feels that the principle embodied in the USDA rule is an appropriate standard for tissues, organs, glands, and processed extracts from these articles in-so-far as they may be used for human food, INCLUDING IN SUPPLEMENT FORM...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">FDA is REQUESTING that you investigate the source of your neural and glandular tissue(s) or tissue extracts of bovine or ovine species to determine if they are being produced in known BSE countries or from flocks in which scrapie may be present. We would RECOMMEND that you reformulate your products using neural or glandular tissues that you are ASSURED are BSE or SCRAPIE free. We SUGGEST within the next two months, that you gather information and determine the source of bovine or ovine materials used in your product(s). If you use bovine-derived materials in your products(s), we SUGGEST that you develop a plan to assure, WITH A HIGH DEGREE OF CERTAINTY, that there is NO POSSIBILITY that materials of bovine origin are being supplied by BSE countries, either directly or indirectly. If you use ovine materials in your product(s), WE SUGGEST that you also develop a similar plan assuring that these tissues are from SCRAPIE-FREE animals. We fully recognize that there is no proven link between BSE or Scrapie, and human disease, but given the DEVASTATING CONSEQUENCES of human spongiform encephalopathies such as CJD, we believe that our REQUEST is a prudent step at this time...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">FDA REQUESTS that you communicate your plan(s) to us once you have developed them. We recognize that the steps you take to secure the assurances you need from exporting countries MAY BE DIFFICULT, but we are certain you will agree with us that they are DESIRABLE...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">If you need any additional information or guidance, please contact! Dr. Douglas L. Archer, Deputy Director, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrtion at 202-205-4057. We appreciate your cooperation and attention to this matter.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Sincerely, Fred R. Shank, Ph.D Director Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">-------------------------------------------------- </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">also, you can go to this FDA dockets page, and skroll down until you see EMC 597 'Terry S. Singeltary Sr.' highlighted in blue. this also has some very interesting information. It is a PDF file;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/00/mar00/030100/030100.htm </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20000817004318/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/00/mar00/030100/030100.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20000817004318/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/00/mar00/030100/030100.htm</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/00/mar00/030100/emc0597.rtf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/00/mar00/030100/emc0597.rtf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">another thing most disturbing, the USA imports supplements with SRMs from known BSE countries. and if you don't think scrapie or CWD can transmit to man as easily or as difficult as BSE (depends whom you have watched suffer and die from this horrible disease) well, i would like to see this proof of this (transmission studies only). but let us not forget the potential threat of BSE in sheep. another fine example; </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">snip... </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">In fact, the salesman now tells us he doesn't sell the machines anymore. But the quest for youth goes beyond facial creams and exotic contraptions, anti-agers are also ingesting some pretty wild-sounding dietary supplements. "Live proteins from sheep and pig from France, processed," says a representative. Life-Cell Technologies touts the benefits of supplements that contain processed pig and sheep organs. "I have a lot of body builders and professional athletes that use these products because they strengthen and stimulate the different glands and organs," says one woman. The idea, she implied, often is that ingesting ground up animal organs will strengthen human organs or even cure thyroid and adrenal diseases. "To my knowledge you can't just take pulverzied organs and feed them to somebody and think they're not going to have thyroid disease anymore or hypo-adrenalism," says Dr. Wexler. It would be kind of a medical miracle, wouldn't it? "It would be amazing, truly amazing," says Dr. Wexler. "Dateline" attended another anti-aging conference and expo in Chicago - this time with our cameras in plain view. Remember the exhibitor selling processed pig and sheep organs? We pressed her for scientific documentation. We asked, what is the science behind the idea? The woman tells us, "You would have to go on the Internet and get information, scientific studies." But this is her company, isn't it? "Yes it is," she says. "And if you don't mind, I don't want to be interviewed. I don't." "Dateline" tells her, "They are simple questions that any consumer would ask." Everywhere "Dateline" went at the anti-aging expo we heard a lot about so-called "scientific studies." "Well, it comes from 3,000 studies," a man at the expo tells us. At one booth the product is called transfer factor, and the active ingredient is colostrum - the potent pre-milk fluid in a lactating mother's breast. "We actually filtrate the transfer factor out of the colostrum," says one man. From where, mothers? "No," the man tells us. "From bovine colostrum, from cows."</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"> <a href="http://www.msnbc.com/news/550100.asp?cp1=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.msnbc.com/news/550100.asp?cp1=1</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010611111928/http://www.msnbc.com/news/550100.asp?cp1=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010611111928/http://www.msnbc.com/news/550100.asp?cp1=1</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Supplements Association Moves to Eliminate Bovine Parts From Products</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WASHINGTON (Reuters Health) Mar 16 - The nation's largest dietary supplements industry group has issued new guidance to manufacturers amid concerns that some alternative health products containing bovine materials pose a risk of transmitting bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) to humans.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The guidance, published by the National Nutritional Foods Association (NNFA), encourages manufacturers to eliminate all neurological bovine materials from their products. Consumption of brains and spinal cords from cows infected with BSE are widely believed to be the source of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans........</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip... full text at;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://id.medscape.com/</div></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">PLoS One. 2020; 15(8): e0237410.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published online 2020 Aug 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PMCID: PMC7446902</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PMID: 32817706</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Nathaniel D. Denkers, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing,#1 Clare E. Hoover, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing,#2 Kristen A. Davenport, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing,3 Davin M. Henderson, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology,1 Erin E. McNulty, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing,1 Amy V. Nalls, Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing,1 Candace K. Mathiason, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing,1 and Edward A. Hoover, Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing1,*</div><div style="outline: none;">Byron Caughey, Editor</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The minimum infectious dose required to induce CWD infection in cervids remains unknown, as does whether peripherally shed prions and/or multiple low dose exposures are important factors in CWD transmission. With the goal of better understand CWD infection in nature, we studied oral exposures of deer to very low doses of CWD prions and also examined whether the frequency of exposure or prion source may influence infection and pathogenesis. We orally inoculated white-tailed deer with either single or multiple divided doses of prions of brain or saliva origin and monitored infection by serial longitudinal tissue biopsies spanning over two years. We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SNIP...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In conclusion, we have attempted to model and better understand CWD infection relative to natural exposure. The results demonstrate: (a) that the minimum CWD oral infectious dose is vastly lower than historical studies used to establish infection; (b) that a direct relationship exists between dose and incubation time to first prion replication detection in tonsils, irrespective of genotype; (c) that a difference was not discernible between brain vs. saliva source prions in ability to establish infection or in resultant disease course; and (d) that the CWD infection process appears to conform more to a threshold dose than an accumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34111230/</div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Successful transmission of the chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent to white-tailed deer by intravenous blood transfusion</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Author links open overlay panelNajiba Mammadova a b, Eric Cassmann a b, Justin J. Greenlee a</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.10.009</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Highlights</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">•The chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent efficiently transmits between white-tailed deer.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">•Blood from CWD infected deer contains infectious prions.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">•A single intravenous blood transfusion resulted in CWD transmission with an incubation of 25.6 months for the GG96 recipient.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">•The GS96 recipient had a longer incubation of 43.6 months.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs) that affects free-ranging and captive cervid species. The infectious agent of CWD may be transmitted from ingestion of prions shed in bodily fluids (e.g. feces, urine, saliva, placenta tissue) of infected animals, contaminated pastures, and/or decomposing carcasses from dead animals. Studies have also demonstrated prion infectivity in whole blood or blood fractions of CWD infected animals. To determine if CWD-infected blood contained sufficient levels of prion infectivity to cause disease, recipient deer were inoculated intravenously (IV) with blood derived from a CWD-infected white-tailed deer. We found that the CWD agent can be successfully transmitted to white-tailed deer by a single intravenous blood transfusion. The incubation period was associated with recipient prion protein genotype at codon 96 with the GG96 recipient incubating for 25.6 months and the GS96 recipient incubating for 43.6 months. This study complements and supports an earlier finding that CWD can be transmitted to deer by intravenous blood transfusion from white-tailed deer with CWD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SNIP...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We demonstrate here that the CWD agent can be successfully transmitted to white-tailed deer by a single intravenous blood transfusion from CWD-infected white-tailed deer. The incubation period appeared to be associated with recipient genotype with the GG96 deer (940) incubating for 25.6 months, while the GS96 deer (941) incubated for 43.6 months; however, we take into consideration the limitation of the small sample size in this study. While a previous and larger study showed similar results, we determined that only 100 mL of CWD-infected blood (~2.5 times less than previously shown in (Mathiason et al., 2010)) contained sufficient levels of prion infectivity to cause disease. The identification of blood-borne transmission of the CWD agent is important in reinforcing the risk of exposure to CWD via blood as well as the possibility of hematogenous transmission of the CWD agent through insect vector. Finally, these results further highlight the importance of developing a sensitive and reproducible blood-based test to detect pre-clinical CWD, and warrant the continued advancement and evaluation of sensitive antemortem diagnostic tests for the detection of PrPSc in blood of asymptomatic cervids early in the incubation period.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Keywords</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Blood transfusion Cervid CWD Prion disease Prions in blood White-tailed deer</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003452882031047X?via%3Dihub" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003452882031047X?via%3Dihub</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">CWD TO HUMANS, What If, has it already happened?</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a></div><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Abstract</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***>To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">=====</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">=====</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></span><span style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></div><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we aimed to determine the zoonotic potential of CWD using a mouse model for human prion diseases.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Material and Methods: Transgenic mice overexpressing human PrPChomozygous for methionine at codon 129 (</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">tg650</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">) were inoculated intracerebrally with brain homogenates of white-tailed deer infected with Wisc-1/CWD1 or 116AG CWD strains. Mice were monitored for clinical signs and were euthanized at terminal disease. Brains were tested by RT-QuIC, western blot upon PK digestion, and immunohistochemistry; fecal homogenates were analyzed by RT-QuIC. Brain/spinal cord and fecal homogenates of CWD-inoculated </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">tg650</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> mice were inoculated into </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">tg650</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> mice or bank voles. Brain homogenates of bank voles inoculated with fecal homogenates of CWD-infected </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">tg650</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> mice were used for second passage in bank voles.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">tg650</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">tg650</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">tg650</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">tg650</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">tg650</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> with fecal homogenates.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">PLoS One. 2020; 15(8): e0237410. Published online 2020 </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">Aug 20.</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237410 PMCID: PMC7446902 PMID: </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">32817706</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Abstract </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">snip...</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">The results demonstrate: (a) that the minimum CWD oral infectious dose is vastly lower than historical studies used to establish infection; (b) that a direct relationship exists between dose and incubation time to first prion replication detection in tonsils, irrespective of genotype; (c) that a difference was not discernible between brain vs. saliva source prions in ability to establish infection or in resultant disease course; and (d) that the CWD infection process appears to conform more to a threshold dose than an accumulative dose dynamic. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">================================</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s5" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">tg650</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">[12]). We inoculated </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s5" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">tg650</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"> mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suffcient to unveil its presence.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s5" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">tg650</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"> mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">=================================</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s5" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">snip...see full text;</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s5" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s5" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">First published: 17 January 2018 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="outline: none;">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</span></a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">also, see; </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Research Paper</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Download citation</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s5" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">ABSTRACT</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p6" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s5" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p5" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23.8px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 30.7px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s4" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 23.76px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s6" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleEmphasizedBody; font-size: 18.36px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Publication Acceptance Date:</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> 9/8/2021</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Published: 26 September 2021</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Abstract</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Snip...</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="outline: none;">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html</span></a>). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">==================</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">====================</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">===============</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Cervid to human prion transmission</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Kong, Qingzhong </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Case Western Reserve University, </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">Cleveland, OH, United States</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">9037884</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">snip... </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">=================================</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <<a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="outline: none;">flounder9@verizon.net</span></a>> wrote:</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">snip...</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">end...tss</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">==============</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Qingzhong Kong</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="mailto:qxk2@case.edu" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">qxk2@case.edu</a></span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Background</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Methods</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Results</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">1.01 - 1.23</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">1.04 - 1.27</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">1.10 – 2.24</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">1.02 - 1.26</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">1.04 - 1.29</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">1.10 - 1.48</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Conclusions</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">=====</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">=====</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Background</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Methods</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Results</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Conclusions</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">=====</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Background and objective:</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Methods:</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Results:</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Discussion:</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">=====</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Aims:</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Methods:</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Results:</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">10/16</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Conclusions:</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">=====</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">After 5-7</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">See also poster P103</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">=====</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Belay ED</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">=====</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">=====</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s6" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleEmphasizedBody; font-size: 18.36px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s6" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleEmphasizedBody; font-size: 18.36px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">snip...</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">from 6.4 to 7.10</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://cjdfoundation.org/files/pdf/CWD%20study%20oral%20transmission%20of%20CWD%20to%20primates.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://cjdfoundation.org/files/pdf/CWD%20study%20oral%20transmission%20of%20CWD%20to%20primates.pdf</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.cste2.org/Webinars/files/CWD_Slides_FINAL.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.cste2.org/Webinars/files/CWD_Slides_FINAL.pdf</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019 </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011 Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. " </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">See CJD update at bottom…</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Transmission Studies Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">snip.... </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> *** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">404-639-3091</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">). </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">-----Original Message----- From: </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM To: </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">rr26k@nih.gov</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">; </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">; </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">ebb8@CDC.GOV</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Thursday, April 03, 2008 </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">snip... *** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">snip... full text ; </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a></span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a></span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">*** now, let’s see what the authors said way back about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE. see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans” </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">From: TSS Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">From: "Belay, Ermias" </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Dear Sir/Madam, In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">404-639-3091</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">). </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">-----Original Message----- From: </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM To: </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">rr26k@nih.gov</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">; </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">; </span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;">ebb8@CDC.GOV</span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11594928/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11594928/</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven. if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way; </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">sporadic = 54,983 hits </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a></span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a></span><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">From: Steve Dealler </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">To: BSE-L@ References: </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Dear Terry,</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Steve Dealler </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">=============== </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">snip...</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">snip...</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">snip...</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">snip...see full report ;</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s6" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleEmphasizedBody; font-size: 18.36px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">2004 video</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s6" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleEmphasizedBody; font-size: 18.36px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s6" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleEmphasizedBody; font-size: 18.36px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">Jeff Swann and his Mom, cwd link... sporadic CJD?, CBC NEWS Jeff Schwan sCJD, CWD, and Professor Aguzzi on BSE and sporadic CJD </span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s6" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleEmphasizedBody; font-size: 18.36px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s6" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleEmphasizedBody; font-size: 18.36px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;">????: CBCnews</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s6" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleEmphasizedBody; font-size: 18.36px; font-weight: bold; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s7" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleEmphasizedBody; font-size: 18.36px; font-weight: bold; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://histodb15.usz.ch/pages/Images/videos/video-004/video-004.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://histodb15.usz.ch/pages/Images/videos/video-004/video-004.html</a></span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;">1997 nvCJD video</span></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p3" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none;"></span><br style="outline: none;" /></p><p class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653p2" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none;"><span class="ydp968fb314yiv6267197183ydpc9cd783byiv3559301653s3" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://histodb15.usz.ch/pages/Images/videos/video-009/video-009.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://histodb15.usz.ch/pages/Images/videos/video-009/video-009.html</a></span></p></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">RECENT MAD COW CASES</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">United States of America - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">GENERAL INFORMATION</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">COUNTRY/TERRITORY OR ZONE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">COUNTRY/TERRITORY</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ANIMAL TYPE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TERRESTRIAL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISEASE CATEGORY</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Listed disease</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EVENT ID 5067</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISEASE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CAUSAL AGENT Bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion, atypical strain, L-type</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">GENOTYPE / SEROTYPE / SUBTYPE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a></div></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary full report and some history on mad cow in the usa.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">May 2, 2023 Singeltary Submission to APHIS et al on BSE;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Greetings again APHIS et al,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I would kindly like to again, post my concern or urgency, on why said information is so critical, and why the 3 year extension is so critical, especially today, with the recent mad cow cases in the UK, Switzerland, Brazil, Spain, and The Netherlands all atypical BSE cases, and the fact the OIE is so concerned with the recent science about atypical L-type BSE and atypical H-type BSE, both of which can transmit orally, (see OIE BSE atypical in my reference materials), new outbreak of a new Prion disease in a new livestock species, i.e. the camel. The fact Chronic Wasted Disease CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, is spreading across the USA, with no stopping it in the near future, now with 10 different strains, a spillover into cattle or sheep would be devastating, and the ramifications of human zoonosis there from, has great concern throughout the scientific community. The fact that the USA BSE feed ban was and is a joke today (see why, with the fact that CWD positive deer could enter the food/feed chain for other ruminants and what the DEFRA says), how the BSE surveillance and testing has failed us so terribly bad to date, by testing only 25k bovines a year for BSE, you will not find BSE until it's too late, again. THIS is all why INFORMATION COLLECTION is so vital for BSE and all human and animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''The purpose of this notice is to solicit comments from the public (as well as affected agencies) concerning our information collection. These comments will help us:''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) Evaluate whether the collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the Agency, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(2) Evaluate the accuracy of our estimate of the burden of the collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(4) Minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, through use, as appropriate, of automated, electronic, mechanical, and other collection technologies; ...end</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The question should be, what will the burden be, if WE DON'T COLLECT SAID INFORMATIONS ON BSE, and we find ourselves again facing a BSE epidemic?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I want to bring your attention too, and emphasize;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I remember that infamous TEXAS MAD COW that instead of a 48 turnaround at Weybridge, said suspect positive, was declared NEGATIVE, until an Act of Congress and the Honorable Phyllis Fong overrode Texas negative test, sent that BSE sample to Weybridge, and 6 MONTHS LATER ON A 48 HOUR TURNAROUND (BSE REDBOOKS), that BSE sample was CONFIRMED POSITIVE (see history in my references).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Let's not kid ourselves, the BSE ENHANCED BSE SURVEILLANE efforts way back was a total failure, that's why it was shut down, too many atypical BSE cases were showing up.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ONLY by the Grace of God, have we not had a documented BSE outbreak, that and the fact the USDA et al are only testing 25K cattle for BSE, a number too low to find mad cow disease from some 28.9 million beef cows in the United States as of Jan. 1, 2023, down 4% from last year. The number of milk cows in the United States increased to 9.40 million. U.S. calf crop was estimated at 34.5 million head, down 2% from 2021. Jan 31, 2023.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ALL it would take is one BSE positive, yet alone a handful of BSE cases, this is why the Enhanced BSE was shut down, and the BSE testing shut down to 25k, and the BSE GBRs were replaced with BSE MRRs, after the 2003 Christmas Mad cow, the cow that stole Christmas, making it legal to trade BSE, imo.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THE world was set back to square one with the BSE Minimal Risk Regions, from the BSE GBRs.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WE must enhance our BSE Surveillance and BSE Testing, and the FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED BAN must be revised to include Cervid by-products and SRM, and it should be made MANDATORY, AND THIS SHOULD BE WELL DOCUMENTED with information collection.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Singeltary References</div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">see full submission;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div class="ydp746d0a97yiv6897840884ydp96c9960byiv9897701986ydp65987a16I_ZkbNhI ydp746d0a97yiv6897840884ydp96c9960byiv9897701986ydp65987a16D_FY ydp746d0a97yiv6897840884ydp96c9960byiv9897701986ydp65987a16W_6D6F" style="outline: none; width: 857.401px;"><div class="ydp746d0a97yiv6897840884ydp96c9960byiv9897701986ydp65987a16msg-body ydp746d0a97yiv6897840884ydp96c9960byiv9897701986ydp65987a16P_wpofO ydp746d0a97yiv6897840884ydp96c9960byiv9897701986ydp65987a16mq_AS" style="outline: none;"><div class="ydp746d0a97yiv6897840884ydp96c9960byiv9897701986ydp65987a16jb_0 ydp746d0a97yiv6897840884ydp96c9960byiv9897701986ydp65987a16X_6MGW ydp746d0a97yiv6897840884ydp96c9960byiv9897701986ydp65987a16N_6Fd5" style="outline: none;"><div id="ydp746d0a97yiv6897840884ydp96c9960byiv9897701986ydp65987a16yiv3075809345" style="outline: none;"><div class="ydp746d0a97yiv6897840884ydp96c9960byiv9897701986ydp65987a16yiv3075809345yahoo-style-wrap" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">WOAH OIE REPORT BSE UNITED STATEDS</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Virtual, 1–11 February 2021 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">iv) Chronic wasting disease</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The Commission considered the request by the Code Commission for clarification on the rationale for the Commission’s opinion that CWD did not fulfil the criteria for listing, specifically for point 2 of Article 1.2.26 of the Terrestrial Code. The Commission explained that the opinion was based on an extensive consultation process that took into account the opinions of the ad hoc Group on BSE, the Working Group on Wildlife and several subject-matter expert consultations. Based on this extensive consultation, the Commission indicated that the low disease prevalence, the impractical nature of currently available diagnostic tests, and the limited number of control measures make it difficult to eliminate the disease or scientifically provide evidence to demonstrate either freedom or impending freedom. The Commission considered also that despite the implementation of surveillance programmes by some Members, no country can currently demonstrate either freedom or impending freedom from disease. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/a-scad-feb2021.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/a-scad-feb2021.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Annex 19</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">WORK PROGRAMME OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES (FEB 2021)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Define a procedure for the evaluation of diseases against the listing criteria of Chapter 1.2., and responding to requests for listing decisions</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Evaluated proposals for (de)listing of:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">• M. tuberculosis • Infestation of honey bees with Acarapis woodi • Infestation of honey bees with Tropilaelaps spp. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">• Chronic wasting disease </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">• Atypical BSE</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/a-scad-feb2021.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/a-scad-feb2021.pdf</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">6.8. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Chapter 11.4.), Application for official recognition by the OIE of risk status for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Chapter 1.8.) and Glossary definition for ‘protein meal’</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Background </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">In February 2018, following preliminary work and scientific exchanges, the Code Commission and the Scientific Commission agreed to an in-depth review of Chapter 11.4. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The OIE convened three different ad hoc Groups between July 2018 and March 2019: i) an ad hoc Group on BSE risk assessment, which met twice, ii) an ad hoc Group on BSE surveillance, which met once, and iii) a joint ad hoc Group on BSE risk assessment and surveillance, which met once. The Code Commission, at its September 2019 meeting, reviewed the four ad hoc Group reports and the opinion of the Scientific Commission regarding the draft revised chapter and circulated a revised draft Chapter 11.4. for comments. In February 2020, the Code Commission considered comments received on the revised draft Chapter 11.4. and requested that the joint ad hoc Group on BSE risk assessment and surveillance be reconvened to address comments of a technical nature. In June 2020, the joint ad hoc Group was convened to address relevant comments and was also requested to review Chapter 1.8. Application for official recognition by the OIE of risk status for bovine spongiform encephalopathy to ensure alignment with the proposed changes in Chapter 11.4.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">In September 2020, the Code Commission reviewed the joint ad hoc Group report and the revised draft Chapters 11.4. and 1.8. and made some additional amendments and circulated the revised chapters for comments in its September 2020 report. In February 2021, the Commission considered comments received and amended the chapters, as appropriate, and circulated the revised chapters for a third round of comments. In preparation for the September 2021 meetings, some members of the Code Commission and the Scientific Commission met to discuss key aspects of the revision of Chapters 11.4. and 1.8. to ensure a common understanding of the main concerns raised by Members, the decisions made on the revised chapters and their impact on the official status recognition, as well as on the adapted procedures that will be required. During this meeting, it was agreed that each Commission would address the issues relevant to its meeting and document discussions in their respective reports. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Discussion </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT; </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/app/uploads/2022/04/a-bsc-feb2022-part-b.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/app/uploads/2022/04/a-bsc-feb2022-part-b.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">REFERENCES</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">SNIP...END SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">ATYPICAL BSE</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The L-type BSE prion is much more virulent in primates and in humanized mice than is the classical BSE prion, which suggests the possibility of zoonotic risk associated with the L-type BSE prion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1882_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1882_article</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) transmission to cynomolgus macaques, a non-human primate</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Fumiko Ono 1, Naomi Tase, Asuka Kurosawa, Akio Hiyaoka, Atsushi Ohyama, Yukio Tezuka, Naomi Wada, Yuko Sato, Minoru Tobiume, Ken'ichi Hagiwara, Yoshio Yamakawa, Keiji Terao, Tetsutaro Sata</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Affiliations expand</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">PMID: 21266763</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">A low molecular weight type of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) was transmitted to two cynomolgus macaques by intracerebral inoculation of a brain homogenate of cattle with atypical BSE detected in Japan. They developed neurological signs and symptoms at 19 or 20 months post-inoculation and were euthanized 6 months after the onset of total paralysis. Both the incubation period and duration of the disease were shorter than those for experimental transmission of classical BSE (C-BSE) into macaques. Although the clinical manifestations, such as tremor, myoclonic jerking, and paralysis, were similar to those induced upon C-BSE transmission, no premonitory symptoms, such as hyperekplexia and depression, were evident. Most of the abnormal prion protein (PrP(Sc)) was confined to the tissues of the central nervous system, as determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The PrP(Sc) glycoform that accumulated in the monkey brain showed a similar profile to that of L-BSE and consistent with that in the cattle brain used as the inoculant. PrP(Sc) staining in the cerebral cortex showed a diffuse synaptic pattern by immunohistochemistry, whereas it accumulated as fine and coarse granules and/or small plaques in the cerebellar cortex and brain stem. Severe spongiosis spread widely in the cerebral cortex, whereas florid plaques, a hallmark of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, were observed in macaques inoculated with C-BSE but not in those inoculated with L-BSE.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266763/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266763/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">see full text;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/64/81.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/64/81.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">''H-TYPE BSE AGENT IS TRANSMISSIBLE BY THE ORONASAL ROUTE''</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: none;"><div style="font-family: helvetica; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=============== </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=============== </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">============== </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRION <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">2016 TOKYO</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SCRAPIE <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">1933-6896</span> printl 1933-690X online</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Taylor & Francis</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">SO, WHO'S UP FOR SOME MORE TSE PRION POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$ </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SO, ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SNIP...SEE;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THURSDAY, JULY 8, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EFSA Scientific report on the analysis of the 2‐year compulsory intensified monitoring of atypical scrapie</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none; text-align: justify;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">PAST US MAD COW CASES AND TRACEABILITY PROBLEMS, WHAT'S IT GOING TO TAKE?</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"> AUG. 11, 2017</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***>Assuming no other factors influenced the levels of correct diagnosis and that the numbers estimated for 1997 to 1999 were a true representation of the potential under-diagnosis of the entire epidemic up until 1999, then the total number of missed cases positive for BSE could have been in the region of 5,500.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***>As a result, using more sensitive diagnostic assays, we were able to diagnose BSE positive cattle from the years 1997-1999 inclusive that were originally negative by vacuolation. From these data we have estimated that approximately 3% of the total suspect cases submitted up until the year 1999 were mis-diagnosed. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">YOU know, Confucius is confused again LOL, i seem to have remembered something in line with this here in the USA...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">USDA did not test possible mad cows</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">By Steve Mitchell</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">United Press International</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published 6/8/2004 9:30 PM</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WASHINGTON, June 8 (UPI) -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture claims ittested 500 cows with signs of a brain disorder for mad cow disease last year, but agency documents obtained by United Press International show the agency tested only half that number.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"These 9,200 cases were different because brain tissue samples were preserved with formalin, which makes them suitable for only one type of test--immunohistochemistry, or IHC."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THIS WAS DONE FOR A REASON!</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THE IHC test has been proven to be the LEAST LIKELY to detect BSE/TSE in the bovine, and these were probably from the most high risk cattle pool, the ones the USDA et al, SHOULD have been testing. ...TSS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TEXAS 2ND MAD COW THAT WAS COVERED UP, AFTER AN ACT OF CONGRESS, AND CALLS FROM TSE PRION SCIENTIST AROUND THE GLOBE, THIS 2ND MAD COW IN TEXAS WAS CONFIRMED</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THE USDA MAD COW FOLLIES POSITIVE TEST COVER UP</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">JOHANNS SECRET POSTIVE MAD COW TEST THAT WERE IGNORED</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">OIG AND THE HONORABLE FONG CONFIRMS TEXAS MAD AFTER AN ACT OF CONGRESS 7 MONTHS LATER</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TEXAS MAD COW</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THEY DID FINALLY TEST AFTER SITTING 7+ MONTHS ON A SHELF WHILE GW BORE THE BSE MRR POLICY, i.e. legal trading of all strains of TSE. now understand, i confirmed this case 7 months earlier to the TAHC, and then, only after i contacted the Honorable Phyllis Fong and after an act of Congress, this animal was finally confirmed ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">During the course of the investigation, USDA removed and tested a total of 67 animals of interest from the farm where the index animal's herd originated. All of these animals tested negative for BSE. 200 adult animals of interest were determined to have left the index farm. Of these 200, APHIS officials determined that 143 had gone to slaughter, two were found alive (one was determined not to be of interest because of its age and the other tested negative), 34 are presumed dead, one is known dead and 20 have been classified as untraceable. In addition to the adult animals, APHIS was looking for two calves born to the index animal. Due to record keeping and identification issues, APHIS had to trace 213 calves. Of these 213 calves, 208 entered feeding and slaughter channels, four are presumed to have entered feeding and slaughter channels and one calf was untraceable.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20090424121101/http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090424121101/http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Executive Summary In June 2005, an inconclusive bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) sample from November 2004, that had originally been classified as negative on the immunohistochemistry test, was confirmed positive on SAF immunoblot (Western blot). The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) identified the herd of origin for the index cow in Texas; that identification was confirmed by DNA analysis. USDA, in close cooperation with the Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC), established an incident command post (ICP) and began response activities according to USDA’s BSE Response Plan of September 2004. Response personnel removed at-risk cattle and cattle of interest (COI) from the index herd, euthanized them, and tested them for BSE; all were negative. USDA and the State extensively traced all at-risk cattle and COI that left the index herd. The majority of these animals entered rendering and/or slaughter channels well before the investigation began. USDA’s response to the Texas finding was thorough and effective.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Trace Herd 3 The owner of Trace Herd 3 was identified as possibly having received an animal of interest. The herd was placed under hold order on 7/27/05. The herd inventory was conducted on 7/28/05. The animal of interest was not present within the herd, and the hold order was released on 7/28/05. The person who thought he sold the animal to the owner of Trace Herd 3 had no records and could not remember who else he might have sold the cow to. Additionally, a search of GDB for all cattle sold through the markets by that individual did not result in a match to the animal of interest. The animal of interest traced to this herd was classified as untraceable because all leads were exhausted.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Trace Herd 4 The owner of Trace Herd 4 was identified as having received one of the COI through an order buyer. Trace Herd 4 was placed under hold order on 7/29/05. A complete herd inventory was conducted on 8/22/05 and 8/23/05. There were 233 head of cattle that were examined individually by both State and Federal personnel for all man-made identification and brands. The animal of interest was not present within the herd. Several animals were reported to have died in the herd sometime after they arrived on the premises in April 2005. A final search of GDB records yielded no further results on the eartag of interest at either subsequent market sale or slaughter. With all leads having been exhausted, this animal of interest has been classified as untraceable. The hold order on Trace Herd 4 was released on 8/23/05.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Trace Herd 5 The owner of Trace Herd 5 was identified as having received two COI and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. Trace Herd 5 is made up of 67 head of cattle in multiple pastures. During the course of the herd inventory, the owner located records that indicated that one of the COI, a known birth cohort, had been sold to Trace Herd 8 where she was subsequently found alive. Upon completion of the herd inventory, the other animal of interest was not found within the herd. A GDB search of all recorded herd tests conducted on Trace Herd 5 and all market sales by the owner failed to locate the identification tag of the animal of interest and she was subsequently classified as untraceable due to all leads having been exhausted. The hold order on Trace Herd 5 was released on 8/8/05.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Trace Herd 6 The owner of Trace Herd 6 was identified as possibly having received an animal of interest and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. This herd is made up of 58 head of cattle on two pastures. A herd inventory was conducted and the animal of interest was not present within the herd. The owner of Trace Herd 6 had very limited records and was unable to provide further information on where the cow might have gone after he purchased her from the livestock market. A search of GDB for all cattle sold through the markets by that individual did not result in a match to the animal of interest. Additionally, many of the animals presented for sale by the owner of the herd had been re-tagged at the market effectually losing the traceability of the history of that animal prior to re-tagging. The animal of interest traced to this herd was classified as untraceable due to all leads having been exhausted. The hold order on Trace Herd 6 was released on 8/3/05.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Trace Herd 7 The owner of Trace Herd 7 was identified as having received an animal of interest and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. Trace Herd 7 contains 487 head of cattle on multiple pastures in multiple parts of the State, including a unit kept on an island. The island location is a particularly rough place to keep cattle and the owner claimed to have lost 22 head on the island in 2004 due to liver flukes. Upon completion of the herd inventory, the animal of interest was not found present within Trace Herd 7. A GDB search of all recorded herd tests conducted on Trace Herd 7 and all market sales by the owner failed to locate the identification tag of the animal of interest. The cow was subsequently classified as untraceable. It is quite possible though that she may have died within the herd, especially if she belonged to the island unit. The hold order on Trace Herd 7 was released on 8/8/05.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060315165436/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060315165436/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Owner and Corporation Plead Guilty to Defrauding Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">An Arizona meat processing company and its owner pled guilty in February 2007 to charges of theft of Government funds, mail fraud, and wire fraud. The owner and his company defrauded the BSE Surveillance Program when they falsified BSE Surveillance Data Collection Forms and then submitted payment requests to USDA for the services. In addition to the targeted sample population (those cattle that were more than 30 months old or had other risk factors for BSE), the owner submitted to USDA, or caused to be submitted, BSE obex (brain stem) samples from healthy USDA-inspected cattle. As a result, the owner fraudulently received approximately $390,000. Sentencing is scheduled for May 2007.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">4 USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20080922232504/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080922232504/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Audit Report Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program – Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL Washington, D.C. 20250 January 25, 2006 REPLY TO ATTN OF: 50601-10-KC TO: W. Ron DeHaven Administrator Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Barbara Masters Administrator Food Safety and Inspection Service ATTN: William J. Hudnall Deputy Administrator Marketing Regulatory Program Business Services William C. Smith Assistant Administrator Office of Program Evaluation, Enforcement, and Review FROM: Robert W. Young /s/ Assistant Inspector General for Audit SUBJECT: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program - Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service - Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III This report presents the results of our audit of the enhanced BSE surveillance program and controls over specified risk materials and advanced meat recovery products. Your written response to the official draft report, dated January 20, 2006, is included as exhibit G with excerpts of the response and the Office of Inspector General’s (OIG) position incorporated into the Findings and Recommendations section of the report, where applicable. We accept the management decisions for all recommendations. Please follow your agency’s internal procedures in forwarding documentation for final action to the Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO). We are providing a separate memorandum to the agencies and OCFO that provides specific information on the actions to be completed to achieve final action. We appreciate your timely response and the cooperation and assistance provided to our staff during the audit USDA/OIG-A/50601-10-KC/ Page i</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Executive Summary</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program - Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service - Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results in Brief This report evaluates elements of the interlocking safeguards in place to protect United States (U.S.) beef from Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, widely known as BSE or "mad cow disease." Since 1990, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), has led a multi-agency effort to monitor and prevent BSE from entering the food supply. After discovering a BSE-positive cow in December 2003, APHIS expanded its BSE surveillance program. To further protect the food supply, USDA banned materials identified as being at risk of carrying BSE (specified risk materials (SRM)), such as central nervous system tissue. As part of this effort, USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) required beef slaughter and processing facilities to incorporate controls for handling such materials into their operational plans. Onsite FSIS inspectors also inspect cattle for clinical signs in order to prevent diseased animals from being slaughtered for human consumption. To evaluate the effectiveness of the safeguards, we assessed APHIS’ implementation of the expanded surveillance program, as well as FSIS’ controls to prevent banned SRMs from entering the food supply.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In June 2004, APHIS implemented its expanded surveillance program; participation by industry in this surveillance program is voluntary. As of May 2005, over 350,000 animals were sampled and tested for BSE. To date, two animals tested positive for BSE; one tested positive after implementation of the expanded surveillance program.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">USDA made significant efforts to implement the expanded BSE surveillance program. Much needed to be done in a short period of time to establish the necessary processes, controls, infrastructure, and networks to assist in this effort. In addition, extensive outreach and coordination was undertaken with other Federal, State, and local entities, private industry, and laboratory and veterinary networks. This report provides an assessment as to the progress USDA made in expanding its surveillance effort and the effectiveness of its controls and processes. This report also discusses the limitations of its program and data in assessing the prevalence of BSE in the U.S. herd.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">40 ELISA test procedures require two additional (duplicate) tests if the initial test is reactive, before final interpretation. If either of the duplicate tests is reactive, the test is deemed inconclusive.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">41 Protocol for BSE Contract Laboratories to Receive and Test Bovine Brain Samples and Report Results for BSE Surveillance Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), dated October 26, 2004.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">42 The NVSL conducted an ELISA test on the original material tested at the contract laboratory and on two new cuts from the sample tissue.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">43 A visual examination of brain tissue by a microscope.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">44 A localized pathological change in a bodily organ or tissue.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SNIP...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PLEASE SEE FLAMING EVIDENCE THAT THE USDA ET AL COVERED UP MAD COW DISEASE IN TEXAS ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PAGE 43;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Section 2. Testing Protocols and Quality Assurance Controls</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FULL TEXT 130 PAGES</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20080920075242/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080920075242/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Comments on technical aspects of the risk assessment were then submitted to FSIS.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Comments were received from Food and Water Watch, Food Animal Concerns Trust (FACT), Farm Sanctuary, R-CALF USA, Linda A Detwiler, and Terry S. Singeltary.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This document provides itemized replies to the public comments received on the 2005 updated Harvard BSE risk assessment. Please bear the following points in mind:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20090626021608/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090626021608/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Owens, Julie From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder9@verizon.net]</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sent: Monday, July 24, 2006 1:09 PM To: FSIS RegulationsComments</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Subject: [Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Page 1 of 98 8/3/2006</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Greetings FSIS, I would kindly like to comment on the following ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20080921202102/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080921202102/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Suppressed peer review of Harvard study October 31, 2002.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">October 31, 2002 Review of the Evaluation of the Potential for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in the United States Conducted by the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard School of Public Health and Center for Computational Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University Final Report Prepared for U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service Office of Public Health and Science Prepared by RTI Health, Social, and Economics Research Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 RTI Project Number 07182.024</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20050308184249/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050308184249/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sunday, February 14, 2010</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">[Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">TUESDAY, MAY 31, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">USA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE: description of typical and atypical cases </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">589.2001</span> FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">BSE pathogenesis in the ileal Peyer’s patches and the central and peripheral nervous system of young cattle 8 months post oral BSE challenge</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">589.2001</span> FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">PLOS ONE Journal </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">589.2001</span> BSE TSE regulations which prohibits the use of high-risk cattle material in feed for all animal species 2022</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Transmission of CH1641 in cattle </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">FRIDAY, APRIL 1, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">USDA TAKES THE C OUT OF COOL, what's up with that?</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">MONDAY, JUNE 6, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">APHIS USDA History Highlight: APHIS Combats Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Published Jun 1, 2022</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">2009–0095</span>] RIN 0579–AD10 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">SUNDAY, MARCH 21, 2021 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Investigation Results of Texas Cow That Tested Positive for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Aug. 30, 2005 Singeltary's Regiew 2021 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 23, 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">USDA Consolidates Regulations for NAHLN Laboratory Testing USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">sent this bulletin at 01/23/2020 02:15 PM EST</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Saturday, July 23, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Monday, June 20, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Tuesday, April 19, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">BSE REDBOOK</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Preliminary Notification</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">The director of NVSL is responsible for immediately notifying the APHIS, Veterinary Services (VS) deputy administrator when tests suggest a presumptive diagnosis of BSE. Once NVSL has made a presumptive diagnosis of BSE, APHIS and FSIS field activities will also be initiated. APHIS will receive notification (either confirming or not confirming NVSL's diagnosis) from the United Kingdom anywhere between 24 and 96 hours. (The international animal health community has recognized the United Kingdom's Central Veterinary Laboratory {CVL} as the world's reference laboratory for diagnosing BSE. Other countries, including Belgium, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Switzerland, have all sent samples to this lab to confirm their first case of BSE).</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">BSE Response Team</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">The BSE Response Team will complete the informational memorandum for the Secretary. The Team will prepare the letter to the Office of International Epizootics (OIE), the international animal health organization, for signature by the APHIS, VS Deputy Administrator. OIE requires that all countries submit official notification within 24 hours of confirming a diagnosis of BSE. The BSE Response Team and the office of the APHIS, VS Deputy Administrator would coordinate a teleconference to inform all APHIS regional directors and AVIC'S. The BSE Response Team and the office of the FSIS, OPHS Deputy Administrator would coordinate a teleconference to inform all regional and field FSIS offices. The BSE Response Team would coordinate a teleconference to notify other Federal agencies. The BSE Response Team would coordinate a teleconference to notify key industry/consumer representatives. The BSE Response Team and APHIS International Services would notify foreign embassies. The BSE Response Team would establish a toll-free 800 telephone line for industry representatives, reporters, and the public. The BSE Response Team would coordinate with APHIS Legislative and Public Affairs and USDA office of Communications to issue a press release the day the diagnosis is confirmed. The press release would announce a press conference to be held the morning after the diagnosis is confirmed......</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">THE END</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. (216-119-138-126.ipset18.wt.net) </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Subject: Hunkering down in the APHIS BSE Situation Room... </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Date: February 14, 2000 at 9:04 am PST</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Subject: hunkering down in the APHIS BSE Situation Room </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Date: Wed, 12 May 1999 01:55:54 -0800 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">From: tom Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">i am looking now a bizarre Oct 98 internal USDA publication describing a james bond-type US effort to control media should the long-anticipated first case of BSE in the US be admitted.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">'Players' on the 27 member BSE Response Team are to be flown in from all over the country to a BSE Headquarters 'situation room' apparently an underground bunker in Riverdale, Maryland under the command of the Assistant Secretary of Marketing.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Authentic press releases are already prepared and ready to go out after a few specifics have been filled in. They are spelled out in a separate document, the BSE Red Book, aka BSE Emergency Disease Guidelines.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Aphis' National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) activates team assembly. From the time a bovine brain sample is submitted, it takes 14-18 days to confirm a diagnosis of BSE. In the first 10-13 days, NVSL have enough information to determine the need for additional tests. If a provisional BSE diagnosis is made, the sample is 'hand-carried' (are they going to tell the airline and customs?) to the Central Veterinary Laboratory in England for confirmation, where they are expecting a 24 to 96 hour turn-around.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">I guess that means we can get the white tiger brain analyzed by Friday despite the 22 year delay to date. Maybe we could throw in a few cougar brains from NE Colorado too.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">A Team Member is designated to silently monitor this listserve and www.mad-cow.org (among others) -- for what, it doesn't say. The Freedom of Information Act request from the East Coast consumer group turned up numerous top-secret USDA downloads from that site and Dealler's.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">After 24 hours of secret briefings for 'select industry and trading partners' (to allow them to take positions on the commodities markets opposite the 'non-select' industry and trading partners?), a press conference will be held the next day.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">There are plans to trace the cow, its lineage, its herdmates, the renderer, traceout of product, buyout of herd, farm of origin, to get the state involved to quarantine the herd (pre-arranged for all 50 states), expectations for trade bans, notification of OIE within 24 hours, media 800 numbers, spokespersons and backups, notify CDC, FDA, NIH, and many other commendable activities. The Flow Chart is a sight to behold, I will try to scan it in tomorrow.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">In short, that cow is going to be toast by the time the public first hears about it.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">The Plan does not speak to the scenario in which the CVL says, yes, this is bovine spongiform encephalopathy all right but it is one of your strains, not ours. Invoking their Absence of Evidence is Evidence of Absence principle, there may be no perceived need for public disclosure in this case.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">USDA is caught completely unprepared if BSE first turns up in a US zoo animal. These animals could easily be diagnosed outside the "system" and be the subject of a publicity-seeking lab press release. I think this is a more likely scenario because the US has likely imported many thousands of zoo animals with advanced infections from Britain and France and there has been zero monitoring. Unlike with downer cows, anyone with the right colleagues can get ahold of a fallen zoo animal. Zoo animals enter the food chain in some cases after being rendered.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Another scenario would be some stock market speculator obtaining the Red Book and issuing a flurry of bogus but authentic-looking press releases that included bogus 800 and hacked USDA web links. The press here is so lazy and so accustomed to putting out public relation handouts as news that the objectives would be accomplished for a few hour (or days, depending on the Response Team's paralysis vis-a-vis off-flow chart events). Some people think a practise run for this happened in the Indiana case a year or two back.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">The first case of nvCJD in an American will also be a public relations fiasco. In the dim bulb of the public mind, any American with mad cow disease would have gotten it from eating meat here. USDA has no way to prove that the victim acquired it on a three week trip to England in 1987. This will sound lame even to the press. All CJD is synonymous with mad cow disease in the public perception; the more often the different kinds are explained, the more their suspicions are aroused. The first case of nvCJD in an American will simply validate what they already know and just be viewed as an overdue admission from the government.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">tom</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">___________________________________________________________</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. (216-119-130-102.ipset10.wt.net) </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Subject: When a case of B.S.E. is found in the U.S/Response to Disease outbreak...'redbook' </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">Date: March 13, 2000 at 10:13 am PST</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">BSE Red Book 2.1-26</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">5.0 Response to Disease Outbreak</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">snip...see full report of From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. (216-119-130-102.ipset10.wt.net) Subject: When a case of B.S.E. is found in the U.S/Response to Disease outbreak...'redbook' Date: March 13, 2000 at 10:13 am PST</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><a href="https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2008/08/qualitative-analysis-of-bse-risk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2008/08/qualitative-analysis-of-bse-risk.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Thursday, April 6, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">WOAH OIE CHAPTER 11.4 . BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY Article 11.4.1. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/04/woah-oie-chapter-114-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/04/woah-oie-chapter-114-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The risk of CJD increases with age; the 2016–2020 average annual rate in the United States was about 5 cases per million in persons 55 years of age or older.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary 1999</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">US scientists develop a possible test for BSE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BMJ 1999; 319 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7220.1312b (Published 13 November 1999)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Cite this as: BMJ 1999;319:1312</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">15 November 1999</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Terry S Singeltary</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">NA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">medically retired</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Rapid Response:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Re: vCJD in the USA * BSE in U.S.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In reading the recent article in the BMJ about the potential BSE tests being developed in the U.S. and Bart Van Everbroeck reply. It does not surprize me, that the U.S. has been concealing vCJD. There have been people dying from CJD, with all the symptoms and pathological findings that resemble U.K. vCJD for some time. It just seems that when there is one found, they seem to change the clarical classification of the disease, to fit their agenda. I have several autopsies, stating kuru type amyloid plaques, one of the victims was 41 years of age. Also, my Mom died a most hideous death, Heidenhain Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Her symptoms resemble that of all the U.K. vCJD victims. She would jerk so bad at times, it would take 3 of us to hold her down, while she screamed "God, what's wrong with me, why can't I stop this." 1st of symptoms to death, 10 weeks, she went blind in the first few weeks. But, then they told me that this was just another strain of sporadic CJD. They can call it what ever they want, but I know what I saw, and what she went through. Sporadic, simply means, they do not know.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">My neighbors Mom also died from CJD. She had been taking a nutritional supplement which contained the following;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. As I said, this woman taking these nutritional supplements, died from CJD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The particular batch of pills that was located, in which she was taking, was tested. From what I have heard, they came up negative, for the prion protein. But, in the same breath, they said their testing, may not have been strong enough to pick up the infectivity. Plus, she had been taking these type pills for years, so, could it have come from another batch?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CWD is just a small piece of a very big puzzle. I have seen while deer hunting, deer, squirrels and birds, eating from cattle feed troughs where they feed cattle, the high protein cattle by products, at least up until Aug. 4, 1997.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">So why would it be so hard to believe that this is how they might become infected with a TSE. Or, even by potentially infected land. It's been well documented that it could be possible, from scrapie. Cats becoming infected with a TSE. Have you ever read the ingredients on the labels of cat and dog food? But, they do not put these tissues from these animals in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutritional supplements, hGH, hPG, blood products, heart valves, and the many more products that come from bovine, ovine, or porcine tissues and organs. So, as I said, this CWD would be a small piece of a very big puzzle. But, it is here, and it most likely has killed. You see, greed is what caused this catastrophe, rendering and feeding practices. But, once Pandora's box was opened, the potential routes of infection became endless.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">No BSE in the U.S.A.? I would not be so sure of that considering that since 1990;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Since 1990 the U.S. has raised 1,250,880,700 cattle;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Since 1990 the U.S. has ONLY checked 8,881 cattle brains for BSE, as of Oct. 4, 1999;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">There are apprx. 100,000 DOWNER cattle annually in the U.S., that up until Aug. 4, 1997 went to the renders for feed;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Scrapie running rampant for years in the U.S., 950 infected FLOCKS, as of Aug. 1999;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our feeding and rendering practices have mirrored that of the U.K. for years, some say it was worse. Everything from the downer cattle, to those scrapie infected sheep, to any roadkill, including the city police horse and the circus elephant went to the renders for feed and other products for consumption. Then they only implemented a partial feed ban on Aug. 4, 1997, but pigs, chickens, dogs, and cats, and humans were exempt from that ban. So they can still feed pigs and chickens those potentially TSE tainted by-products, and then they can still feed those by-products back to the cows. I believe it was Dr. Joe Gibbs, that said, the prion protein, can survive the digestinal track. So you have stopped nothing. It was proven in Oprah Winfrey's trial, that Cactus Cattle feeders, sent neurologically ill cattle, some with encephalopathy stamped on the dead slips, were picked up and sent to the renders, along with sheep carcasses. Speaking of autopsies, I have a stack of them, from CJD victims. You would be surprised of the number of them, who ate cow brains, elk brains, deer brains, or hog brains.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I believe all these TSE's are going to be related, and originally caused by the same greedy Industries, and they will be many. Not just the Renders, but you now see, that they are re-using medical devices that were meant for disposal. Some medical institutions do not follow proper auto- claving procedures (even Olympus has put out a medical warning on their endescopes about CJD, and the fact you cannot properly clean these instruments from TSE's), and this is just one product. Another route of infection.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Regardless what the Federal Government in the U.S. says. It's here, I have seen it, and the longer they keep sweeping it under the rug and denying the fact that we have a serious problem, one that could surpass aids (not now, but in the years to come, due to the incubation period), they will be responsible for the continued spreading of this deadly disease.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">It's their move, it's CHECK, but once CHECKMATE has been called, how many thousands or millions, will be at risk or infected or even dead. You can't play around with these TSE's. I cannot stress that enough. They are only looking at body bags, and the fact the count is so low. But, then you have to look at the fact it is not a reportable disease in most states, mis-diagnosis, no autopsies performed. The fact that their one-in-a- million theory is a crude survey done about 5 years ago, that's a joke, under the above circumstances. A bad joke indeed........</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The truth will come, but how many more have to die such a hideous death. It's the Government's call, and they need to make a serious move, soon. This problem, potential epidemic, is not going away, by itself.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Bacliff, Texas 77518 USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">flounder@wt.net</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Competing interests: No competing interests </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary 2000</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BMJ 2000; 320 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7226.8/b (Published 01 January 2000) Cite this as: BMJ 2000;320:8</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">02 January 2000 Terry S Singeltary retired</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Rapid Response: </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as well... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In reading your short article about 'Scientist warn of CJD epidemic' news in brief Jan. 1, 2000. I find the findings in the PNAS old news, made famous again. Why is the U.S. still sitting on their butts, ignoring the facts? We have the beginning of a CJD epidemic in the U.S., and the U.S. Gov. is doing everything in it's power to conceal it.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The exact same recipe for B.S.E. existed in the U.S. for years and years. In reading over the Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors-1, this is a 25 page report by the USDA:APHIS:VS. It could have been done in one page. The first page, fourth paragraph says it all;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"Similarities exist in the two countries usage of continuous rendering technology and the lack of usage of solvents, however, large differences still remain with other risk factors which greatly reduce the potential risk at the national level."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Then, the next 24 pages tries to down-play the high risks of B.S.E. in the U.S., with nothing more than the cattle to sheep ratio count, and the geographical locations of herds and flocks. That's all the evidence they can come up with, in the next 24 pages.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Something else I find odd, page 16;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"In the United Kingdom there is much concern for a specific continuous rendering technology which uses lower temperatures and accounts for 25 percent of total output. This technology was _originally_ designed and imported from the United States. However, the specific application in the production process is _believed_ to be different in the two countries."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A few more factors to consider, page 15;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"Figure 26 compares animal protein production for the two countries. The calculations are based on slaughter numbers, fallen stock estimates, and product yield coefficients. This approach is used due to variation of up to 80 percent from different reported sources. At 3.6 million tons, the United States produces 8 times more animal rendered product than the United Kingdom."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"The risk of introducing the BSE agent through sheep meat and bone meal is more acute in both relative and absolute terms in the United Kingdom (Figures 27 and 28). Note that sheep meat and bone meal accounts for 14 percent, or 61 thousand tons, in the United Kingdom versus 0.6 percent or 22 thousand tons in the United States. For sheep greater than 1 year, this is less than one-tenth of one percent of the United States supply."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"The potential risk of amplification of the BSE agent through cattle meat and bone meal is much greater in the United States where it accounts for 59 percent of total product or almost 5 times more than the total amount of rendered product in the United Kingdom."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Considering, it would only take _one_ scrapie infected sheep to contaminate the feed. Considering Scrapie has run rampant in the U.S. for years, as of Aug. 1999, 950 scrapie infected flocks. Also, Considering only one quarter spoonful of scrapie infected material is lethal to a cow.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Considering all this, the sheep to cow ration is meaningless. As I said, it's 24 pages of B.S.e.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To be continued...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Bacliff, Texas USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Competing interests: No competing interests</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary 2001</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To the Editor: </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a> </div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary 2003</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00715-1 Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Newsdesk</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Available online 29 July 2003. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2003, Page 463 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Volume 3, Number 8 01 August 2003</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Newsdesk</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">My name is Terry S Singeltary Sr, and I live in Bacliff, Texas. I lost my mom to hvCJD (Heidenhain variant CJD) and have been searching for answers ever since. What I have found is that we have not been told the truth. CWD in deer and elk is a small portion of a much bigger problem.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">49-year-old Singeltary is one of a number of people who have remained largely unsatisfied after being told that a close relative died from a rapidly progressive dementia compatible with spontaneous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). So he decided to gather hundreds of documents on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) and realised that if Britons could get variant CJD from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Americans might get a similar disorder from chronic wasting disease (CWD) the relative of mad cow disease seen among deer and elk in the USA. Although his feverish search did not lead him to the smoking gun linking CWD to a similar disease in North American people, it did uncover a largely disappointing situation.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Singeltary was greatly demoralised at the few attempts to monitor the occurrence of CJD and CWD in the USA. Only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal TSEs should be reportable nationwide and internationally, he complained in a letter to the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA 2003; 285: 733). I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85% plus of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route or source.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Until recently, CWD was thought to be confined to the wild in a small region in Colorado. But since early 2002, it has been reported in other areas, including Wisconsin, South Dakota, and the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Indeed, the occurrence of CWD in states that were not endemic previously increased concern about a widespread outbreak and possible transmission to people and cattle.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To date, experimental studies have proven that the CWD agent can be transmitted to cattle by intracerebral inoculation and that it can cross the mucous membranes of the digestive tract to initiate infection in lymphoid tissue before invasion of the central nervous system. Yet the plausibility of CWD spreading to people has remained elusive.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Part of the problem seems to stem from the US surveillance system. CJD is only reported in those areas known to be endemic foci of CWD. Moreover, US authorities have been criticised for not having performed enough prionic tests in farm deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Although in November last year the US Food and Drug Administration issued a directive to state public-health and agriculture officials prohibiting material from CWD-positive animals from being used as an ingredient in feed for any animal species, epidemiological control and research in the USA has been quite different from the situation in the UK and Europe regarding BSE.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Getting data on TSEs in the USA from the government is like pulling teeth, Singeltary argues. You get it when they want you to have it, and only what they want you to have.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Norman Foster, director of the Cognitive Disorders Clinic at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), says that current surveillance of prion disease in people in the USA is inadequate to detect whether CWD is occurring in human beings; adding that, the cases that we know about are reassuring, because they do not suggest the appearance of a new variant of CJD in the USA or atypical features in patients that might be exposed to CWD. However, until we establish a system that identifies and analyses a high proportion of suspected prion disease cases we will not know for sure. The USA should develop a system modelled on that established in the UK, he points out.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Ali Samii, a neurologist at Seattle VA Medical Center who recently reported the cases of three hunters two of whom were friends who died from pathologically confirmed CJD, says that at present there are insufficient data to claim transmission of CWD into humans; adding that [only] by asking [the questions of venison consumption and deer/elk hunting] in every case can we collect suspect cases and look into the plausibility of transmission further. Samii argues that by making both doctors and hunters more aware of the possibility of prions spreading through eating venison, doctors treating hunters with dementia can consider a possible prion disease, and doctors treating CJD patients will know to ask whether they ate venison.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CDC spokesman Ermias Belay says that the CDC will not be investigating the [Samii] cases because there is no evidence that the men ate CWD-infected meat. He notes that although the likelihood of CWD jumping the species barrier to infect humans cannot be ruled out 100% and that [we] cannot be 100% sure that CWD does not exist in humans& the data seeking evidence of CWD transmission to humans have been very limited. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary 2003</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">January 28, 2003; 60 (2) VIEWS & REVIEWS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published March 26, 2003</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">26 March 2003</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) CJD WATCH</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states</a></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary 2007</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">The Pathological Protein: Mad Cow, Chronic Wasting, and Other Deadly Prion Diseases </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">by Philip Yam </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the US undercounts CJD, Schonberger _conceded_ that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population''...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Revisiting Sporadic CJD</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">It’s not hard to get Terry Singeltary going. “I have my conspiracy theories,” admitted the 49-year-old Texan.1 Singeltary is probably the nation’s most relentless consumer advocate when it comes to issues in prion diseases. He has helped families learn about the sickness and coordinated efforts with support groups such as CJD Voice and the CJD Foundation. He has also connected with others who are critical of the American way of handling the threat of prion diseases. Such critics include Consumers Union’s Michael Hansen, journalist John Stauber, and Thomas Pringle, who used to run the voluminous www.madcow.org Web site. These three lend their expertise to newspaper and magazine stories about prion diseases, and they usually argue that</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">223</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">prions represent more of a threat than people realize, and that the government has responded poorly to the dangers because it is more concerned about protecting the beef industry than people’s health.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Singeltary has similar inclinations, but unlike these men, he doesn’t have the professional credentials behind him. He is an 11th-grade dropout, a machinist who retired because of a neck injury sustained at work. But you might not know that from the vast stores of information in his mind and on his hard drive. Over the years, he has provided unacknowledged help to reporters around the globe, passing on files to such big-time players as The New York Times, Newsweek, and USA Today. His networking with journalists, activists, and concerned citizens has helped medical authorities make contact with suspected CJD victims. He has kept scientists informed with his almost daily posting of news items and research abstracts on electronic newsgroups, including the bulletin board on www.vegsource.com and the BSE-listserv run out of the University of Karlsruhe, Germany. His combative, blunt, opinionated style sometimes borders on obsessive ranting that earns praise from some officials and researchers but infuriates others—especially when he repeats his conviction that “the government has lied to us, the feed industry has lied to us—all over a buck.” As evidence, Singeltary cites the USDA’s testing approach, which targets downer cows and examined 19,900 of them in 2002. To him, the USDA should test 1 million cattle, because the incidence of BSE may be as low as one in a million, as it was in some European countries. That the U.S. does not, he thinks, is a sign that the government is really not interested in finding mad cows because of fears of an economic disaster.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Singeltary got into the field of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in 1997, just after his mother died of sporadic CJD. She had an especially aggressive version—the Heidenhain variant—that first causes the patient to go blind and then to deteriorate rapidly. She died just ten weeks after her symptoms began. Singeltary, who said he had watched his grandparents die of cancer, considered her death by CJD to be much, much worse: “It’s something you never forget.” Her uncontrollable muscle twitching became so bad “that it took three of us to hold her one time,” Singeltary recalled. “She did everything but levitate in bed and spin her head.” Doctors originally diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease, but a postmortem neuropathological exam demanded by Singeltary revealed the true nature of her death.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">224 CHAPTER 14</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Classifying a disease as “sporadic” is another way for doctors to say they don’t know the cause. Normal prion proteins just turn rogue in the brain for no apparent reason. The term “sporadic” is often particularly hard for the victims’ families to accept, especially when the patient was previously in robust health. Maybe it was something in the water, they wonder, or in the air, or something they ate—the same questions CJD researchers tried to answer decades ago. The names “sporadic CJD” and “variant CJD” also confuse the public and raise suspicions that U.S. authorities are hiding something when they say there have been no native variant CJD cases in the country.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Singeltary suspected an environmental cause in his mother’s demise—a feeling reinforced a year later when a neighbor died of sporadic CJD. For years, the neighbor had been taking nutritional supplements that contained cow brain extracts. Researchers from the National Institutes of Health collected samples of the supplement, Singeltary recounted, and inoculated suspensions into mice. The mice remained healthy—which only means that those supplement samples tested were prion-free.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Scientists have made several attempts during the past few decades to find a connection between sporadic CJD and the environment. Often, these studies take the form of asking family members about CJD victims—their diet, occupation, medical history, hobbies, pets, and so forth—and comparing them with non-CJD subjects. Such case-control CJD studies have produced some intriguing—and sometimes contradictory—results. In 1985, Carleton Gajdusek and his NIH colleagues reported a correlation between CJD and eating a lot of roast pork, ham, hot dogs, and lamb, as well as rare meats and raw oysters.2 Yet they also recognized that the findings were preliminary and that more studies were needed.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Following up, Robert Will of the U.K. National CJD Surveillance Unit and others pooled this data with those from two other case-control studies on CJD (one from Japan and one from the U.K.). In particular, they figured the so-called odds ratio—calculated by dividing the frequency of a possible factor in the patient group by the frequency of the factor in the control group. An odds ratio greater than 1 means that the factor may be significant. In their study, Will and his collaborators found an increase of CJD in people who have worked as health professionals (odds ratio of 1.5) and people who have had contact with cows</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Laying Odds 225</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1.7) and sheep (1.6). Unfortunately, those connections were not statistically significant: The numbers of pooled patients (117) and control subjects (333) were so small that the researchers felt the odds ratios needed to reach 2.5 to 8 (depending on the assumptions) before they could be deemed statistically significant. The only statistically significant correlations they found were between CJD and a family history of either CJD (19.1) or other psychotic disease (9.9), although the latter might simply be correlated because psychotic disease may be an early symptom of undiagnosed CJD.3 In contrast with earlier findings, the team concluded that there was no association between sporadic CJD and the consumption of organ meats, including brains (0.6).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Although these case-control studies shed a certain amount of light on potential risk factors for CJD, it’s impossible to draw firm conclusions. Obtaining data that produces statistically meaningful results can be difficult because of the rarity of CJD and hence the shortage of subjects. Human memory is quite fragile, too, so patients’ families may not accurately recall the lifestyle and dietary habits of their loved ones over the course of a decade or more. Consequently, researchers must cope with data that probably contain significant biases. In a review paper on CJD, Joe Gibbs of the NIH and Richard T. Johnson of Johns Hopkins University concluded that “the absence of geographic differences in incidence is more convincing evidence against major dietary factors, since large populations eschew pork and some consume no meat or meat products.” A CJD study of lifelong vegetarians, they proposed, could produce some interesting data.4</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The inconclusive results of case-control studies do not completely rule out the environment as a possible cause of CJD. “Dr. Prusiner’s theory does fit much of the data of spontaneous generation of [malformed] PrP somewhere in the brain,” Will remarked—that is, the idea that sporadic CJD just happens by itself falls within the realm of the prion theory. Still, “it’s very odd, if you look at all the forms of human prion diseases there are, all of them are transmissible in the laboratory and could be due to some sort of infectious agent.”5 One of the great difficulties, he explained, is that “given that this is a disease of an extraordinarily long incubation period, are we really confident that we can exclude childhood exposure that is transmitted from person to person, as people move around? It’s difficult to be sure about that.” There might a “carrier state” that leaves people healthy yet still able to</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">226 CHAPTER 14</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">infect others. If so, “you would never be able to identify what’s causing the spread of the disease,” concluded Will, who hasn’t stopped looking for a possible environmental link. He has some preliminary data based on studies that trace CJD victims’ lives well before the time symptoms began—up to 70 years; they suggest some degree of geographic clustering, but no obvious candidates for a source of infection.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A Case for Undercounting</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The difficulty in establishing causal links in sporadic prion diseases—if there are any in the first place—underlines the importance of thorough surveillance. The U.K. has an active program, and when a victim of CJD is reported, one of Robert Will’s colleagues visits and questions the victim’s family. “No one has looked for CJD systematically in the U.S.,” the NIH’s Paul Brown noted. “Ever.”6 The U.S., through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has generally maintained a more passive system, collecting information from death certificates from the National Center for Health Statistics. Because CJD is invariably fatal, mortality data is considered to be an effective means of tabulating cases. The CDC assessed the accuracy of such data by comparing the numbers with figures garnered through an active search in 1996: Teams covering five regions of the U.S. contacted the specialists involved and reviewed medical records for CJD cases between 1991 and 1995. Comparing the actively garnered data with the death certificate information showed that “we miss about 14 percent,” said CDC epidemiologist Lawrence Schonberger. “That’s improving. Doctors are becoming more knowledgeable,” thanks to increased scientific and media attention given to prion diseases.7</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The active surveillance study of 1996, however, only looked at cases in which physicians attributed the deaths to CJD. Misdiagnosed patients or patients who never saw a neurologist were not tabulated— thus CJD may be grossly underreported. Many neurological ailments share symptoms, especially early on. According to various studies, autopsies have found that CJD is misdiagnosed as other ills, such as dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, 5 to 13 percent of the time. The CDC finds that around 50,000Americans die from Alzheimer’s each year</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Laying Odds 227</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(about 4 million have the disease, according to the Alzheimer’s Association). Therefore, one could argue that thousands of CJD cases are being missed. (On the flip side, CJD could be mistakenly diagnosed as Alzheimer’s disease or dementia, but the number of CJD patients is so small that they wouldn’t dramatically skew the statistics for other neurological ills.)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In part to address the issue of misdiagnosis, CJD families have asked the CDC to place the disease on the national list of officially notifiable illnesses, which tends to include more contagious conditions such as AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, and viral forms of encephalitis. Currently, only some states impose this requirement. CDC officials have discounted the utility of such an approach, arguing that it would duplicate the mortality data, which is more accurate than early diagnoses of CJD, anyway. Moreover, mandatory reporting of CJD cases does not necessarily guarantee the end to missed cases.8</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">One clue suggests that the passive system is undercounting CJD in the U.S.: racial difference. The number of black CJD victims is about 38 percent that of white victims. Rather than sporadic CJD being a onein-a-million lottery, it’s more like one-in-2.5-million for AfricanAmericans. Access to medical care might be one reason. Schonberger recounted that the CDC had asked other countries with substantial black populations to submit CJD figures for comparison but found that the surveillance in those countries was inadequate. “We haven’t been able to find any comparable literature on this issue, so it’s still up in the air,” Schonberger said. On the other hand, Alzheimer’s disease is more common among black people than whites, with an estimated higher prevalence ranging from 14 percent to almost 100 percent, according to a February 2002 report by the Alzheimer’s Association. Are some black CJD cases being misdiagnosed as Alzheimer’s?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the U.S. undercounts CJD, Schonberger conceded that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population. As Schonberger pointed out, no doctor would misdiagnose a 30-year-old CJD patient as having Alzheimer’s. The average age of the first 100 variant CJD victims was 29; should the epidemiology of vCJD change—if older people start coming down with it—then there would be problems. “The adequacy of our overall CJD surveillance would be greatly reduced should the proportion of older individuals affected by variant CJD substantially increase,” Schonberger explained.9</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''The average age of the first 100 variant CJD victims was 29; should the epidemiology of vCJD change—if older people start coming down with it—then there would be problems. “The adequacy of our overall CJD surveillance would be greatly reduced should the proportion of older individuals affected by variant CJD substantially increase,” Schonberger explained.9''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">THE PATHOLOGICAL PROTEIN by Philip Yam</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/s?k=THE+PATHOLOGICAL+PROTEIN&i=stripbooks&crid=LA5IKGMF6PI9&sprefix=the+pathological+protein%2Cstripbooks%2C96&ref=nb_sb_noss_1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.amazon.com/s?k=THE+PATHOLOGICAL+PROTEIN&i=stripbooks&crid=LA5IKGMF6PI9&sprefix=the+pathological+protein%2Cstripbooks%2C96&ref=nb_sb_noss_1</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary Submission SEAC 2007</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This was 22 years to the day Mom died from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease i.e. hvCJD, when i made this submission to SEAC and this was their reply to my questions of concern about cjd in the USA, my how things have changed...terry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ITEM 8 – PUBLIC QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION 40. The Chair explained that the purpose of the question and answer session was to give members of the public an opportunity to ask questions related to the work of SEAC. Mr Terry Singeltary (Texas, USA) had submitted a question prior to the meeting, asking: “With the Nor-98 now documented in five different states so far in the USA in 2007, and with the two atypical BSE H-base cases in Texas and Alabama, with both scrapie and chronic wasting disease (CWD) running rampant in the USA, is there any concern from SEAC with the rise of sporadic CJD in the USA from ''unknown phenotype'', and what concerns if any, in relations to blood donations, surgery, optical, and dental treatment, do you have with these unknown atypical phenotypes in both humans and animals in the USA? Does it concern SEAC, or is it of no concern to SEAC? Should it concern USA animal and human health officials?”</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">41. A member considered that this question appeared to be primarily related to possible links between animal and human TSEs in the USA. There is no evidence that sCJD is increasing in the USA and no evidence of any direct link between TSEs and CJD in the USA. Current evidence does not suggest that CWD is a significant risk to human health. There are unpublished data from a case of human TSE in the USA that are suggestive of an apparently novel form of prion disease with distinct molecular characteristics. However, it is unclear whether the case had been further characterised, if it could be linked to animal TSEs or if other similar cases had been found in the USA or elsewhere. In relation to the possible public health implications of atypical scrapie, H-type BSE and CWD, research was being conducted to investigate possible links and surveillance was in place to detect any changes in human TSEs. Although possible links between these diseases and human TSEs are of concern and require research, there is no evidence to suggest immediate public health action is warranted. The possible human health risks from classical scrapie had been discussed earlier in the meeting. Members noted that there are effective channels of discussion and collaboration on research between USA and European groups. Members agreed it is important to keep a watching brief on new developments on TSEs. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary 2009</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">August 10, 2009</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Greetings,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. North America seems to have the most species with documented Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy's, most all of which have been rendered and fed back to food producing animals and to humans for years. If you look at the statistics, sporadic CJD seems to be rising in the USA, and has been, with atypical cases of the sCJD. I find deeply disturbing in the year of 2009, that Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy of any strain and or phenotype, of all age groups, and I stress all age groups, because human TSE's do not know age, and they do not know borders. someone 56 years old, that has a human TSE, that has surgery, can pass this TSE agent on i.e. friendly fire, and or passing it forward, and there have been documented nvCJD in a 74 year old. Remembering also that only sporadic CJD has been documented to transmit via iatrogenic routes, until recently with the 4 cases of blood related transmission, of which the origin is thought to be nvCJD donors. However most Iatrogenic CJD cases are nothing more than sporadic CJD, until the source is proven, then it becomes Iatrogenic. An oxymoron of sorts, because all sporadic CJD is, are multiple forms, or strains, or phenotypes of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, that the route and source and species have not been confirmed and or documented. When will the myth of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory be put to bed for good. This theory in my opinion, and the following there from, as the GOLD STANDARD, has done nothing more than help spread this agent around the globe. Politics and money have caused the terrible consequences to date, and the fact that TSEs are a slow incubating death, but a death that is 100% certain for those that are exposed and live long enough to go clinical. once clinical, there is no recourse, to date. But, while sub-clinical, how many can one exposed human infect? Can humans exposed to CWD and scrapie strains pass it forward as some form of sporadic CJD in the surgical and medical arenas? why must we wait decades and decades to prove this point, only to expose millions needlessly, only for the sake of the industries involved? would it not have been prudent from the beginning to just include all TSE's, and rule them out from there with transmission studies and change policies there from, as opposed to doing just the opposite? The science of TSE's have been nothing more than a political circus since the beginning, and for anyone to still believe in this one strain, one group of bovines, in one geographical location, with only one age group of human TSE i.e. nvCJD myth, for anyone to believe this today only enhances to spreading of these human and animal TSE's. This is exactly why we have been in this quagmire.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The ones that believe that there is a spontaneous CJD in 85%+ of all cases of human TSE, and the ones that do not believe that cattle can have this same phenomenon, are two of the same, the industry, and so goes the political science aspect of this tobacco and or asbestos scenario i.e. follow the money. I could go into all angles of this man made nightmare, the real facts and science, for instance, the continuing rendering technology and slow cooking with low temps that brewed this stew up, and the fact that THE USA HAD THIS TECHNOLOGY FIRST AND SHIPPED IT TO THE U.K. SOME 5 YEARS BEFORE THE U.S. STARTED USING THE SAME TECHNOLOGY, to save on fuel cost. This is what supposedly amplified the TSE agent via sheep scrapie, and spread via feed in the U.K. bovine, and other countries exporting the tainted product. BUT most everyone ignores this fact, and the fact that the U.S. has been recycling more TSE, from more species with TSEs, than any other country documented, but yet, it's all spontaneous, and the rise in sporadic CJD in the U.S. is a happenstance of bad luck ??? I respectfully disagree. To top that all off, the infamous BSE-FIREWALL that the USDA always brags about was nothing more than ink on paper, and I can prove this. YOU can ignore it, but this is FACT (see source, as late as 2007, in one recall alone, some 10,000,000 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED MAD COW FEED WENT OUT INTO COMMERCE TO BE FED OUT, and most was never recovered. This was banned blood laced, meat and bone meal. 2006 was a banner year for banned mad cow protein going into commerce in the U.S. (see source of FDA feed ban warning letter below). I stress that the August 4, 1997 USA mad cow feed ban and this infamous BSE firewall, was nothing more than ink on paper, it was never enforceable.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route. This would further have to be broken down to strain of species and then the route of transmission would further have to be broken down. Accumulation and Transmission are key to the threshold from sub- clinical to clinical disease, and key to all this, is to stop the amplification and transmission of this agent, the spreading of, no matter what strain. In my opinion, to continue with this myth that the U.K. strain of BSE one strain TSE in cows, and the nv/v CJD one strain TSE humans, and the one geographical location source i.e. U.K., and that all the rest of human TSE are just one single strain i.e. sporadic CJD, a happenstance of bad luck that just happens due to a twisted protein that just twisted the wrong way, IN 85%+ OF ALL HUMAN TSEs, when to date there are 6 different phenotypes of sCJD, and growing per Gambetti et al, and that no other animal TSE transmits to humans ??? With all due respect to all Scientist that believe this, I beg to differ. To continue with this masquerade will only continue to spread, expose, and kill, who knows how many more in the years and decades to come. ONE was enough for me, My Mom, hvCJD i.e. Heidenhain Variant CJD, DOD 12/14/97 confirmed, which is nothing more than another mans name added to CJD, like CJD itself, Jakob and Creutzfeldt, or Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, just another CJD or human TSE, named after another human. WE are only kidding ourselves with the current diagnostic criteria for human and animal TSE, especially differentiating between the nvCJD vs the sporadic CJD strains and then the GSS strains and also the FFI fatal familial insomnia strains or the ones that mimics one or the other of those TSE? Tissue infectivity and strain typing of the many variants of the human and animal TSEs are paramount in all variants of all TSE. There must be a proper classification that will differentiate between all these human TSE in order to do this. With the CDI and other more sensitive testing coming about, I only hope that my proposal will some day be taken seriously. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">please see history, and the ever evolving TSE science to date ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Saturday, June 13, 2009</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary 2010</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Human Prion Diseases in the United States</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Robert C. Holman ,Ermias D. Belay,Krista Y. Christensen,Ryan A. Maddox,Arialdi M. Minino,Arianne M. Folkema,Dana L. Haberling,Teresa A. Hammett,Kenneth D. Kochanek,James J. Sejvar,Lawrence B. Schonberger</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published: January 1, 2010</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008521</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">re-Human Prion Diseases in the United States</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Posted by flounder on 01 Jan 2010 at 18:11 GMT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I kindly disagree with your synopsis for the following reasons ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;" /></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-40519591374656086152023-05-15T16:27:00.002-05:002023-05-15T16:27:37.335-05:00TAHC Chapter 40, Chronic Wasting Disease and Scrapie Chapter 60, Singeltary Comment Submission<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">TAHC Chapter 40, Chronic Wasting Disease and Scrapie Chapter 60, Singeltary Comment Submission</span></p><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">Greetings TAHC et al,</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">Thank you kindly for giving me the opportunity to once again comment on CWD and Scrapie.</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">I want to thank the TAHC and the TPWD for coming together and seems now bring forth sound science, of the real risk factors for both CWD and Scrapie.</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">With great urgency, i wish to bring your attention on updated Science on Chronic Wasting Disease CWD and Scrapie TSE Prion Environmental Factors and Zoonotic factors, spillover risk factors of CWD and Scrapie to other species i.e. PIGS, our failed feed ban of which now should include all cervid and pigs imo. i saw no mention of atypical Scrapie and the new science from EFSA, i shall include that as well. there is a new TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species the Camel, you should all be aware of. all of this is most important, and should be addressed in any cwd update imo, especially with CWD and Scrapie transmitting to pigs by oral routes. </span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">i will post my concerns below, Thank You Kindly...terry</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">TAHC Chapter 40, Chronic Wasting Disease and Scrapie Chapter 60, Singeltary Comment Submission</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><table class="ydp5ec30ffbdatabordercenter" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #3d3c3a; font-family: "Open Sans", Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 20px; outline: none !important; width: 706px;"><tbody style="outline: none !important;"><tr style="outline: none !important;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(61, 60, 58); outline: none !important; padding: 6px 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-weight: bolder; outline: none !important;">Chapter 40, Chronic Wasting Disease</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(61, 60, 58); outline: none !important; padding: 6px 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Public Comment Period:<br style="outline: none !important;" />May 12 – June 12, 2023</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(61, 60, 58); outline: none !important; padding: 6px 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/regs/proposed/40Re04042023.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: transparent; color: #405caf; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">View Repeal</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/regs/proposed/40Rp04042023.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: transparent; color: #405caf; outline-color: initial !important; outline-style: none !important; outline-width: 0px;" target="_blank">View Replacement</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/regs/proposed/40P04042023v2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: transparent; color: #405caf; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">View Proposal</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/regs/proposed/40Re04042023.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/regs/proposed/40Re04042023.pdf</a> <a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/regs/proposed/40Rp04042023.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/regs/proposed/40Rp04042023.pdf</a> <a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/regs/proposed/40P04042023v2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/regs/proposed/40P04042023v2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Animal Health Commission (Commission) proposes amendments to Title 4, Texas Administrative Code, Chapter 40 titled “Chronic Wasting Disease.” Specifically, amendments are proposed to §40.1, concerning Definitions, §40.2 concerning General Requirements, and §40.5 concerning Surveillance and Movement Requirements for Exotic CWD Susceptible Species. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF PROPOSED AMENDMENTS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The purpose of this chapter is to prevent and control the incidence of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Texas by seeking to reduce the risk of interstate and intrastate transmission of CWD in susceptible cervid species. The Commission proposes amendments to §§40.1, 40.2, and 40.5 to clarify, correct, and update information regarding CWD management. CWD is a degenerative and fatal neurological communicable disease recognized by the veterinary profession that affects susceptible cervid species. CWD can spread through natural movements of infected animals and transportation of live infected animals or carcass parts. Specifically, prions are shed from infected animals in saliva, urine, blood, soft-antler material, feces, or from animal decomposition, which ultimately contaminates the environment in which CWD susceptible species live. CWD has a long incubation period, so animals infected with CWD may not exhibit clinical signs of the disease for months or years after infection. The disease can be passed through contaminated environmental conditions, and may persist for a long period of time. Currently, no vaccine or treatment for CWD exists. The purpose of the changes to §40.1 is to add, amend, and remove defined terms to provide clarity and align these rules with the federal standards regarding the management of CWD. The purpose of the changes to §40.2 is to provide clarity in the procedures for issuing hold orders and quarantines and reduce confusion for disease tracing and carcass disposal. The purpose of the changes to §§40.5 and 40.6 is to change the testing requirements for exotic CWD susceptible species to align with federal standards and match state standards for testing native CWD susceptible species in order to increase surveillance of CWD in the state. Additionally, grammatical and editorial changes are proposed for each section for consistency and improved readability. SECTION-BY-SECTION DISCUSSION Page 2 of 21 Section 40.1 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Definitions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/regs/proposed/40P04042023v2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/regs/proposed/40P04042023v2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-weight: bolder; outline: none !important;">Chapter 60, Scrapie </span>Public Comment Period:</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" />May 12 – June 12, 2023 <a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/regs/proposed/60RR04042023.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: transparent; color: #405caf; outline-color: initial !important; outline-style: none !important; outline-width: 0px;" target="_blank">View Rule Review</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/regs/proposed/60RR04042023.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/regs/proposed/60RR04042023.pdf</a></span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Texas Scrapie Chapter 60 </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas Administrative Code</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TITLE 4 AGRICULTURE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PART 2 TEXAS ANIMAL HEALTH COMMISSION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CHAPTER 60 SCRAPIE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rules</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">§60.1 Definitions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">§60.2 Animal Identification and Record Keeping</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">§60.3 Interstate Movement of Sheep and Goats into Texas</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">§60.4 Monitoring and Surveillance</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://texreg.sos.state.tx.us/public/readtac$ext.TacPage?sl=R&app=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_ploc=&pg=1&p_tac=&ti=4&pt=2&ch=60&rl=4" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://texreg.sos.state.tx.us/public/readtac$ext.TacPage?sl=R&app=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_ploc=&pg=1&p_tac=&ti=4&pt=2&ch=60&rl=4</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">§60.5 Management of Affected and Source Flocks, and Exposed, High-Risk, and Suspect Animals</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://texreg.sos.state.tx.us/public/readtac$ext.TacPage?sl=R&app=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_ploc=&pg=1&p_tac=&ti=4&pt=2&ch=60&rl=5" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://texreg.sos.state.tx.us/public/readtac$ext.TacPage?sl=R&app=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_ploc=&pg=1&p_tac=&ti=4&pt=2&ch=60&rl=5</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">§60.6 Requirements for Flock Plans, Post-Exposure, Pilot Project Flock Plans and Monitoring Flock Plans</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">§60.7 Exhibition Requirements</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://texreg.sos.state.tx.us/public/readtac$ext.ViewTAC?tac_view=4&ti=4&pt=2&ch=60&rl=Y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://texreg.sos.state.tx.us/public/readtac$ext.ViewTAC?tac_view=4&ti=4&pt=2&ch=60&rl=Y</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://texreg.sos.state.tx.us/public/readtac$ext.TacPage?sl=R&app=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_ploc=&pg=1&p_tac=&ti=4&pt=2&ch=60&rl=6" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://texreg.sos.state.tx.us/public/readtac$ext.TacPage?sl=R&app=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_ploc=&pg=1&p_tac=&ti=4&pt=2&ch=60&rl=6</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">TAHC Chapter 40, Chronic Wasting Disease and Scrapie Chapter 60, Singeltary Comment Submission</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">IN SHORT, CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD AND SCRAPIE (typical and atypical), in reference to surveillance, testing, and environmental factors, should all be on the same page. Here's why, imo.</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">First, i will give an update on Scrapie, and atypical Scrapie, then ZOONOSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES OF THE CWD, SCRAPIE, TSE PRION.</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas Scrapie Confirmed in a Hartley County Sheep where CWD was detected in a Mule Deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">April 22, 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie Confirmed in a Hartley County Sheep</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AUSTIN - Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) officials have confirmed scrapie in a Hartley County ewe. The ewe was tested by TAHC after the owner reported signs of weight loss and lack of coordination to their local veterinarian. The premises was quarantined and a flock plan for monitoring is being developed by the TAHC and USDA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"The TAHC is working closely with the flock owner, sharing all of the options for disease eradication," said Dr. David Finch, TAHC Region 1 Director. "We are thankful the producer was proactive in identifying a problem and seeking veterinary help immediately."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas leads the nation in sheep and goat production. Since 2008, there have been no confirmed cases of scrapie in Texas. The last big spike in Texas scrapie cases was in 2006 when nine infected herds were identified and the last herd was released from restrictions in 2013.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">According to USDA regulations, Texas must conduct adequate scrapie surveillance by collecting a minimum of 598 sheep samples annually. Since USDA slaughter surveillance started in FY 2003, the percent of cull sheep found positive for scrapie at slaughter (once adjusted for face color) has decreased 90 percent.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie is the oldest known transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, and under natural conditions only sheep and goats are known to be affected by scrapie. It is a fatal disease that affects the central nervous system of sheep and goats. It is not completely understood how scrapie is passed from one animal to the next and apparently healthy sheep infected with scrapie can spread the disease. Sheep and goats are typically infected as young lambs or kids, though adult sheep and goats can become infected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The most effective method of scrapie prevention is to maintain a closed flock. Raising replacement ewes, purchasing genetically resistant rams and ewes,or buying from a certified-free scrapie flock are other options to reduce the risk of scrapie. At this time the resistant genetic markers in goats have not been identified, therefore it is important to maintain your sheep and goat herds separately.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The incubation period for Scrapie is typically two to five years. Producers should record individual identification numbers and the seller's premise identification number on purchase and sales records. These records must be maintained for a minimum of five years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Producers should notify the Texas Animal Health Commission (800-550-8242) or the USDA-Austin Office (512-383-2400) if they have an adult sheep or goat with neurologic signs such as incoordination, behavioral changes, or intense itching with wool loss. Producers may order scrapie identification tags by calling 866-873-2824. For more information, please visit our website at:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tahc.texas.gov/animal_health/scrapie/scrapie.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tahc.texas.gov/animal_health/scrapie/scrapie.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/pr/2016/2016-04-22_TAHCScrapie.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/pr/2016/2016-04-22_TAHCScrapie.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">new url link;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160607024701/http://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/pr/2016/2016-04-22_TAHCScrapie.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20160607024701/http://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/pr/2016/2016-04-22_TAHCScrapie.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS Sheep and Goats</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Most recent scrapie positive animal in Texas was found in April, 2008.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• USDA-APHIS-VS set the national goal for surveillance at 46,000 traceable, mature sheep or goats. Target for Texas is 1,472.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• The Scrapie Program Review is being scheduled for this summer. No problems expected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tahc.state.tx.us/agency/meetings/minutes/Minutes_CommMtg_3-23-2010.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tahc.state.tx.us/agency/meetings/minutes/Minutes_CommMtg_3-23-2010.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/04/texas-scrapie-confirmed-in-hartley.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/04/texas-scrapie-confirmed-in-hartley.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Highlights of Phase II: Scrapie: Ovine Slaughter Surveillance Study 2002-2003 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SOSS Phase II is similar to Phase I in that sample collection procedures and testing were used, along with a representative sample allocation. Beginning April 1, 2002, and continuing through March 31, 2003, Phase II included the collection of tissue samples from 12,508 sheep from 22 slaughter plants throughout the United States (21 FSIS inspected, 1 State plant) and 1 large livestock market in Texas. The 21 FSIS plants represented approximately two-thirds of the total FSIS mature sheep slaughtered during the study period. The livestock market represented approximately one-half of the live sheep exported to Mexico. All sample data were statistically weighted to reflect the population from which the sample was selected. The number of samples collected from each plant on a specific day was statistically weighted to represent the volume of mature sheep slaughtered (sold) through each plant (market) that specific day. This weight was adjusted for the total volume of mature sheep through the plant (market) from April 2002 through March 2003. Within each facility sample collectors were instructed to collect samples using systematic sampling. Overall, the samples collected from the 22 plants and the livestock market represented 299,000 sheep (54 percent of the cull sheep population, estimated at 550,000 head). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tissue samples from the 33 sheep that tested positive for Scrapie were submitted for genetic testing. All 33 samples were of the QQ genotype codon 171. This genotype has been characterized as the least resistant to scrapie.</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130725045050/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/sheep/downloads/soss/SOSS_is_highlights.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20130725045050/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/sheep/downloads/soss/SOSS_is_highlights.pdf</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie Field Trial was developed at Mission, Texas, on 450 acres of pastureland, part of the former Moore Air Force Base </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SCRAPIE IN THE UNITED STATES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Academic Preg</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">James Hourriganl, Albert Klingsporn2, Edited by » Peast</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">W. W. Clark3, and M, de Camp4</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">METHODS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A Scrapie Field Trial was developed at Mission, Texas, to provide additional information for the eradication program on the epidemiology of natural scrapie. The Mission Field Trial Station is located on 450 acres of pastureland, part of the former Moore Air Force Base, near Mission,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas. It was designed to bring previously exposed, and later also unexposed, sheep or goats to the Station and maintain and breed them under close observation for extended periods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">to determine which animals would develop scrapie and define more closely the natural spread and other epidemiological aspects of the disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The 547 previously exposed sheep brought to the Mission Station beginning in 1964 were of the Cheviot, Hampshire, Montadale, or Suffolk breeds. They were purchased as field outbreaks occurred, and represented 21 bloodlines in which scrapie had been diagnosed. Upon arrival at the Station, the sheep were maintained on pasture, with supplemental feeding as necessary. The station was divided into 2 areas:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RESULTS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 1 indicated that previously exposed sheep brought to the Station at various times and ages (1 to 89 months old) included 333 Suffolks at risk. Of these, 98 (29%) developed scrapie. This demonstrated the necessity to slaughter such sheep to prevent further Spread of the disease, These pre- viously exposed Suffolks were bred at the Station and produced 446 progeny at risk. Of these 153 (34%) developed scrapie.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although the minimum and average ages when scnapied were similar for both groups, some of the previously exposed Suffolks brought to the Station developed scrapie when much older--ewes 60 to 142 months old and rams 67 to 102 months old. O£ the 153 Suffolks born at the Station, only 3 were more than 60 months of age (65, 66, and 69 months old).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This difference in age scrapied was attributed to the fact that the Suffolks born at the Station may have been sub- ject to a greater exposure from birth.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was also observed that when both dam and progeny were scrapied, the progeny nearly always developed clinical disease at a younger age than their respective dam. Thirty- two dams were scrapied at an average of 60 months of age. Forty-six of their progeny developed the disease at an average of 38 months (range 25 to 53 months). Thirty-seven of the 46 progeny were younger than the dam (average 20 months younger, range 2 to 99 months younger). Two were scrapied at the same age as their dams, and 8 were older (average 5 months, range 1 to 13 months older).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">++. Although the incidence of scrapie was considerably Greater in the progeny of scrapied compared to free dams, the progeny of either scrapied or free dams manifested scrapie at the typical age and irrespective of the age their respective dams were scrapied. The differences in ages that dams and progeny were scrapied was believed due to difference of exposure, particularly whether they were exposed at an early age,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 2 summarized the data on exposed Suffolks and was Prepared so as to show scrapie incidence in the progeny of dams and sires of known Scrapie status. The scrapie incidence in the progeny of Free X Free parents was 25%, progeny of scrapied Sires 39%, and scrapied dams 42%. When both sire and dam were scrapied, the scrapie incidence in 18 Progeny at risk was 78%.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">When the scrapie status of the sire was ignored, scrapie incidence in th- progeny of free dams was 34% and in pre y of scrapied da as 62%. When the scrapie status of the dam was ignored, scrapie incidence in the progeny of free sires was 26% and in the progeny of scrapied sires was 452.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although the scrapie incidence was nearly double in the progeny of scrapied compared to free dams, the latter con- tributed a greater number of scrapied progeny, 116, compared to only 51 cases which had scrapied dams. This was because free dams made a considerably heavier contribution to the progeny at risk4-342 compared to 82. It was felt that in farm flocks a similar situation could exist.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was possible that free dams could have been mis- classified; however, this was unlikely to have been significant, unless "nonclinical or carrier" dams exist. In this Suffolk group, the ages of 100 free dams of scrapied progeny ranged from 25 to 160 (average 97) months. These free dams did not show clinical signs of scrapie,”and there were no histopathological lesions suggesting scrapie in those which died, If one cannot classify as free, ewes which have reached 97 months (average) and did not develop the disease, from a practical standpoint, it is not possible to classify sheep as free, at least on the basis of clinical signs and histology. The free dams of 50% of the scrapied progeny were more than 100 months of age, averaging 126 months.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Upon arrival at the Mission Station at 3 to 9 months of age, the 140 previously unexposed sheep and goats were placed in infected pastures and corrals and were subjected to con- tact with a succession of natural cases of scrapie in sheep, and eventually also in goats. These animals were bred only within their respective groups and were not crossbred to other breeds of sheep or those brought to the Station from infected flocks or their progeny. The male or female animals mixed freely with animals of their respective sex of the infected Flock and were similarly identified and subjected to similar flock management and diagnostic procedures.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 3 indicated that natural scrapie had occurred in 5 of the 140 previously unexposed sheep. One case each occurred in Rambouillet, Targhee, and Hampshire ewes at 88, 89, and 89 months of age and in % Suffolk ewes at 73 and 102 months of age, and 85, 82, 80, 64, and 93 months following initial natural exposure. This represented a natural situation involving lateral spread, under the circumstances involved, when sheep were not exposed when very young. Scrapie was not detected clinicaliy or histologically in any of the dairy or Angora goats brought to the Station. The disease occurred in an average of 27% of the progeny of previously unexposed sheep or goats born at the Station and included cases in progeny of all breeds of sheep or goats taken there, The incidence in the progeny ranged from 14% in Rambouillet sheep to 61% in dairy goats. ~</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These data showed that scrapie spread laterally, by contact exposure, from scrapied te previously free animals, but at an apparently lower rate when exposure was first received at the age of 3 to 9 months. These animals were presumed to be susceptible to the disease, as their progeny developed scrapie at rates and ages similar (on the average) to the progeny, pf previously exposed Suffolk sheep born and reared in the same environment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was suggested that the progeny of previously unexposed animals developed scrapie at a much higher rate than their parents, and at a younger age, because they were subjected to exposure from birth. The data did not rule out the possibility that the animals born at the Station could have also received the virus from their dams "vertically" prior te, at, or following birth.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 4 summarized the scrapie incidence in #he progeny, born at the Station, of previously unexposed dairy goats.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The data were prepared so as to show scrapie incidence in the progeny of dams and sires of known scrapie status.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The 58% incidence in the progeny (24 at risk) of Free X Free parents was more than twice the 25% seen in the Suffolk group (Table 2). Scrapied sires did not increase the incidence in goat progeny (it was 44%); scrapied dams increased the incidence to 71%. When both sire and dam were scrapied the incidence was 89%, with only 9 goat progeny at risk.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">When the scrapie status of the sire was ignored, the scrapie incidence in the progeny of free dams was 56% and in the progeny of scrapied dams it was 74%.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Free dams contributed 34 progeny at risk and scrapied dams 31 progeny.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">When the scrapie status of the dam was ignored, scrapie incidence was 64% in the progeny of free sires and a similar 66% in the progeny of scrapied sires.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A total of 244 sheep (127 Suffolk, 59 Rambouillet, and 58 Targhee) were removed from scrapie exposure within a few hours of birth or at 4, 9, or 20 months of age and placed in isolation pens. Removal of sheep from exposure at these ages was selected as being representative of usual flock operations when sheep might be sold from an infected flock at weaning, the first fall or the second fall after their birth.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 5 reflected the fate of such animals. Four of the 6 scrapied sheep which had been isolated at birth were Suffolks and the 2 older animals were Targhees. The first case in the group isolated at birth was a Targhee, progeny of a ewe that did not develop clinical scrapie. The scrapie incidence in 36 at risk Suffolks removed from exposure at birth was 11%, con- siderably less -“en that expected had these animals remz d in an infected en ment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 6 reflected the status of 51 goats isolated from scrapie exposure at birth, and at 6, 8 to 10, 20, 32 to 59 and 60 to 82 months of age.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">None of the goats removed at birth developed scrapie, although all 5 of those alive at 5 years of age had scrapied dams and 1 also had a scrapied sire. The sire of the remaining 4 had sired 7 scrapied progeny. Under such circumstances, had they remained in an infected environment nearly all of these goats would have been expected to develop scrapie. With the exception of the 20 month group, scrapie occurred at an incidence of 25 to 100% in ali other groups and at the expected age. A further observation was that 4 of the progeny of these dairy goats, born and kept apart from any sheep, developed scrapie which suggested that goats were not "dead- end hosts" insofar as scrapie was concerned.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 7 recorded the fate of progeny of certain selected scrapied or free Suffolk sheep or dairy goat dams.’</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Suffolk ewe G298 was scrapied at 46 months of age. She had twin lambs in 1969 and 1 lamb in 1970. All 3 lambs developed scrapie. Suffolk ewe G27a was scrapied at 39 months. Her lamb born in 1966 was scrapied at 53 months; however, her lambs born in 1967 and 1968 remained free--lived to 102 months of age.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Suffolk ewe G25a died at 131] months of age and was nega- tive clinically and histologically. Mice remained negative following intracerebral inoculation of brain, spleen, and lymph nodes from this ewe. This ewe had 9 progeny at risk, of which 4 developed scrapie and 5 did not. There was no dis- cernible pattern to the cases. In two instances, 1 twin was scrapied and 1 remained free.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Goat B259 was scrapied when 43 months old. All of her 6 progeny at risk developed scrapie.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Goat B14a remained free and died at 101 months of age. Of her 11 progeny at risk, 7 were scrapied and 4 were not.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was observed at the Station that when scrapied dams had several progeny at risk, 1 or more progeny usually developed the disease. However, many such scrapied dams also had progeny which lived, or are living, considerably beyond the age of their dams and beyond the age animals born at the Station manifested the disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was also observed that individual free dams had free progeny in earlier years followed by scrapied progeny when they were older, or had scrapied progeny when young followed by free progeny when older, or scrapie and free progeny dis- persed throughout the dam's breeding life. The same situation occurred in progeny of scrapied dams; however, the pattern was less irregular due to the smaller number of progeny from each scrapied dam and the higher incidence of scrapie in such progeny. Circumstances prevented breeding all ewes ary year and, thus, many had only 1 progeny at risk. Scrapie developed in 100% of the single progeny at risk of 11 scrapied and 15 free dams. The 26 scrapied progeny were equally divided between ewes and rams.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 8 reflected the difference in age scrapied of - sheep brought to the Station compared to the age scrapied of those born there. Although the average age of previously exposed sheep (Suffolks) brought to the Station did not differ greatly from the overall average, several animals brought to the Station developed the disease at quite advanced ages. The previously unexposed scrapied animals brought to the Station were also considerably older than animals born there. Progeny of scrapied dams developed the disease at a slightly younger age than did progeny of free dams. The average age was nearly the same for males and females.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISCUSSION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 20, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SCRAPIE IN THE UNITED STATES </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2023/01/epidemiology-of-scrapie-in-united-states.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2023/01/epidemiology-of-scrapie-in-united-states.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 03, 2021 <div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie TSE Prion United States of America a Review February 2021 Singeltary et al</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 7, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Atypical Nor-98 Scrapie TSE Prion USA State by State Update January 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2021/01/atypical-nor-98-scrapie-tse-prion-usa.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2021/01/atypical-nor-98-scrapie-tse-prion-usa.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">Thursday, August 18, 2016 </span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">PROCEEDINGS ONE HUNDRED AND Nineteenth ANNUAL MEETING of the USAHA BSE, CWD, SCRAPIE, PORCINE TSE PRION October 22 28, 2015 </span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/proceedings-one-hundred-and-nineteenth.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/proceedings-one-hundred-and-nineteenth.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">IT seems, that for now, under present Scrapie Surveillance efforts, that Scrapie has been on the decline. i am not so sure. with the USA only Testing for BSE in cattle, <25K a year, the Scrapie surveillance and testing in the USA could be enhanced greatly, imo. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">let's compare what other countries are testing, size of country, sheep populations and such;</div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Scrapie TSE Prion EU Update<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Spain Scrapie Outbreak</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Navarra registra el primer foco de scrapie de 2023 en España</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">El Ministerio de Agricultura ha notificado un foco de tembladera en una explotación de ovejas en el municipio de Ultzama</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Itziar Gómez López, consejera de Desarrollo Rural y Medio Ambiente de Navarra.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Itziar Gómez López, consejera de Desarrollo Rural y Medio Ambiente de Navarra.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Francisco Ramón López - 18-04-2023 - 10:21 H - 2 min.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Este martes 18 de abril, el Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación (MAPA) ha notificado un foco de scrapie, también conocida como tembladera o prurigo lumbar, en una explotación de ovejas en el municipio de Ultzama, en Navarra.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Se trata del primer foco de 2023 y según los datos del MAPA se ha producido en una explotación de 132 animales, aunque solo ha afectado a uno. En 2022 se notificaron un total de 27 focos. Entre los años 2000 y 2021 se han detectado un total de 598 focos, sin un descenso significativo.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">La tembladera es un proceso neurodegenerativo progresivo que afecta a ovejas y cabras, que se clasifica como una encefalopatía espongiforme transmisible (EET) o enfermedad causada por priones.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Se divide en casos atípicos y clásicos. En lo referente a los casos atípicos de tembladera aparecen de forma natural y esporádica, mientras que la transmisión de los casos clásicos está influenciada por transmisión de la madre a su descendencia inmediatamente después del parto.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Además, se puede infectar a otros neonatos susceptibles expuestos a los fluidos expulsados durante el parto o tejidos de un animal infectado. En adultos la infección es mucho menos común y en humanos no se ha demostrado que se pueda transmitir, como sí que ocurría con la ‘enfermedad de las vacas locas’.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Según los datos del último informe de encefalopatías espongiformes transmisibles, 10 de los focos de 2021 fueron de cepas clásicas y 8 de atípicas. </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.animalshealth.es/rumiantes/navarra-registra-primer-foco-scrapie-2023" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.animalshealth.es/rumiantes/navarra-registra-primer-foco-scrapie-2023</a></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">English</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Navarra records the first outbreak of scrapie in 2023 in Spain</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">The Ministry of Agriculture has notified an outbreak of scrapie on a sheep farm in the municipality of Ultzama</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Itziar Gómez López, Minister of Rural Development and Environment of Navarra.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Itziar Gómez López, Minister of Rural Development and Environment of Navarra.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Francisco Ramón López - 04-18-2023 - 10:21 a.m. - 2 min.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">This Tuesday, April 18, the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAPA) has notified an outbreak of scrapie, also known as scrapie or scrapie, on a sheep farm in the municipality of Ultzama, in Navarra.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">This is the first outbreak of 2023 and according to the MAPA data it has occurred on a farm with 132 animals, although it has only affected one. In 2022, a total of 27 outbreaks were reported. Between the years 2000 and 2021, a total of 598 outbreaks have been detected, without a significant decrease.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Scrapie is a progressive neurodegenerative process affecting sheep and goats, classified as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) or prion disease.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">It is divided into atypical and classic cases. Regarding the atypical cases of scrapie, they appear naturally and sporadically, while the transmission of classic cases is influenced by transmission from the mother to her offspring immediately after delivery.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">In addition, other susceptible neonates exposed to fluids expelled during delivery or tissues from an infected animal can become infected. In adults, the infection is much less common and in humans it has not been shown that it can be transmitted, as it did with 'mad cow disease'.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">According to the data from the latest report on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, 10 of the outbreaks in 2021 were from classic strains and 8 from atypical strains.</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.animalshealth.es/rumiantes/navarra-registra-primer-foco-scrapie-2023" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.animalshealth.es/rumiantes/navarra-registra-primer-foco-scrapie-2023</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/active-tse-surveillance-statistics" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/active-tse-surveillance-statistics</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Active TSE surveillance in Great Britain and Northern Ireland<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1149190/Active_TSE_surveillance_in_Great_Britian.ods" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1149190/Active_TSE_surveillance_in_Great_Britian.ods</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1151047/Active_TSE_Surveillance_in_Northern_Ireland.ods" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1151047/Active_TSE_Surveillance_in_Northern_Ireland.ods</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Journal 2022;20(11):7655</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DOI</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7655" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7655</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">KEYWORDS TSE, BSE, CWD, scrapie, classical, atypical, surveillance</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ON REQUEST FROM European Commission QUESTION NUMBER EFSA‐Q‐2021‐00765</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONTACT zoonoses@efsa.europa.eu</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This report presents the results of surveillance on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in cattle, sheep, goats, cervids and other species, and genotyping in sheep and goats, carried out in 2021 by 27 Member States (MS, EU27), the United Kingdom (in respect of Northern Ireland) (XI), and eight other non‐EU reporting countries: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland and Turkey. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In total, 1,021,252 cattle were tested by EU27 and XI (−9%, compared with 2020 when data from the United Kingdom were not restricted to Northern Ireland), and 66,121 cattle by eight non‐EU reporting countries, with two cases of H‐BSE in France and Spain, and four L‐BSE in France (2), Germany and Spain. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In total, 311,174 sheep and 118,457 goats were tested in the EU27 and XI (−6.4% and −1.8%, respectively, compared to 2020 when data from the whole United Kingdom were considered). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In sheep, 551 cases of scrapie were reported by 17 MS and XI: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">448 classical scrapie (CS) by six MS [80 index cases (IC) with genotypes of susceptible groups in 97% of the cases], 103 atypical scrapie (AS) (96 IC) by 13 MS and XI. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the other non‐EU reporting countries, 27,594 sheep were tested with 55 CS and 1 AS in Iceland and 8 AS in Norway. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ovine random genotyping was reported by nine MS and genotypes of susceptible groups accounted for 7.9%. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In goats, 224 cases of scrapie were reported by six EU MS: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">219 CS (30 IC) by six MS, and five AS (5 IC) by three MS. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In total, 5,854 cervids were tested for chronic wasting disease by eight MS; all resulted negative. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Norway tested 21,670 cervids with two moose and one red deer positive. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In total, 149 animals from four other species tested negative in Finland and Turkey.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">© European Food Safety Authority</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/7655" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/7655</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">OPINION article</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Front. Vet. Sci., 29 September 2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sec. Veterinary Infectious Diseases</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume 7 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.581969</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Livestock</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie Control in EU Goat Population: Has the Last Gap Been Overcome?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sergio Migliore*, Roberto Puleio and Guido Ruggero Loria</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Palermo, Italy</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Introduction</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie is a fatal, neurodegenerative disease that affects sheep and goat worldwide, belonging to the group of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since 2002, Member States (MS) of European Union (EU) have implemented active surveillance to control the risk of scrapie. The EU scrapie eradication policy is mainly aimed to eradicate classical scrapie. The choice of population groups and sample sizes have evolved in the years, as well as the eradication measures and control of disease (selective culling, movement restrictions, reinforced surveillance measures, etc.). In this context, over the past two decades, breeding programs to increase the frequency of the resistance-associated ARR allele in sheep populations have been introduced to minimize TSE risk in MS, but there was not a regulatory effort in adoption of analogous measures for goats. However, scientific knowledge related to scrapie resistance associated with goat PRNP gene polymorphisms has considerably expanded in the last 10 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Classical scrapie is considered endemic in many MS. Since its publication, the only measures applicable for TSE control in goat contained in Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 obliged farmers to provide a complete culling of whole flock, with great economic loss and serious concerns for the risk of extinction of endangered breeds. However, over the years, additional measures have been introduced such as monitoring of the infected herd without the obligation of total culling and the possibility of reintroducing goats with unknown genotype after biosafety practices. Nevertheless, these measures could allow the goat population to become the main reservoir of scrapie, affecting the disease eradication program in small ruminant population.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Following a request from the European Commission (EC), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked to deliver scientific opinions on the scrapie situation in EU to evaluate the introduction of breeding policies in goats. From 2014, EFSA advised to promote selection and introduction of resistant bucks in EU caprine population (1). More recently, in 2017, based on the latest scientific evidence, EFSA concluded that breeding programs for scrapie resistance in goats should be implemented in MS, taking particular attention to potential negative effects of extinction in rare and endangered breeds (2).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">With Regulation (EC) No 2020/772 of June 11, 2020, amending Regulation (EC) No 999/2001, EC laid down new approaches as regards eradication measures for TSEs in goats and in endangered breeds. In this context, the authors discuss advantages and critical points related to the different control measures introduced by EU regulations during the last two decades.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">State of the Art</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Legislative Basis</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 establishes rules for the prevention, control, and eradication of certain TSEs, including scrapie in small ruminants. This Regulation dates back to 2001 and, after many subsequent amendments, is still in force today.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In 2003, Regulation (EC) No 260/2003 revised the requirements for eradication measures in case of the detection of TSE in a farm by selective culling of susceptible sheep and by requiring the implementation of measures to increase TSE resistance in the outbreak. Simultaneously, decision 2003/100 (EC) laid down requirements for the establishment of breeding programs for resistance to TSE in sheep, aimed to increase the level of alleles associated with resistance (ARR) and decreasing the frequency of alleles associated with susceptibility (VRQ) in EU sheep population. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1923/20065 and No 727/2007 then integrated the breeding program requirements into Regulation (EC) No 999/2001. In 2006, EFSA confirmed the efficacy of breeding program for TSE resistance in sheep (3).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">More recently, on June 11, 2020, Regulation (EC) No 2020/772 amended Annexes I, VII, and VIII to Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 introducing the possibility for the MS to limit slaughtering/culling and destruction to goats which are genetically susceptible to classical scrapie. In addition, the definition of “endangered breed” of Regulation (EU) 2016/1012 replaced the expression of “local breed in danger of being lost to farming” as laid down in Regulation (EU) No 807/2014 (4).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie in EU Goats</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Classical scrapie shows similar epidemiological features in sheep and goats and the involvement of both species in outbreaks is common. Even if the incidence in goats is much lower than in sheep, milk and placenta of infected goats may serve as sources of infection to sheep (5, 6). Scrapie in goat was described for the first time in 1942 (4); since then, clinical cases have been recorded throughout Europe. Animal movements between herds and environmental contamination play relevant roles as risk factors.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In 2019, a total of 325,386 sheep and 138,128 goats were tested in EU. In sheep, 821 cases of classical scrapie were detected in seven MS, whereas 517 cases were reported in goats in seven MS (7). Scrapie in goat is considered endemic in the EU countries with the largest caprine populations with more than 10,500 cases from 2002 to 2017. Between 2002 and 2015, classical scrapie was detected in 10 MS with 2.4 cases out of 10,000 tested heads. In this prevalence study, Cyprus was excluded due to an epidemic over the last 10 years (2).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Genetic Basis</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the last two decades, an extensive review of literature was conducted to identify relevant alleles of goat PRNP to which a breeding program could be based. These studies were conducted within different MS and goat breeds. A considerable dataset has been produced for the following alleles: S127, M142, R143, D145, D146, S146, H154, Q211, and K222. Among them, K222, D146, and S146 alleles confer higher genetic resistance to classical scrapie strains circulating in the EU goat population (2). In 2017, based on a combination of the “weight of evidence” and the “strength of resistance,” EFSA provided a ranking of resistance to classical scrapie, as follows: K222 > D146 = S146 > Q211 = H154 = M142 > S127 = H143 > wild type (2).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Goat Breeding in EU</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Goat farming plays an important socioeconomic role in several countries, particularly where there are hills and mountains, and remote, marginal, and even semi-arid areas (8, 9). Europe is the continent with the widest caprine biodiversity with 187 goat breeds, which is 33% of the goat breeds acknowledged worldwide (10). In this context, there are breeds with large population sizes, cosmopolitan and often characterized by a high production, and breeds with small population sizes not yet subjected to conservation programs because of their remoteness or because they are less competitive in terms of production than other selected breeds (9). Such different scenarios obviously have required a different scrapie control strategy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In 2017, EFSA, based on prolonged field experience and experimental studies, concluded that the K222, D146, and S146 variants confer genetic resistance to the classical scrapie strain circulating in the EU goat population (2). EFSA highlighted that the protective effect of K222 is greater than D146 and S146 variants and of ARR allele in sheep, when the 2002 Scientific Steering Committee opinion was published (2). In this regard, a substantial difference between sheep and goats in the new Regulation (EC) No 2020/772 still remains. In sheep, the ARR/ARR homozygous genotype in reproductive males is an essential requirement, whereas in goats, heterozygosity for at least one of K222 and D/S146 alleles is sufficient to avoid the stamping out. It should be remembered that heterozygous variants Q222K and N146S/D in goats do not confer full protection against classical scrapie as reported in natural outbreaks in Greece (11) and in Cyprus (12). In addition, the subsequent restocking of outbreak without genotype consideration after biosafety practices is a considerable risk. These are critical points whose efficacy will be assessed in the future.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The EFSA opinion also highlights that a high selective pressure in some breeds with a low frequency of resistant variants would likely have an adverse effect on genetic diversity and that each MS should be able to design its own genetic selection strategy depending on the breed concerned.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Estimating the frequency of candidate alleles is a preliminary step in understanding the feasibility of a breeding program. Several investigations on goat PRNP were performed in MS in recent years, and some breed-related differences emerged (Table 1). Higher frequency (>24.5%) of 146D or S variants was described in cosmopolitan Boer goat in Great Britain and Netherlands (13–15) and in native Damascus and related breeds in Cyprus (16.5%) (17). A lower frequency (3%) was also described in local and crossbred in Greece (16). To date, this mutation does not seem to be widespread in other MS. In contrast, 222 K variant seems to be more common across the MS. Frequencies between 1.2 and 7.5% were described in cosmopolitan and large population size breeds such as Saanen (1.2–4%) and Alpine (6.4–7.5%) reared in Spain, Netherlands, Italy, France, and Greece (15, 16, 18–20). Very high frequency (29.5%) was described in Dutch Toggenburg in Netherlands (15). Variable frequencies were described in small size of native breeds such as local and crossbred in Greece (0.3–5.6%) (16). In Italy, where a great caprine biodiversity is present, a difference between northern and southern native breeds was described (20), with higher frequencies of 222 K in Southern breed such as Garganica (17.2%), Ionica (7.2%), southern crossbred (22.5%), Girgentana (18.7%), Rossa Mediterranea (12.7%), Argentata dell'Etna (16.3%), Aspromontana (10.3%), and Cilentana (18.2%) (20–23). Many of these breeds are considered in critical or endangered status (24) and for this reason any breeding program should consider the endangered status of each goat population to preserve the genetic variability and the biodiversity together with disease control (21).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 1 www.frontiersin.org TABLE 1. Breeds with S146/D146 and K222 haplotypes reported in literature and their frequencies reported in EU.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Various mutations in the PRNP in different breeds have potentially been positively selected in relation to local circulating scrapie strains originating in specific environmental conditions (25).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A recent study (26) assessed the impact of different breeding strategies in goat using a mathematical model, and it concluded that breeding programs for scrapie resistance could be implemented also in a context of so high biodiversity and also different size of the populations of goats. Nevertheless, the growth rate of resistant goats in some breeds may be slow due to the initial genetic profile not being particularly favorable inside the breed. In cosmopolitan breeds with a large population size, a breeding program in the overall population would be desirable. In contrast, in endangered breeds with a small population, a breeding program should be implemented starting from reproductive nuclei. This scheme is less expansive and protects the endangered breeds even if it takes longer to reach the expected results.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As well as goat breeds, a breeding program for scrapie resistance should consider the particular situation of each MS in terms of the presence of resistant alleles and their relative frequency. For example, in Greece, which has one of the largest goat populations in Europe, a goat-scrapie resistance program targeting the Q211, S146, and K222 alleles was designed (27), whereas in Italy, pilot projects selected positively a singular variant K222.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although there is a strong interest in disease control among goat farmers in the Northern MS, breeding for resistance is often compromised by the low frequency of resistant alleles. By contrast, in Southern MS where a satisfying frequency of resistant alleles is present, goat farming is mainly related to pastoralism and in several cases there is a lack of interest in starting genetic programs. For this reason, to be successful, new regulations have to consider engaging farmers' cooperation by appropriate risk communication and involving them in the genetic program as well as providing an adequate financial support for goat genotyping.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Regulation (EC) No 2020/772 laid down an alternative tool for scrapie control in EU goat population. It particularly recognized the genetic resistance to classical scrapie in goats carrying at least one of the most recognized alleles (K222, D146, and S146) and preserving them from culling in the case of outbreak. In addition, the new regulation introduces possible derogation measures for endangered breeds according to Regulation (EU) 2016/1012. This new measure will finally strengthen the control of TSEs in small ruminants in the EU and will also have beneficial effects on farming system and for the conservation of goat breed biodiversity.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2020.581969/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2020.581969/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''In 2019, a total of 325,386 sheep and 138,128 goats were tested in EU. In sheep, 821 cases of classical scrapie were detected in seven MS, whereas 517 cases were reported in goats in seven MS (7). Scrapie in goat is considered endemic in the EU countries with the largest caprine populations with more than 10,500 cases from 2002 to 2017. Between 2002 and 2015, classical scrapie was detected in 10 MS with 2.4 cases out of 10,000 tested heads. In this prevalence study, Cyprus was excluded due to an epidemic over the last 10 years (2).'' </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2020.581969/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2020.581969/full</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, APRIL 4, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Iceland Reports Another Case of Scrapie </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/04/iceland-reports-another-case-of-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/04/iceland-reports-another-case-of-scrapie.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">New case of scrapie in Iceland Skagafjörður </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/09/new-case-of-scrapie-in-iceland.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/09/new-case-of-scrapie-in-iceland.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 29, 2020 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">OIE ICELAND, SCRAPIE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/10/oie-iceland-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/10/oie-iceland-scrapie.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, JULY 09, 2020 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">OIE Scrapie, Portugal</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2020/07/oie-scrapie-portugal.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2020/07/oie-scrapie-portugal.html</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 08, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Canada Scrapie Flock Certification Program </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/01/canada-scrapie-flock-certification.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/01/canada-scrapie-flock-certification.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 08, 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Romania Outbreaks of scrapie in two sheep farms 750 animals are affected</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2022/02/romania-outbreaks-of-scrapie-in-two.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2022/02/romania-outbreaks-of-scrapie-in-two.html</a></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 16, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">SHEEP BY-PRODUCTS AND WHAT ABOUT Scrapie TSE PrP and Potential Zoonosis? </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/03/sheep-by-products-and-what-about.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/03/sheep-by-products-and-what-about.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–2009–0095] RIN 0579–AD10</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 10, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">USDA APHIS National Scrapie Eradication Program October 2021 Monthly Report Fiscal Year 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/usda-aphis-national-scrapie-eradication.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/usda-aphis-national-scrapie-eradication.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 29, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Experimental Oronasal Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease Agent from White-Tailed Deer to Suffolk Sheep Volume 27, Number 12—December 2021 Dispatch</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/experimental-oronasal-transmission-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/experimental-oronasal-transmission-of.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 10, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie at Abattoir: Monitoring, Control, and Differential Diagnosis of Wasting Conditions during Meat Inspection </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/scrapie-at-abattoir-monitoring-control.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/scrapie-at-abattoir-monitoring-control.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">BACK TO USA SCRAPIE HISTORY;</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie USA 2017</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REPORT OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON SCRAPIE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chair: Cheryl Miller, IN</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Vice Chair: Larry Forgey, MO</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Subcommittee met on October 18, 2017 at the Town and Country Hotel in San Diego, California from 9:00 a.m. to 12:35 p.m. There were 21 members and 14 guests present. Meeting was called to order by the chairman, Dr. Cheryl Miller. All attendees were asked to sign in.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presentations and Reports</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie Program Updates</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Diane Sutton, USDA-APHIS-VS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie Eradication Program Results*</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• The National Scrapie Eradication Program made tremendous progress in FY2017.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Other than a goat that resided in a herd that was under quarantine since 2005 there have been no classical scrapie positive animals in the United States since April 2016. This goat herd was depopulated in July and the remaining goats moved to the Agricultural Research Service (ARS).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• There were two Nor98-like cases confirmed by the National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL) one from Colorado and one with a Montana tag pending trace back.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• The last two known scrapie infected/source flocks have been depopulated and the premises are pending disinfection. No high-risk animals exist in the United States outside of research facilities. Surveillance*</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• As of September 30, 2017, 42,030 animals had been sampled for scrapie testing in FY2017:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• 6 percent were collected on-farm and 94 percent through Regulatory Scrapie Slaughter Surveillance (RSSS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• 19 percent of the samples collected were from goats and the 81 percent from sheep</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Implementation FY2018</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• States with RSSS collection sites will continue to sample targeted sheep and goats.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• The State sampling minimums for FY2018 have been provided to the States and will be made public in the October monthly report. Note: These are minimums. The plan is to continue to collect samples from the maximum number of targeted animals given the available budget.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Proceedings/2017Proceedings_Final.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Proceedings/2017Proceedings_Final.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">new url link;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20221126190334/https://www.usaha.org/upload/Proceedings/2017Proceedings_Final.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20221126190334/https://www.usaha.org/upload/Proceedings/2017Proceedings_Final.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie USA 2018</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie Program Updates</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Diane Sutton, USDA-APHIS, Veterinary Services (VS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie Eradication Program Results*</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• The National Scrapie Eradication Program made progress in FY2018.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• The last confirmed classical scrapie positive sheep was in April 2016.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• In April 2018, APHIS identified scrapie in a 171 RR sheep from a flock in North Carolina. There was insufficient positive tissue available to rule out non-classical scrapie; the flock has been depopulated and no other sheep in the flock have tested positive for scrapie. USDA continues to conduct additional testing, before determining whether to classify the case as classical or non-classical scrapie.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• In August 2018, a Pennsylvania goat sampled at slaughter in July was confirmed positive for classical scrapie. The flock is scheduled for high-risk animal depopulation in October 2018. The only other positive goat found through slaughter surveillance was in November 2014.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• One Nor98-like case sampled in October 2017 was confirmed positive. Unlike classical scrapie, non-classical scrapie (Nor98-like) is either not laterally transmissible or is transmissible at a very low rate. The World Animal Health Organisation (OIE) and APHIS have determined that it is not a disease of trade concern Surveillance*</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Since the scrapie slaughter surveillance program began in FY2003, over 600,000 samples have been collected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• As of September 30, 2018, 43,625 animals had been sampled for scrapie testing in FY2018:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">o 5% were collected on-farm and 95 percent through RSSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">o 21% of the samples collected were from goats and the 79% from sheep</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• When first measured in FY2002-2003, the percentage of cull sheep sampled at slaughter that tested positive for classical scrapie was 1 in 500. Since the last case in April 2016, APHIS has tested 82,199 sheep and no cases of classical scrapie have been confirmed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Since the slaughter surveillance program began, only two goats sampled at slaughter have been confirmed positive for classical scrapie, one sampled in FY2015 and one in FY2018. Since the detection in FY2015, 25,618 goats have been tested through slaughter surveillance. </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ruminantia.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/UNITED-STATES-ANIMAL-HEALTH-ASSOCIATION-2018.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ruminantia.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/UNITED-STATES-ANIMAL-HEALTH-ASSOCIATION-2018.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">USDA-APHIS FY 2018 Cervid Health Program Update</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tracy Nichols, USDA-APHIS, Veterinary Services (VS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The USDA Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Herd Certification Program (HCP) is a voluntary program in which herd certification is required for interstate movement of farmed cervids. Certification requires five years of 100 percent CWD post mortem testing of all herd mortalities over 12 months of age and zero CWD detection. This program was implemented in 2014 after the approval of the final CWD rule.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Management of this program is a collaborative effort between USDAAPHIS and States, with State participation being voluntary. Currently 28 states participate in the program encompassing 2,393 enrolled herds, and 1,875 certified herds. Of the certified herds, 1,434 are deer, 344 elk, and 97 mixed (containing both deer and elk). In fiscal year 2018 there were 15 newly identified farmed cervid herds (11 deer, 1 elk, 1 reindeer, and 2 mixed). Six of the 15 herds were HCP-certified, and two were enrolled. The remaining seven were not part of the program. Ten of the newly identified herds were located in areas endemic with CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interspecies Transmission of the Scrapie Agent</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, National Animal Disease Center (NADC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Virus and Prion Research Unit at the National Animal Disease Center has ongoing research projects with the agents of scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and chronic wasting disease (CWD). Numerous studies have been done to better understand scrapie strains and their potential to transmit to other species. We acknowledge at least two scrapie strains present in the U.S. In previous studies we used two scrapie isolates: No. 13-7 that was isolated from ARQ/ARQ black-faced sheep and x124 that has a rapid incubation time in sheep with the V136 allele. Studies that have been conducted in cats, cattle, pigs, and raccoons suggest a substantial barrier to transmission based upon incomplete attack rates, prolonged incubation, or limited distribution of abnormal prion protein in the body. However, the No. 13-7 scrapie agent transmits to white-tailed deer after intracranial of oronasal challenge with a 100% attack rate. We conducted a study to determine if deer infected with the scrapie agent could serve as a reservoir of scrapie infectivity to sheep. The scrapie agent from deer did transmit to sheep by the oronasal route, but with more rapid incubation periods in sheep with the V136 genotype and with lesions consistent with x124 scrapie rather than the original No. 13-7 inoculum. Very low incidence of scrapie in the U.S. suggests that exposure of deer to the scrapie agent is unlikely. If sheep were exposed to the scrapie agent from deer, current genotype-based methods for scrapie eradication would remain effective.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Update on Scrapie Research at the Animal Disease Research Unit David Schneider, USDA, Agricultural Research Service (ARS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The USDA-ARS Animal Disease Research Unit in Pullman, Washington, conducts an integrated research program involving studies on scrapie diagnostics, the role of Prion Protein (PRNP) genetics, and modes of transmission in domestic sheep and goats. In this update, we report on the role of goat milk and concurrent SRLV-infection on transmissibility of scrapie to goat kids and lambs; an update of ongoing research to determine the role of PRNP genetics on susceptibility and disease on diagnostics in goats and sheep; and initiation of an attempt to isolate a prion (infectious particle) from of a young resistant-genotype sheep with peripheral accumulation of PrP-Sc.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Classical scrapie was transmitted to goat kids and lambs after lowvolume, short-duration bottle feeding of mid-lactation milk from goat does with naturally acquired scrapie and small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections. The potential role of concurrent SRLV infection was explored and results were consistent with a virus-associated increase in PrP-Sc accumulation in the mammary glands of the milk donor goats and the likelihood of scrapie transmission. SRLV was also transmitted to some of the goat kids but not lamb milk recipients, however, SRLV transmission did not appear to be necessary for scrapie transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Goats bearing the PRNP codons NS146 or QK222 and orally inoculated at birth with goat-derived scrapie continued to be monitored for signs of scrapie transmission. At more than eight years post-inoculation, four of eight NS146 goats still survive and are in good health. However, the last two of eight QK222 goats were euthanized because of ageing dentition. No evidence of PrP-Sc accumulation has been observed. Monitoring of the surviving NS146 goats continues.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A survey study on archived tissue of classical scrapie in U.S. sheep covering the years 2000-2007 was completed. The PRNP genotype of these sheep was expanded to include the amino acid at codon 112 (M or T). Diagnosis of scrapie was significantly less likely in heterozygous MT112 sheep (7% prevalence) than in homozygous MM112 (wild type) sheep (37% prevalence) and no cases of scrapie were detected in 27 sheep genotyped to be homozygous TT112. While uniformity of exposure cannot be known, the data suggest the T112 allele confers some resistance to scrapie infection, but not strong enough to fully protect the heterozygous animal. Other data suggest that the T112 allele may reduce the peripheral accumulation of PrPSc, perhaps making these animals more difficult to detect early in disease progression.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subcommittee Business:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ruminantia.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/UNITED-STATES-ANIMAL-HEALTH-ASSOCIATION-2018.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ruminantia.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/UNITED-STATES-ANIMAL-HEALTH-ASSOCIATION-2018.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ohio Scrapie Cases in Goats FY 2002 – FY 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/scrapie/downloads/monthly_scrapie_report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/scrapie/downloads/monthly_scrapie_report.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ohio atypical scrapie Nor-98 TSE Prion detected 2010 1 case documented</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/scrapie/downloads/monthly_scrapie_report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/scrapie/downloads/monthly_scrapie_report.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 7, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Atypical Nor-98 Scrapie TSE Prion USA State by State Update January 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2021/01/atypical-nor-98-scrapie-tse-prion-usa.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2021/01/atypical-nor-98-scrapie-tse-prion-usa.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Second passage of chronic wasting disease of mule deer in sheep compared to classical scrapie after intracranial inoculation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Second passage of chronic wasting disease of mule deer in sheep compared to classical scrapie after intracranial inoculation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item Cassmann, Eric item FRESE, RYLIE - Orise Fellow item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 11/25/2020 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal and uncurable brain disease of deer and elk that is related to a similar disease in sheep called scrapie. Both diseases are cause by a misfolded protein called a prion. The exact origin of CWD is unknown, but a possible origin could have been spread of sheep scrapie to deer. Previous research found indistinguishable traits in common between CWD in deer and scrapie in sheep. Additionally, it is unknown if deer CWD can naturally transmit to sheep. In this research, we show that abnormal prions spread throughout the body of sheep intracranially infected with CWD similar to how scrapie spreads in sheep. We compared two US classical scrapie strains to CWD in sheep and found that one of these strains is indistinguishable from sheep CWD. These results demonstrate that current diagnostic techniques would be unlikely to distinguish CWD in sheep from scrapie in sheep if cross-species transmission occurred in a natural setting. This research reinforces the need to continue ongoing cross-species transmission studies focusing on oral susceptibility of sheep to CWD and develop techniques to discriminate sheep CWD from sheep scrapie.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: The origin of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids is unclear. One hypothesis suggests that CWD originated from scrapie in sheep. In this experiment, we had two main objectives. The first objective was to determine if CWD adaptation in sheep alters the disease phenotype. The second objective was to determine if the disease phenotype of sheep adapted CWD is distinct from classical scrapie. We intracranially inoculated sheep with brain homogenate from first passage mule deer CWD in sheep (sCWDmd). The attack rate in second passage sheep was 100% (12/12). Sheep had prominent lymphoid accumulations of PrPSc reminiscent of classical scrapie. The pattern and distribution of PrPSc in the brains of sheep with CWDmd was similar to scrapie strain 13-7 but different from scrapie strain x124. The western blot glycoprofiles of sCWDmd were indistinguishable from scrapie strain 13-7; however, independent of sheep genotype, glycoprofiles of sCWDmd were different than x124. When sheep genotypes were evaluated individually, there was considerable overlap in the glycoprofiles that precluded significant discrimination between sheep CWD and scrapie strains. Taken together, these data suggest that the phenotype of CWD in sheep is indistinguishable from some strains of scrapie in sheep. Given the results of this study, current diagnostic techniques would be unlikely to distinguish CWD in sheep from scrapie in sheep if cross-species transmission occurred naturally. It is unknown if sheep are naturally vulnerable to CWD; however, the susceptibility of sheep after intracranial inoculation and lymphoid accumulation indicates that the species barrier is not absolute.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=376956" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=376956</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We inoculated WTD by a natural route of exposure (concurrent oral and intranasal (IN); n=5) with a US scrapie isolate. All scrapie-inoculated deer had evidence of PrPSc accumulation.'' Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Scrapie transmits to white-tailed deer by the oral route and has a molecular profile similar to chronic wasting disease Authors</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">item Greenlee, Justin item Moore, S – item Smith, Jodi – item Kunkle, Robert item West Greenlee, M –</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: American College of Veterinary Pathologists Meeting Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: August 12, 2015 Publication Date: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: The purpose of this work was to determine susceptibility of white-tailed deer (WTD) to the agent of sheep scrapie and to compare the resultant PrPSc to that of the original inoculum and chronic wasting disease (CWD). We inoculated WTD by a natural route of exposure (concurrent oral and intranasal (IN); n=5) with a US scrapie isolate. All scrapie-inoculated deer had evidence of PrPSc accumulation. PrPSc was detected in lymphoid tissues at preclinical time points, and deer necropsied after 28 months post-inoculation had clinical signs, spongiform encephalopathy, and widespread distribution of PrPSc in neural and lymphoid tissues. Western blotting (WB) revealed PrPSc with 2 distinct molecular profiles. WB on cerebral cortex had a profile similar to the original scrapie inoculum, whereas WB of brainstem, cerebellum, or lymph nodes revealed PrPSc with a higher profile resembling CWD. Homogenates with the 2 distinct profiles from WTD with clinical scrapie were further passaged to mice expressing cervid prion protein and intranasally to sheep and WTD. In cervidized mice, the two inocula have distinct incubation times. Sheep inoculated intranasally with WTD derived scrapie developed disease, but only after inoculation with the inoculum that had a scrapie-like profile. The WTD study is ongoing, but deer in both inoculation groups are positive for PrPSc by rectal mucosal biopsy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, this work demonstrates that WTD are susceptible to the agent of scrapie, two distinct molecular profiles of PrPSc are present in the tissues of affected deer, and inoculum of either profile readily passes to deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=317901" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=317901</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Passage of scrapie to deer results in a new phenotype upon return passage to sheep) Author </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">item Greenlee, Justin item Kokemuller, Robyn item Moore, Sarah item West Greenlee, N</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Prion </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Type: Abstract Only </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2017 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Date: N/A </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Aims: We previously demonstrated that scrapie has a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after either intracranial or oral inoculation. Samples from deer that developed scrapie had two different western blot patterns: samples derived from cerebrum had a banding pattern similar to the scrapie inoculum, but samples from brainstem had a banding pattern similar to CWD. In contrast, transmission of CWD from white-tailed deer to sheep by the intracranial route has a low attack rate and to-date oronasal exposure has been unsuccessful. The purpose of this study was to determine if sheep are susceptible to oronasal exposure of the scrapie agent derived from white-tailed deer. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods: At approximately 5 months of age, Suffolk sheep of various PRNP genotypes were challenged by the oronasal route with 10% brain homogenate derived from either the cerebrum or the brainstem of scrapie-affected deer. Genotypes represented in each inoculation group were VV136RR154QQ171 (n=2), AA136RR154QQ171 (n=2), and AV136RR154QR171 (n=1). After inoculation, sheep were observed daily for clinical signs. Upon development of clinical signs, sheep were killed with an overdose of pentobarbital sodium and necropsied. Tissue samples were tested for the presence of PrPSc by EIA, western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The No. 13-7 scrapie inoculum used for the deer has a mean incubation period of 20.1 months in sheep with the AA136RR154QQ171 genotype and 26.7 months in sheep with the VV136RR154QQ171 genotype. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Sheep inoculated oronasally with WTD derived scrapie developed disease, but only after inoculation with the inoculum from the cerebrum that had a scrapie-like profile. The first sheep to develop clinical signs at approximately 29 months post inoculation had the VV136RR154QQ171 genotype. Eventually sheep of the AA136RR154QQ171 genotype developed clinical signs, but at a mean incubation of 52 months. At 62 months post-inoculation, none of the sheep inoculated with material from the deer brainstem have developed clinical disease. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: The No. 13-7 inoculum used in the original deer experiment readily infects white-tailed deer and sheep of various genotypes by the oronasal route. When inoculum is made from different brain regions of No 13-7 scrapie-infected deer from either cerebrum with a scrapie-like western blot pattern or brainstem with a CWD-like western blot pattern, sheep with the VV136RR154QQ171 genotype are the first to develop clinical signs. This is in contrast to the original No. 13-7 inoculum that has a faster incubation period in sheep with the AA136RR154QQ171 genotype. Similar to experiments conducted with CWD, sheep oronasally inoculated with brainstem material from deer with a CWD-like molecular profile have no evidence of disease after 62 months of incubation. While scrapie is not known to occur in free-ranging populations of white-tailed deer, experimental cases are difficult to differentiate from CWD. This work raises the potential concern that scrapie infected deer could serve as a confounding factor to scrapie eradication programs as scrapie from deer seems to be transmissible to sheep by the oronasal route.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337278" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337278</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Transmission of the agent of sheep scrapie to deer results in PrPSc with two distinct molecular profiles </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Authors item Greenlee, Justin item Moore, Sarah - item Smith, Jodi item West Greenlee, Mary - item Kunkle, Robert Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: March 31, 2015 Publication Date: May 25, 2015 Citation: Greenlee, J., Moore, S.J., Smith, J.., West Greenlee, M.H., Kunkle, R. 2015. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie transmits to white-tailed deer by the oral route and has a molecular profile similar to chronic wasting disease and distinct from the scrapie inoculum. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2015. p. S62. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: The purpose of this work was to determine susceptibility of white-tailed deer (WTD) to the agent of sheep scrapie and to compare the resultant PrPSc to that of the original inoculum and chronic wasting disease (CWD). We inoculated WTD by a natural route of exposure (concurrent oral and intranasal (IN); n=5) with a US scrapie isolate. All scrapie-inoculated deer had evidence of PrPSc accumulation. PrPSc was detected in lymphoid tissues at preclinical time points, and deer necropsied after 28 months post-inoculation had clinical signs, spongiform encephalopathy, and widespread distribution of PrPSc in neural and lymphoid tissues. Western blotting (WB) revealed PrPSc with 2 distinct molecular profiles. WB on cerebral cortex had a profile similar to the original scrapie inoculum, whereas WB of brainstem, cerebellum, or lymph nodes reveal PrPSc with a higher profile resembling CWD. Homogenates with the 2 distinct profiles from WTD with clinical scrapie were further passaged to mice expressing cervid prion protein and intranasally to sheep and WTD. In cervidized mice, the two inocula have distinct incubation times. Sheep inoculated intranasally with WTD derived scrapie developed disease, but only after inoculation with the inoculum that had a scrapie-like profile. The WTD study is ongoing, but deer in both inoculation groups are positive for PrPSc by rectal mucosal biopsy. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, this work demonstrates that WTD are susceptible to the agent of scrapie, two distinct molecular profiles of PrPSc are present in the tissues of affected deer, and inoculum of either profile type readily passes to deer. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=314097" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=314097</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">White-tailed Deer are Susceptible to Scrapie by Natural Route of Infection </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Jodi D. Smith, Justin J. Greenlee, and Robert A. Kunkle; Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interspecies transmission studies afford the opportunity to better understand the potential host range and origins of prion diseases. Previous experiments demonstrated that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep-derived scrapie by intracranial inoculation. The purpose of this study was to determine susceptibility of white-tailed deer to scrapie after a natural route of exposure. Deer (n=5) were inoculated by concurrent oral (30 ml) and intranasal (1 ml) instillation of a 10% (wt/vol) brain homogenate derived from a sheep clinically affected with scrapie. Non-inoculated deer were maintained as negative controls. All deer were observed daily for clinical signs. Deer were euthanized and necropsied when neurologic disease was evident, and tissues were examined for abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot (WB). One animal was euthanized 15 months post-inoculation (MPI) due to an injury. At that time, examination of obex and lymphoid tissues by IHC was positive, but WB of obex and colliculus were negative. Remaining deer developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied from 28 to 33 MPI. Tissues from these deer were positive for scrapie by IHC and WB. Tissues with PrPSc immunoreactivity included brain, tonsil, retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, hemal node, Peyer’s patches, and spleen. This work demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep scrapie by potential natural routes of inoculation. In-depth analysis of tissues will be done to determine similarities between scrapie in deer after intracranial and oral/intranasal inoculation and chronic wasting disease resulting from similar routes of inoculation. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full text ; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2010/report-cwal-2010.pdf</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">new url link;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130617003955/http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2010/report-cwal-2010.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20130617003955/http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2010/report-cwal-2010.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">PO-039: A comparison of scrapie and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">US Dept. Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center; Ames, IA USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interspecies transmission studies afford the opportunity to better understand the potential host range and origins of prion diseases. The purpose of these experiments was to determine susceptibility of white-tailed deer (WTD) to scrapie and to compare the resultant clinical signs, lesions, and molecular profiles of PrPSc to those of chronic wasting disease (CWD). We inoculated WTD intracranially (IC; n = 5) and by a natural route of exposure (concurrent oral and intranasal (IN); n = 5) with a US scrapie isolate. All deer were inoculated with a 10% (wt/vol) brain homogenate from sheep with scrapie (1ml IC, 1 ml IN, 30 ml oral). All deer inoculated by the intracranial route had evidence of PrPSc accumulation. PrPSc was detected in lymphoid tissues as early as 7 months-post-inoculation (PI) and a single deer that was necropsied at 15.6 months had widespread distribution of PrPSc highlighting that PrPSc is widely distributed in the CNS and lymphoid tissues prior to the onset of clinical signs. IC inoculated deer necropsied after 20 months PI (3/5) had clinical signs, spongiform encephalopathy, and widespread distribution of PrPSc in neural and lymphoid tissues. The results of this study suggest that there are many similarities in the manifestation of CWD and scrapie in WTD after IC inoculation including early and widespread presence of PrPSc in lymphoid tissues, clinical signs of depression and weight loss progressing to wasting, and an incubation time of 21-23 months. Moreover, western blots (WB) done on brain material from the obex region have a molecular profile similar to CWD and distinct from tissues of the cerebrum or the scrapie inoculum. However, results of microscopic and IHC examination indicate that there are differences between the lesions expected in CWD and those that occur in deer with scrapie: amyloid plaques were not noted in any sections of brain examined from these deer and the pattern of immunoreactivity by IHC was diffuse rather than plaque-like. After a natural route of exposure, 100% of WTD were susceptible to scrapie. Deer developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied from 28 to 33 months PI. Tissues from these deer were positive for PrPSc by IHC and WB. Similar to IC inoculated deer, samples from these deer exhibited two different molecular profiles: samples from obex resembled CWD whereas those from cerebrum were similar to the original scrapie inoculum. On further examination by WB using a panel of antibodies, the tissues from deer with scrapie exhibit properties differing from tissues either from sheep with scrapie or WTD with CWD. Samples from WTD with CWD or sheep with scrapie are strongly immunoreactive when probed with mAb P4, however, samples from WTD with scrapie are only weakly immunoreactive. In contrast, when probed with mAb’s 6H4 or SAF 84, samples from sheep with scrapie and WTD with CWD are weakly immunoreactive and samples from WTD with scrapie are strongly positive. This work demonstrates that WTD are highly susceptible to sheep scrapie, but on first passage, scrapie in WTD is differentiable from CWD.</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">new url link;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140629053816/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20140629053816/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">White-tailed deer are susceptible to the agent of sheep scrapie by intracerebral inoculation </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is unlikely that CWD will be eradicated from free-ranging cervids, and the disease is likely to continue to spread geographically [10]. However, the potential that white-tailed deer may be susceptible to sheep scrapie by a natural route presents an additional confounding factor to halting the spread of CWD. This leads to the additional speculations that </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1) infected deer could serve as a reservoir to infect sheep with scrapie offering challenges to scrapie eradication efforts and </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2) CWD spread need not remain geographically confined to current endemic areas, but could occur anywhere that sheep with scrapie and susceptible cervids cohabitate. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This work demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep scrapie by intracerebral inoculation with a high attack rate and that the disease that results has similarities to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These experiments will be repeated with a more natural route of inoculation to determine the likelihood of the potential transmission of sheep scrapie to white-tailed deer. If scrapie were to occur in white-tailed deer, results of this study indicate that it would be detected as a TSE, but may be difficult to differentiate from CWD without in-depth biochemical analysis. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199251/?tool=pubmed" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199251/?tool=pubmed</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/10/white-tailed-deer-are-susceptible-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/10/white-tailed-deer-are-susceptible-to.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">COLORADO THE ORIGIN OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD. The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr. Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had previously been occupied by sheep. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IN CONFIDENCE, REPORT OF AN UNCONVENTIONAL SLOW VIRUS DISEASE IN ANIMALS IN THE USA 1989</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> ALSO, one of the most, if not the most top TSE Prion God in Science today is Professor Adriano Aguzzi, and he recently commented on just this, on a cwd post on my facebook page August 20 at 1:44pm, quote; ''it pains me to no end to even contemplate the possibility, but it seems entirely plausible that CWD originated from scientist-made spread of scrapie from sheep to deer in the colorado research facility. If true, a terrible burden for those involved.'' August 20 at 1:44pm ...end </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/09/colorado-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/09/colorado-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a> </div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">atypical Scrapie<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SNIP...SEE;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, JULY 8, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Scientific report on the analysis of the 2‐year compulsory intensified monitoring of atypical scrapie</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, MAY 29, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Incomplete inactivation of atypical scrapie following recommended autoclave decontamination procedures </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2019/05/incomplete-inactivation-of-atypical.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2019/05/incomplete-inactivation-of-atypical.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 31, 2020 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Autoclave treatment of the classical scrapie agent US No. 13-7 and experimental inoculation to susceptible VRQ/ARQ sheep via the oral route results in decreased transmission efficiency</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2020/12/autoclave-treatment-of-classical.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2020/12/autoclave-treatment-of-classical.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">ZOONOSIS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PLEASE NOTE;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author: ‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Transmission of the atypical/nor98 scrapie agent to suffolk sheep with VRQ/ARQ, ARQ/ARQ, and ARQ/ARR genotypes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">item Cassmann, Eric</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">item MAMMADOVA, JAJIBA - Orise Fellow</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">item BENESTAD, SYLVIE - Norwegian Veterinary Institute</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">item MOORE, SARA JO - Orise Fellow</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: PLoS ONE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Acceptance Date: 1/21/2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Publication Date: 2/11/2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Citation: Cassmann, E.D., Mammadova, J., Benestad, S., Moore, S., Greenlee, J.J. 2021. Transmission of the atypical/nor98 scrapie agent to suffolk sheep with VRQ/ARQ, ARQ/ARQ, and ARQ/ARR genotypes. PLoS ONE. 16(2). Article e0246503. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246503.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246503" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246503</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Atypical scrapie is a prion disease that affects sheep. Unlike classical scrapie, atypical scrapie is thought to occur spontaneously, and it is unlikely to transmit between sheep under natural conditions. Another notable distinction between classical and atypical scrapie is the prion protein genotype of afflicted sheep and the locations in the brain where misfolded prions accumulate. Atypical scrapie generally occurs in sheep that are resistant to classical scrapie. Misfolded prions are predominantly found in the cerebellum for atypical scrapie and not in the brainstem as seen with classical scrapie. Atypical scrapie is a relevant disease because of its potential association with other prion diseases. Some research has shown that the atypical scrapie agent can undergo a transformation of disease forms that makes it appear like classical scrapie or classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease). Therefore, atypical scrapie is thought to be a possible source for these prion diseases. We investigated the transmission of the atypical scrapie agent to sheep with three different prion protein genotypes. A diagnosis of atypical scrapie was made in all three genotypes of sheep. Misfolded prion protein was detected earliest in the cerebellum and the retina. This is the first report describing the early accumulation of misfolded prions in the retina of sheep with atypical scrapie. Understanding where misfolded prions accumulate in cases of atypical scrapie can lead to better detection earlier in the disease. Furthermore, the materials derived from this experiment will aid in investigating origins of other prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that occurs in sheep. Atypical/Nor98 scrapie occurs in sheep with that tend to be resistant to classical scrapie and it is thought to occur spontaneously. The purpose of this study was to test the transmission of the Atypical/Nor98 scrapie agent in three genotypes of Suffolk sheep and characterize the distribution of misfolded prion protein (PrPSc). Ten sheep were intracranially inoculated with brain homogenate from a sheep with Atypical/Nor98 scrapie. All sheep with the ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/ARR genotypes developed Atypical/Nor98 scrapie confirmed by immunohistochemistry, and one (1/3) sheep with the VRQ/ARQ genotype had detectable PrPSc consistent with Atypical/Nor98 scrapie at the experimental endpoint of 8 years. Sheep with mild early accumulations of PrPSc in the cerebellum had concomitant retinal PrPSc. Accordingly, large amounts of retinal PrPSc were identified in clinically affected sheep and sheep with dense accumulations of PrPSc in the cerebellum.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=379280" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=379280</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=============== </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=============== </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">============== </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2016 TOKYO</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1933-6896</span> printl 1933-690X online</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Taylor & Francis</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Adaptation of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent to primates and comparison with Creutzfeldt– Jakob disease: Implications for human health</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Jean-Guy Fournier, Virginie Nouvel, +8, and Jean-Philippe DeslysAuthors Info & Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">March 20, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">98 (7) 4142-4147</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.041490898" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.041490898</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is substantial scientific evidence to support the notion that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has contaminated human beings, causing variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD). This disease has raised concerns about the possibility of an iatrogenic secondary transmission to humans, because the biological properties of the primate-adapted BSE agent are unknown. We show that (i) BSE can be transmitted from primate to primate by intravenous route in 25 months, and (ii) an iatrogenic transmission of vCJD to humans could be readily recognized pathologically, whether it occurs by the central or peripheral route. Strain typing in mice demonstrates that the BSE agent adapts to macaques in the same way as it does to humans and confirms that the BSE agent is responsible for vCJD not only in the United Kingdom but also in France. The agent responsible for French iatrogenic growth hormone-linked CJD taken as a control is very different from vCJD but is similar to that found in one case of sporadic CJD and one sheep scrapie isolate. These data will be key in identifying the origin of human cases of prion disease, including accidental vCJD transmission, and could provide bases for vCJD risk assessment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">One aim of this study was to determine the risk of secondary transmission to humans of vCJD, which is caused not by a primarily human strain of TSE agent but by the BSE strain having passed the species barrier to humans. This risk is tightly linked to the capacity of the BSE agent to adapt to primates and harbor enhanced virulence (i.e., induce disease after a short incubation period and provoke disease even if highly diluted) and to its pathogenicity after inoculation by the peripheral route. With respect to the latter, there are huge variations between different TSE agent strains and hosts. For example, the BSE agent is pathogenic to pigs after i.c. inoculation but not after oral administration (23). Thus, we wanted to know to what extent the BSE/vCJD agent is pathogenic to humans by the i.c. and i.v. routes. To achieve this, we used the macaque model. To monitor the evolution of the BSE agent in primates, but also to verify the identity of French vCJD, we conducted parallel transmission to C57BL/6 mice, allowing strain-typing. The experimental scheme is depicted in Fig. 1.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Characterization of the BSE Agent in Primates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The identity of the lesion profiles obtained from the brains of the French patient with vCJD, two British patients with vCJD, and nonhuman primates infected with BSE provides experimental demonstration of the fact that the BSE agent strain has been transmitted to humans both in the U.K. and in France. Further, it lends support to the validity of the macaque model as a powerful tool for the study of vCJD. As far as the evolution of the BSE agent in primates is concerned, we observed an interesting phenomenon: at first passage of BSE in macaques and with vCJD, there was a polymorphism of the lesion profile in mice in the hippocampal region, with about half of them harboring much more severe vacuolation than the mice inoculated with cattle BSE. At second passage, the polymorphism tended to disappear, with all mice showing higher vacuolation scores in the hippocampus than cattle BSE mice. This observation suggests the appearance of a variant of the BSE agent at first passage in primates and its clonal selection during second passage in primates. The lesion profiles showed that it was still the BSE agent, but the progressive appearance of a “hippocampal signature” hallmarked the evolution toward a variant by essence more virulent to primates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Characterization of the CJD and Scrapie Strains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Controls were set up by transmitting one French and one U.S. scrapie isolate from ruminants as well as French sCJD and iCJD cases from humans. None of these revealed a lesion profile or transmission characteristics similar or close to those of BSE or vCJD, respectively, thus extending to the present French scrapie isolate the previous observation that the BSE agent was different from all known natural scrapie strains (4, 24).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The lesion profiles of sCJD and iCJD differed only slightly in severity of the lesions, but not in shape of the profile, revealing the identity of the causative agents. One of us reported the absence of similarity between sCJD (six cases) and U.K. scrapie (eight cases) in transmission characteristics in mice (4). Herein, we made the striking observation that the French natural scrapie strain (but not the U.S. scrapie strain) has the same lesion profile and transmission times in C57BL/6 mice as do the two human TSE strains studied. This strain “affiliation” was confirmed biochemically. There is no epidemiological evidence for a link between sheep scrapie and the occurrence of CJD in humans (25). However, such a link, if it is not a general rule, would be extremely difficult to establish because of the very low incidence of CJD as well as the existence of different isolates in humans and multiple strains in scrapie. Moreover, scrapie is transmissible to nonhuman primates (26). Thus, there is still a possibility that in some instances TSE strains infecting humans do share a common origin with scrapie, as pointed out by our findings.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of vCJD and BSE to Nonhuman Primates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">vCJD transmitted readily to the cynomolgus macaque after 2 years of incubation, which was comparable to the transmission obtained from first-passaged macaque BSE and much shorter than the interspecies transmission of BSE. Starting with 100 mg of BSE–macaque brain material, dilutions up to 4 μg still provoked disease. These data suggest that the BSE agent rapidly adapts to primates accompanied by enhanced virulence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Examination of macaque brain inoculated with vCJD revealed a similar pathology to that with second-passage BSE. The distribution of vacuolation and gliosis, as well as the pattern of PrP deposition, including the dense, sometimes florid plaques, were similar to the human vCJD and the BSE hallmarks of the first passage (1, 2). These data show that the phenotype of BSE in primates is conserved over two passages. Moreover, they confirm that the BSE agent behaves similarly in humans and macaques, a precious finding that will prove useful in the near future for the design of pathogenesis or therapeutic studies. Because of the number of macaques examined in this study, we can now reliably state that the pathology, in particular the PrP deposition pattern provoked by BSE, is similar in older and very young animals. However, plaque deposition is greater, and mature florid plaques were more numerous, in the young, which may be correlated with a longer duration of the clinical phase observed in this animal (2). This is important with regard to the fact that vCJD has been diagnosed mainly in teenagers and young adults, which raises the concern that older patients may have been misdiagnosed because of an alternative phenotype of the disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">One should bear in mind, however, that cynomolgus macaques are all homozygotes for methionine at codon 129 of the PrP gene. Thus, our observations may not be relevant to humans carrying one or both valine alleles; however, all patients with vCJD reported to date have been M/M at this position (27). Intravenous Transmissions to Nonhuman Primates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Brain pathology was identical in macaques inoculated i.c. and i.v. The i.v. route proved to be very efficient for the transmission of BSE, as shown by the 2-year survival of the animals, which is only 5 months longer than that obtained after inoculating the same amount of agent i.c. As the i.v. injection of the infectious agent implies per se a delayed neuroinvasion compared with a direct inoculation in the brain, this slight lengthening of the incubation period cannot, at this stage, be interpreted as a lower efficiency of infection as regards the i.c. route. These data should be taken into account in the risk assessment of iatrogenic vCJD transmission by i.v. administration of biological products of human origin. They also constitute an incentive for a complete i.v. titration.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From BSE and vCJD transmissions in nonhuman primates, a number of conclusions can be drawn that are of major importance for human health: (i) human-adapted BSE appears to be a variant of the BSE agent that is more virulent for humans than cattle BSE and is efficiently transmitted by the peripheral route; (ii) the detection of vCJD in unusually young patients is probably not because of a lack of diagnosis of cases in older patients, thus raising the question of the source of human contamination with BSE early in life; and (iii) iatrogenic transmissions from patients with vCJD would be readily recognized by using the same diagnostic criteria as those applied to vCJD [clinical and pathological criteria (27) comprising neuronal loss and gliosis in the thalamus correlated with high MRI signal (28, 29)], whether such contaminations had occurred by the central or i.v. route. Primary and iatrogenic cases of vCJD could be distinguished on the basis of the patient's clinical history.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The risk assessment of biological products of human origin, notably those derived from blood, has been deeply modified by the appearance of vCJD. We confirm that the BSE agent has contaminated humans not only in the U.K. and the Republic of Ireland but also in France, and we show that its pathogenic properties for primates are being enhanced by a primary passage in humans. Considering the flow of potentially contaminated bovine-derived products between 1980 and 1996, it is obvious that further vCJD cases may occur outside the U.K. Thus, and in the light of the present study, it is necessary to sustain worldwide CJD surveillance regardless of national BSE incidence and to take all precautionary measures to avoid iatrogenic transmissions from vCJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.041490898" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.041490898</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"> 1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMID: 6997404</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">76/10.12/4.6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-confidence-scrapie-transmission-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-confidence-scrapie-transmission-to.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aDepartment of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; bUniversité Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France; cDepartment of Biological Sciences, Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we aimed to determine the zoonotic potential of CWD using a mouse model for human prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Transgenic mice overexpressing human PrPChomozygous for methionine at codon 129 (tg650) were inoculated intracerebrally with brain homogenates of white-tailed deer infected with Wisc-1/CWD1 or 116AG CWD strains. Mice were monitored for clinical signs and were euthanized at terminal disease. Brains were tested by RT-QuIC, western blot upon PK digestion, and immunohistochemistry; fecal homogenates were analyzed by RT-QuIC. Brain/spinal cord and fecal homogenates of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice were inoculated into tg650 mice or bank voles. Brain homogenates of bank voles inoculated with fecal homogenates of CWD-infected tg650 mice were used for second passage in bank voles.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650 brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to tg650 mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of tg650 mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and tg650 with fecal homogenates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: We are grateful for financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the National Institutes of Health, Genome Canada, and the Alberta Prion Research Institute. SG is supported by the Canada Research Chairs program.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Dr. Trent Bollinger, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, for providing brain tissue from the WTD-116AG isolate, Dr. Stéphane Haïk, ICM, Paris, France, for providing brain tissue from vCJD and sCJD cases, and Dr. Umberto Agrimi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy, for the bank vole model. We thank animal facility staff for animal care, Dr. Stephanie Anderson for veterinary oversight, and Yo-Ching Cheng for preparing recombinant PrP substrates. Thank you to Dr. Stephanie Booth and Jennifer Myskiw, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P35</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ADAPTATION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE (CWD) INTO HAMSTERS, EVIDENCE OF A WISCONSIN STRAIN OF CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chad Johnson1, Judd Aiken2,3,4 and Debbie McKenzie4,5 1 Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, USA 53706 2 Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, 3 Alberta Veterinary Research Institute, 4.Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, 5 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada T6G 2P5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The identification and characterization of prion strains is increasingly important for the diagnosis and biological definition of these infectious pathogens. Although well-established in scrapie and, more recently, in BSE, comparatively little is known about the possibility of prion strains in chronic wasting disease (CWD), a disease affecting free ranging and captive cervids, primarily in North America. We have identified prion protein variants in the white-tailed deer population and demonstrated that Prnp genotype affects the susceptibility/disease progression of white-tailed deer to CWD agent. The existence of cervid prion protein variants raises the likelihood of distinct CWD strains. Small rodent models are a useful means of identifying prion strains. We intracerebrally inoculated hamsters with brain homogenates and phosphotungstate concentrated preparations from CWD positive hunter-harvested (Wisconsin CWD endemic area) and experimentally infected deer of known Prnp genotypes. These transmission studies resulted in clinical presentation in primary passage of concentrated CWD prions. Subclinical infection was established with the other primary passages based on the detection of PrPCWD in the brains of hamsters and the successful disease transmission upon second passage. Second and third passage data, when compared to transmission studies using different CWD inocula (Raymond et al., 2007) indicate that the CWD agent present in the Wisconsin white-tailed deer population is different than the strain(s) present in elk, mule-deer and white-tailed deer from the western United States endemic region.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">www.istitutoveneto.it/prion_09/Abstracts_09.pdf</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION CONFERENCE 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion special issue related to the III International Symposium on “The New Prion Biology</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.3.4.10772?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.3.4.10772?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/kprn20/3/4?nav=tocList" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/kprn20/3/4?nav=tocList</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.certh.gr/dat/EED86597/file.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.certh.gr/dat/EED86597/file.pdf</a> </div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">UPDATE CWD ZOONOSIS AND THE WISCONSIN STRAIN <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, APRIL 9, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SEE A FEW HIGHLIGHTS;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission.'' ''These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for ''infection. ''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Indeed, such heterogeneity and distinct seeding activities and infectivity of abnormal PrP fragments was observed in VPSPr cases [20, 43].''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''This implies a high risk of exposure to this strain, e.g., through consumption or handling of infected carcasses, in contrast to rarer CWD strains, and therefore, an actual risk for human health.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Fecal shedding of infectious prions, if it occurs in humans, is particularly concerning because of potential human-to-human transmission and adaptation of hCWD.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Overall, our findings suggest that CWD surveillance in humans should encompass a wider spectrum of tissues/organs tested and include new criteria in the diagnosis of potential patients.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> PLEASE NOTE;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defned by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profle and the N-terminal cleavage site.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable. Here, humanized mice inoculated with CWD deer isolates had an atypical onset of the disease with myoclonus (93.75%), before presenting typical clinical signs, generating prions that presented with either atypical biochemical signature (#321 and #3063), shed in feces (#327), or were undetectable by the classical detection methods. The fact that we could not establish a strong correlation between disease manifestation in tg650 mice inoculated with Wisc-1- or 116AG-CWD and the presence of abnormal PrP (Western blot, IHC or RTQuIC) might be explained by the presence of heterogeneous prions in the brains of infected mice with diferent seeding properties in vitro. Indeed, such heterogeneity and distinct seeding activities and infectivity of abnormal PrP fragments was observed in VPSPr cases [20, 43].''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VPSPr, GSS, and CWD zoonosis, concerns there from, where did i hear this concern before?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1.<span class="ydp7d74fe16yiv8353740670ydp6ead774ayiv2550220848ydp5edc85e5yiv9189351259ydpd3376b23yiv0350716531Apple-tab-span" style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/04/transmission-of-cervid-prions-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/04/transmission-of-cervid-prions-to.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important;"><div id="ydp7d74fe16yiv8353740670ydp6ead774ayiv2550220848ydpdc5296dfyiv9639661617ydpb0e3f15yiv1663085713ydp97c67c3cyiv2205328784ydpa12290dcyiv3609906291ydp39246072yiv0214098936" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; outline: none !important;"><div id="ydp7d74fe16yiv8353740670ydp6ead774ayiv2550220848ydpdc5296dfyiv9639661617ydpb0e3f15yiv1663085713ydp97c67c3cyiv2205328784ydpa12290dcyiv3609906291ydp39246072yiv0214098936" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; outline: none !important;"><div style="margin-bottom: 10px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: #f6f6f6; color: #262626; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 18px; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Heterozygosity for cervid S138N polymorphism results in subclinical CWD in gene-targeted mice and progressive inhibition of prion conversion</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: #f6f6f6; color: #262626; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 18px; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: #f6f6f6; color: #262626; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 18px; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">HIGHLIGHT</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: #f6f6f6; color: #262626; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 18px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: #f6f6f6; color: #262626; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 18px; outline: none !important;">However, prion seeding activity was detected in spleens, brains, and feces of these mice, suggesting subclinical infection accompanied by prion shedding.</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: #f6f6f6; color: #262626; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 18px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: #f6f6f6; color: #262626; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 18px; outline: none !important;">Infected animals accumulate prions in lymphoreticular and other peripheral tissues, e.g., skeletal muscle, and shed infectious prions in saliva, urine and feces, contributing to direct and environmental transmission and rapidly increasing geographic distribution of CWD (<a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2221060120#core-r9" id="ydp7d74fe16yiv8353740670ydp6ead774ayiv2550220848ydpdc5296dfyiv9639661617ydpb0e3f15yiv1663085713ydpcd6e7b3byiv4379281424ydp72ed9f1ebody-ref-r9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #1c75bc; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">9</a>–<a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2221060120#core-r12" id="ydp7d74fe16yiv8353740670ydp6ead774ayiv2550220848ydpdc5296dfyiv9639661617ydpb0e3f15yiv1663085713ydpcd6e7b3byiv4379281424ydp72ed9f1ebody-ref-r12" rel="nofollow" style="color: #1c75bc; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">12</a>). <br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: #f6f6f6; color: #262626; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 18px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: #f6f6f6; color: #262626; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 18px; outline: none !important;">However, prion-seeding activity was detectable in the brain, spleen, and feces, indicating subclinical infection and potential for contagiousness.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Heterozygosity for cervid S138N polymorphism results in subclinical CWD in gene-targeted mice and progressive inhibition of prion conversion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Maria I. Arifin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2042-3492, Lech Kaczmarczyk https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2747-3134, Doris Zeng https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2512-6227, +7, and Sabine Gilch https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-3464 sgilch@ucalgary.caAuthors Info & Affiliations Edited by Reed Wickner, NIH, Bethesda, MD; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">received December 12, 2022; accepted March 6, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">April 4, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">120 (15) e2221060120</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2221060120" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2221060120</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Significance</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Amino acid substitutions within the cervid prion protein (PrP) can decrease susceptibility to chronic wasting disease, generally with more prominent effects in homozygous animals. Using novel gene-targeted mouse models expressing S138N reindeer/caribou PrP, we demonstrate subclinical infection with prion seeding activity in spleen and fecal prion shedding in heterozygous 138SN and homozygous 138NN mice. A lower percentage of heterozygous 138SN-PrP than homozygous 138NN-PrP expressing mice harbored seeding-efficient prions in tissues. This is caused by dominant-negative interference of the PrP variants occurring only if they are coexpressed. Our findings are relevant to inform conservation efforts for caribou, an endangered species in North America. Furthermore, our study provides new mechanistic insights into genetic resistance and dominant-negative interference of conversion-competent PrP variants.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions are proteinaceous infectious particles that replicate by structural conversion of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrPC), causing fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Species-specific amino acid substitutions (AAS) arising from single nucleotide polymorphisms within the prion protein gene (Prnp) modulate prion disease pathogenesis, and, in several instances, reduce susceptibility of homo- or heterozygous AAS carriers to prion infection. However, a mechanistic understanding of their protective effects against clinical disease is missing. We generated gene-targeted mouse infection models of chronic wasting disease (CWD), a highly contagious prion disease of cervids. These mice express wild-type deer or PrPC harboring the S138N substitution homo- or heterozygously, a polymorphism found exclusively in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus spp.) and fallow deer (Dama dama). The wild-type deer PrP-expressing model recapitulated CWD pathogenesis including fecal shedding. Encoding at least one 138N allele prevented clinical CWD, accumulation of protease-resistant PrP (PrPres) and abnormal PrP deposits in the brain tissue. However, prion seeding activity was detected in spleens, brains, and feces of these mice, suggesting subclinical infection accompanied by prion shedding. 138N-PrPC was less efficiently converted to PrPres in vitro than wild-type deer (138SS) PrPC. Heterozygous coexpression of wild-type deer and 138N-PrPC resulted in dominant-negative inhibition and progressively diminished prion conversion over serial rounds of protein misfolding cyclic amplification. Our study indicates that heterozygosity at a polymorphic Prnp codon can confer the highest protection against clinical CWD and highlights the potential role of subclinical carriers in CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To conclude, our study demonstrates that CWD-infected animals harboring S138N PrP might be “silent spreaders” of CWD prions and highlights the importance of lymphatic tissues in the detection of CWD, particularly in caribou, even in the absence of clinical manifestation. It is important to keep in mind that even protective genotypes may be permissive to certain minor or newly emerging CWD strains. Our results provide new mechanistic insights into dominant-negative inhibition of prion conversion, the tissue specificity of this effect, and suggests that PrPC primary structure is a determinant for tissue-specific prion replication.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2221060120" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2221060120</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A CAPTIVE CWD HERD IS A TIME BOMB WAITING TO GO OFF!</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CASESCWD STATUS OF CAPTIVE HERDS<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease detection in environmental and biological samples from a taxidermy site</b></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; outline: none !important; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a,b</span>, J. Hunter Reed<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; outline: none !important; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">c</span>, Mitch Lockwood<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; outline: none !important; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">c</span>, and Rodrigo Morales<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; outline: none !important; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a,b</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; outline: none !important; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; outline: none !important; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">b</span>Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile; <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; outline: none !important; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">c</span>Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting captive and free-ranging cervids (<i style="outline: none !important;">e.g</i>., mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk, reindeer, and moose). Nowadays, CWD is widely distributed in North America. It is suggested that CWD spreads due to direct animal contact or through exposure to contaminated environments previously inhabited by infected animals. CWD may also be spread through the movement of infected animals and carcasses. Taxidermy practices involve processing deer tissues (or whole animal carcasses). In many cases, the CWD status of processed animals is unknown. This can generate risks of disease spread and transmission. Taxidermy practices include different steps involving physical, chemical, and biological procedures. Without proper tissue handling or disposal practices, taxidermist facilities may become a focus of prion infectivity.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;">Aims</b>: In this study, we evaluated the presence of infectious prions in a taxidermy facility believed to be exposed to CWD. Detection was performed using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique in biological and inert environmental samples.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;">Methods</b>: We collected biological and environmental samples (plants, soils, insects, excreta, and others) from a taxidermy facility, and we tested these samples using the PMCA technique. In addition, we swabbed different surfaces possibly exposed to CWD-infected animals. For the PMCA reaction, we directly used a swab piece or 10 µL of 20% w/v homogenized samples.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;">Results</b>: The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in some of the components of this facility, including insects involved in head processing, soils, and a trash dumpster.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</b>: Different areas of this property were used for various taxidermy procedures. We were able to detect the presence of prions in i) soils that were in contact with the heads of dead animals, ii) insects involved in the cleaning of skulls, and iii) an empty dumpster where animal carcasses were previously placed. This is the first report demonstrating that swabbing is a helpful method to screen for prion infectivity on surfaces potentially contaminated with CWD. These findings are relevant as this swabbing and amplification strategy may be used to evaluate the disease status of other free-ranging and captive settings where there is a concern for CWD transmissions, such as at feeders and water troughs with CWD-exposed properties. This approach could have substantial implications for free-ranging cervid surveillance as well as in epidemiological investigations of CWD.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: USDA</b></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><b style="outline: none !important;">Grant number</b>: AP20VSSPRS00C143</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2022 ABSTRACTS, AND A BIG THANK YOU TO On behalf of the Prion2020/2022 Congress Organizing Committee and the NeuroPrion Association, we heartily invite you to join us for the International Conference Prion2020/2022 from 13.-16. September 2022 in Göttingen.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Large-scale PMCA screening of retropharyngeal lymph nodes and in white-tailed deer and comparisons with ELISA and IHC: the Texas CWD study</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benaventea, Paulina Sotoa, Mitch Lockwoodb, and Rodrigo Moralesa aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bTexas Park and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that affects various species of cervids, and both free-ranging and captive animals. Until now, CWD has been detected in 3 continents: North America, Europe, and Asia. CWD prevalence in some states may reach 30% of total animals. In Texas, the first case of CWD was reported in a free-range mule deer in Hudspeth and now it has been detected in additional 14 counties. Currently, the gold standard techniques used for CWD screening and detection are ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of obex and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RPLN). Unfortunately, these methods are known for having a low diagnostic sensitivity. Hence, many CWD-infected animals at pre-symptomatic stages may be misdiagnosed. Two promising in vitro prion amplification techniques, including the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) and the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) have been used to diagnose CWD and other prion diseases in several tissues and bodily fluids. Considering the low cost and speed of RT-QuIC, two recent studies have communicated the potential of this technique to diagnose CWD prions in RPLN samples. Unfortunately, the data presented in these articles suggest that identification of CWD positive samples is comparable to the currently used ELISA and IHC protocols. Similar studies using the PMCA technique have not been reported.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Compare the CWD diagnostic potential of PMCA with ELISA and IHC in RPLN samples from captive and free-range white-tailed deer. Material and Methods: In this study we analyzed 1,003 RPLN from both free-ranging and captive white-tailed deer collected in Texas. Samples were interrogated with the PMCA technique for their content of CWD prions. PMCA data was compared with the results obtained through currently approved techniques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show a 15-fold increase in CWD detection in free-range deer compared with ELISA. Our results unveil the presence of prion infected animals in Texas counties with no previous history of CWD. In the case of captive deer, we detected a 16% more CWD positive animals when compared with IHC. Interestingly, some of these positive samples displayed differences in their electroforetic mobilities, suggesting the presence of different prion strains within the State of Texas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: PMCA sensitivity is significantly higher than the current gold standards techniques IHC and ELISA and would be a good tool for rapid CWD screening.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: USDA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2022 ABSTRACTS, AND A BIG THANK YOU TO On behalf of the Prion2020/2022 Congress Organizing Committee and the NeuroPrion Association, we heartily invite you to join us for the International Conference Prion2020/2022 from 13.-16. September 2022 in Göttingen.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Shedding of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Multiple Excreta Throughout Disease Course in White-tailed Deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nathaniel D. Denkersa, Erin E. McNultya, Caitlyn N. Krafta, Amy V. Nallsa, Joseph A. Westricha, Wilfred Goldmannb, Candace K. Mathiasona, and Edward A. Hoovera</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aPrion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; bDivision of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and the Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) now infects cervids in South Korea, North America, and Scandinavia. CWD is unique in its efficient transmission and shedding of prions in body fluids throughout long course infections. Questions remain as to the magnitude of shedding and the route of prion acquisition. As CWD continues to expand, the need to better understand these facets of disease becomes more pertinent. The purpose of the studies described was to define the longitudinal shedding profile of CWD prions in urine, saliva, and feces throughout the course of infection in white-tailed deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Twelve (12) white-tailed deer were inoculated with either 1 mg or 300ng of CWD. Urine, saliva, and feces were collected every 3-month post-inoculation (MPI) throughout the study duration. Cohorts were established based on PNRP genotype: codon 96 GG (n = 6) and alternate codons 96 GS (n = 5) & 103NT (n = 1). Urine and saliva were analyzed using iron-oxide magnetic extraction (IOME) and real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC)(IQ). Feces were subjected to IOME, followed by 4 rounds protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) with products analyzed by RT-QuIC (IPQ). To determine whether IPQ may be superior to IQ, a subset of urine and saliva were also tested by IPQ. Results were compared with clinical disease status.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Within the 96 GG cohort, positive seeding activity was detected in feces from all deer (100%), in saliva from 5 of 6 (83%), and in urine from 4 of 6 (66%). Shedding in all excreta occurred at, or just after, the first positive tonsil biopsy result. In the 96 GS/103NT cohort, positive seeding activity could be detected in feces from 3 of 6 (50%) deer, saliva in 2 of 6 (33%), and urine in 1 of 6 (16%). Shedding in excreta was detected >5 months after the first tonsil positive result. Four of six 96 GG deer developed clinical signs of CWD, whereas only 2 of the 96 GS/103NT did. Shedding was more frequently detected in deer with clinical disease. The IPQ protocol did not significantly improve detection in saliva or urine samples, however, it significantly augmented detection in feces by eliminating non-specific background commonly experienced with IQ. Negative control samples remained negative in samples tested.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These studies demonstrate: (a) CWD prion excretion occurs throughout infection; (2) PRNP genotype (GG≫GS/NT) influences the excreta shedding; and (3) detection sensitivity in excreta can vary with different RT-QuIC protocols. These results provide a more complete perspective of prion shedding in deer during the course of CWD infection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: National Institutes of Health (NIH)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: RO1-NS061902-09 R to EAH, PO1-AI077774 to EAH, and R01-AI112956-06 to CKM</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We abundantly thank Sallie Dahmes at WASCO and David Osborn and Gino D’Angelo at the University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources for their long-standing support of this work through provision of the hand-raised, CWD-free, white-tailed deer used in these studies</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paulina Sotoa,b, Francisca Bravo-Risia,b, Claudio Sotoa, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bUniversidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion diseases are infectious neurodegenerative disorders afflicting humans and other mammals. These diseases are generated by the misfolding of the cellular prion protein into a disease-causing isoform. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prevalent prion disease affecting cervids (captive and free-range). CWD is thought to be transmitted through direct animal contact or by indirect exposure to contaminated environments. Many studies have shown that infectious prions can enter the environment through saliva, feces, or urine from infected animals and decaying carcasses. However, we do not fully understand the specific contribution of each component to disease transmission events. Plants are logical environmental components to be evaluated since they grow in environments contaminated with CWD prions and are relevant for animal and human nutrition.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The main objective of this study is to study whether prions are transported to the roots and leaves of carrots, an edible plant commonly used in the human diet and as deer bait.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods: We have grown carrot plants in CWD-infected soils. After 90 days, we harvested the carrots and separated them from the leaves. The experiment was controlled by growing plants in soil samples treated with brain extracts from healthy animals. These materials were interrogated for their prion seeding activity using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique. Infectivity was evaluated in mouse bioassays (intracerebral injections in Tg1536 mice). The animals were sacrificed when they showed established signs of prion disease. Animals not displaying clinical signs were sacrificed at 600 days post-inoculation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in soils contaminated with CWD prions, as well as in carrot plants (leaves and roots) grown on them. Bioassays demonstrated that both leaves and roots contained CWD prions in sufficient quantities to induce disease (92% attack rate). As expected, animals treated with prion-infected soils developed prion disease at shorter incubation periods (and complete attack rates) compared to plant components. Animals treated with soil and plant components exposed with CWD-free brain extracts did not display prion-associated clinical signs or evidence of sub-clinical prion infection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts. Our results indicate that plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission. Importantly, plants designated for human consumption represent a risk of introducing CWD prions into the human food chain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: R01AI132695</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">October 6th-12th, 126th Meeting 2022 Resolutions </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RESOLUTION NUMBER: 30 Approved</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SOURCE: COMMITTEE ON WILDLIFE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUBJECT MATTER: Chronic Wasting Disease Carcass Disposal Dumpster Management and Biosecurity</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BACKGROUND INFORMATION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">State and tribal wildlife agencies may identify collection points (dumpsters) within an identified chronic wasting disease (CWD) management zone for the disposal of hunter-harvested cervid carcasses to remove potentially infected carcasses off the landscape for disposal by an approved method (Gillin & Mawdsley, 2018, chap.14). However, depending on their placement and maintenance these dumpsters could potentially increase the risk of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In several different states, photographic evidence has shown dumpsters in state identified CWD management zones overflowing with deer carcasses and limbs scattered on the land nearby. This could provide an opportunity for scavengers to potentially move infected carcass material to non-infected zones or increase contamination of the ground material around the dumpster’s location.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Federal guidance does not explicitly address uniform standards for collection locations for carcasses of free-ranging cervids; however, the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services Program Standards on CWD outlines procedures for carcass disposal, equipment sanitation, and decontamination of premises for captive cervid facilities.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RESOLUTION:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The United States Animal Health Association urges the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA), Wildlife Health Committee to further refine the AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease; Chapter 14, Carcass Disposal to address the placement and management of chronic wasting disease carcass disposal dumpsters or other carcass collection containers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reference:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Gillin, Colin M., and Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (eds.). 2018. AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Surveillance, Management and Control of Chronic Wasting Disease. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Washington, D. C. 111 pp. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ENVIRONMENT FACTORS FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF CWD TSE PRP</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sensitive detection of chronic wasting disease prions recovered from environmentally relevant surfaces</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Environment International</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Available online 13 June 2022, 107347</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Environment International</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sensitive detection of chronic wasting disease prions recovered from environmentally relevant surfaces</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Qi Yuana Gag e Rowdenb Tiffany M.Wolfc Marc D.Schwabenlanderb Peter A.LarsenbShannon L.Bartelt-Huntd Jason C.Bartza</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, 68178, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">c Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">d Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Peter Kiewit Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, Nebraska, 68182, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Received 26 April 2022, Revised 8 June 2022, Accepted 9 June 2022, Available online 13 June 2022.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107347" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107347</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Get rights and content</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Under a Creative Commons license Open access</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Highlights • An innovative method for prion recovery from swabs was developed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Recovery of prions decreased as swab-drying time was increased.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Recovery of CWD prions from stainless steel and glass was approximately 30%.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• RT-QuIC enhanced CWD prion detection by 4 orders of magnitude.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Surface-recovered CWD prion was sufficient for efficient RT-QuIC detection. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been identified in 30 states in the United States, four provinces in Canada, and recently emerged in Scandinavia. The association of CWD prions with environmental materials such as soil, plants, and surfaces may enhance the persistence of CWD prion infectivity in the environment exacerbating disease transmission. Identifying and quantifying CWD prions in the environment is significant for prion monitoring and disease transmission control. A systematic method for CWD prion quantification from associated environmental materials, however, does not exist. In this study, we developed an innovative method for extracting prions from swabs and recovering CWD prions swabbed from different types of surfaces including glass, stainless steel, and wood. We found that samples dried on swabs were unfavorable for prion extraction, with the greatest prion recovery from wet swabs. Using this swabbing technique, the recovery of CWD prions dried to glass or stainless steel was approximately 30% in most cases, whereas that from wood was undetectable by conventional prion immunodetection techniques. Real-time quake-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) analysis of these same samples resulted in an increase of the detection limit of CWD prions from stainless steel by 4 orders of magnitude. More importantly, the RT-QuIC detection of CWD prions recovered from stainless steel surfaces using this method was similar to the original CWD prion load applied to the surface. This combined surface swabbing and RT-QuIC detection method provides an ultrasensitive means for prion detection across many settings and applications.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5. Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease is spreading in North America and it is hypothesized that in CWD-endemic areas environmental persistence of CWD prions can exacerbate disease transmission. The development of a sensitive CWD prion detection method from environmentally relevant surfaces is significant for monitoring, risk assessment, and control of CWD. In this study, we developed a novel swab-extraction procedure for field deployable sampling of CWD prions from stainless steel, glass, and wood. We found that extended swab-drying was unfavorable for extraction, indicating that hydrated storage of swabs after sampling aided in prion recovery. Recoverable CWD prions from stainless steel and glass was approximately 30%, which was greater than from wood. RT-QuIC analysis of the swab extracts resulted in an increase of the detection limit of CWD prions from stainless steel by 4 orders of magnitude compared to conventional immunodetection techniques. More importantly, the RT-QuIC detection of CWD prions recovered from stainless steel surfaces using this developed method was similar to the original CWD prion load without surface contact. This method of prion sampling and recovery, in combination with ultrasensitive detection methods, allows for prion detection from contaminated environmental surfaces.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412022002744?via%3Dihub" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412022002744?via%3Dihub</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzie ORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">KEYWORDS: Prion chronic wasting diseasesex differences species differences disease prevalence cervid protein expression glands</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paper</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kevin Christopher Gough BSc (Hons), PhD Claire Alison Baker BSc (Hons) Steve Hawkins MIBiol Hugh Simmons BVSc, MRCVS, MBA, MA Timm Konold DrMedVet, PhD, MRCVS … See all authors </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapiepositive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gudmundur Georgsson1, Sigurdur Sigurdarson2, Paul Brown3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/87/12/3737.pdf?expires=1540908280&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=ED0572E1E5B272C100A32212A3E3761A" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/87/12/3737.pdf?expires=1540908280&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=ED0572E1E5B272C100A32212A3E3761A</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">imageTimm Konold1*, imageStephen A. C. Hawkins2, imageLisa C. Thurston3, imageBen C. Maddison4, imageKevin C. Gough5, imageAnthony Duarte1 and imageHugh A. Simmons1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The findings of this study highlight the role of field furniture used by scrapie-infected sheep to act as a reservoir for disease re-introduction although infectivity declines considerably if the field furniture has not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. PMCA may not be as sensitive as VRQ/VRQ sheep to test for environmental contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> 172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kyung Je Park, Hoo Chang Park, In Soon Roh, Hyo Jin Kim, Hae-Eun Kang and Hyun Joo Sohn</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bethesda, MD 20892. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMID: 8006664 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, APRIL 19, 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Evaluation of the application for new alternative biodiesel production process for rendered fat including Category 1 animal by-products (BDI-RepCat® process, AT) ???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/evaluation-of-application-for-new.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/evaluation-of-application-for-new.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Confidential!!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">---end personal email---end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">and so it seems...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie Agent (Strain 263K) Can Transmit Disease via the Oral Route after Persistence in Soil over Years</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: May 9, 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results showed that 263K scrapie agent can persist in soil at least over 29 months. Strikingly, not only the contaminated soil itself retained high levels of infectivity, as evidenced by oral administration to Syrian hamsters, but also feeding of aqueous soil extracts was able to induce disease in the reporter animals. We could also demonstrate that PrPSc in soil, extracted after 21 months, provides a catalytically active seed in the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) reaction. PMCA opens therefore a perspective for considerably improving the detectability of prions in soil samples from the field.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Paul Brown Scrapie Soil Test BSE Inquiry Document</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 06 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Ginny Chenga, Wiebke Wemheuerb, Walter J. Schulz-Schaefferb, Sabine Gilcha, and Hermann M. Schätzla aDepartment of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; bInstitute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of cervids. Its rapid geographic expansion, shedding of infectivity and persistence in the environment for many years are of concern for humans. Here, we provide the first evidence by transmission experiments to different transgenic mouse models and bank voles that Cynomolgus macaques inoculated via different routes with CWD-positive cervid tissues harbor infectious prions that elicit clinical disease in rodents.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: We used tissue materials from macaques inoculated with CWD to inoculate transgenic mice overexpressing cervid PrPCfollowed by transmission into bank voles. We used RT-QuIC, immunoblot and PET blot analysis to assess brains, spinal cords, and tissues of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for the presence of prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show that of the macaque materials that induced clinical disease in transgenic mice,73% were from the CNS (46% spinal cord and 27% brain), and 27% were from the spleen, although attack rates were low around 20%. Clinical mice did not display PK-resistant PrPSc(PrPres) in immunoblot, but showed low-levels of prion seeding activity. Transmission into bank voles from clinical transgenic mice led to a 100% attack rate with typical PrPressignature in immunoblot, which was different from that of voles inoculated directly with CWD or scrapie prions. High-level prion seeding activity in brain and spinal cord and PrPresdeposition in the brain were present. Remarkably, we also found prion seeding activity in GIT tissues of inoculated voles. Second passage in bank voles led to a 100% attack rate in voles inoculated with brain, spinal cord and small intestine material from first round animals, with PrPresin immunoblot, prion seeding activity, and PrPresdeposition in the brain. Shortened survival times indicate adaptation in the new host. This also shows that prions detected in GIT tissues are infectious and transmissible. Transmission of brain material from sick voles back to cervidized mice revealed transmission in these mice with a 100% attack rate, and interestingly, with different biochemical signature and distribution in the brain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including oral one. The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and transgenic mice, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: The National Institutes of Health, USA, and the Alberta Prion Research Institute/Alberta Innovates Canada. Grant number: 1R01NS121016-01; 201,600,023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Umberto Agrimi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy, and Michael Beekes, Robert-Koch Institute Berlin, Germany, for providing the bank vole model. We thank the University of Calgary animal facility staff and Dr. Stephanie Anderson for animal care.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aDepartment of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; bUniversité Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France; cDepartment of Biological Sciences, Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we aimed to determine the zoonotic potential of CWD using a mouse model for human prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Transgenic mice overexpressing human PrPChomozygous for methionine at codon 129 (tg650) were inoculated intracerebrally with brain homogenates of white-tailed deer infected with Wisc-1/CWD1 or 116AG CWD strains. Mice were monitored for clinical signs and were euthanized at terminal disease. Brains were tested by RT-QuIC, western blot upon PK digestion, and immunohistochemistry; fecal homogenates were analyzed by RT-QuIC. Brain/spinal cord and fecal homogenates of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice were inoculated into tg650 mice or bank voles. Brain homogenates of bank voles inoculated with fecal homogenates of CWD-infected tg650 mice were used for second passage in bank voles.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650 brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to tg650 mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of tg650 mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and tg650 with fecal homogenates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: We are grateful for financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the National Institutes of Health, Genome Canada, and the Alberta Prion Research Institute. SG is supported by the Canada Research Chairs program.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Dr. Trent Bollinger, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, for providing brain tissue from the WTD-116AG isolate, Dr. Stéphane Haïk, ICM, Paris, France, for providing brain tissue from vCJD and sCJD cases, and Dr. Umberto Agrimi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy, for the bank vole model. We thank animal facility staff for animal care, Dr. Stephanie Anderson for veterinary oversight, and Yo-Ching Cheng for preparing recombinant PrP substrates. Thank you to Dr. Stephanie Booth and Jennifer Myskiw, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Eric Cassmanna, Xu Qib, Qingzhong Kongb, and Justin Greenleea</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aNational Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA bDepartments of Pathology, Neurology, National Center for Regenerative Medicine, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Evaluate the zoonotic potential of the raccoon passaged chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent in humanized transgenic mice in comparison with the North American CWD agent from the original white-tailed deer host.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Pooled brain material (GG96) from a CWD positive herd was used to oronasally inoculate two white-tailed deer with wild-type prion protein genotype and intracranially inoculate a raccoon. Brain homogenates (10% w/v) from the raccoon and the two white-tailed deer were used to intracranially inoculate separate groups of transgenic mice that express human prion protein with methionine (M) at codon 129 (Tg40h). Brains and spleens were collected from mice at experimental endpoints of clinical disease or approximately 700 days post-inoculation. Tissues were divided and homogenized or fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. Immunohistochemistry, enzyme immunoassay, and western blot were used to detect misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) in tissue.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Humanized transgenic mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent from white-tailed deer exhibited a 100% (12/12) attack rate with an average incubation period of 605 days. PrPScwas detected in brain tissue by enzyme immunoassay with an average optical density of 3.6/4.0 for positive brains. PrPScalso was detected in brain tissue by western blot and immunohistochemistry. No PrPScwas detected in the spleens of mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent. Humanized mice inoculated with the CWD agent from white-tailed deer did not have detectable PrPScusing conventional immunoassay techniques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: The host range of the CWD agent from white-tailed deer was expanded in our experimental model after one passage through raccoons.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Quazetta Brown, Lexi Frese, Rylie Frese, Kevin Hassall, Leisa Mandell, and Trudy Tatum for providing excellent technical support to this project.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stable and highly zoonotic cervid prion strain is possible</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, and Qingzhong Kong Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in some areas. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies suggest that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: We inoculated a few sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice, which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had hunted or consumed vension from CWD-endemic states. Some of these mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a ‘cervidized’ CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of CJDElkPrPin transgenic mice expressing human PrP (Tg40h). We passaged CJDElkPrPtwo more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrPprions also led to 100% infection in the Tg40h mice. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice, despite that natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrPshare the same elk PrP sequence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can be stably maintained in cervids and that CWD zoonosis is prion strain-dependent.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O’Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Adaptation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) prion strains in hosts with different PRNP genotypes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Camilo Duque Velasqueza,c, Elizabeth Triscotta,c, Chiye Kima,c, Diana Morenoa,c, Judd Aikenb,c, and Debbie McKenziea,c</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aDepartment of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada; bDepartment of Agriculture, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada; cCentre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The contagious nature of CWD epizootics and the PrPCamino acid variation of cervids (and susceptible sympatric species) guarantee the expansion of prion conformational diversity and selective landscapes where new strains can arise. CWD strains can have novel transmission properties including altered host range that may increase zoonotic risk as circulating strains diversify and evolve. We are characterizing the host adaptability of characterized CWD strains as well as CWD isolates from different cervid species in various enzootic regions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Characterized CWD strains as well as a number of isolates from hunter-harvested deer were bioassayed in our rodent panel (transgenic mice expressing cervid alleles G96, S96 and H95-PrPC, elk PrPC, bovine PrPC, and both hamsters and non-transgenic laboratory mice). Strain characteristics were compared using computer based scoring of brain pathology (e.g. PrPCWDbrain distribution), western blot and protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Transmission of various isolates resulted in the selection of strain mixtures in hosts expressing similar PrPC, particularly for polymorphic white-tailed deer and for Norwegian reindeer. As of the second passage, transmission of P153 moose prions from Norway has not resulted in emergence of strains with properties similar to any North American CWD strains in our taxonomic collection (Wisc-1, CWD2, H95+and 116AG).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicates polymorphic white-tailed deer can favor infection with more than one strain. Similar to transmission studies of Colorado CWD isolates from cervids expressing a single PrPCprimary structure, the isolate from Norway reindeer (V214) represents a strain mixture, suggesting intrinsic strain diversity in the Nordfjella epizootic. The diversity of CWD strains with distinct transmission characteristics represents a threat to wildlife, sympatric domestic animals and public health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Genome Canada and Genome Alberta (Alberta Prion Research Institute and Alberta Agriculture & Forestry); NSERC Grant number: #LSARP 10205; NSERC RGPIN-2017-05539</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank Margo Pybus (Alberta Environment and Parks) Trent Bollinger (University of Saskatchewan) for providing us with tissue samples from hunter-harvested deer and Sylvie Benestad for providing moose and reindeer samples.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Application of PMCA to understand CWD prion strains, species barrier and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sandra Pritzkowa, Damian Gorskia, Frank Ramireza, Fei Wanga, Glenn C. Tellingb, Justin J. Greenleec, Sylvie L. Benestadd, and Claudio Sotoa aDepartment of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; bDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; cVirus and Prion Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA; dNorwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference Laboratory for CWD, Ås, Norway</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease affecting various species of cervids that continues to spread uncontrollably across North America and has recently been detected in Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden and Finland). The mechanisms responsible for the natural transmission of CWD are largely unknown. Furthermore, the risk of CWD transmission to other species, including humans, is also unknown and remains a dangerous enigma. In this study, we investigated the potential of CWD prions to infect several other animal species (sheep, cattle, pig, hamster, and mouse) including humans, by examining their capacity to convert the normal prion protein of distinct species in a PMCA reaction. Moreover, we also investigated whether the in vivo passage of CWD through intermediate species alters their capacity for zoonotic transmission, which may represent a major hazard to human health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: For these studies, we used brain material from CWD-infected white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), elk (Cervus canadensis), and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) as species native to North America. We also used CWD-infected Moose (Alces alces), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) as Norwegian cervids. We also used brains from cattle, sheep and pigs experimentally infected by CWD. To study interspecies-transmission and zoonotic potential, samples were tested via PMCA for the conversion of PrPCinto PrPScusing different combinations of inoculum and host species. Based on these analyses we estimated the spillover and zoonotic potential for different CWD isolates. We define and quantify spillover and zoonotic potential indices as the efficiency by which CWD prions sustain prion generation in vitro at the expense of normal prion proteins from various mammals and human, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show that prions from some cervid species, especially those found in Northern Europe, have a higher potential to transmit disease characteristics to other animals. Conversely, CWD-infected cervids originated in North America appear to have a greater potential to generate human PrPSc. We also found that in vivo transmission of CWD to cattle, but not to sheep or pigs substantially increases the ability of these prions to convert human PrPCby PMCA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our findings support the existence of different CWD prion strains with distinct spillover and zoonotic potentials. We also conclude that transmission of CWD to other animal species may increase the risk for CWD transmission to humans. Our studies may provide a tool to predict the array of animal species that a given CWD prion could affect and may contribute to understanding the risk of CWD for human health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: National Institute of Health Grant number: P01 AI077774</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zerui Wanga, Kefeng Qinb, Manuel V. Camachoa, Ignazio Cali a,c, Jue Yuana, Pingping Shena, Tricia Gillilanda, Syed Zahid Ali Shaha, Maria Gerasimenkoa, Michelle Tanga, Sarada Rajamanickama, Anika Yadatia, Lawrence B. Schonbergerd, Justin Greenleee, Qingzhong Konga,c, James A. Mastriannib, and Wen-Quan Zoua,c</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aDepartment of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; bDepartment of Neurology and Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders, the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; dDivision of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) results from the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the brains of deer and elk. It has been spreading rapidly throughout many regions of North America, exported inadvertently to South Korea, and more recently identified in Europe. Mad cow disease has caused variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and is currently the only known zoonotic prion disease. Whether CWD is transmissible to humans remains uncertain. The aims of our study were not only to confirm whether CWD prion isolates can convert human brain PrPCinto PrPScin vitro by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) but also to determine whether the sPMCA-induced CWD-derived human PrPScis infectious.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Eight CWD prion isolates from 7 elks and 1 deer were used as the seeds while normal human brain homogenates containing either PrP-129 MM (n = 2) or PrP-129 VV (n = 1) were used as the substrates for sPMCA assay. A normal elk brain tissue sample was used as a negative control seed. Two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing either human PrP-129VV or −129 MM polymorphism were included for transmission studies to determine the infectivity of PMCA-amplified PrPSc. Wester blotting and immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin & eosin staining were used for determining PrPScand neuropathological changes of inoculated animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We report here the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPScusing elk CWD PrPScto initiate conversion of human PrPCfrom normal human brain homogenates with PMCA in vitro. Western blotting with a human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPScwas derived from the human brain PrPCsubstrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrPCwith either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPScpatterns and neuropathological changes in the brain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSchas the potential to overcome the species barrier and directly convert human PrPCinto infectious PrPScthat can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: CJD Foundation and NIH</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mortality surveillance of persons potentially exposed to chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">R.A. Maddoxa, R.F. Klosb, L.R. Willb, S.N. Gibbons-Burgenerb, A. Mvilongoa, J.Y. Abramsa, B.S. Applebyc, L.B. Schonbergera, and E.D. Belaya aNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA; bWisconsin Department of Health Services (WDHS), Division of Public Health, Madison, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: It is unknown whether chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, can infect people, but consumption of meat from infected animals would be the most likely route of transmission. Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Division of Public Health (WDHS) personnel maintain a database consisting of information collected from hunters who reported eating, or an intention to eat, venison from CWD-positive cervids. These data, collected since 2003, allow for the evaluation of causes of mortality in individuals potentially exposed to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: The WDHS database contains the name, date of birth, when available, year of CWD-positive deer harvest, and city and state of residence for each potentially exposed individual. The database also includes information on how the deer was processed (self-processed or by a commercial operator) and when applicable, names of others with whom the venison was shared. Duplicate entries (i.e., those who consumed venison from CWD-positive deer in multiple hunt years) are determined by first name, last name, and date of birth. All names in the database are cross-checked with reported cases of human prion disease in Wisconsin and cases in the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC) diagnostic testing database. Persons with date of birth available are also cross-checked with prion disease decedents identified through restricted-use national multiple cause-of-death data via a data use agreement with the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: The database currently consists of 1561 records for hunt years 2003–2017 and 87 additional records for 2018–2019. Of these, 657 records have accompanying date of birth; 15 entries were removed as duplicates leaving 642 unique individuals. Of these individuals, 278 of 426 (66%) who ate venison from a CWD-positive deer and provided processing information reported self-processing. No matches were found among any persons in the database cross-checked with WDHS human prion disease surveillance data, NPDPSC data (February 2022 update), and NCHS data through 2020.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Because of the linkage of person and CWD-positive animal in the WDHS database, reviewing the cause of mortality in potentially exposed persons is possible. The number of individuals cross-checked so far is likely only a small percentage of those potentially exposed to CWD in Wisconsin, and many more years of vital status tracking are needed given an expected long incubation period should transmission to humans occur. Nevertheless, the findings of this ongoing review are thus far reassuring.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion disease incidence, United States, 2003–2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">R.A. Maddoxa, M.K. Persona, K. Kotobellib, A. Mvilongoa, B.S. Applebyb, L.B. Schonbergera, T.A. Hammetta, J.Y. Abramsa, and E.D. Belaya aNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA; bNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Mortality data, in conjunction with neuropathological and genetic testing results, are used to estimate prion disease incidence in the United States.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Prion disease decedents for 2003–2020 were identified from restricted-use U.S. national multiple cause-of-death data, via a data use agreement with the National Center for Health Statistics, and from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC) database. NPDPSC decedents with neuropathological or genetic test results positive for prion disease for whom no likely match was found in the NCHS multiple cause-of-death data were added as cases for incidence calculations, while those with negative neuropathology results but with cause-of-death data indicating prion disease were removed. Unmatched cases in the NPDPSC database lacking neuropathological testing but with a positive real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) test result were additionally assessed. Age-specific and age-adjusted average annual incidence rates were calculated from the combined data; the year 2000 as the standard population and the direct method were used for age-adjustment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: A total of 7,921 decedents were identified as having prion disease during 2003–2020 for an age-adjusted average annual incidence of 1.2 per million population. The age-adjusted incidence between males and females (1.3 and 1.1 per million, respectively) differed significantly (p < 0.0001). The age-specific average annual incidence among those <55 and ≥55 years of age was 0.2 and 4.8 per million, respectively; incidence among those ≥65 was 6.1 per million. Eighteen cases were <30 years of age for an age-specific incidence of 8.0 per billion; only 6 of these very young cases were sporadic (3 sporadic CJD, 3 sporadic fatal insomnia), with the rest being familial (9), variant (2), or iatrogenic (1). The age-adjusted annual incidence for the most recent year of data, 2020, was 1.3 per million. However, assessment of RT-QuIC positive cases lacking neuropathology in the NPDPSC database suggested that approximately 20% more cases may have occurred in that year; the addition of a subset of these cases that had date of death information available (n = 44) increased the 2020 rate to 1.4 per million.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Mortality data supplemented with the results of neuropathological, CSF RT-QuIC, and genetic testing can be used to estimate prion disease incidence. However, the identification in the NPDPSC database of RT-QuIC-positive cases lacking date of death information suggests that this strategy may exclude a number of probable prion disease cases. Prion disease cases <30 years of age, especially those lacking a pathogenic mutation, continue to be very rare.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Shedding of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Multiple Excreta Throughout Disease Course in White-tailed Deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nathaniel D. Denkersa, Erin E. McNultya, Caitlyn N. Krafta, Amy V. Nallsa, Joseph A. Westricha, Wilfred Goldmannb, Candace K. Mathiasona, and Edward A. Hoovera</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aPrion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; bDivision of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and the Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) now infects cervids in South Korea, North America, and Scandinavia. CWD is unique in its efficient transmission and shedding of prions in body fluids throughout long course infections. Questions remain as to the magnitude of shedding and the route of prion acquisition. As CWD continues to expand, the need to better understand these facets of disease becomes more pertinent. The purpose of the studies described was to define the longitudinal shedding profile of CWD prions in urine, saliva, and feces throughout the course of infection in white-tailed deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Twelve (12) white-tailed deer were inoculated with either 1 mg or 300ng of CWD. Urine, saliva, and feces were collected every 3-month post-inoculation (MPI) throughout the study duration. Cohorts were established based on PNRP genotype: codon 96 GG (n = 6) and alternate codons 96 GS (n = 5) & 103NT (n = 1). Urine and saliva were analyzed using iron-oxide magnetic extraction (IOME) and real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC)(IQ). Feces were subjected to IOME, followed by 4 rounds protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) with products analyzed by RT-QuIC (IPQ). To determine whether IPQ may be superior to IQ, a subset of urine and saliva were also tested by IPQ. Results were compared with clinical disease status.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Within the 96 GG cohort, positive seeding activity was detected in feces from all deer (100%), in saliva from 5 of 6 (83%), and in urine from 4 of 6 (66%). Shedding in all excreta occurred at, or just after, the first positive tonsil biopsy result. In the 96 GS/103NT cohort, positive seeding activity could be detected in feces from 3 of 6 (50%) deer, saliva in 2 of 6 (33%), and urine in 1 of 6 (16%). Shedding in excreta was detected >5 months after the first tonsil positive result. Four of six 96 GG deer developed clinical signs of CWD, whereas only 2 of the 96 GS/103NT did. Shedding was more frequently detected in deer with clinical disease. The IPQ protocol did not significantly improve detection in saliva or urine samples, however, it significantly augmented detection in feces by eliminating non-specific background commonly experienced with IQ. Negative control samples remained negative in samples tested.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These studies demonstrate: (a) CWD prion excretion occurs throughout infection; (2) PRNP genotype (GG≫GS/NT) influences the excreta shedding; and (3) detection sensitivity in excreta can vary with different RT-QuIC protocols. These results provide a more complete perspective of prion shedding in deer during the course of CWD infection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: National Institutes of Health (NIH)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: RO1-NS061902-09 R to EAH, PO1-AI077774 to EAH, and R01-AI112956-06 to CKM</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We abundantly thank Sallie Dahmes at WASCO and David Osborn and Gino D’Angelo at the University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources for their long-standing support of this work through provision of the hand-raised, CWD-free, white-tailed deer used in these studies</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Large-scale PMCA screening of retropharyngeal lymph nodes and in white-tailed deer and comparisons with ELISA and IHC: the Texas CWD study</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benaventea, Paulina Sotoa, Mitch Lockwoodb, and Rodrigo Moralesa</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bTexas Park and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that affects various species of cervids, and both free-ranging and captive animals. Until now, CWD has been detected in 3 continents: North America, Europe, and Asia. CWD prevalence in some states may reach 30% of total animals. In Texas, the first case of CWD was reported in a free-range mule deer in Hudspeth and now it has been detected in additional 14 counties. Currently, the gold standard techniques used for CWD screening and detection are ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of obex and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RPLN). Unfortunately, these methods are known for having a low diagnostic sensitivity. Hence, many CWD-infected animals at pre-symptomatic stages may be misdiagnosed. Two promising in vitro prion amplification techniques, including the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) and the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) have been used to diagnose CWD and other prion diseases in several tissues and bodily fluids. Considering the low cost and speed of RT-QuIC, two recent studies have communicated the potential of this technique to diagnose CWD prions in RPLN samples. Unfortunately, the data presented in these articles suggest that identification of CWD positive samples is comparable to the currently used ELISA and IHC protocols. Similar studies using the PMCA technique have not been reported.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Compare the CWD diagnostic potential of PMCA with ELISA and IHC in RPLN samples from captive and free-range white-tailed deer. Material and Methods: In this study we analyzed 1,003 RPLN from both free-ranging and captive white-tailed deer collected in Texas. Samples were interrogated with the PMCA technique for their content of CWD prions. PMCA data was compared with the results obtained through currently approved techniques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show a 15-fold increase in CWD detection in free-range deer compared with ELISA. Our results unveil the presence of prion infected animals in Texas counties with no previous history of CWD. In the case of captive deer, we detected a 16% more CWD positive animals when compared with IHC. Interestingly, some of these positive samples displayed differences in their electroforetic mobilities, suggesting the presence of different prion strains within the State of Texas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: PMCA sensitivity is significantly higher than the current gold standards techniques IHC and ELISA and would be a good tool for rapid CWD screening.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: USDA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ATYPRION project: assessing the zoonotic potential of interspecies transmission of CWD isolates to livestock (preliminary results).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Enric Vidala,b, Juan Carlos Espinosac, Samanta Gilera,b, Montserrat Ordóñeza,b, Guillermo Canteroa,b, Vincent Béringued, Justin J. Greenleee, and Juan Maria Torresc</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aUnitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia; bIRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia; cCentro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain; dMolecular Virology and Immunology, French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Since variant Creutzfeldt-Jackob disease was linked to the consumption of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions, the study of the pathobiological features of animal prions, particularly their zoonotic potential, is of great concern to the scientific community and public health authorities. Furthermore, interspecies transmission of prions has been demonstrated as a putative evolutionary mechanism for prions, that can lead to the emergence of new features including the ability to infect humans. For instance, small ruminants’ atypical scrapie prions, when propagated in a bovine or porcine host, can shift to a classical BSE phenotype thus posing a potential risk in case of human exposure. So far, no hard evidence of zoonotic transmission of cervids’ chronic wasting disease (CWD) to humans has been published, however experimental transmission to bovine, ovine and caprine hosts has been achieved. Our goal is to investigate if, once passaged through these domestic species, CWD prions might become infectious to humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Different CWD isolates experimentally adapted to cattle, sheep and goat (Hamir et al, 2005, 2006, 2007, Greenlee et al 2012) have been intracerebrally inoculated to transgenic mouse models expressing the human cellular prion protein either homozygous for methionine or valine at codon 129 (Tg340-Met129 and Tg362-Val129). Additionally, inocula obtained from experimental transmission of elk CWD to ovinized (Tg501) and bovinized (BoTg110) transgenic mice, as well as white-tailed deer CWD to BoTg110 mice, are currently being bioassayed in both human PrPCtransgenic models.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results and conclusions: No evidence of transmission has been found on first passage for bovine adapted elk and mule deer CWD to none of the humanized models. The remaining bioassays are ongoing without showing clinical signs yet, as well as second passages for the negative 1stpassages.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: La Marató de TV3 foundation. Grant number: ATYPRION (201,821–30-31-32)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"> <div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"> SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. "</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission Studies</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip.... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: TSS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Sir/Madam,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091). Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">-----Original Message-----</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: rr26k@nih.gov; rrace@niaid.nih.gov; ebb8@CDC.GOV</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 03, 2008</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... full text ; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">sporadic = 54,983 hits <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div></div></div></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.</span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: white; color: #196ad4; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Steve Dealler =============== </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist deal@airtime.co.uk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a> </div></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: arial; outline: none !important;">Friday, March 11, 2022</span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prevalence of Surgical Procedures at Symptomatic Onset of Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Letter Surgery</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">March 9, 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2022/03/prevalence-of-surgical-procedures-at.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2022/03/prevalence-of-surgical-procedures-at.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">3rd CWD Zoonosis Zoonotic Science To Date</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/05/a-unique-presentation-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/05/a-unique-presentation-of-creutzfeldt.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;">just saying...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">3 July 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">E-Mail: Flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ref: E2979</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Mr Singeltary,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD. I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.bse.org.uk</span>.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year _previously_ and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. _both_ cases confirmed. ...kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">IPLEX, mad by standard process;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">also;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">what about potential mad cow candy bars ?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">see their potential mad cow candy bar list too...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">''So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply out of a health concern.'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, January 19, 2001 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">15<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span> Open Public Hearing </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>DR. FREAS: We are opening the open public hearing </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>now. We have received one response to speak in this </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>afternoon's open public hearing. That is from Dr. Scott </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>Norton. If Dr. Norton is here, would you please come </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>forward. You can either use the podium or the microphone, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>whichever is your choice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>DR. NORTON: I am Scott Norton and I am a </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>physician in the Washington D.C. area. I am here speaking </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>as a private citizen today. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>I first became concerned about the presence of </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>231 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>tissues from ruminant animals in dietary supplements about </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>six months ago and expressed my concern in a letter that was </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>published in New England Journal of Medicine in July of Year </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>2000. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span> A couple of the products that I had looked at, and </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>examined their labels, that raised these concerns I brought </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">7<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>in right here. I will just read some of the organs that are </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>found in one that is called Male Power. Deer antler, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>pancreas, orchic--despite what we just heard that the FDA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>prefers the term "testicular tissue" to be written on the </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>labels, I have never seen a dietary supplement say </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>"testicle." They always say "orchis" or "orchic" which may </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>sound rather flowery to the etymologically impaired--thymus, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>adrenal, heart, lymph node, prostate, spleen and pituitary. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>There are actually seventeen organs in that particular </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>product. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span> There is another product that is called Brain </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>Nutrition that tells us that it is vitamins and minerals </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>essential for important brain function. It does not mention </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>that there is any glandulars on at least the bold print. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">21<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>But if you look at the small print on the back, we learn </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>that it has brain extract and pituitary extract, raw, in </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>there. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span> We know that many of the organs that can be found </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>in the dietary supplements do fall in that list of organs </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>232 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>that are suspect for contamination with TSEs, the labels, in </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>nearly all cases, identify neither the animal source nor the </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>geographic location from which the organs were derived. I </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>have seen one line that did specify from New Zealand cattle </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>but no other manufacturer will list either the species or </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>the geographic location. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">7<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>The FDA's and the USDA's import alerts that we </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>just learned about prohibit the use of these organs in </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>foods, medicines and medical devices. But my reading of the </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>alert, 17-04, suggests that DSHEA does allow some loopholes </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>for these tissues to possible slip in. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>I will just read <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">from 17-04</span> that we heard. On the </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>first page, it says that, "This alert does not establish any </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>obligations on regulated entities." I love seeing </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>legislation that starts out with that caveat. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>Then it says, further, "The USDA regulations do </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>not apply to bovine-derived materials intended for human </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>consumption as finished dietary supplements." We also learn </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>that the prohibition, or the import alert, is limited to </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>bulk lots of these tissues, completed tissues, from BSE- </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>derived countries. It does not mention if it is not a bulk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>import or if it is raw materials rather than finished </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>materials. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>Further, we know that it is strongly recommended </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>but not actually prohibited in the language here. So I have </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>233 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>not taken the assurances from that import alert that Dr. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>Moore was trying to convey to us. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">7<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>out of a health concern. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>So my question to the advisory committee is this; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>is my caution reasonable and, if it is, should we take </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>further efforts to inform, or even protect, the American </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>public from such exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">14</span><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">I was curious about Dr.</span> Moore's remarks. I sensed </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>two messages. One was the initial reassurance that FDA has </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>the regulatory authority but then I also learned that it is </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>the manufacturer's responsibility to provide those </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">18<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>assurances, that the FDA doesn't actually inspect. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>I think that the FDA commissioners from Harvey </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>Wylie to David Kessler would say that that track record has </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>proven itself. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>Thank you very much. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>[Applause.] </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>DR. BROWN: Thanks, Dr. Norton. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">25<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span> Committee Discussion </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified-</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 donors.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 That is probably worse than spending six months in</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 the U.K.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">1/19/01</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">3681t2.rtf(845) page 501</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110616141110/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110616141110/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">see actual paper;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110616141110/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110616141110/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: METABOLIFE AND TSEs GAO-03-494 ''URGENT DATA'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Thu, 01 May 2003 11:23:01 -0500 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: NelliganJ at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">gao.gov</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The General Accounting Office (GAO) today released the following reports and testimonies:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REPORTS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Dietary Supplements: Review of Health-Related Call Records for Users of Metabolife 356. GAO-03-494, March 31. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">see updated url link;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GREETINGS GAO:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was suprised that i did not see any listing of bovine tissue in metabolife on it's label. have they ceased using these desiccated tissues???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i see that the lable on this product METABOLIFE 356, does not state that it has any tissues of desiccated bovine organs? i no the product use to, so i am curious if they have ceased the use of the tissues of cattle they _use_ to use (see below)???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">METABOLIFE 356 BOVINE COMPLEX/GLANDULAR SYSTEM OVARIES, PROSTATE, SCROTUM AND ADRENAL USDA SOURCE CATTLE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i tried warning them years ago of this potential threat of CJD/TSEs;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Randy Smith To: "'flounder at <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wt.net</span>'" Subject: Metabolife Date: Mon, 7 Dec 1998 14:21:35 -0800</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Sir,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We are looking at reformulation. I agree that slow virus diseases present a problem in some areas of the world.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our product uses healthy USDA inspected cattle for the glandular extract.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If you have any links to more information on this subject I would like to examine them.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you for your interest and concern,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Smith ============</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full text ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=============== </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=============== </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">============== </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Taylor & Francis</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsaopinioncwd.blogspot.com/2022/04/efsa-eu-request-for-scientific-opinion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinioncwd.blogspot.com/2022/04/efsa-eu-request-for-scientific-opinion.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 16, 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SHEEP BY-PRODUCTS AND WHAT ABOUT Scrapie TSE PrP and Potential Zoonosis? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/03/sheep-by-products-and-what-about.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/03/sheep-by-products-and-what-about.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 23, 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">House and Senate Send Important Chronic Wasting Disease Legislation to President’s Desk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/12/house-and-senate-send-important-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/12/house-and-senate-send-important-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Characterization of Classical Sheep Scrapie in White-tailed Deer after Experimental Oronasal Exposure </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin J Greenlee, S Jo Moore, Eric D Cassmann, Zoe J Lambert, Robyn D Kokemuller, Jodi D Smith, Robert A Kunkle, Qingzhong Kong, M Heather West Greenlee Author Notes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Journal of Infectious Diseases, jiac443, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac443" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac443</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 08 November 2022 Article history</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Classic scrapie is a prion disease of sheep and goats that is associated with accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) in the central nervous and lymphoid tissues. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of cervids. This study was conducted to determine the susceptibility of white-tailed deer (WTD) to the classic scrapie agent.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We inoculated WTD (n = 5) by means of a concurrent oral/intranasal exposure with the classic scrapie agent from sheep or oronasally with the classic scrapie agent from goats (n = 6).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">All deer exposed to the agent of classic scrapie from sheep accumulated PrPSc. PrPSc was detected in lymphoid tissues at preclinical time points, and necropsies in deer 28 months after inoculation showed clinical signs, spongiform lesions, and widespread PrPSc in neural and lymphoid tissues. Western blots on samples from the brainstem, cerebellum, and lymph nodes of scrapie-infected WTD have a molecular profile similar to CWD and distinct from samples from the cerebral cortex, retina, or the original classic scrapie inoculum. There was no evidence of PrPSc in any of the WTD inoculated with classic scrapie prions from goats.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WTD are susceptible to the agent of classic scrapie from sheep, and differentiation from CWD may be difficult.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">cervid, chronic wasting disease, prion disease, scrapie, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, white-tailed deer Issue Section: Major Article </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISCUSSION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">When WTD were inoculated with the agent of scrapie from sheep, 100% were infected, with widespread evidence of PrPSc in lymphoid and nervous tissues (see summary Figure 5). The predominant molecular profile of abnormal prion protein present in the brainstem and lymph nodes of scrapie-affected deer was similar to that in CWD-affected deer and distinct from the no. 13-7 sheep classic scrapie inoculum. Conversely, when the no. 13-7 inoculum is used to inoculate elk, the molecular profile is similar to the original scrapie inoculum regardless of brain region sampled. There was no evidence of infection in deer that were exposed to scrapie prions from goats. Although the exposure was to less total inoculum, the amount and route were consistent with other successful experiments in sheep [26] and deer [22].</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Figure 5.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Study summary. White-tailed deer (WTD) are oronasally susceptible to the agent of scrapie from sheep but not from goats. Unlike elk inoculated with the sheep scrapie agent, the Western blot (WB) profile of samples from deer with scrapie depends on the tissue assessed. The retina and cerebrum have a WB profile consistent with the original scrapie inoculum, while samples from lymph nodes and brainstem at the level of the obex have a molecular profile similar to that of the chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent. When passaged to cervidized mice, the agent of scrapie from WTD has an intermediate incubation time compared with the CWD agent from deer (shorter) or the scrapie agent from sheep (longer). Abbreviation: dpi, days post inoculation. Open in new tab Download slide</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Study summary. White-tailed deer (WTD) are oronasally susceptible to the agent of scrapie from sheep but not from goats. Unlike elk inoculated with the sheep scrapie agent, the Western blot (WB) profile of samples from deer with scrapie depends on the tissue assessed. The retina and cerebrum have a WB profile consistent with the original scrapie inoculum, while samples from lymph nodes and brainstem at the level of the obex have a molecular profile similar to that of the chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent. When passaged to cervidized mice, the agent of scrapie from WTD has an intermediate incubation time compared with the CWD agent from deer (shorter) or the scrapie agent from sheep (longer). Abbreviation: dpi, days post inoculation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Two WB patterns resulted from inoculating WTD with the no. 13-7 scrapie inoculum, and these patterns seem to depend on the anatomic location of the source of the sample used for WB: samples derived from the cerebral cortex or retina resulted in a lower WB profile, whereas those from the brainstem or lymph node resulted in a higher, CWD-like WB profile. When the agent of scrapie from WTD with either the high or low WB profile is passaged to Tg12 mice, the 2 inocula have distinct incubation times. However, this result could be due to different titers of infectivity in these 2 brain regions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was unexpected that WTD material from brainstem or cerebrum with distinct WB profiles resulted in similar CWD-like profiles after passage through Tg12 mice. The most likely explanation for this is that even though cerebrum from scrapie-affected deer has the lowest apparent molecular weight WB profile, it is probable that both PrPSc species (low molecular weight and CWD-like) are present in each brain region and that the CWD-like profile becomes predominant on second passage in cervid PRNP because it amplifies preferentially. It also is possible that the no. 13-7 inoculum contains >1 strain of scrapie despite serial passage in the sheep.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Strain mutation is unlikely to occur in all deer, but selection is possible if multiple strains were present in the inoculum. Alternatively, the 2 WB profiles observed may represent varying selective conditions in different neuroanatomic locations, which could possibly be further tested using in vitro methods [32]. Determining whether further passage of scrapie through deer results in adaptation to a more CWD-like phenotype will be the subject of future studies. Identification of a new strain would be significant, as it may mean that there are new transmission characteristics to third-party hosts, such as humans or cattle [33]. In the case of CWD, interspecies transmission alone is sufficient to increase the potential host range of field isolates [34].</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WB analysis of archived samples of brain from elk infected with the same isolate of scrapie as the deer in the present study demonstrated that only a single (lower; scrapie-like) WB profile resulted from scrapie-affected elk. This suggests that the PrPSc with the higher WB profile (CWD-like) generated in this experiment may be a result specific to WTD. The retention of a scrapie-like WB profile on transmission of the agent of scrapie to elk supports the theory that the identification of CWD in Norway is not likely due to exposure to scrapie-infected sheep since the CWD case from Norway has a profile similar to that of North American elk CWD rather than the lower pattern of sheep scrapie [4].</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While other groups have shown that scrapie prions from sheep are transmissible to WTD by the intravenous route [18], their results differed from ours concerning the WB patterns. Only a single WB pattern was noted in those deer, which was not directly compared with the original scrapie inoculum from sheep or samples derived from WTD with CWD [18]. The difference in results may be due to our use of a US scrapie isolate derived from ARQ/ARQ sheep [35] while the SSBP/1 strain used in Angers et al [18] has the fastest incubation in VRQ/VRQ sheep and does not seem to affect ARQ/ARQ sheep [36]. Results from the current study corroborate previous results obtained with the same scrapie isolate after intracranial inoculation [17] suggesting that the scrapie isolate rather than the route of inoculation is the major factor in the difference in results between studies.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is precedent for 2 molecular profiles from different brain regions in the same individual. In Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), 2 isoforms of PrPSc are recognized, based on the electrophoretic mobility of the fragments resistant to proteinase K digestion. In PrPSc type 1, the nonglycosylated isoform migrates to the 21-kDa region of the gel, while the type 2 isoform migrates to 19 kDa [37].</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There are a number of reports describing the presence of different PrPSc isoforms in different brains regions from single individuals affected by sporadic CJD [38–44], iatrogenic CJD [40], or familial CJD [45]. Furthermore, it appears that the regional deposition of type 1 or type 2 PrPSc (or co-occurrence of both types) is not random, indicating that different brain regions may be more or less permissive to the formation of a particular PrPSc isoform [38, 39]. Preferential formation of different PrPSc isoforms also seems to be influenced by genotype; for example, type 1 is found in the majority of patients with CJD who are MM homozygous at codon 129, while type 2 is more common in those who are MV heterozygous or VV homozygous [46, 47]. The relevance of these observations in sporadic CJD compared with scrapie in WTD requires further investigation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">When using WB analysis to compare samples of brainstem or lymph node from WTD infected with either CWD or scrapie prions, field samples may not allow for differentiation between CWD and scrapie. In the present study, samples from cerebrum or retina of deer infected with scrapie had a WB pattern distinct from any sample from a deer infected with CWD. Using the N-terminal antibody 12B2 allowed further differentiation of the retinal samples from deer with scrapie from CWD-infected counterparts as well as from sheep infected with either scrapie or CWD. The retinas from deer infected with scrapie maintained electrophoretic properties of scrapie while differing in biochemical properties (absence of 12B2 binding), suggesting that scrapie prions from the retinas of WTD have a unique conformation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There was a high prevalence of S96 PRNP in the deer procured for this study: all were SS96. It is notable that recent genome-wide association analysis demonstrates that G96S has the largest effects on differential susceptibility to CWD of all PRNP polymorphisms [48], but all deer in this study were susceptible to the scrapie agent from sheep. This highlights the potential concern that using a PRNP-based approach to controlling CWD in deer may result in enhanced susceptibilities to other prion isolates. It would be necessary to repeat this study with wild-type deer to understand whether the genotype of the deer we used played any role in the results.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The high attack rate and widespread distribution of PrPSc in nervous and lymphoid tissues of the deer in this study suggest that potential transmission of scrapie to deer presents an ongoing risk to wild and captive WTD. Future studies will focus on whether WTD could serve as a reservoir of infectivity to scrapie-susceptible sheep.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplementary Data</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplementary materials are available at The Journal of Infectious Diseases online. Consisting of data provided by the authors to benefit the reader, the posted materials are not copyedited and are the sole responsibility of the authors, so questions or comments should be addressed to the corresponding author. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiac443/6809058" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiac443/6809058</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Second passage of chronic wasting disease of mule deer to sheep by intracranial inoculation compared to classical scrapie</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our data suggest that the phenotype of CWD in sheep is indistinguishable from some strains of scrapie in sheep. Given our results, current detection techniques would be unlikely to distinguish CWD in sheep from scrapie in sheep if cross-species transmission occurred naturally. It is unknown if sheep are naturally vulnerable to CWD; however, the susceptibility of sheep after intracranial inoculation and lymphoid accumulation indicates that the species barrier is not absolute.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10406387211017615" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10406387211017615</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We compared two US classical scrapie strains to CWD in sheep and found that one of these strains is indistinguishable from sheep CWD. These results demonstrate that current diagnostic techniques would be unlikely to distinguish CWD in sheep from scrapie in sheep if cross-species transmission occurred in a natural setting. This research reinforces the need to continue ongoing cross-species transmission studies focusing on oral susceptibility of sheep to CWD and develop techniques to discriminate sheep CWD from sheep scrapie.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=376956" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=376956</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We inoculated WTD by a natural route of exposure (concurrent oral and intranasal (IN); n=5) with a US scrapie isolate. All scrapie-inoculated deer had evidence of PrPSc accumulation.'' Scrapie transmits to white-tailed deer by the oral route and has a molecular profile similar to chronic wasting disease Authors</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, this work demonstrates that WTD are susceptible to the agent of scrapie, two distinct molecular profiles of PrPSc are present in the tissues of affected deer, and inoculum of either profile readily passes to deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=317901" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=317901</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Passage of scrapie to deer results in a new phenotype upon return passage to sheep) Author </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We previously demonstrated that scrapie has a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after either intracranial or oral inoculation. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This work raises the potential concern that scrapie infected deer could serve as a confounding factor to scrapie eradication programs as scrapie from deer seems to be transmissible to sheep by the oronasal route.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337278" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337278</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, this work demonstrates that WTD are susceptible to the agent of scrapie, two distinct molecular profiles of PrPSc are present in the tissues of affected deer, and inoculum of either profile type readily passes to deer. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=314097" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=314097</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">White-tailed Deer are Susceptible to Scrapie by Natural Route of Infection </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This work demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep scrapie by potential natural routes of inoculation. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160314231745/http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2010/report-cwal-2010.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20160314231745/http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2010/report-cwal-2010.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PO-039: A comparison of scrapie and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson US Dept. Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center; Ames, IA USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This research reinforces the need to continue ongoing cross-species transmission studies focusing on oral susceptibility of sheep to CWD and develop techniques to discriminate sheep CWD from sheep scrapie.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=376956" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=376956</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Food Saf (Tokyo). 2016 Dec; 4(4): 110–114.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published online 2016 Dec 7. doi: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2016019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMCID: PMC6989210</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMID: 32231914</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie in Swine: a Diagnostic Challenge</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin J. Greenlee,corresponding author 1 Robert A. Kunkle, 1 Jodi D. Smith, 1 and M. Heather West Greenlee 2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6989210/ </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Oral vaccination as a potential strategy to manage chronic wasting disease in wild cervid populations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156451/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156451/full</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">May 15, 2015 </span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">Grass Plants Bind, Retain, Uptake, and Transport Infectious Prions </span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/05/grass-plants-bind-retain-uptake-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/05/grass-plants-bind-retain-uptake-and.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, MARCH 24, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mountain lions, Wolves, Coyotes, could help stop the spread of CWD TSE Prion in deer, WHERE STUPID MEETS THE ROAD! </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/03/mountain-lions-wolves-coyotes-could.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/03/mountain-lions-wolves-coyotes-could.html</a> </div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, MARCH 19, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Abandoned factory ‘undoubtedly’ contains dormant Mad Cow Disease that could threaten humans, Thruxted Mill, Queniborough CJD<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2023/03/abandoned-factory-undoubtedly-contains.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2023/03/abandoned-factory-undoubtedly-contains.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. snip..... The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. snip..... In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important;"> </span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">PLoS One. 2020; 15(8): e0237410. Published online 2020 Aug 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237410 PMCID: PMC7446902 PMID: 32817706 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nathaniel D. Denkers, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing,#1 Clare E. Hoover, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing,#2 Kristen A. Davenport, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing,3 Davin M. Henderson, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology,1 Erin E. McNulty, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing,1 Amy V. Nalls, Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing,1 Candace K. Mathiason, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing,1 and Edward A. Hoover, Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing1,* Byron Caughey, Editor Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been corrected. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See PLoS One. 2021 June 10; 16(6): e0253356. Associated Data Data Availability Statement </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The minimum infectious dose required to induce CWD infection in cervids remains unknown, as does whether peripherally shed prions and/or multiple low dose exposures are important factors in CWD transmission. With the goal of better understand CWD infection in nature, we studied oral exposures of deer to very low doses of CWD prions and also examined whether the frequency of exposure or prion source may influence infection and pathogenesis. We orally inoculated white-tailed deer with either single or multiple divided doses of prions of brain or saliva origin and monitored infection by serial longitudinal tissue biopsies spanning over two years. We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, we have attempted to model and better understand CWD infection relative to natural exposure. The results demonstrate: (a) that the minimum CWD oral infectious dose is vastly lower than historical studies used to establish infection; (b) that a direct relationship exists between dose and incubation time to first prion replication detection in tonsils, irrespective of genotype; (c) that a difference was not discernible between brain vs. saliva source prions in ability to establish infection or in resultant disease course; and (d) that the CWD infection process appears to conform more to a threshold dose than an accumulative dose dynamic. </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on attack rate and incubation period in cattle</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">G. A. H. Wells,1 T. Konold,1 M. E. Arnold,1 A. R. Austin,1 3 S. A. C. Hawkins,1 M. Stack,1 M. M. Simmons,1 Y. H. Lee,2 D. Gavier-Wide´n,3 M. Dawson1 4 and J. W. Wilesmith1 1 Correspondence G. A. H. Wells</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Republic of Korea</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3 National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Received 27 July 2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Accepted 18 November 2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The dose–response of cattle exposed to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent is an important component of modelling exposure risks for animals and humans and thereby, the modulation of surveillance and control strategies for BSE. In two experiments calves were dosed orally with a range of amounts of a pool of brainstems from BSE-affected cattle. Infectivity in the pool was determined by end-point titration in mice. Recipient cattle were monitored for clinical disease and, from the incidence of pathologically confirmed cases and their incubation periods (IPs), the attack rate and IP distribution according to dose were estimated. The dose at which 50 % of cattle would be clinically affected was estimated at 0.20 g brain material used in the experiment, with 95 % confidence intervals of 0.04–1.00 g. The IP was highly variable across all dose groups and followed a log-normal distribution, with decreasing mean as dose increased. There was no evidence of a threshold dose at which the probability of infection became vanishingly small, with 1/15 (7 %) of animals affected at the lowest dose (1 mg).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISCUSSION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The study has demonstrated that disease in cattle can be produced by oral exposure to as little as 1 mg brain homogenate (¡100.4 RIII mouse i.c./i.p. ID50 units) from clinically affected field cases of BSE and that the limiting dose for infection of calves is lower than this exposure...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2</a><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P04.27</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmzas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Lwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanit, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study 'BSE in primates' supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://youtu.be/Vtt1kAVDhDQ" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/Vtt1kAVDhDQ</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647490/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647490/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://cjdisa.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PRION-2017-Summary-for-CJDISA.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://cjdisa.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PRION-2017-Summary-for-CJDISA.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">1.3. Determination of the Minimal Infectious BSE Dose in Non-human Primates</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In a concerted European effort involving 5 laboratories including ours, the BSE-macaque model was then used to evaluate the minimal amount of BSE-infected material necessary to induce vCJD in primates. Results so far show that 5g of infectious BSE cattle brain is sufficient to induce the disease in all recipient animals by the oral route, with 500 mg yielding an incomplete attack rate10,11). The ID50 of BSE cattle brain is 200 mg for cattle12). These results suggest a low species barrier between cattle and non-human primates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6989170/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6989170/</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Corinne Ida Lasmzas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frdric Auvr, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Sals, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE bovine brain inoculum</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 01 mg 001 mg</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PrPres biochemical detection</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and int****ritoneal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published online January 27, 2005</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is clear that the designing scientists must</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">also have shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley's answer (that it would take less than say 100 grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate" experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger infection. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: 06 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a> <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Friday, May 12, 2023 <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Camel prion disease, a new emerging disease in North Africa, Lymphoid Tropism, Neuropathological Characterization Update 2023<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/camel-prion-disease-new-emerging.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/camel-prion-disease-new-emerging.html</a></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">see full submission;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, MAY 08, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS Chronic Wasting Disease Discovered in Deer Breeding Facility in Sutton County</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TAHC Chapter 40, Chronic Wasting Disease Terry Singeltary Comment Submission </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/tahc-chapter-40-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/tahc-chapter-40-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2020 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Texas Kimble County Farm Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Approximate Herd Prevalence 12%</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/texas-kimble-county-farm-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/texas-kimble-county-farm-chronic.html</a> </div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 19, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TSE surveillance statistics exotic species and domestic cats Update December 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/12/tse-surveillance-statistics-exotic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/12/tse-surveillance-statistics-exotic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Fri, Dec 20, 2019 3:53 pm</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Texas TAHC, Administrative Code, Title 4, Part 2, Chapter 40, Chronic Wasting Disease Amendments Open For Comment beginning December 20, 2019 thru January 20, 2020 Terry Singeltary Comments Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/texas-tahc-administrative-code-title-4.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/texas-tahc-administrative-code-title-4.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, OCTOBER 18, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TAHC Exotic CWD Susceptible Species Rules, Regulations, TSE PRION, WHEAT, GRAINS, HAY, STRAY, GLOBAL CONCERNS GROW, UPDATE, October 17, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/10/tahc-exotic-cwd-susceptible-species.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/10/tahc-exotic-cwd-susceptible-species.html</a></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TAHC Chapter 40, Chronic Wasting Disease Singeltary Comment Submission August 8, 2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/08/tahc-chapter-40-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/08/tahc-chapter-40-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, AUGUST 02, 2016 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS TPWD Sets Public Hearings on Deer Movement Rule Proposals in Areas with CWD Rule Terry S. Singeltary Sr. comment submission </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/texas-tpwd-sets-public-hearings-on-deer.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/texas-tpwd-sets-public-hearings-on-deer.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 04, 2016 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TPWD proposes the repeal of §§65.90 -65.94 and new §§65.90 -65.99 Concerning Chronic Wasting Disease - Movement of Deer Singeltary Comment Submission </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/tpwd-proposes-repeal-of-6590-6594-and_4.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/tpwd-proposes-repeal-of-6590-6594-and_4.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Your opinions and comments have been submitted successfully. Thank you for participating in the TPWD regulatory process.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, October 28, 2015</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interim Chronic Wasting Disease Response Rules Comment online through 07:00 a.m. November 5, 2015</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/10/interim-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/10/interim-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary Submission TAHC on CWD rule proposal</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, July 07, 2012</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TEXAS Animal Health Commission Accepting Comments on Chronic Wasting Disease Rule Proposal</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Considering the seemingly high CWD prevalence rate in the Sacramento and Hueco Mountains of New Mexico, CWD may be well established in the population and in the environment in Texas at this time.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/07/texas-animal-health-commission.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/07/texas-animal-health-commission.html</a> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary telling TAHC, that CWD was waltzing into Texas from WSMR around Trans Pecos region, starting around 2001, 2002, and every year, there after, until New Mexico finally shamed TAHC et al to test where i had been telling them to test for a decade. 2012 cwd was detected first right there where i had been trying to tell TAHC for 10 years. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Singeltary on Texas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion History <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/07/texas-animal-health-commission.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/07/texas-animal-health-commission.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, APRIL 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2023 CDC REPORTS CJD TSE Prion 5 cases per million in persons 55 years of age or older </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/2023-cdc-reports-cjd-tse-prion-5-cases.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/2023-cdc-reports-cjd-tse-prion-5-cases.html</a> </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/114/2023-cdc-cjd-prion-cases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/114/2023-cdc-cjd-prion-cases</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wasted days and wasted nights...Freddy Fender</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas 77518 flounder9@verizon.net Galveston Bay, on the bottom...</div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-63391063382838416322023-04-09T11:41:00.003-05:002023-04-09T11:41:33.433-05:00Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD<p><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</span></p><div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifin1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022 / Published online: 22 August 2022 © The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerst-mann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent pas-sage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable. Here, humanized mice inoculated with CWD deer isolates had an atypical onset of the disease with myoclonus (93.75%), before presenting typical clinical signs, generating prions that presented with either atypical biochemical signature (#321 and #3063), shed in feces (#327), or were undetectable by the classical detection methods. The fact that we could not establish a strong correlation between disease manifestation in 3tg650 mice inoculated with Wisc-1- or 116AG-CWD and the presence of abnormal PrP (Western blot, IHC or RT-QuIC) might be explained by the presence of heterogeneous prions in the brains of infected mice with different seeding properties in vitro. Indeed, such heterogeneity and distinct seeding activities and infectivity of abnormal PrP fragments was observed in VPSPr cases [20, 43]. We could not establish a correlation between the presence of PrPSc deposits in mouse #328 and the absence of resist-ant PrP in Western blot even though prions present in the brain of this animal seeded the conversion of rPrP sub-strate very well (Fig. 1). Mouse #321 was not available for IHC; therefore, we cannot draw a conclusion about abnormal PrP deposits in the brain of this animal, but we can conclude that there is a correlation between level of prion seeding activity (Fig. 1) and the detection of atypical PrPres fragments (Fig. 2) present in the brain of this animal. We can only speculate that transmission of Wisc-1 to tg650 mice generated prions with characteristics that render them less prone to be unveiled with conventional methods. However, 77.7% of these mice showed prion seeding activity despite the absence of PK-resistant PrPSc for most of them, suggesting that protease-sensitive prions could be involved in these transmissions like it was shown in human prion diseases [54]. Further analyses such as conformation-dependent immunoassay [54] and in vivo sub-passages will be required to resolve these questions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the dis-ease within humans might become endemic. In contrast to bank voles inoculated with fecal homogenates from mouse #327, so far, we could not detect a PK-resistant PrPSc fragment in the brain homogenates of fecal homogenate-inoculated tg650 mice. The presence of PrPres in these mice will allow us to determine if the molecular signature of hCWD prions from the brain (mouse #321 and #3063) vs feces are the same. Previously, Beringue et al. found that extraneural prions, compared to neural prions, helped more to over-come the species barrier to foreign prions, in addition, different strain types emerged from such serial transmission [11]. Our data also suggest that prions found in the periphery may hold higher zoonotic potential than prions found in neural tissues. In fact, upon second passage, 50% of the tg650 mice inoculated with fecal homogenates from mouse #327 had succumbed with terminal disease compared to only 20% of brain/spinal cord homogenates inoculated-tg650 mice suggesting that hCWD prions found in feces transmit disease more efficiently. Our results also suggest that epidemiological studies [25] may have missed sub-clinical and atypical infections that are/might be transmissible, undetected by the gold standard tests, i.e., Western blot, ELISA, and IHC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ideally, an oral inoculation of mice with CWD prions would have mimicked best the natural route of exposure to acquired prion diseases like CWD. However, in our case, an oral inoculation would have been impossible considering the lifespan of the rodent models. It took us an extended amount of time, over two years and a half, to have a better idea of the extent of CWD transmission in the tg650 model, even with intracerebral inoculation, usually the fastest way to induce prion disease in a rodent model. Taking this into consideration, our study is the strongest proof-of-principle that CWD might be transmissible to humans. The overall risk for zoonotic transmission of CWD is likely lower than that for BSE; however, rather than predicting the absolute zoonotic risk for CWD, our study indicates the possibility of atypical features in humans. Furthermore, our findings provide striking insights into how CWD might manifest in humans and the impact it may have on human health. We have used Wisc-1/CWD1, one of the most common CWD strains, notably white-tailed deer prions, which have been shown to be more prone to generate human prions in vitro [47]. This implies a high risk of exposure to this strain, e.g., through consumption or handling of infected carcasses, in contrast to rarer CWD strains, and therefore, an actual risk for human health. Fecal shedding of infectious prions, if it occurs in humans, is particularly concerning because of potential human-to-human transmission and adaptation of hCWD. Overall, our findings suggest that CWD surveil-lance in humans should encompass a wider spectrum of tissues/organs tested and include new criteria in the diagnosis of potential patients.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9?sharing_token=Vrc9lVnCx6nATJCPtcFbwPe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY4BjPjkpxdzH-iFThODxSPKAK1QgQ-_2ZGPNoYIZyD3IDH8BQbGxEd1NHRwsyD-plz3_gnMpuGB-13C4DkxsBjdAJb3TEqBq0mBLdO-wl3E0flYPQbhh654WM_ijkAKt_U=&fbclid=IwAR0urg8a9eojZqpU6GePUgt5fQxsWqxsxwTzF_E_MktS3jf11wDxZP9Jy10" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9?sharing_token=Vrc9lVnCx6nATJCPtcFbwPe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY4BjPjkpxdzH-iFThODxSPKAK1QgQ-_2ZGPNoYIZyD3IDH8BQbGxEd1NHRwsyD-plz3_gnMpuGB-13C4DkxsBjdAJb3TEqBq0mBLdO-wl3E0flYPQbhh654WM_ijkAKt_U=&fbclid=IwAR0urg8a9eojZqpU6GePUgt5fQxsWqxsxwTzF_E_MktS3jf11wDxZP9Jy10</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">SEE A FEW HIGHLIGHTS;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px; outline: none !important;">''Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model.''</span></span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">''Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission.'' ''These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions.'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage.'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for ''infection. ''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Indeed, such heterogeneity and distinct seeding activities and infectivity of abnormal PrP fragments was observed in VPSPr cases [20, 43].''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''This implies a high risk of exposure to this strain, e.g., through consumption or handling of infected carcasses, in contrast to rarer CWD strains, and therefore, an actual risk for human health.'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Fecal shedding of infectious prions, if it occurs in humans, is particularly concerning because of potential human-to-human transmission and adaptation of hCWD.'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Overall, our findings suggest that CWD surveillance in humans should encompass a wider spectrum of tissues/organs tested and include new criteria in the diagnosis of potential patients.</div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> PLEASE NOTE;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">''Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defned by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profle and the N-terminal cleavage site.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable. Here, humanized mice inoculated with CWD deer isolates had an atypical onset of the disease with myoclonus (93.75%), before presenting typical clinical signs, generating prions that presented with either atypical biochemical signature (#321 and #3063), shed in feces (#327), or were undetectable by the classical detection methods. The fact that we could not establish a strong correlation between disease manifestation in tg650 mice inoculated with Wisc-1- or 116AG-CWD and the presence of abnormal PrP (Western blot, IHC or RTQuIC) might be explained by the presence of heterogeneous prions in the brains of infected mice with diferent seeding properties in vitro. Indeed, such heterogeneity and distinct seeding activities and infectivity of abnormal PrP fragments was observed in VPSPr cases [20, 43].''</div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">VPSPr, GSS, and CWD zoonosis, concerns there from, where did i hear this concern before?</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Canada Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease surveillance system (CJDSS) report steady rise in cases as of January 2023 and STILL NO CASES REPORTED OF VPSPr CJD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">wow, just wow, i don't know where to start with Canada and CJD and strange neurological conditions mounting. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">seems the New Brunswick cases just sill not go away, and CJD cases in Canada keep rising.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Canada Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease surveillance system (CJDSS) report Update January 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(PLEASE NOTE, ''The increase in sCJD mortality can be at least partly attributed to increased awareness of CJD among referring clinicians.'' HAS BEEN USED 'ad nauseam' YEAR, AFTER YEAR, AFTER YEAR, OF RISKING CJD CASES.)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(PLEASE NOTE, OCTOBER OF 2022 THERE WERE 65 CJD CASES REPORTED, TWO MONTHS LATER, DECEMBER 2022, CJD CASES JUMPED TO 154 CASES REPORTED...tss)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(PLEASE NOTE, STILL, CANADA DOES NOT REPORT VPSPr CJD TSE Prion Cases to the public, see links below for this explanation and discussion. tss)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;">PLEASE NOTE, Canada does not mention VPSPr Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy and you can read why here ;</div><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;">WHY do some countries count vpspr as sporadic cjd tse prion, and some countries don't?</div><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;">THIS problem must be addressed immediately imo.</div><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;">WE have the USA classifying Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) (formerly known as Protease Sensitive Prionopathy) as sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease sCJD, and we have Canada not even mentioning in on there statistics links, like vpspr does not even exist, so this is a problem for any valid surveillance imo. IN fact, personal communication from Canada Surveillance et al;</div><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;">QUOTE;</div><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;">''Well Terry, we have the data. We simply do not report it separately because we do not believe it has any specific epidemiologic significance, including zoonotic transmission (this opinion is shared unanimously by the international CJD surveillance community, and was established very quickly after the discovery of VPSPr). The key reason in my mind why the US system reports it – in a footnote to their sporadic CJD data – is that they discovered it, and want to follow up on it publicly to validate the reality of their finding scientifically (which is distinct from its significance).''</div><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;">''The simple answer to your question is that we do not track VPSPr separately, as we view is as a form of sporadic CJD with an unusual phenotype but no specific epidemiological significance. Even the USA surveillance figures do not report it separately.''</div><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;">end</div><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://vpspr.blogspot.com/2022/04/phenotypic-heterogeneity-of-variably.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://vpspr.blogspot.com/2022/04/phenotypic-heterogeneity-of-variably.html</a></div><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://vpspr.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://vpspr.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;">Hell of a way for a surveillance system for any country to look for any suspect unusual zoonosis zoonotic disease from any mutated TSE Prion strain from any species. ...terry</div><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/12/creutzfeldt-jacob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/12/creutzfeldt-jacob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">NO VPSPr?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Referrals of suspected CJD reported by CJDSS, 1998-2022 As of December 31, 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Year of reporting Number of referrals</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1998 43</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1999 63</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2000 82</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2001 101</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2002 103</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2003 75</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2004 90</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2005 97</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2006 80</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2007 101</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2008 100</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2009 104</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2010 76</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2011 102</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2012 103</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2013 99</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2014 99</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2015 98</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2016 117</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2017 116</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2018 125</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2019 142</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2020 123</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2021 140</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2022 154</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Total 2533</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/surveillance/blood-safety-contribution-program/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/cjd-surveillance-system.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/surveillance/blood-safety-contribution-program/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/cjd-surveillance-system.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.canada.ca/content/dam/phac-aspc/documents/services/surveillance/blood-safety-contribution-program/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/cjd-surveillance-system/cjd-surveillance-system.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.canada.ca/content/dam/phac-aspc/documents/services/surveillance/blood-safety-contribution-program/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/cjd-surveillance-system/cjd-surveillance-system.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">no VPSPr?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Canada Definite and probable CJD, 1998-2022 As of October 31, 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Year Sporadic Iatrogenic CJD Genetic vCJD Total</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1998 22 1 1 0 24</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1999 27 2 3 0 32</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2000 32 0 3 0 35</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2001 27 0 3 0 30</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2002 30 0 5 1 36</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2003 27 1 1 0 29</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2004 42 0 4 0 44</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2005 42 0 2 0 44</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2006 39 0 5 0 44</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2007 35 0 4 0 39</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2008 48 0 1 0 49</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2009 48 0 5 0 53</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2010 35 0 3 0 38</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2011 46 0 4 1 51</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2012 62 0 1 0 63</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2013 50 0 1 0 51</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2014 51 0 5 0 56</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2015 44 0 8 0 52</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2016 57 1 6 0 64</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2017 82 0 5 0 87</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2018 75 1 5 0 81</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2019 76 0 2 0 78</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2020 65 0 4 0 69</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2021 56 0 3 0 59</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2022 64 0 1 0 65</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Total 1183 6 83 2 1274</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cases with definite and probable diagnosis to date</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/surveillance/blood-safety-contribution-program/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/cjd-surveillance-system.html#ref" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/surveillance/blood-safety-contribution-program/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/cjd-surveillance-system.html#ref</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CANADA CJD 2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CANADA, I find it very odd that Canada has NO recorded or documented cases of Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy (VPSPr)?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CANADA Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease surveillance system (CJDSS) report</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Definite and probable CJD, 1998-2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As of 31 October, 2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Year Sporadic Iatrogenic Familial GSS FFI vCJD Total</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1998 22 1 0 1 0 0 24</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1999 27 2 2 1 0 0 32</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2000 32 0 0 3 0 0 35</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2001 27 0 2 1 0 0 30</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2002 31 0 2 2 0 1 36</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2003 27 1 1 0 0 0 29</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2004 42 0 1 1 0 0 44</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2005 42 0 1 1 0 0 44</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2006 39 0 1 3 1 0 44</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2007 35 0 0 4 0 0 39</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2008 48 0 1 0 0 0 49</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2009 48 0 3 2 0 0 53</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2010 35 0 3 0 0 0 38</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2011 46 0 3 1 0 1 51</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2012 62 0 1 0 0 0 63</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2013 50 0 0 0 1 0 51</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2014 51 0 4 0 1 0 56</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2015 44 0 5 1 2 0 52</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2016 57 1 5 1 0 0 64</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2017 82 0 2 1 1 0 86</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2018 74 1 4 0 1 0 80</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2019 76 0 2 0 0 0 78</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2020 30 0 2 0 0 0 32</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Total 1027 6 45 23 7 2 1110</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cases with definite and probable diagnosis to date.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease (GSS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Fatal familial insomnia (FFI)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Variant CJD (vCJD)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/surveillance/blood-safety-contribution-program/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/cjd-surveillance-system.html</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/12/sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-scjd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/12/sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-scjd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CANADA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance System Report</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Definite and probable CJD, 1998-2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As of 31 July, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Year Sporadic Iatrogenic Familial GSS FFI vCJD Total</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1998 22 1 0 1 0 0 24</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1999 27 2 2 1 0 0 32</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2000 32 0 0 3 0 0 35</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2001 27 0 2 1 0 0 30</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2002 31 0 2 2 0 1 36</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2003 27 1 1 0 0 0 29</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2004 42 0 1 1 0 0 44</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2005 42 0 1 1 0 0 44</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2006 39 0 1 3 1 0 44</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2007 35 0 0 4 0 0 39</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2008 48 0 1 0 0 0 49</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2009 48 0 3 2 0 0 53</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2010 35 0 3 0 0 0 38</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2011 46 0 3 1 0 1 51</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2012 62 0 1 0 0 0 63</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2013 50 0 0 0 1 0 51</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2014 51 0 4 0 1 0 56</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2015 44 0 5 1 2 0 52</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2016 55 1 5 1 - - 62</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2017 78 - 1 1 1 - 81</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2018 65 1 3 - 1 - 70</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2019 20 0 - - - - 20</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Total 926 6 39 23 7 2 1003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cases with definite & probable diagnosis to date.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/surveillance/blood-safety-contribution-program/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/cjd-surveillance-system.html#ref" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/surveillance/blood-safety-contribution-program/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/cjd-surveillance-system.html#ref</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2019/08/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2019/08/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CANADA CJD 2018</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see substantial increase in sporadic cjd in Canada 2017...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Definite and probable CJD, 1998-2018</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As of 31 October, 2018</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Year Sporadic Iatrogenic Familial GSS FFI vCJD Total</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1998 22 1 0 1 0 0 24</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1999 27 2 2 1 0 0 32</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2000 32 0 0 3 0 0 35</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2001 27 0 2 1 0 0 30</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2002 31 0 2 2 0 1 36</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2003 27 1 1 0 0 0 29</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2004 42 0 1 1 0 0 44</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2005 42 0 1 1 0 0 44</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2006 39 0 1 3 1 0 44</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2007 35 0 0 4 0 0 39</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2008 48 0 1 0 0 0 49</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2009 48 0 3 2 0 0 53</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2010 35 0 3 0 0 0 38</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2011 46 0 3 1 0 1 51</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2012 62 0 1 0 0 0 63</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2013 50 0 0 0 1 0 51</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2014 51 0 4 0 1 0 56</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2015 44 0 5 1 2 0 52</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2016 55 1 5 1 62</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2017 77 1 1 1 80</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2018 35 1 36</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Total 875 5 36 23 7 2 948 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/surveillance/blood-safety-contribution-program/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/cjd-surveillance-system.html#cases" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/surveillance/blood-safety-contribution-program/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/cjd-surveillance-system.html#cases</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/surveillance/blood-safety-contribution-program/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/cjd-surveillance-system.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/surveillance/blood-safety-contribution-program/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/cjd-surveillance-system.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/surveillance/blood-safety-contribution-program/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/cjd-surveillance-system.html#ref" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/surveillance/blood-safety-contribution-program/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/cjd-surveillance-system.html#ref</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-bse.html</a> </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 25, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Canada Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease surveillance system (CJDSS) report steady rise in cases as of January 2023 and STILL NO CASES REPORTED OF VPSPr CJD<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/canada-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/canada-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 8, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NATIONAL PRION DISEASE PATHOLOGY SURVEILLANCE CENTER SURVEILLANCE TABLES OF CASES EXAMINED January 11th, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2023/02/national-prion-disease-pathology.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2023/02/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, APRIL 07, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Case report: Two clusters of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease cases within 1 year in West Michigan </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/case-report-two-clusters-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/case-report-two-clusters-of-creutzfeldt.html</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Ginny Chenga, Wiebke Wemheuerb, Walter J. Schulz-Schaefferb, Sabine Gilcha, and Hermann M. Schätzla aDepartment of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; bInstitute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of cervids. Its rapid geographic expansion, shedding of infectivity and persistence in the environment for many years are of concern for humans. Here, we provide the first evidence by transmission experiments to different transgenic mouse models and bank voles that Cynomolgus macaques inoculated via different routes with CWD-positive cervid tissues harbor infectious prions that elicit clinical disease in rodents.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: We used tissue materials from macaques inoculated with CWD to inoculate transgenic mice overexpressing cervid PrPCfollowed by transmission into bank voles. We used RT-QuIC, immunoblot and PET blot analysis to assess brains, spinal cords, and tissues of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for the presence of prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show that of the macaque materials that induced clinical disease in transgenic mice,73% were from the CNS (46% spinal cord and 27% brain), and 27% were from the spleen, although attack rates were low around 20%. Clinical mice did not display PK-resistant PrPSc(PrPres) in immunoblot, but showed low-levels of prion seeding activity. Transmission into bank voles from clinical transgenic mice led to a 100% attack rate with typical PrPressignature in immunoblot, which was different from that of voles inoculated directly with CWD or scrapie prions. High-level prion seeding activity in brain and spinal cord and PrPresdeposition in the brain were present. Remarkably, we also found prion seeding activity in GIT tissues of inoculated voles. Second passage in bank voles led to a 100% attack rate in voles inoculated with brain, spinal cord and small intestine material from first round animals, with PrPresin immunoblot, prion seeding activity, and PrPresdeposition in the brain. Shortened survival times indicate adaptation in the new host. This also shows that prions detected in GIT tissues are infectious and transmissible. Transmission of brain material from sick voles back to cervidized mice revealed transmission in these mice with a 100% attack rate, and interestingly, with different biochemical signature and distribution in the brain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including oral one. The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and transgenic mice, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: The National Institutes of Health, USA, and the Alberta Prion Research Institute/Alberta Innovates Canada. Grant number: 1R01NS121016-01; 201,600,023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Umberto Agrimi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy, and Michael Beekes, Robert-Koch Institute Berlin, Germany, for providing the bank vole model. We thank the University of Calgary animal facility staff and Dr. Stephanie Anderson for animal care.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aDepartment of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; bUniversité Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France; cDepartment of Biological Sciences, Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we aimed to determine the zoonotic potential of CWD using a mouse model for human prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Transgenic mice overexpressing human PrPChomozygous for methionine at codon 129 (tg650) were inoculated intracerebrally with brain homogenates of white-tailed deer infected with Wisc-1/CWD1 or 116AG CWD strains. Mice were monitored for clinical signs and were euthanized at terminal disease. Brains were tested by RT-QuIC, western blot upon PK digestion, and immunohistochemistry; fecal homogenates were analyzed by RT-QuIC. Brain/spinal cord and fecal homogenates of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice were inoculated into tg650 mice or bank voles. Brain homogenates of bank voles inoculated with fecal homogenates of CWD-infected tg650 mice were used for second passage in bank voles.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650 brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to tg650 mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of tg650 mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and tg650 with fecal homogenates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: We are grateful for financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the National Institutes of Health, Genome Canada, and the Alberta Prion Research Institute. SG is supported by the Canada Research Chairs program.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Dr. Trent Bollinger, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, for providing brain tissue from the WTD-116AG isolate, Dr. Stéphane Haïk, ICM, Paris, France, for providing brain tissue from vCJD and sCJD cases, and Dr. Umberto Agrimi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy, for the bank vole model. We thank animal facility staff for animal care, Dr. Stephanie Anderson for veterinary oversight, and Yo-Ching Cheng for preparing recombinant PrP substrates. Thank you to Dr. Stephanie Booth and Jennifer Myskiw, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Eric Cassmanna, Xu Qib, Qingzhong Kongb, and Justin Greenleea</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aNational Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA bDepartments of Pathology, Neurology, National Center for Regenerative Medicine, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Evaluate the zoonotic potential of the raccoon passaged chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent in humanized transgenic mice in comparison with the North American CWD agent from the original white-tailed deer host.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Pooled brain material (GG96) from a CWD positive herd was used to oronasally inoculate two white-tailed deer with wild-type prion protein genotype and intracranially inoculate a raccoon. Brain homogenates (10% w/v) from the raccoon and the two white-tailed deer were used to intracranially inoculate separate groups of transgenic mice that express human prion protein with methionine (M) at codon 129 (Tg40h). Brains and spleens were collected from mice at experimental endpoints of clinical disease or approximately 700 days post-inoculation. Tissues were divided and homogenized or fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. Immunohistochemistry, enzyme immunoassay, and western blot were used to detect misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) in tissue.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Humanized transgenic mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent from white-tailed deer exhibited a 100% (12/12) attack rate with an average incubation period of 605 days. PrPScwas detected in brain tissue by enzyme immunoassay with an average optical density of 3.6/4.0 for positive brains. PrPScalso was detected in brain tissue by western blot and immunohistochemistry. No PrPScwas detected in the spleens of mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent. Humanized mice inoculated with the CWD agent from white-tailed deer did not have detectable PrPScusing conventional immunoassay techniques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: The host range of the CWD agent from white-tailed deer was expanded in our experimental model after one passage through raccoons.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We thank Quazetta Brown, Lexi Frese, Rylie Frese, Kevin Hassall, Leisa Mandell, and Trudy Tatum for providing excellent technical support to this project.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stable and highly zoonotic cervid prion strain is possible</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, and Qingzhong Kong Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in some areas. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies suggest that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: We inoculated a few sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice, which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had hunted or consumed vension from CWD-endemic states. Some of these mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a ‘cervidized’ CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of CJDElkPrPin transgenic mice expressing human PrP (Tg40h). We passaged CJDElkPrPtwo more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrPprions also led to 100% infection in the Tg40h mice. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice, despite that natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrPshare the same elk PrP sequence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can be stably maintained in cervids and that CWD zoonosis is prion strain-dependent.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O’Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Adaptation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) prion strains in hosts with different PRNP genotypes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Camilo Duque Velasqueza,c, Elizabeth Triscotta,c, Chiye Kima,c, Diana Morenoa,c, Judd Aikenb,c, and Debbie McKenziea,c</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aDepartment of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada; bDepartment of Agriculture, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada; cCentre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The contagious nature of CWD epizootics and the PrPCamino acid variation of cervids (and susceptible sympatric species) guarantee the expansion of prion conformational diversity and selective landscapes where new strains can arise. CWD strains can have novel transmission properties including altered host range that may increase zoonotic risk as circulating strains diversify and evolve. We are characterizing the host adaptability of characterized CWD strains as well as CWD isolates from different cervid species in various enzootic regions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Characterized CWD strains as well as a number of isolates from hunter-harvested deer were bioassayed in our rodent panel (transgenic mice expressing cervid alleles G96, S96 and H95-PrPC, elk PrPC, bovine PrPC, and both hamsters and non-transgenic laboratory mice). Strain characteristics were compared using computer based scoring of brain pathology (e.g. PrPCWDbrain distribution), western blot and protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Transmission of various isolates resulted in the selection of strain mixtures in hosts expressing similar PrPC, particularly for polymorphic white-tailed deer and for Norwegian reindeer. As of the second passage, transmission of P153 moose prions from Norway has not resulted in emergence of strains with properties similar to any North American CWD strains in our taxonomic collection (Wisc-1, CWD2, H95+and 116AG).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicates polymorphic white-tailed deer can favor infection with more than one strain. Similar to transmission studies of Colorado CWD isolates from cervids expressing a single PrPCprimary structure, the isolate from Norway reindeer (V214) represents a strain mixture, suggesting intrinsic strain diversity in the Nordfjella epizootic. The diversity of CWD strains with distinct transmission characteristics represents a threat to wildlife, sympatric domestic animals and public health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Genome Canada and Genome Alberta (Alberta Prion Research Institute and Alberta Agriculture & Forestry); NSERC Grant number: #LSARP 10205; NSERC RGPIN-2017-05539</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank Margo Pybus (Alberta Environment and Parks) Trent Bollinger (University of Saskatchewan) for providing us with tissue samples from hunter-harvested deer and Sylvie Benestad for providing moose and reindeer samples.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Application of PMCA to understand CWD prion strains, species barrier and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sandra Pritzkowa, Damian Gorskia, Frank Ramireza, Fei Wanga, Glenn C. Tellingb, Justin J. Greenleec, Sylvie L. Benestadd, and Claudio Sotoa aDepartment of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; bDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; cVirus and Prion Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA; dNorwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference Laboratory for CWD, Ås, Norway</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease affecting various species of cervids that continues to spread uncontrollably across North America and has recently been detected in Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden and Finland). The mechanisms responsible for the natural transmission of CWD are largely unknown. Furthermore, the risk of CWD transmission to other species, including humans, is also unknown and remains a dangerous enigma. In this study, we investigated the potential of CWD prions to infect several other animal species (sheep, cattle, pig, hamster, and mouse) including humans, by examining their capacity to convert the normal prion protein of distinct species in a PMCA reaction. Moreover, we also investigated whether the in vivo passage of CWD through intermediate species alters their capacity for zoonotic transmission, which may represent a major hazard to human health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: For these studies, we used brain material from CWD-infected white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), elk (Cervus canadensis), and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) as species native to North America. We also used CWD-infected Moose (Alces alces), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) as Norwegian cervids. We also used brains from cattle, sheep and pigs experimentally infected by CWD. To study interspecies-transmission and zoonotic potential, samples were tested via PMCA for the conversion of PrPCinto PrPScusing different combinations of inoculum and host species. Based on these analyses we estimated the spillover and zoonotic potential for different CWD isolates. We define and quantify spillover and zoonotic potential indices as the efficiency by which CWD prions sustain prion generation in vitro at the expense of normal prion proteins from various mammals and human, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show that prions from some cervid species, especially those found in Northern Europe, have a higher potential to transmit disease characteristics to other animals. Conversely, CWD-infected cervids originated in North America appear to have a greater potential to generate human PrPSc. We also found that in vivo transmission of CWD to cattle, but not to sheep or pigs substantially increases the ability of these prions to convert human PrPCby PMCA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our findings support the existence of different CWD prion strains with distinct spillover and zoonotic potentials. We also conclude that transmission of CWD to other animal species may increase the risk for CWD transmission to humans. Our studies may provide a tool to predict the array of animal species that a given CWD prion could affect and may contribute to understanding the risk of CWD for human health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: National Institute of Health Grant number: P01 AI077774</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zerui Wanga, Kefeng Qinb, Manuel V. Camachoa, Ignazio Cali a,c, Jue Yuana, Pingping Shena, Tricia Gillilanda, Syed Zahid Ali Shaha, Maria Gerasimenkoa, Michelle Tanga, Sarada Rajamanickama, Anika Yadatia, Lawrence B. Schonbergerd, Justin Greenleee, Qingzhong Konga,c, James A. Mastriannib, and Wen-Quan Zoua,c</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aDepartment of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; bDepartment of Neurology and Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders, the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; dDivision of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) results from the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the brains of deer and elk. It has been spreading rapidly throughout many regions of North America, exported inadvertently to South Korea, and more recently identified in Europe. Mad cow disease has caused variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and is currently the only known zoonotic prion disease. Whether CWD is transmissible to humans remains uncertain. The aims of our study were not only to confirm whether CWD prion isolates can convert human brain PrPCinto PrPScin vitro by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) but also to determine whether the sPMCA-induced CWD-derived human PrPScis infectious.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Eight CWD prion isolates from 7 elks and 1 deer were used as the seeds while normal human brain homogenates containing either PrP-129 MM (n = 2) or PrP-129 VV (n = 1) were used as the substrates for sPMCA assay. A normal elk brain tissue sample was used as a negative control seed. Two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing either human PrP-129VV or −129 MM polymorphism were included for transmission studies to determine the infectivity of PMCA-amplified PrPSc. Wester blotting and immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin & eosin staining were used for determining PrPScand neuropathological changes of inoculated animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We report here the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPScusing elk CWD PrPScto initiate conversion of human PrPCfrom normal human brain homogenates with PMCA in vitro. Western blotting with a human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPScwas derived from the human brain PrPCsubstrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrPCwith either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPScpatterns and neuropathological changes in the brain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSchas the potential to overcome the species barrier and directly convert human PrPCinto infectious PrPScthat can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: CJD Foundation and NIH</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mortality surveillance of persons potentially exposed to chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">R.A. Maddoxa, R.F. Klosb, L.R. Willb, S.N. Gibbons-Burgenerb, A. Mvilongoa, J.Y. Abramsa, B.S. Applebyc, L.B. Schonbergera, and E.D. Belaya aNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA; bWisconsin Department of Health Services (WDHS), Division of Public Health, Madison, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: It is unknown whether chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, can infect people, but consumption of meat from infected animals would be the most likely route of transmission. Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Division of Public Health (WDHS) personnel maintain a database consisting of information collected from hunters who reported eating, or an intention to eat, venison from CWD-positive cervids. These data, collected since 2003, allow for the evaluation of causes of mortality in individuals potentially exposed to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: The WDHS database contains the name, date of birth, when available, year of CWD-positive deer harvest, and city and state of residence for each potentially exposed individual. The database also includes information on how the deer was processed (self-processed or by a commercial operator) and when applicable, names of others with whom the venison was shared. Duplicate entries (i.e., those who consumed venison from CWD-positive deer in multiple hunt years) are determined by first name, last name, and date of birth. All names in the database are cross-checked with reported cases of human prion disease in Wisconsin and cases in the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC) diagnostic testing database. Persons with date of birth available are also cross-checked with prion disease decedents identified through restricted-use national multiple cause-of-death data via a data use agreement with the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: The database currently consists of 1561 records for hunt years 2003–2017 and 87 additional records for 2018–2019. Of these, 657 records have accompanying date of birth; 15 entries were removed as duplicates leaving 642 unique individuals. Of these individuals, 278 of 426 (66%) who ate venison from a CWD-positive deer and provided processing information reported self-processing. No matches were found among any persons in the database cross-checked with WDHS human prion disease surveillance data, NPDPSC data (February 2022 update), and NCHS data through 2020.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Because of the linkage of person and CWD-positive animal in the WDHS database, reviewing the cause of mortality in potentially exposed persons is possible. The number of individuals cross-checked so far is likely only a small percentage of those potentially exposed to CWD in Wisconsin, and many more years of vital status tracking are needed given an expected long incubation period should transmission to humans occur. Nevertheless, the findings of this ongoing review are thus far reassuring.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion disease incidence, United States, 2003–2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">R.A. Maddoxa, M.K. Persona, K. Kotobellib, A. Mvilongoa, B.S. Applebyb, L.B. Schonbergera, T.A. Hammetta, J.Y. Abramsa, and E.D. Belaya aNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA; bNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Mortality data, in conjunction with neuropathological and genetic testing results, are used to estimate prion disease incidence in the United States.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Prion disease decedents for 2003–2020 were identified from restricted-use U.S. national multiple cause-of-death data, via a data use agreement with the National Center for Health Statistics, and from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC) database. NPDPSC decedents with neuropathological or genetic test results positive for prion disease for whom no likely match was found in the NCHS multiple cause-of-death data were added as cases for incidence calculations, while those with negative neuropathology results but with cause-of-death data indicating prion disease were removed. Unmatched cases in the NPDPSC database lacking neuropathological testing but with a positive real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) test result were additionally assessed. Age-specific and age-adjusted average annual incidence rates were calculated from the combined data; the year 2000 as the standard population and the direct method were used for age-adjustment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: A total of 7,921 decedents were identified as having prion disease during 2003–2020 for an age-adjusted average annual incidence of 1.2 per million population. The age-adjusted incidence between males and females (1.3 and 1.1 per million, respectively) differed significantly (p < 0.0001). The age-specific average annual incidence among those <55 and ≥55 years of age was 0.2 and 4.8 per million, respectively; incidence among those ≥65 was 6.1 per million. Eighteen cases were <30 years of age for an age-specific incidence of 8.0 per billion; only 6 of these very young cases were sporadic (3 sporadic CJD, 3 sporadic fatal insomnia), with the rest being familial (9), variant (2), or iatrogenic (1). The age-adjusted annual incidence for the most recent year of data, 2020, was 1.3 per million. However, assessment of RT-QuIC positive cases lacking neuropathology in the NPDPSC database suggested that approximately 20% more cases may have occurred in that year; the addition of a subset of these cases that had date of death information available (n = 44) increased the 2020 rate to 1.4 per million.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Mortality data supplemented with the results of neuropathological, CSF RT-QuIC, and genetic testing can be used to estimate prion disease incidence. However, the identification in the NPDPSC database of RT-QuIC-positive cases lacking date of death information suggests that this strategy may exclude a number of probable prion disease cases. Prion disease cases <30 years of age, especially those lacking a pathogenic mutation, continue to be very rare.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Shedding of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Multiple Excreta Throughout Disease Course in White-tailed Deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nathaniel D. Denkersa, Erin E. McNultya, Caitlyn N. Krafta, Amy V. Nallsa, Joseph A. Westricha, Wilfred Goldmannb, Candace K. Mathiasona, and Edward A. Hoovera</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aPrion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; bDivision of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and the Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) now infects cervids in South Korea, North America, and Scandinavia. CWD is unique in its efficient transmission and shedding of prions in body fluids throughout long course infections. Questions remain as to the magnitude of shedding and the route of prion acquisition. As CWD continues to expand, the need to better understand these facets of disease becomes more pertinent. The purpose of the studies described was to define the longitudinal shedding profile of CWD prions in urine, saliva, and feces throughout the course of infection in white-tailed deer.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Twelve (12) white-tailed deer were inoculated with either 1 mg or 300ng of CWD. Urine, saliva, and feces were collected every 3-month post-inoculation (MPI) throughout the study duration. Cohorts were established based on PNRP genotype: codon 96 GG (n = 6) and alternate codons 96 GS (n = 5) & 103NT (n = 1). Urine and saliva were analyzed using iron-oxide magnetic extraction (IOME) and real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC)(IQ). Feces were subjected to IOME, followed by 4 rounds protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) with products analyzed by RT-QuIC (IPQ). To determine whether IPQ may be superior to IQ, a subset of urine and saliva were also tested by IPQ. Results were compared with clinical disease status.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Within the 96 GG cohort, positive seeding activity was detected in feces from all deer (100%), in saliva from 5 of 6 (83%), and in urine from 4 of 6 (66%). Shedding in all excreta occurred at, or just after, the first positive tonsil biopsy result. In the 96 GS/103NT cohort, positive seeding activity could be detected in feces from 3 of 6 (50%) deer, saliva in 2 of 6 (33%), and urine in 1 of 6 (16%). Shedding in excreta was detected >5 months after the first tonsil positive result. Four of six 96 GG deer developed clinical signs of CWD, whereas only 2 of the 96 GS/103NT did. Shedding was more frequently detected in deer with clinical disease. The IPQ protocol did not significantly improve detection in saliva or urine samples, however, it significantly augmented detection in feces by eliminating non-specific background commonly experienced with IQ. Negative control samples remained negative in samples tested.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These studies demonstrate: (a) CWD prion excretion occurs throughout infection; (2) PRNP genotype (GG≫GS/NT) influences the excreta shedding; and (3) detection sensitivity in excreta can vary with different RT-QuIC protocols. These results provide a more complete perspective of prion shedding in deer during the course of CWD infection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: National Institutes of Health (NIH)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: RO1-NS061902-09 R to EAH, PO1-AI077774 to EAH, and R01-AI112956-06 to CKM</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We abundantly thank Sallie Dahmes at WASCO and David Osborn and Gino D’Angelo at the University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources for their long-standing support of this work through provision of the hand-raised, CWD-free, white-tailed deer used in these studies</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Large-scale PMCA screening of retropharyngeal lymph nodes and in white-tailed deer and comparisons with ELISA and IHC: the Texas CWD study</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benaventea, Paulina Sotoa, Mitch Lockwoodb, and Rodrigo Moralesa</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bTexas Park and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that affects various species of cervids, and both free-ranging and captive animals. Until now, CWD has been detected in 3 continents: North America, Europe, and Asia. CWD prevalence in some states may reach 30% of total animals. In Texas, the first case of CWD was reported in a free-range mule deer in Hudspeth and now it has been detected in additional 14 counties. Currently, the gold standard techniques used for CWD screening and detection are ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of obex and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RPLN). Unfortunately, these methods are known for having a low diagnostic sensitivity. Hence, many CWD-infected animals at pre-symptomatic stages may be misdiagnosed. Two promising in vitro prion amplification techniques, including the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) and the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) have been used to diagnose CWD and other prion diseases in several tissues and bodily fluids. Considering the low cost and speed of RT-QuIC, two recent studies have communicated the potential of this technique to diagnose CWD prions in RPLN samples. Unfortunately, the data presented in these articles suggest that identification of CWD positive samples is comparable to the currently used ELISA and IHC protocols. Similar studies using the PMCA technique have not been reported.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Compare the CWD diagnostic potential of PMCA with ELISA and IHC in RPLN samples from captive and free-range white-tailed deer. Material and Methods: In this study we analyzed 1,003 RPLN from both free-ranging and captive white-tailed deer collected in Texas. Samples were interrogated with the PMCA technique for their content of CWD prions. PMCA data was compared with the results obtained through currently approved techniques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show a 15-fold increase in CWD detection in free-range deer compared with ELISA. Our results unveil the presence of prion infected animals in Texas counties with no previous history of CWD. In the case of captive deer, we detected a 16% more CWD positive animals when compared with IHC. Interestingly, some of these positive samples displayed differences in their electroforetic mobilities, suggesting the presence of different prion strains within the State of Texas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: PMCA sensitivity is significantly higher than the current gold standards techniques IHC and ELISA and would be a good tool for rapid CWD screening.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: USDA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ATYPRION project: assessing the zoonotic potential of interspecies transmission of CWD isolates to livestock (preliminary results).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Enric Vidala,b, Juan Carlos Espinosac, Samanta Gilera,b, Montserrat Ordóñeza,b, Guillermo Canteroa,b, Vincent Béringued, Justin J. Greenleee, and Juan Maria Torresc</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">aUnitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia; bIRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia; cCentro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain; dMolecular Virology and Immunology, French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Since variant Creutzfeldt-Jackob disease was linked to the consumption of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions, the study of the pathobiological features of animal prions, particularly their zoonotic potential, is of great concern to the scientific community and public health authorities. Furthermore, interspecies transmission of prions has been demonstrated as a putative evolutionary mechanism for prions, that can lead to the emergence of new features including the ability to infect humans. For instance, small ruminants’ atypical scrapie prions, when propagated in a bovine or porcine host, can shift to a classical BSE phenotype thus posing a potential risk in case of human exposure. So far, no hard evidence of zoonotic transmission of cervids’ chronic wasting disease (CWD) to humans has been published, however experimental transmission to bovine, ovine and caprine hosts has been achieved. Our goal is to investigate if, once passaged through these domestic species, CWD prions might become infectious to humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: Different CWD isolates experimentally adapted to cattle, sheep and goat (Hamir et al, 2005, 2006, 2007, Greenlee et al 2012) have been intracerebrally inoculated to transgenic mouse models expressing the human cellular prion protein either homozygous for methionine or valine at codon 129 (Tg340-Met129 and Tg362-Val129). Additionally, inocula obtained from experimental transmission of elk CWD to ovinized (Tg501) and bovinized (BoTg110) transgenic mice, as well as white-tailed deer CWD to BoTg110 mice, are currently being bioassayed in both human PrPCtransgenic models.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results and conclusions: No evidence of transmission has been found on first passage for bovine adapted elk and mule deer CWD to none of the humanized models. The remaining bioassays are ongoing without showing clinical signs yet, as well as second passages for the negative 1stpassages.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: La Marató de TV3 foundation. Grant number: ATYPRION (201,821–30-31-32)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><a href="https://cjdfoundation.org/files/pdf/CWD%20study%20oral%20transmission%20of%20CWD%20to%20primates.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://cjdfoundation.org/files/pdf/CWD%20study%20oral%20transmission%20of%20CWD%20to%20primates.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. "</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission Studies</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip.... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: TSS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Sir/Madam,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091). Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">-----Original Message-----</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: rr26k@nih.gov; rrace@niaid.nih.gov; ebb8@CDC.GOV</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 03, 2008</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... full text ; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">sporadic = 54,983 hits <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ *** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=============== </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist deal@airtime.co.uk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=============== </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=============== </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">============== </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Taylor & Francis</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsaopinioncwd.blogspot.com/2022/04/efsa-eu-request-for-scientific-opinion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinioncwd.blogspot.com/2022/04/efsa-eu-request-for-scientific-opinion.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 16, 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SHEEP BY-PRODUCTS AND WHAT ABOUT Scrapie TSE PrP and Potential Zoonosis? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/03/sheep-by-products-and-what-about.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/03/sheep-by-products-and-what-about.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SO, WHO'S UP FOR SOME MORE TSE PRION POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$ </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SO, ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzie ORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PIGS</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Prion infectivity detected in swine challenged with chronic wasting disease via the intracerebral or oral route</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kunkle, Robert item SMITH, JODI - Iowa State University item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 4/4/2016 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of North American cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of chronic wasting disease is unknown. In the US, feeding of ruminant by-products to ruminants is prohibited, but feeding of ruminant materials to swine, mink, and poultry still occurs. In addition, scavenging of CWD-affected cervid carcasses by feral pigs presents a potential risk for CWD exposure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following oral or intracranial experimental challenge. At 8 weeks of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 month challenge groups). The remaining pigs (>6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). At death a complete necropsy examination was performed, including testing of tissues for misfolded prion protein (PrPcwd) by western blotting (WB), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). None of the pigs developed clinical signs consistent with prion disease. Four >6 month intracranially challenged pigs (survival times 45-73 mpc) were positive by ELISA, two were also positive by WB, and one was positive by IHC. One >6 month orally challenged pig (64 mpc) was positive by ELISA. To further investigate the potential for infectivity, brain tissue from selected pigs was bioassayed in mice expressing porcine PRNP. Tissue from the two WB-positive >6 month intracranially challenged pigs produced positive bioassay results, albeit with low attack rates and variable incubation periods. Interestingly, bioassay of material from the longest surviving >6 month orally challenged pig (72 mpc), which was negative for PrPcwd by all other tests, produced a positive bioassay result. Bioassay of material from additional animals is currently underway. This study demonstrates that pigs can serve as potential hosts for CWD, although with low attack rates and scant PrPcwd accumulation. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of infectivity in orally challenged pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity, even though affected pigs do not develop overt clinical signs or readily detectable PrPcwd.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kokemuller, Robyn item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item BALKEMA-BUSCHMANN, ANNE - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item GROSCHUP, MARTIN - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 5/10/2018 Publication Date: 5/22/2018 Citation: Moore, S.J., Kokemuller, R.D., West-Greenlee, M.H., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Groschup, M.H., Greenlee, J.J. 2018. The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP. Prion 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 22-25, 2018. Paper No. WA15, page 44.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> The successful transmission of pig-passaged CWD to Tg40 mice reported here suggests that passage of the CWD agent through pigs results in a change of the transmission characteristics which reduces the transmission barrier of Tg40 mice to the CWD agent. If this biological behavior is recapitulated in the original host species, passage of the CWD agent through pigs could potentially lead to increased pathogenicity of the CWD agent in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ARS researchers at Ames, Iowa conducted this experiment to test the susceptibility of swine to U.S. scrapie isolates by intracranial and oral inoculation. Necropsies were done on a subset of animals at approximately 6 months post inoculation (PI): the time the pigs were expected to reach market weight. Remaining pigs were maintained and monitored for clinical signs of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) until study termination at 80 months PI or when removed due to intercurrent disease. Brain samples were examined by multiple diagnostic approaches, and for a subset of pigs in each inoculation group, bioassay in mice expressing porcine prion protein. At 6 months PI, no evidence of scrapie infection was noted by any diagnostic method. However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full report;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2017 Annual Report</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Objectives</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Objective 1: Investigate the mechanisms of protein misfolding in prion disease, including the genetic determinants of misfolding of the prion protein and the environmental influences on protein misfolding as it relates to prion diseases. Subobjective 1.A: Investigate the differences in the unfolded state of wild-type and disease associated prion proteins to better understand the mechanism of misfolding in genetic prion disease. Subobjective 1.B: Investigate the influence of metal ions on the misfolding of the prion protein in vitro to determine if environmental exposure to metal ions may alter disease progression. Objective 2: Investigate the pathobiology of prion strains in natural hosts, including the influence of prion source genotype on interspecies transmission and the pathobiology of atypical transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Subobjective 2.A: Investigate the pathobiology of atypical TSEs. Subobjective 2.B: Investigate the influence of prion source genotype on interspecies transmission. Objective 3: Investigate sampling methodologies for antemortem detection of prion disease, including the utility of blood sampling as a means to assess prion disease status of affected animals and the utility of environmental sampling for monitoring herd prion disease status. Subobjective 3.A: Investigate the utility of blood sampling as a means to assess prion disease status of affected animals. Subobjective 3.B: Investigate the utility of environmental sampling for monitoring herd prion disease status.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Approach</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The studies will focus on three animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents found in the United States: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE); scrapie of sheep and goats; and chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer, elk, and moose. The research will address sites of protein folding and misfolding as it relates to prion disease, accumulation of misfolded protein in the host, routes of infection, and ante mortem diagnostics with an emphasis on controlled conditions and natural routes of infection. Techniques used will include spectroscopic monitoring of protein folding/misfolding, clinical exams, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical analysis of proteins. The enhanced knowledge gained from this work will help understand the underlying mechanisms of prion disease and mitigate the potential for unrecognized epidemic expansions of these diseases in populations of animals that could either directly or indirectly affect food animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Progress Report</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">All 8 project plan milestones for FY17 were fully met. Research efforts directed toward meeting objective 1 of our project plan center around the production of recombinant prion protein from either bacteria or mammalian tissue culture systems and collection of thermodynamic data on the folding of the recombinant prion protein produced. Both bacterial and mammalian expression systems have been established. Thermodynamic data addressing the denatured state of wild-type and a disease associated variant of bovine prion protein has been collected and a manuscript is in preparation. In research pertaining to objective 2, all studies have been initiated and animals are under observation for the development of clinical signs. The animal studies for this objective are long term and will continue until onset of clinical signs. In vitro studies planned in parallel to the animals studies have similarly been initiated and are ongoing. Objective 3 of the project plan focuses on the detection of disease associated prion protein in body fluids and feces collected from a time course study of chronic wasting disease inoculated animals. At this time samples are being collected as planned and methods for analysis are under development.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Accomplishments</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Showed that swine are potential hosts for the scrapie agent. A naturally occurring prion disease has not been recognized in swine, but the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy does transmit to swine by experimental routes. Swine are thought to have a robust species barrier when exposed to the naturally occurring prion diseases of other species, but the susceptibility of swine to the agent of sheep scrapie has not been thoroughly tested. ARS researchers at Ames, Iowa conducted this experiment to test the susceptibility of swine to U.S. scrapie isolates by intracranial and oral inoculation. Necropsies were done on a subset of animals at approximately 6 months post inoculation (PI): the time the pigs were expected to reach market weight. Remaining pigs were maintained and monitored for clinical signs of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) until study termination at 80 months PI or when removed due to intercurrent disease. Brain samples were examined by multiple diagnostic approaches, and for a subset of pigs in each inoculation group, bioassay in mice expressing porcine prion protein. At 6 months PI, no evidence of scrapie infection was noted by any diagnostic method. However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2. Determined that pigs naturally exposed to chronic wasting disease (CWD) may act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Chronic wasting disease is a naturally occurring, fatal, neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of CWD disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation. Pigs were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: intracranially inoculated; orally inoculated; or non-inoculated. At market weight age, half of the pigs in each group were tested ('market weight' groups). The remaining pigs ('aged' groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) by multiple diagnostic methods. Brain samples from selected pigs were bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Some pigs from each inoculated group were positive by one or more tests. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed. Although only small amounts of PrPSc were detected using sensitive methods, this study demonstrates that pigs can serve as hosts for CWD. Detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Currently, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from deer or elk. In addition, feral swine could be exposed to infected carcasses in areas where CWD is present in wildlife populations. The current feed ban in the U.S. is based exclusively on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from entering animal feeds. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to CWD, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. Developed a method for amplification and discrimination of the 3 forms of BSE in cattle. The prion protein (PrP) is a protein that is the causative agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). The disease process involves conversion of the normal cellular PrP to a pathogenic misfolded conformation. This conversion process can be recreated in the lab using a misfolding amplification process known as real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC). RT-QuIC allows the detection of minute amounts of the abnormal infectious form of the prion protein by inducing misfolding in a supplied substrate. Although RT-QuIC has been successfully used to detect pathogenic PrP with substrates from a variety of host species, prior to this work bovine prion protein had not been proven for its practical uses for RT-QuIC. We demonstrated that prions from transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) and BSE-infected cattle can be detected with using bovine prion proteins with RT-QuIC, and developed an RT-QuIC based approach to discriminate different forms of BSE. This rapid and robust method, both to detect and discriminate BSE types, is of importance as the economic implications for different types of BSE vary greatly.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Review Publications</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet <***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/05/a-unique-presentation-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/05/a-unique-presentation-of-creutzfeldt.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary submission to the BSE Inquiry on CJD and Nutritional Supplements 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;">just saying...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">3 July 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">E-Mail: Flounder at wt.net</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ref: E2979</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Mr Singeltary,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD. I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.bse.org.uk.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...end...tss</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year _previously_ and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. _both_ cases confirmed. ...kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">IPLEX, mad by standard process;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">also;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">what about potential mad cow candy bars ?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">see their potential mad cow candy bar list too...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="color: black; outline: none !important;">''So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply out of a health concern.'' </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, January 19, 2001 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">15<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span> Open Public Hearing </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>DR. FREAS: We are opening the open public hearing </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>now. We have received one response to speak in this </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>afternoon's open public hearing. That is from Dr. Scott </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>Norton. If Dr. Norton is here, would you please come </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>forward. You can either use the podium or the microphone, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>whichever is your choice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>DR. NORTON: I am Scott Norton and I am a </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>physician in the Washington D.C. area. I am here speaking </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>as a private citizen today. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>I first became concerned about the presence of </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>231 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>tissues from ruminant animals in dietary supplements about </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>six months ago and expressed my concern in a letter that was </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>published in New England Journal of Medicine in July of Year </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>2000. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span> A couple of the products that I had looked at, and </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>examined their labels, that raised these concerns I brought </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">7<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>in right here. I will just read some of the organs that are </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>found in one that is called Male Power. Deer antler, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>pancreas, orchic--despite what we just heard that the FDA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>prefers the term "testicular tissue" to be written on the </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>labels, I have never seen a dietary supplement say </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>"testicle." They always say "orchis" or "orchic" which may </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>sound rather flowery to the etymologically impaired--thymus, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>adrenal, heart, lymph node, prostate, spleen and pituitary. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>There are actually seventeen organs in that particular </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>product. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span> There is another product that is called Brain </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>Nutrition that tells us that it is vitamins and minerals </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>essential for important brain function. It does not mention </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>that there is any glandulars on at least the bold print. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">21<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>But if you look at the small print on the back, we learn </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>that it has brain extract and pituitary extract, raw, in </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>there. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span> We know that many of the organs that can be found </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>in the dietary supplements do fall in that list of organs </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>232 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>that are suspect for contamination with TSEs, the labels, in </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>nearly all cases, identify neither the animal source nor the </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>geographic location from which the organs were derived. I </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>have seen one line that did specify from New Zealand cattle </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>but no other manufacturer will list either the species or </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>the geographic location. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">7<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>The FDA's and the USDA's import alerts that we </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>just learned about prohibit the use of these organs in </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>foods, medicines and medical devices. But my reading of the </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>alert, 17-04, suggests that DSHEA does allow some loopholes </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>for these tissues to possible slip in. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>I will just read from 17-04 that we heard. On the </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>first page, it says that, "This alert does not establish any </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>obligations on regulated entities." I love seeing </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>legislation that starts out with that caveat. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>Then it says, further, "The USDA regulations do </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>not apply to bovine-derived materials intended for human </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">18<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>consumption as finished dietary supplements." We also learn </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>that the prohibition, or the import alert, is limited to </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>bulk lots of these tissues, completed tissues, from BSE- </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>derived countries. It does not mention if it is not a bulk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>import or if it is raw materials rather than finished </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>materials. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>Further, we know that it is strongly recommended </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">25<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>but not actually prohibited in the language here. So I have </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>233 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>not taken the assurances from that import alert that Dr. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>Moore was trying to convey to us. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>So, in sum, dietary supplements sold in the United </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>States often contain ruminant tissues from undisclosed </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>sources. Personally, I am rather squeamish and I don't </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>think I would be eating prostate or testicle or pituitary, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">7<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>but I am also a little bit wary of consuming products with </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>those glands, not just out of personal repugnance but simply </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>out of a health concern. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>So my question to the advisory committee is this; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>is my caution reasonable and, if it is, should we take </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>further efforts to inform, or even protect, the American </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">13<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>public from such exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">14<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>I was curious about Dr. Moore's remarks. I sensed </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>two messages. One was the initial reassurance that FDA has </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>the regulatory authority but then I also learned that it is </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>the manufacturer's responsibility to provide those </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">18<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>assurances, that the FDA doesn't actually inspect. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">19<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>I think that the FDA commissioners from Harvey </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">20<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>Wylie to David Kessler would say that that track record has </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">21<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>proven itself. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>Thank you very much. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">23<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>[Applause.] </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">24<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>DR. BROWN: Thanks, Dr. Norton. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">25<span style="outline: none !important; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span> Committee Discussion </div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified-</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">23 donors.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">24 That is probably worse than spending six months in</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">25 the U.K.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">1/19/01</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;">3681t2.rtf(845) page 501</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110616141110/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110616141110/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">see actual paper;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110616141110/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110616141110/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/transcripts/3681t2.rtf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: METABOLIFE AND TSEs GAO-03-494 ''URGENT DATA'' </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Thu, 01 May 2003 11:23:01 -0500 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: NelliganJ at gao.gov</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The General Accounting Office (GAO) today released the following reports and testimonies:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REPORTS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Dietary Supplements: Review of Health-Related Call Records for Users of Metabolife 356. GAO-03-494, March 31. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-03-494</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">see updated url link;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050205084229/http://www.gao.gov/highlights/d03494high.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GREETINGS GAO:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i was suprised that i did not see any listing of bovine tissue in metabolife on it's label. have they ceased using these desiccated tissues???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i see that the lable on this product METABOLIFE 356, does not state that it has any tissues of desiccated bovine organs? i no the product use to, so i am curious if they have ceased the use of the tissues of cattle they _use_ to use (see below)???</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">METABOLIFE 356 BOVINE COMPLEX/GLANDULAR SYSTEM OVARIES, PROSTATE, SCROTUM AND ADRENAL USDA SOURCE CATTLE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i tried warning them years ago of this potential threat of CJD/TSEs;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: Randy Smith To: "'flounder at wt.net'" Subject: Metabolife Date: Mon, 7 Dec 1998 14:21:35 -0800</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Sir,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We are looking at reformulation. I agree that slow virus diseases present a problem in some areas of the world.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our product uses healthy USDA inspected cattle for the glandular extract.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If you have any links to more information on this subject I would like to examine them.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you for your interest and concern,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Smith ============</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full text ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html</a></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA </div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">To the Editor: </div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.. </div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex </div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323. </div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a> </div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for The Lancet Infectious Diseases</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">Manuscript Draft</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">Manuscript Number:</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">Title: HUMAN and ANIMAL TSE Classifications i.e. mad cow disease and the UKBSEnvCJD only theory</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">Article Type: Personal View</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">Corresponding Author: Mr. Terry S. Singeltary,</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">Corresponding Author's Institution: na</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">First Author: Terry S Singeltary, none</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">Order of Authors: Terry S Singeltary, none; Terry S. Singeltary</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">Abstract: TSEs have been rampant in the USA for decades in many species, and they all have been rendered and fed back to animals for human/animal consumption. I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2007.</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">HUMAN and ANIMAL TSE Classifications i.e. mad cow disease and the UKBSEnvCJD only theory August 2007</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">August 2007</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">HUMAN and ANIMAL TSE Classifications i.e. mad cow disease and the UKBSEnvCJD only theory</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">TSEs have been rampant in the USA for decades in many species, and they all have been rendered and fed back to animals for human/animal consumption. I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2007. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, surgical, blood, medical, cosmetics etc. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route.</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">This would further have to be broken down to strain of species and then the route of transmission would further have to be broken down. Accumulation and Transmission are key to the threshold from sub-clinical to clinical disease, and key to all this, is to stop the amplification and transmission of this agent, the spreading of, no matter what strain. In my opinion, to continue with this myth that the U.K. strain of BSE (one strain TSE in cows), and the nv/v CJD (one strain TSE humans) and that all the rest of human TSE are just one single strain i.e. sporadic CJD (when to date there are 6 different phenotypes of sCJD, and growing per Gambetti et al), and that no other animal TSE transmits to humans, to continue with this masquerade will only continue to spread, expose, and kill, who knows how many more in the years and decades to come. ONE was enough for me, My Mom, hvCJD i.e. Heidenhain Variant CJD, DOD 12/14/97 confirmed, which is nothing more than another mans name added to CJD, like CJD itself, Jakob and Creutzfeldt, or Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, just another CJD or human TSE, named after another human.</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">WE are only kidding ourselves with the current diagnostic criteria for human and animal TSE, especially differentiating between the nvCJD vs the sporadic CJD strains and then the GSS strains and also the FFI fatal familial insomnia strains or the ones that mimics one or the other of those TSE? Tissue infectivity and strain typing of the many variants</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">Manuscript</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">of the human and animal TSEs are paramount in all variants of all TSE. There must be a proper classification that will differentiate between all these human TSE in order to do this. With the CDI and other more sensitive testing coming about, I only hope that my proposal will some day be taken seriously. ...</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. P.O. Box Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 flounder9@verizon.net</div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110507181935/http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=090000648027c28e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110507181935/http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=090000648027c28e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf</a></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091230230327/http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648027c28e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091230230327/http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648027c28e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf</a> </div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">August 10, 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. North America seems to have the most species with documented Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy's, most all of which have been rendered and fed back to food producing animals and to humans for years. If you look at the statistics, sporadic CJD seems to be rising in the USA, and has been, with atypical cases of the sCJD. I find deeply disturbing in the year of 2009, that Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy of any strain and or phenotype, of all age groups, and I stress all age groups, because human TSE's do not know age, and they do not know borders. someone 56 years old, that has a human TSE, that has surgery, can pass this TSE agent on i.e. friendly fire, and or passing it forward, and there have been documented nvCJD in a 74 year old. Remembering also that only sporadic CJD has been documented to transmit via iatrogenic routes, until recently with the 4 cases of blood related transmission, of which the origin is thought to be nvCJD donors. However most Iatrogenic CJD cases are nothing more than sporadic CJD, until the source is proven, then it becomes Iatrogenic. An oxymoron of sorts, because all sporadic CJD is, are multiple forms, or strains, or phenotypes of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, that the route and source and species have not been confirmed and or documented. When will the myth of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory be put to bed for good. This theory in my opinion, and the following there from, as the GOLD STANDARD, has done nothing more than help spread this agent around the globe. Politics and money have caused the terrible consequences to date, and the fact that TSEs are a slow incubating death, but a death that is 100% certain for those that are exposed and live long enough to go clinical. once clinical, there is no recourse, to date. But, while sub-clinical, how many can one exposed human infect? Can humans exposed to CWD and scrapie strains pass it forward as some form of sporadic CJD in the surgical and medical arenas? why must we wait decades and decades to prove this point, only to expose millions needlessly, only for the sake of the industries involved? would it not have been prudent from the beginning to just include all TSE's, and rule them out from there with transmission studies and change policies there from, as opposed to doing just the opposite? The science of TSE's have been nothing more than a political circus since the beginning, and for anyone to still believe in this one strain, one group of bovines, in one geographical location, with only one age group of human TSE i.e. nvCJD myth, for anyone to believe this today only enhances to spreading of these human and animal TSE's. This is exactly why we have been in this quagmire.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The ones that believe that there is a spontaneous CJD in 85%+ of all cases of human TSE, and the ones that do not believe that cattle can have this same phenomenon, are two of the same, the industry, and so goes the political science aspect of this tobacco and or asbestos scenario i.e. follow the money. I could go into all angles of this man made nightmare, the real facts and science, for instance, the continuing rendering technology and slow cooking with low temps that brewed this stew up, and the fact that THE USA HAD THIS TECHNOLOGY FIRST AND SHIPPED IT TO THE U.K. SOME 5 YEARS BEFORE THE U.S. STARTED USING THE SAME TECHNOLOGY, to save on fuel cost. This is what supposedly amplified the TSE agent via sheep scrapie, and spread via feed in the U.K. bovine, and other countries exporting the tainted product. BUT most everyone ignores this fact, and the fact that the U.S. has been recycling more TSE, from more species with TSEs, than any other country documented, but yet, it's all spontaneous, and the rise in sporadic CJD in the U.S. is a happenstance of bad luck ??? I respectfully disagree. To top that all off, the infamous BSE-FIREWALL that the USDA always brags about was nothing more than ink on paper, and I can prove this. YOU can ignore it, but this is FACT (see source, as late as 2007, in one recall alone, some 10,000,000 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED MAD COW FEED WENT OUT INTO COMMERCE TO BE FED OUT, and most was never recovered. This was banned blood laced, meat and bone meal. 2006 was a banner year for banned mad cow protein going into commerce in the U.S. (see source of FDA feed ban warning letter below). I stress that the August 4, 1997 USA mad cow feed ban and this infamous BSE firewall, was nothing more than ink on paper, it was never enforceable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route. This would further have to be broken down to strain of species and then the route of transmission would further have to be broken down. Accumulation and Transmission are key to the threshold from sub- clinical to clinical disease, and key to all this, is to stop the amplification and transmission of this agent, the spreading of, no matter what strain. In my opinion, to continue with this myth that the U.K. strain of BSE one strain TSE in cows, and the nv/v CJD one strain TSE humans, and the one geographical location source i.e. U.K., and that all the rest of human TSE are just one single strain i.e. sporadic CJD, a happenstance of bad luck that just happens due to a twisted protein that just twisted the wrong way, IN 85%+ OF ALL HUMAN TSEs, when to date there are 6 different phenotypes of sCJD, and growing per Gambetti et al, and that no other animal TSE transmits to humans ??? With all due respect to all Scientist that believe this, I beg to differ. To continue with this masquerade will only continue to spread, expose, and kill, who knows how many more in the years and decades to come. ONE was enough for me, My Mom, hvCJD i.e. Heidenhain Variant CJD, DOD 12/14/97 confirmed, which is nothing more than another mans name added to CJD, like CJD itself, Jakob and Creutzfeldt, or Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, just another CJD or human TSE, named after another human. WE are only kidding ourselves with the current diagnostic criteria for human and animal TSE, especially differentiating between the nvCJD vs the sporadic CJD strains and then the GSS strains and also the FFI fatal familial insomnia strains or the ones that mimics one or the other of those TSE? Tissue infectivity and strain typing of the many variants of the human and animal TSEs are paramount in all variants of all TSE. There must be a proper classification that will differentiate between all these human TSE in order to do this. With the CDI and other more sensitive testing coming about, I only hope that my proposal will some day be taken seriously. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">please see history, and the ever evolving TSE science to date ;</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #338fe9; outline: none 0px !important;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #338fe9; outline: none 0px !important;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well</a></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 flounder9@verizon.net</div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-33354651291435953672023-03-29T16:00:00.002-05:002023-03-29T16:05:59.791-05:00The use of animal by-products in a circular bioeconomy: Time for a TSE road map 3?<p>The use of animal by-products in a circular bioeconomy: Time for a TSE road map 3?</p><p>RE-The use of animal by-products in a circular bioeconomy: Time for a TSE road map 3?</p><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Greetings CELL et al, </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">This is an incredibly terrible idea, one that could set us back 5 decades to early BSE mad cow days, but only worse now with the atypical TSE strains, more species involved, and recent science transmission studies of scrapie and cwd to pigs by oral routes.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Just in 2023 along, there has been mad cow disease documented in the UK, Switzerland, Brazil, Spain, The Netherlands, and the USA has not a clue by only BSE testing <25K annually. not a clue i tell you.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">a new outbreak of a new livestock Prion disease in Africa, fairly large too.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">we know atypical BSE is transmissible by oral routes.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Scrapie and CWD transmits to pigs by oral routes.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">BSE MRR policy a policy set up to fail from the start. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">atypical scrapie is transmissible by oral route. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">PLEASE let me show you why...my comment submission is below the article...kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">VOLUME 9, ISSUE 3, E14021, MARCH 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The use of animal by-products in a circular bioeconomy: Time for a TSE road map 3?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Nathan Meijer Leo W.D. Van Raamsdonk Elise W.J. Gerrits Marko J. Appel</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published: March 06, 2023 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14021</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In 2005 and 2010, the European Commission (EC) published two subsequent ‘Road Maps’ to provide options for relaxation of the bans on the application of animal proteins in feed. Since then, the food production system has changed considerably and demands for more sustainability and circularity are growing louder. Many relaxations envisioned in the second Road Map have by now been implemented, such as the use of processed animal proteins (PAPs) from poultry in pig feed and vice versa. However, some legislative changes, in particular concerning insects, had not been foreseen. In this article, we present a new vision on legislation for increased and improved use of animal by-products. Six current legislative principles are discussed for the bans on animal by-products as feed ingredients: feed bans; categorization of farmed animals; prohibition unless explicitly approved; approved processing techniques, the categorization of animal by-products, and monitoring methods. We provide a proposal for new guiding principles and future directions, and several concrete options for further relaxations. We argue that biological nature of farmed animals in terms of dietary preferences should be better recognised, that legal zero-tolerance limits should be expanded if safe, and that legislation should be revised and simplified.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Keywords Sustainability Animal proteins Legislation TSE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">1. Introduction</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Legislation in the European Union (EU) on the restrictions on the use of animal by-products was codified in 2001 by adopting Regulation (EC) No 999/2001. The primary reason for these restrictions was to contain the spread of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs), mainly Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE, mad cow disease [[1]]; which had been associated with the presence of infected material in animal feed resulting from the recycling of proteins of animal origin in feed [[2],[3]]. Human transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been linked to consumption of BSE-infected meat [[4],[5]]. In addition, the EU had witnessed epidemics of foot and mouth disease, as well as swine fever, that were related to the presence of animal by-products in feed [[6],[7]]. In order to gain control over the BSE epidemic, several groups of measures were installed in Regulation (EC) No 999/2001, Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, and subsequent implementing legislation (Regulation (EU) No 142/2011). These measures included prohibitions for using many types of animal by-products as feed material; compulsory treatment processes; monitoring prion presence in slaughtered animals; and requirements for labelling, storage, transport and trade.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Since 2001, a large epidemiological surveillance system to monitor for incidence of TSEs has been set up in the EU. Initially, almost all slaughtered bovine animals for human consumption were tested, but most Member States have now been allowed to implement revised monitoring programmes which only require them to test for the presence of TSEs in specific target groups of animals such as emergency slaughtered animals and fallen stock (Commission Decision 2009/719/EC). In 2017, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that there had been a significant decrease in classical BSE and that incidence in the EU could be considered low [[8]]. Since then, the situation in the EU has largely remained the same – although incidental single cases of classical BSE remain a cause for concern [[9]]. At a global level, most World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) member states have a negligible risk status – except for Chinese Taipei, Ecuador, Greece, Russia, and the United Kingdom (except Northern Ireland) [[10]].</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prohibitions on the use of animal by-products as feed consist of three primary types of restrictions: a) the ruminant ban; b) the extended feed ban, and; c) the species-to-species ban. Certain animal by-products had been exempted from these bans from the start, such as dairy products and eggs - among others (Regulation (EC) No 999/2001, Annex IV, point 2). In addition, a series of later relaxations have been installed over the course of the years, such as the use of fishmeal in calf milk replacers (Regulation (EU) No 56/2013). Included in the Supplementary Materials in Ref. [[11]] is a complete timeline with major relaxations until 2019. Most recently, the use of processed animal proteins (PAPs) of poultry origin in pork feed and pig PAPs in poultry feed was approved, as was the use of ruminant collagen and gelatine in feed for non-ruminant farmed animals (Regulation (EU) 2021/1372 amending Regulation (EC) No 999/2001). In addition, the use of reared insects in feed for aquaculture animals (legal since 2017: Regulation No 2017/893) was extended to pig and poultry in Regulation (EU) 2021/1372. At this time, eight insect species (black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), common housefly (Musca domestica), yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus), house cricket (Acheta domesticus), banded cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus), field cricket (Gryllus assimilis), and silkworm (Bombyx mori)) are permitted to be used in feed for these animals, but the substrate on which the insects may be reared is restricted to vegetable materials (i.e., not meat or fish).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The European Commission launched a first TSE Road Map in 2005 in order to provide options for relaxation of the installed restrictions for use as a feed ingredient, initially providing a short-term (2005–2009) and long-term (2009–2014) vision [[12]]. The basis to this process of gradual lifting the restrictions on the use of animal by-products were, and still are, four-fold: on-going publication of risk assessments by EFSA, balanced proposals for relaxations in concordance with the general principles, development of monitoring methods and societal requirements, and finally commitment of member states. Road Map 2 was published in 2010 [[13]], presenting a vision for the period 2010–2015. Both Road Maps showed a graphical overview of restrictions and legal applications in terms of source animal/material and target animal for consumption. A new Road Map 3 was not published in or after the year 2015. However, several major developments have taken place since 2010. Despite a similar risk status in terms of BSE incidence to other countries, as discussed above, the EU has lagged behind in implementing more permissive rules on the use of animal proteins in feed [[14],[15]]. The rapidly increasing demand of sustainability and circular bioeconomy (the Green Deal, Farm to Fork) is a major shift in the mandate and priorities of legislators. We argue here that animal by-products should be reused to a larger extent. In the context of full circularity, every type of by-product should find a destination for reuse with a better ecological footprint in terms of nutrient recycling and production of greenhouse gasses [[16]]. In the view of the developments of the last five years, we consider a new TSE Road Map 3 a necessary guidance for future policies. This paper will propose this vision by evaluating the state-of-the-art and discussing legislative principles (sections 2, 3) and presenting directions for further relaxations. These future directions are firstly discussed in a general sense (section 4), and subsequently by providing specific options for relaxations (section 5).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2. Legislative principles and state-of-the-art</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The current legislation on the use of animal proteins in feed is based on six different principles and elements. The first five principles are: 1) the feed bans; 2) the categorization of farmed animals; 3) prohibition unless explicitly approved; 4) approved processing techniques, and 5) the categorization of animal by-products. These first five aspects will be presented in this section; additionally, as sixth element, monitoring methods are discussed separately in section 3. These principles are used for an evaluation of future approaches and relaxations in the subsequent sections.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Firstly, the foundations of the legislative framework comprise three different bans: a) the permanent ruminant ban prohibiting the use of animal proteins in ruminant feed (Regulation (EC) 999/2001, Article 7, item 1), b) the permanent species-to-species ban prohibiting the use of animal proteins of a given source animal in feed intended for the same species (Regulation (EC) 1069/2009, Article 11, item 1a), and c) the extended feed ban prohibiting the use of animal proteins in a large range of other applications (Regulation (EC) 999/2001, Article 7, item 2). Exemptions have been installed for each of these three bans, but most of the relaxations as presented in the Road Maps 1 and 2 – in particular those put in force more recently – concern the extended feed ban (Regulation (EC) 999/2001, Annex IV). Important exemptions to the ruminant ban are the feeding of fish proteins to young ruminants (Regulation (EC) 999/2001, Article 7, item 3). One exemption to the species-to-species ban is the relaxation of caught fish, being a mixture of species, which is allowed to be fed to farmed fish of a species which might be included in the mixture of caught fish species (Regulation (EC) 142/2011, Annex VIII, Chapter II, item 2).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">New derogations were put into force in 2021 (Regulation (EU) 2021/1372 amending Regulation (EC) 999/2001). The feeding of pig-PAP to poultry and vice versa had been under serious discussion since the 2010 TSE Road Map 2 [[13]]. However, at that time, monitoring methods for material of a certain (group of) species were not available. In 2019, the European Reference Laboratory for Animal Proteins (EURL-AP) finished the validation of a method for pig and one for chicken-turkey (excluding ducks and geese, although part of the definition of poultry; see Ref. [[11]]. A method for poultry, covering all species(-groups) of the definition of poultry, has been developed and tested successfully [[17],[18]]. Validation of these methods allowed for differentiation between different PAPs and cleared the way for the authorisation of pig PAPs in poultry feed and vice versa (Regulation (EU) 2021/1372, preamble 12 and 13). The use of gelatine and collagen originating from ruminant material has been under discussion since 2005 [[19]]. After further evaluation by EFSA [[49]], these materials are now authorised as ingredients in feed for non-ruminants. For this evaluation, a probabilistic model was developed to estimate the BSE infectivity load, taking into account of different ‘risk pathways’ via which infected material could enter the food/feed chain. It was concluded that the probability that there would be no new cases of BSE was almost certain. Finally, based on the biological background of pigs and poultry, being omnivorous and (partly) insectivorous, respectively; insects have been authorised as ingredient in pig feeds and poultry feeds. The broader perspective of the biological background of the bans on animal by-products is discussed by Ref. [[20]].</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Secondly, farmed animals are defined as one category and in a broad sense (Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, Article 3, item 6). This definition includes animals for food and non-food production (fur animals); only pet animals are excluded. Clear differentiation is made between ruminant and non-ruminants in terms of permitted feed materials, but this broad definition necessitates highly comparable routes for gradual relaxations for most farmed animals despite biological differences in susceptibility and diet preferences.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Thirdly, the general principle of the legislation is to prohibit the use of animal proteins unless a specific relaxation is installed. This is an extension of the ‘precautionary principle’ (Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, Article 7). In the context of animal proteins, this is laid down in Regulation 999/2001, article 7. Relaxations following this general principle are provided in Annex IV of that Regulation. This Annex IV comprised less than one page in 2001, whereas the current version of Annex IV covers almost 30 pages and is highly complex. The consequence of this “prohibited, unless” principle is that new by-products start with case-by-case legalised application, which is a slow process. This is exemplified by the insect situation, which were legalised for aqua-feed only in 2017 and for poultry and pigs in 2021 – but a large number of legal barriers for the insect utilisation persist.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Fourthly, certain category 3 materials may be processed and used for feeding farmed animals. At this time; the subcategories of Category 3 (n) [hides, skins, hooves, etc. of dead animals that did not show signs of zoonotic disease], (o) [adipose tissue from animals that did not show signs of zoonotic disease; slaughtered in a slaughterhouse; and considered fit for human consumption], and (p) [catering waste] are not allowed to be used as basis for the production of PAPs and HPs (Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, Article 14(d)(i)). These materials, as well as subcategory (m) [parts of Rodentia and Lagomorphia] are also not allowed to be processed into gelatine, hydrolysed proteins, or dicalcium or tricalcium phosphate (Regulation (EU) 142/2001, Annex X, Chapter II). Seven standard processing methods are defined In Chapter III of Annex IV of Regulation (EC) No 142/2011. Animal proteins of mammalian origin may only be manufactured into processed animal proteins (PAPs) intended for feeding to farmed animals by way of method 1; pressure sterilisation (Regulation (EU) 142/2001, Annex X, Chapter II, section 1). The process of fermentation is only mentioned in the context of use as petfood. The nutritional value of different types of PAPs must be carefully considered and evaluated for the composition of compound feeds to meet all nutritional requirements of the target animal [[21]]. This is also the case for reared insects such as fly larvae: although generally considered to be omnivorous, optimal yields and fatty acid profiles depend on composition of the substrate [[22],[23]].</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Finally, animal by-products are classified in three categories depending on their origin in terms of animal tissues or organs, type of processing and the degree of risk involved (Regulation (EC) 1069/2009, Articles 8–10; see Fig. 1.1 in Ref. [[24]]. Materials in category 1 consist of, for instance, animals suspected of being infected by a TSE. Category 2 materials consist of, for example, manure and animal by-products derived from animals which have been submitted to illegal veterinary medicines. The disposal and use of animal by-products and derived products varies per category (Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009, Articles 12–16). Only category 3 materials may be used for feeding farmed animals other than fur animals (Regulation (EC) 1069/2009, preamble 45). This category includes a variety of types of materials which are allowed to enter the food production chain as basis for several derived products. Processed animal proteins (PAPs; Regulation (EC) 142, 2011, Annex I, item 5; [[50]]) may be produced from the subcategories (a) to (l) (Regulation (EC) 142/2009, Annex X, Section 1, part A). An important derived product consists of hydrolysed proteins (HPs; Regulation (EC) 142, 2011, Annex I, item 14). This product can be produced from subcategories (a) to (l) as well (Regulation (EC) 142/2009, Annex X, Section 5, part A). At the other hand, the subcategories (m) to (p) are listed as source for the production of dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate or collagen (Regulation (EC) 142/2009, Annex X, Sections 6, 7 and 8). Subcategory (p), catering waste although included in Category 3, is prohibited for any application in the food production chain (Regulation (EC) 1069/2009, Article 11, item 1b). There are some legal applications for hydrolysed proteins, blood products, and gelatine. A more in-depth discussion on the applicability of hydrolysis for more sustainable use of animal proteins is discussed in Ref. [[16]].</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. Monitoring methods</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The 6th element of the current legislation on the use of animal proteins in feed is related to monitoring methods. Animal by-products can be produced from a variety of sources in terms of animal species and types of tissue and are processed in multiple ways. This diversity of materials is monitored by only a few legally permitted methods of which the range of applicability is maximised. In principle, a diverse set of methods are available for legal monitoring, including: microscopy, DNA-based methods such as polymerase chain reaction-tests (PCR), protein-/antibody-based methods such as ELISA, and spectral analysis [[11]]. However, currently only two types of methods are legally authorised: microscopic detection and PCR (Regulation (EC) 152/2009 Annex VI). Both PCR and microscopy have proven to be suitable to monitor PAPs, which is a major animal by-product. Limitations of these methods are the lack of species identification down to the legal species groups of ruminants, pig and poultry (microscopy) and the lack of discriminating between prohibited and authorised materials of the same species (PCR: ruminant PAP vs. milk, pig PAP vs. blood products, poultry PAP vs. egg material, etc.).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The legislation of the use of animal by-products implies a zero-tolerance policy [[25]]. Consequently, the level of detection of monitoring methods should be as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA principle). The first technical limit for a monitoring method was 0.1% for microscopic detection, the only method available at the time (Directive 98/88/EC). This minimal required level of detection was carried over to subsequent versions of the legalised method for microscopy (Directive (EC) 2003/126/EC) and to other methods (PCR; Regulation (EC) 152/2009). The documented level of detection is much lower for both methods (microscopy: 0.005%, [[26],[27]]; PCR: 0.0125%, [[28]]. The EURL-AP published a report on a ‘technical zero’ concept in 2017, which would be an action limit rather than a zero-tolerance policy [[29]]. As a consequence of implementing this ‘technical zero’ concept for ruminants, the risk of propagation of TSEs might be increased. Therefore, the EURL-AP calculated the mass fraction equivalent of the data generated by PCR methods, which allowed EFSA to calculate the cattle oral infectious dose and associated theoretical increase in BSE numbers per year in case porcine PAP were to be authorised in poultry feed – and vice versa – which was later permitted via Regulation (EU) 2021/1372, discussed in section 2 above (EFSA, 2018).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Besides PAPs (Regulation (EC) 142/2011, Annex I, Point 5) a set of other types of material, such as blood products, fat derivatives, milk products, gelatine and hydrolysed proteins, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, collagen, egg products and former food stuffs containing animal proteins (sections 1-10, respectively), is excluded from the definition of PAPs. This is acknowledged and discussed in the same Annex of Regulation (EC) 142/2011. Each of these types of materials require dedicated monitoring methods targeting at the appropriate legal parameters, since bone or muscle fragments for microscopy or DNA for PCR might be absent. Immunoassays (ELISA) are discussed in EFSA (2011) as not meeting the requirement of an LOD below 2%. This type of monitoring method is based on antibodies which can detect tissue-specific proteins, among other substances. Two immunoassays targeted at ruminant troponin have been validated for the detection of PAP at a level of 0.5%, which is four times lower than indicated by EFSA. Milk was not detected in this validation study [[30],[31]]. These methods are capable of both animal-specific and tissue-specific detection of materials as demanded by the current legislation.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">4. General future directions</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Based on the legal principles and in the framework of the two permanent bans, the ruminant ban and the species-to-species ban, several modifications of legal principles can be considered for facilitating sustainability and circularity of the feed industry. The recognition of the biological nature of farmed animals in terms of diet, exemplified by the recognition of pigs as omnivorous animals and poultry as insectivorous animals in Regulation (EU) 2021/1372 (Preamble 16), should be extended to all farmed animals. This is most notably important for insects. At this time, eight insect species from a diverse spectrum of taxonomic orders are permitted to be included in animal feed. The types of feed matrices permitted for this large group of animal species – with a wide spectrum of feeding habits – should be diversified accordingly. Examples are the group of termites (Isoptera) that could be reared on materials containing lignin such as wood, garden products [[32]], and fly larvae (e.g., Diptera) for conversion of manure or manure-like materials [33, 34, 35]. Ringed worms (Annelids) have been proposed as a good source of proteins [[36]]: these worms feed partly on soil, but this type of feed material appears to be prohibited. In wider terms of legislation, the broad definition of farmed animals could be diversified to different groups of animals, primarily classified according to their feeding behaviour and their susceptibility to TSEs. A diversified classification of farmed animals would ease the authorisation of certain feeding strategies for defined groups of animals, especially in cases of larger biological distances between the source species of a feed material and the target species (consumer) [[20]].</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The principle of zero tolerance in feed materials is supported by the ALARA principle and by the legal requirement of a limit of detection of 0.1%. In its updated quantitative risk assessment (QRA) of the BSE risk posed by PAPs, EFSA calculated the risk of accidental incorporation of infected ruminant PAP in ruminant feed (EFSA, 2018). It was concluded that a higher contamination level than the detection limit of 0.1% - under certain circumstances up to 2% - could be deemed acceptable as this would not lead to significant increases in BSE cases. A similar model could be developed for the risk of a low level of porcine PAP in pig feed, or poultry PAP in poultry feed. The primary safety concern of intraspecies recycling in case of poultry and pigs was the transfer of zoonoses or animal-specific diseases, such as swine fever (Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002). Ethical considerations against cannibalism in this context are valid, but that discussion is of a different nature than one on safety concerns. The same is true for concerns in the context of religious law (e.g., halal): both in case of inter- and intra-species recycling [[37],[38]]. It has been shown that appropriate treatments of PAPs can reduce the virulence of a range of zoonoses by magnitudes of 10 up to 90 [[39]]. This aspect is further discussed in van Raamsdonk et al. (in press). Concerning the use of monitoring methods in a framework of varying LODs or technical limits, higher than 0.1% when applicable, monitoring methods other than PCR and light microscopy can provide added value. An overall requirement for a future use of an increasing set of animal by-products for circular bioeconomy and sustainability should be the development, validation and legal authorisation of a set of dedicated monitoring methods that are capable of identifying and adequately quantifying feed materials of different origin.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">One of the basic principles of the current legislation of the feed ban is a general prohibition, with relaxations where possible. The aforementioned proposals (diversification of the definition of farmed animals and a diversification of the limit of detection depending on the specific situation) could be used as factors in a principle of ‘provisional authorisation’, i.e., safety assured for specific applications – as is for instance found in legislation on limits for undesirable substances in feed (Directive 2002/32/EC). We emphasize that in all cases, regardless of any type of authorization, feed ingredients should comply with the applicable restrictions for chemical and microbiological safety, for processing and for purpose (Regulation (EU) 68/2013, Preambles 2 to 5).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Finally, the current categorization of animal by-products in three categories according to their TSE risk is complicated and problematic. The derived products PAPs, HPs, blood products, milk products and egg products are all legally based on different subsets of subcategories of Category 3 (Regulation (EU) 142/2001, Annex X, Chapter II). While catering waste (subcategory (p) with the exemption of Category 1 (f)), is included in Category 3 as well, it is fully prohibited for feeding purposes. A clear categorization of animal by-products based on their potential use could be installed instead; for instance, with Category I materials' only use being for incineration, landfill, and possibly fertilizers. The use of Category 2 materials could be defined as limited to non-food and technical purposes, while all Category 3 materials’ main use would be for feed purposes. In the view of sustainability and circular bioeconomy demands, subcategories could shift to higher categories for better valorisation when technological and containment measures for assuring safety are progressing.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">5. Options for specific new modifications and relaxations</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Considering the legal principles and general directions towards full sustainability and circularity, a range of concrete proposals can be made for further relaxations. Proposals below are based on three prerequisites: safety, opportunities for monitoring the origin of the animal by-products (in most cases the source of the material, or the process when relevant), and options for management (physical separation of streams, either as pure material or as ingredient in compound feed). In all cases the required safety – in terms of prions, zoonoses, other microbiological hazards, accumulation of chemical hazards – has to be proven to be at a sufficiently high safety level according to the total set of applicable legislation.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1. The framework for permitted and not-permitted use of animal by-products in feed, depending on the ‘source animal’ and ‘intended consuming animal’, is shown graphically in Fig. 1 (upper part). Lagomorphs (rabbits, etc.) and other ruminants besides cattle (horses, camels) are outside of the scope of this figure. The ruminant ban is directed to the consuming animal and is reflected in the leftmost column being largely red. The species-to-species ban is indicated in the diagonal in the upper part of the scheme. Many combinations of source animal/material and target animal that are permitted are represented by green cells. A decreasing number of prohibitions remains from the extended feed ban (orange). The first proposals for relaxations are framed in the context of this current matrix. The letters for each of the four proposals (a, b, c, d) in the text below correspond to the letters indicated in the figure.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">a. Pig and poultry PAPs for insects. Reg. (EU) 2021/1372 permitted the feeding of insect PAPs to pigs and poultry, and the feeding of pig PAPs to poultry and vice versa. However, the use of insects as an intermediary between pigs and poultry (e.g., pig PAP- > insects PAP - > poultry) is not yet allowed. Reared insects acting as an intermediary in this process may not necessarily result in efficiency gains, but that in itself should not present a barrier for change. If containment can be ensured, monitored, and enforced, this practice should be permitted. At this time, we are unaware of any published literature on the capacity of insects to transfer any material of animal origin on which the insects are reared to the next step in the chain. It can be hypothesized that certain types of processing could affect such transmission, in particular the process of starving the insects prior to harvest to enable the insects to empty their gut contents. If transfer of DNA and disease via insects were to be absent or possibly controlled via processing, the need for containment would be less relevant. Other processing methods such as enzymatic hydrolysis should also be assessed [[40]].</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">b. Species differentiation. Farmed animals are defined as one category and in a broad sense. This definition includes animals for food and non-food production (fur animals). Clear differentiation is made between ruminant and non-ruminants in terms of permitted feed materials, but this broad definition necessitates highly comparable routes for gradual relaxations for most farmed animals despite biological differences. We propose that this broad definition of farmed animals is further diversified to different groups and species of animals, primarily classified according to their feeding behaviour and their susceptibility to TSEs. We propose that a new, diversified classification of farmed animals is used, specifically: herbivores susceptible to TSEs (ruminants); minor herbivores (horses and relatives, rabbits); omnivorous and non-herbivorous terrestrial animals (pigs, poultry); vertebrate aquatic animals (fish); invertebrate aquatic animals (crustaceans, molluscs); and other invertebrates (insects, ringed worms). The latter group (invertebrates, most notable insects) could feed on a variety of different materials depending on the biological dietary preferences of the specific species in question, such as wood, manure and soil. The species-to-species ban can be applied less strictly to some extent for animals in the proposed classes with a larger genetic distance from humans (invertebrates, fish), due to a minimal risk in transmission of TSEs. Some reared insect species can exhibit cannibalism-like behaviour under certain (natural) conditions such as nutritional stress, but this has been suggested as a potential transmission route for spread of disease in such facilities [[41]]. Although research on that behaviour has focused on spread via cannibalism of infected live hosts rather than via (processed) protein meal of the same species, this area, and potential consequences in terms of disease proliferation is largely under-investigated. The large-scale recycling of insect proteins from the same species should therefore not be encouraged. This may need to be extended to insect species within the same taxonomic family or order. This type of cannibalism has also been observed for fish [[42],[43]] and other aquaculture animals [[44]], for which similar rules should apply.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">c. Ruminant hydrolysed proteins. Hydrolyzation is a process that results in severe modification of proteins and peptides (van Raamsdonk et al., in press; [[45]]. After proof of sufficient safety (inactivation of zoonoses, prions), all ruminant material should be allowed to be hydrolysed and used as feed ingredient, with the exception of Specified Risk Material as defined in Article 3(1)(g) of Regulation (EC) No 999/2001. The required method development for both authenticity (rate of hydrolysation) and identification of source animal is currently being finalized.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">d. Ruminant blood products: The use of blood products derived from ruminants for non-ruminant feeds is prohibited (Regulation (EC) 999/2001, Annex IV, Chapter 2 (b)(iv)). These products (dried/frozen/liquid plasma, dried whole blood, dried/frozen/liquid red cells, haemoglobin powder) are highly processed and derived versions of animal by-products. Use as feed ingredient for non-ruminants should be considered.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Fig. 1</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Fig. 1The feed bans for processed animal proteins with options for future relaxation. Index numbers refer to the text of item 1 in section 5. Red: ruminant ban; orange: extended feed ban, red dotted with orange or green: species-to-species ban; green: legalised. Orange text: extracted from EU Road map (EC, 2011). HP: hydrolysed proteins; R: ruminants. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">View Large ImageFigure ViewerDownload Hi-res imageDownload (PPT)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2. Increased use of alternative processing methods.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I. Hydrolysation. Material belonging to Category 3 (a) to and inclusive of (l) can be subjected to a process of hydrolysation (Regulation (EU) 142/2011, Annex X, Chapter II, Section 5). This includes all former food products containing animal proteins still fit for human consumption – but discarded for economic reasons or packaging defects. Hydrolysation is a process that results in severe modification of proteins and peptides, generating derived products which should be subject to neither the extended feed-ban nor the species-to-species ban, since these products are excluded from the definition of PAPs (van Raamsdonk et al., in press). As discussed in section 2, at this time, certain subcategories of Category 3 – most importantly subcategory (m) [parts of Rodentia and Lagomorphia] – are not allowed to be used as basis for the production of gelatine, hydrolysed, or dicalcium or tricalcium phosphate. We advocate for these options being reassessed. See also item 1c above.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">II. Fermentation, as many other production procedures, is a legally recognised method, but fermented materials do not have a separate position within the animal by-products legislation aside from petfood. Since fermentation severely alters the structure of the protein, it could be recognised as a process resulting in products which would not be subjected to the species-to-species ban (part of Regulation (EU) 142/2011, Annex X). The subcategories (m), (n), and (o) of Category 3 discussed in the item above concerning hydrolysation may also be suitable for fermentation.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">III. Finally, other novel processing options might result in pure (technical) materials, such as vitamins, minerals, or specific fatty acids that could be used to supplement animal feed. A risk assessment should be conducted to determine whether the resulting specified materials should be subjected to the species-to-species ban. Research on production of new technical materials from novel food and feed source should be encouraged and funded.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. The standard technical limit for monitoring methods (Regulation (EC) 152/2009, Annex VI: 0.1%) could be diversified depending on the type of material. Higher contamination levels could apply to single unmixed materials, intended as feed ingredient. After mixing in the final feed, the initial contamination should reach a final level below 0.1%. Initial contamination levels of up to 2% have been evaluated in a Quantitative Risk Assessment [[46]]. Examples are a PAP of a specified source species containing PAP material of another source species, and vegetal ingredients containing minor levels of animal proteins. The aim of a final contamination level, i.e., for compound feeds ready for the intended feeding, would comply to the species-to-species ban. This ban is based on both ethical principles (avoiding cannibalism) and prevention of zoonotic diseases. Higher limits of detection for single unmixed animal products would only be acceptable in the framework of sufficient risk management.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">4. Catering waste is prohibited in a general sense (Regulation (EC) 1069/2009, article 11, part 1 (b)). Catering waste is currently defined as: “all waste food, including used cooking oil originating in restaurants, catering facilities and kitchens, including central kitchens and household kitchens” (Regulation (EU) 142/2011). This definition shows, in contrast to all other subcategories of Category 3, that catering waste is a mixture of products of plant and animal origin. A distinction should be made between professional and domestic handling of food, and between the resulting types of materials. Other countries such as Korea and Japan have shown that incorporating catering waste into animal diets can be done safely if appropriate controls are implemented [[47],[48]].</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I. Food materials which have not been served to consumers in restaurants or canteens - i.e., those materials that have not left the kitchens of restaurants, catering facilities or other institutions – should be treated in the same manner as ‘former foodstuffs’ from industrial facilities and thus become available for processing as a feed ingredient. Proper assurance of all safety measures, the ruminant ban and the species-to-species ban remain applicable, unless processing results in products which should not be subjected to these bans (e.g., hydrolysation). Correct and sufficient handling by the food business operator of the establishment have to be demonstrated; and the operator and/or processor would also have to register with the national authority as a feed producing company; in line with current requirements for food companies producing former foodstuffs for feed.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">II. Domestic food waste and all food waste resulting from finally prepared and served dishes in restaurants and other catering facilities are currently prohibited as feed ingredient. In a full circular agronomy, these types of food products should be eligible for specified reuse, reprocessing or remanufacturing as feed ingredient. Proper assurance of all safety measures, the ruminant ban and the species-to-species ban remains applicable, unless processing results in products which are not subjected to these bans (e.g., hydrolysation). Monitoring and containment options would need to be developed.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">6. Concluding remarks</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In this article, we have presented a list of potential relaxations that provides a range of opportunities for valorisation of animal by-products of the food production chain. In the view of the major transition towards full sustainability and circularity of the feed industry, major steps in the application of animal by-products are needed. Ideally, the currently highly complex system of rules on use of animal proteins is reworked and simplified substantially, but small amendments may also allow for more circular opportunities. Promising instruments for higher valorisation of animal by-products are biological solutions, predominantly a diversification and extension of commodities for rearing insects; and technological solutions, primarily hydrolysation for producing modified peptides not reflecting the characteristics of the original proteins. Especially for the emerging EU insect rearing sector, a wider variety of suitable feed materials should be permitted so as to avoid needing to compete with feed for conventional livestock animals – thereby negating the insects’ potential for valorising products otherwise unsuitable for feed. Finally, we have argued that several current ‘zero-tolerance’ limits can be relaxed by permitting the presence of certain materials to some degree, which is anticipated to result in less waste.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Author contribution statement</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">All authors listed have significantly contributed to the development and the writing of this article.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(23)01228-8?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2405844023012288%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(23)01228-8?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2405844023012288%3Fshowall%3Dtrue</a></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2405-8440%2823%2901228-8" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2405-8440%2823%2901228-8</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">end</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">The use of animal by-products in a circular bioeconomy: Time for a TSE road map 3?</span><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">NO!!!</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">TERRY SINGELTARY SUBMISSION;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">''The use of animal by-products in a circular bioeconomy: Time for a TSE road map 3?''</span><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">NO, HAVE YOU NOT LEARNED NOTHING FROM THE PAST, AND PRESENT TRAINSMISSION STUDIES!</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''Six current legislative principles are discussed for the bans on animal by-products as feed ingredients: feed bans; categorization of farmed animals; prohibition unless explicitly approved; approved processing techniques, the categorization of animal by-products, and monitoring methods.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">PLEASE LET ME EXPLAIN WHY THIS IS A TERRIBLE IDEA. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Singeltary 1-8</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">1. <span style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">1. IN 2023 TO DATE, there have been reported case of atypical BSE cases in the UK, Switzerland, Brazil, Spain, and The Netherlands, and Atypical BSE, both L-Type and H-Type, are transmissible by oral route, and the WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, et al, are warning about the concern of recycling ATPICAL BSE IN FEED RATIONS, SEE;</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">2. WE have a new Prion disease outbreak, in a new Livestock species, in Africa, and apparently, it's fairly large.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">3. PIGS</span></span><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">4. RACCOONS, Beavers, Rodents</span></span><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">5. RODENTS</span></span><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">6. INSECTS</span></span><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">7. MILK</span></span><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">8. <span style="outline: none;">21 CFR Part 589.2000 </span>Failed Mad Cow Feed Ban in USA (these are just a few examples of 100s i have filed...terry)</span></span><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Singeltary 1-8</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">1. IN 2023 TO DATE, there have been reported case of atypical BSE cases in the UK, Switzerland, Brazil, Spain, and The Netherlands, and Atypical BSE, both L-Type and H-Type, are transmissible by oral route, and the WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, et al, are warning about the concern of recycling ATPICAL BSE IN FEED RATIONS, SEE;</div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">United Kingdom - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type 2023/03/08</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">''As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.'' </span></span><br style="outline: none;" /></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">''the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.''</span><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REFERENCES</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SNIP...END SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">''H-TYPE BSE AGENT IS TRANSMISSIBLE BY THE ORONASAL ROUTE''</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: none;">IT is imperative that the USA puts forth immediately a MANDATORY National Animal Identification System and Country Of Origin Labeling System, for the sake of livestock industry and the consumers that consume their products...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 15px; outline: none;"><div style="font-family: helvetica; outline: none;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold longe incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=============== </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=============== </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">============== </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRION <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">2016 TOKYO</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SCRAPIE <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">1933-6896</span> printl 1933-690X online</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Taylor & Francis</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">SO, WHO'S UP FOR SOME MORE TSE PRION POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$ </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SO, ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SNIP...SEE;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THURSDAY, JULY 8, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EFSA Scientific report on the analysis of the 2‐year compulsory intensified monitoring of atypical scrapie</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none; text-align: justify;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">SUNDAY, MARCH 19, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Abandoned factory ‘undoubtedly’ contains dormant Mad Cow Disease that could threaten humans, Thruxted Mill, Queniborough CJD<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2023/03/abandoned-factory-undoubtedly-contains.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2023/03/abandoned-factory-undoubtedly-contains.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">DEFRA </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. snip..... The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. snip..... In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none;"> </span></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">PLoS One. 2020; 15(8): e0237410. Published online 2020 Aug 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237410 PMCID: PMC7446902 PMID: 32817706 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Nathaniel D. Denkers, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing,#1 Clare E. Hoover, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing,#2 Kristen A. Davenport, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing,3 Davin M. Henderson, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology,1 Erin E. McNulty, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing,1 Amy V. Nalls, Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing,1 Candace K. Mathiason, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing,1 and Edward A. Hoover, Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing1,* Byron Caughey, Editor Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been corrected. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">See PLoS One. 2021 June 10; 16(6): e0253356. Associated Data Data Availability Statement </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The minimum infectious dose required to induce CWD infection in cervids remains unknown, as does whether peripherally shed prions and/or multiple low dose exposures are important factors in CWD transmission. With the goal of better understand CWD infection in nature, we studied oral exposures of deer to very low doses of CWD prions and also examined whether the frequency of exposure or prion source may influence infection and pathogenesis. We orally inoculated white-tailed deer with either single or multiple divided doses of prions of brain or saliva origin and monitored infection by serial longitudinal tissue biopsies spanning over two years. We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In conclusion, we have attempted to model and better understand CWD infection relative to natural exposure. The results demonstrate: (a) that the minimum CWD oral infectious dose is vastly lower than historical studies used to establish infection; (b) that a direct relationship exists between dose and incubation time to first prion replication detection in tonsils, irrespective of genotype; (c) that a difference was not discernible between brain vs. saliva source prions in ability to establish infection or in resultant disease course; and (d) that the CWD infection process appears to conform more to a threshold dose than an accumulative dose dynamic. </div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on attack rate and incubation period in cattle</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">G. A. H. Wells,1 T. Konold,1 M. E. Arnold,1 A. R. Austin,1 3 S. A. C. Hawkins,1 M. Stack,1 M. M. Simmons,1 Y. H. Lee,2 D. Gavier-Wide´n,3 M. Dawson1 4 and J. W. Wilesmith1 1 Correspondence G. A. H. Wells</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1 Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2 National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Republic of Korea</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3 National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Received 27 July 2006</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Accepted 18 November 2006</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The dose–response of cattle exposed to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent is an important component of modelling exposure risks for animals and humans and thereby, the modulation of surveillance and control strategies for BSE. In two experiments calves were dosed orally with a range of amounts of a pool of brainstems from BSE-affected cattle. Infectivity in the pool was determined by end-point titration in mice. Recipient cattle were monitored for clinical disease and, from the incidence of pathologically confirmed cases and their incubation periods (IPs), the attack rate and IP distribution according to dose were estimated. The dose at which 50 % of cattle would be clinically affected was estimated at 0.20 g brain material used in the experiment, with 95 % confidence intervals of 0.04–1.00 g. The IP was highly variable across all dose groups and followed a log-normal distribution, with decreasing mean as dose increased. There was no evidence of a threshold dose at which the probability of infection became vanishingly small, with 1/15 (7 %) of animals affected at the lowest dose (1 mg).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISCUSSION</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The study has demonstrated that disease in cattle can be produced by oral exposure to as little as 1 mg brain homogenate (¡100.4 RIII mouse i.c./i.p. ID50 units) from clinically affected field cases of BSE and that the limiting dose for infection of calves is lower than this exposure...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...end</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2</a><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">P04.27</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmzas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Lwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanit, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Background:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study 'BSE in primates' supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://youtu.be/Vtt1kAVDhDQ" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/Vtt1kAVDhDQ</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647490/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647490/</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://cjdisa.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PRION-2017-Summary-for-CJDISA.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://cjdisa.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PRION-2017-Summary-for-CJDISA.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">1.3. Determination of the Minimal Infectious BSE Dose in Non-human Primates</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In a concerted European effort involving 5 laboratories including ours, the BSE-macaque model was then used to evaluate the minimal amount of BSE-infected material necessary to induce vCJD in primates. Results so far show that 5g of infectious BSE cattle brain is sufficient to induce the disease in all recipient animals by the oral route, with 500 mg yielding an incomplete attack rate10,11). The ID50 of BSE cattle brain is 200 mg for cattle12). These results suggest a low species barrier between cattle and non-human primates.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6989170/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6989170/</a></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Corinne Ida Lasmzas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frdric Auvr, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Sals, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BSE bovine brain inoculum</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 01 mg 001 mg</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PrPres biochemical detection</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and int****ritoneal.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published online January 27, 2005</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">It is clear that the designing scientists must</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">also have shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley's answer (that it would take less than say 100 grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate" experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger infection. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">It is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none;">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission</span><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Greetings FSIS, USDA, et al,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Thank you kindly for allowing the public to comment on ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(a) whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of FSIS’ functions, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(b) the accuracy of FSIS’ estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the method and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(c) ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(d) ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information, including through the use of appropriate automated, electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques, or other forms of information technology.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I will be commenting mostly on a, b, and c, because d, is wanting to minimize the burden of collection, and i do not think that is possible if ''These statutes mandate that FSIS protect the public by verifying that meat, poultry, and egg products are safe, wholesome, and properly labeled and packaged.'', is truly the intent of these statutes, and i would kindly like to explain why, and why it is so critical that these Specified Risk Materials SRM TSE Prion Statues are so important for public health, and WHY there is an urgent need to enhance them, considering the risk factors of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in Cervid.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THIS collection of SRM materials information should be done all the time, year after year, and ending it EVER would be foolish, imo, not scientific, and will lead to future risk to public health, if you consider just how bad USDA/FSIS/APHIS/FDA failed so badly with the FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED BAN, the SRM REMOVAL, THE BSE SURVEILLANCE AND TESTING PROGRAMS, THEY FAILED ALL OF THEM TERRIBLY IMO, AND BY CONTINUING TO INSIST ON TESTING 25K CATTLE FOR BSE IS A DISASTER WATING TO HAPPEND IMO!</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SPECIFIED RISK MATERS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs, are the most high risk infectious materials, organs, of a cow that is infected with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, BSE TSE Prion. the atypical BSE strains are, like atypical L-type BSE are more infectious that the typical C-type BSE. Also, Science of the BSE TSE has evolved to show that there are more infectious tissues and organs than previously thought. I wish to kindly post all this evidence, as to show you why this information collection of SRMs are so vital to public safety, and why they should be enhanced for cattle, cervid, sheep, and goats, oh, and not to forget the new livestock prion disease in camel, the Camel Prion Disease CPD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ONE other thing, you must remember, SCIENCE AND TRANSMISSION STUDIES have now shown that CWD and Scrapie can transmit to PIGS by Oral route. This should be included in any enhancement of the SRM or FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">NOT to forget Zoonosis of all of the above, i will post the latest science to date at the bottom of the attached files.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Thank You, terry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Singeltary further comments in attachment;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission Attachment https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf Monday, December 5, 2022 Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2022/12/notice-of-request-to-renew-approved.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2022/12/notice-of-request-to-renew-approved.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none;">SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</span><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">PUBLIC SUBMISSION</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Use of Electronic Identification Eartags as Official Identification in Cattle and Bison APHIS-2021-0020-0001 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Mar 21, 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0020-0999" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0020-0999</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SEE ADDITIONAL COMMENTS IN ATTACHMENT;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">APHIS Indemnity Regulations [Docket No. APHIS-2021-0010] RIN 0579-AE65 Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Sep 8, 2022</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PDF]Freas, William TSS SUBMISSION File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat -</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Page 1. J Freas, William From: Sent: To: Subject: Terry S. Singeltary</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sr. [flounder@wt.net] Monday, January 08,200l 3:03 PM freas ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">2. WE have a new Prion disease outbreak, in a new Livestock species, in Africa, and apparently, it's fairly large.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Monday, November 14, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Prion Diseases in Dromedary Camels (CPD) 2022 Review </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2022/11/prion-diseases-in-dromedary-camels-cpd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2022/11/prion-diseases-in-dromedary-camels-cpd.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">3. PIGS</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Title: Prion infectivity detected in swine challenged with chronic wasting disease via the intracerebral or oral route</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kunkle, Robert item SMITH, JODI - Iowa State University item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 4/4/2016 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of North American cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of chronic wasting disease is unknown. In the US, feeding of ruminant by-products to ruminants is prohibited, but feeding of ruminant materials to swine, mink, and poultry still occurs. In addition, scavenging of CWD-affected cervid carcasses by feral pigs presents a potential risk for CWD exposure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following oral or intracranial experimental challenge. At 8 weeks of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 month challenge groups). The remaining pigs (>6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). At death a complete necropsy examination was performed, including testing of tissues for misfolded prion protein (PrPcwd) by western blotting (WB), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). None of the pigs developed clinical signs consistent with prion disease. Four >6 month intracranially challenged pigs (survival times 45-73 mpc) were positive by ELISA, two were also positive by WB, and one was positive by IHC. One >6 month orally challenged pig (64 mpc) was positive by ELISA. To further investigate the potential for infectivity, brain tissue from selected pigs was bioassayed in mice expressing porcine PRNP. Tissue from the two WB-positive >6 month intracranially challenged pigs produced positive bioassay results, albeit with low attack rates and variable incubation periods. Interestingly, bioassay of material from the longest surviving >6 month orally challenged pig (72 mpc), which was negative for PrPcwd by all other tests, produced a positive bioassay result. Bioassay of material from additional animals is currently underway. This study demonstrates that pigs can serve as potential hosts for CWD, although with low attack rates and scant PrPcwd accumulation. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Detection of infectivity in orally challenged pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity, even though affected pigs do not develop overt clinical signs or readily detectable PrPcwd.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Title: The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kokemuller, Robyn item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item BALKEMA-BUSCHMANN, ANNE - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item GROSCHUP, MARTIN - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 5/10/2018 Publication Date: 5/22/2018 Citation: Moore, S.J., Kokemuller, R.D., West-Greenlee, M.H., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Groschup, M.H., Greenlee, J.J. 2018. The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP. Prion 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 22-25, 2018. Paper No. WA15, page 44.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> The successful transmission of pig-passaged CWD to Tg40 mice reported here suggests that passage of the CWD agent through pigs results in a change of the transmission characteristics which reduces the transmission barrier of Tg40 mice to the CWD agent. If this biological behavior is recapitulated in the original host species, passage of the CWD agent through pigs could potentially lead to increased pathogenicity of the CWD agent in humans.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ARS researchers at Ames, Iowa conducted this experiment to test the susceptibility of swine to U.S. scrapie isolates by intracranial and oral inoculation. Necropsies were done on a subset of animals at approximately 6 months post inoculation (PI): the time the pigs were expected to reach market weight. Remaining pigs were maintained and monitored for clinical signs of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) until study termination at 80 months PI or when removed due to intercurrent disease. Brain samples were examined by multiple diagnostic approaches, and for a subset of pigs in each inoculation group, bioassay in mice expressing porcine prion protein. At 6 months PI, no evidence of scrapie infection was noted by any diagnostic method. However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">see full report;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2017 Annual Report</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Objectives</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Objective 1: Investigate the mechanisms of protein misfolding in prion disease, including the genetic determinants of misfolding of the prion protein and the environmental influences on protein misfolding as it relates to prion diseases. Subobjective 1.A: Investigate the differences in the unfolded state of wild-type and disease associated prion proteins to better understand the mechanism of misfolding in genetic prion disease. Subobjective 1.B: Investigate the influence of metal ions on the misfolding of the prion protein in vitro to determine if environmental exposure to metal ions may alter disease progression. Objective 2: Investigate the pathobiology of prion strains in natural hosts, including the influence of prion source genotype on interspecies transmission and the pathobiology of atypical transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Subobjective 2.A: Investigate the pathobiology of atypical TSEs. Subobjective 2.B: Investigate the influence of prion source genotype on interspecies transmission. Objective 3: Investigate sampling methodologies for antemortem detection of prion disease, including the utility of blood sampling as a means to assess prion disease status of affected animals and the utility of environmental sampling for monitoring herd prion disease status. Subobjective 3.A: Investigate the utility of blood sampling as a means to assess prion disease status of affected animals. Subobjective 3.B: Investigate the utility of environmental sampling for monitoring herd prion disease status.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Approach</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The studies will focus on three animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents found in the United States: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE); scrapie of sheep and goats; and chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer, elk, and moose. The research will address sites of protein folding and misfolding as it relates to prion disease, accumulation of misfolded protein in the host, routes of infection, and ante mortem diagnostics with an emphasis on controlled conditions and natural routes of infection. Techniques used will include spectroscopic monitoring of protein folding/misfolding, clinical exams, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical analysis of proteins. The enhanced knowledge gained from this work will help understand the underlying mechanisms of prion disease and mitigate the potential for unrecognized epidemic expansions of these diseases in populations of animals that could either directly or indirectly affect food animals.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Progress Report</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">All 8 project plan milestones for FY17 were fully met. Research efforts directed toward meeting objective 1 of our project plan center around the production of recombinant prion protein from either bacteria or mammalian tissue culture systems and collection of thermodynamic data on the folding of the recombinant prion protein produced. Both bacterial and mammalian expression systems have been established. Thermodynamic data addressing the denatured state of wild-type and a disease associated variant of bovine prion protein has been collected and a manuscript is in preparation. In research pertaining to objective 2, all studies have been initiated and animals are under observation for the development of clinical signs. The animal studies for this objective are long term and will continue until onset of clinical signs. In vitro studies planned in parallel to the animals studies have similarly been initiated and are ongoing. Objective 3 of the project plan focuses on the detection of disease associated prion protein in body fluids and feces collected from a time course study of chronic wasting disease inoculated animals. At this time samples are being collected as planned and methods for analysis are under development.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Accomplishments</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1. Showed that swine are potential hosts for the scrapie agent. A naturally occurring prion disease has not been recognized in swine, but the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy does transmit to swine by experimental routes. Swine are thought to have a robust species barrier when exposed to the naturally occurring prion diseases of other species, but the susceptibility of swine to the agent of sheep scrapie has not been thoroughly tested. ARS researchers at Ames, Iowa conducted this experiment to test the susceptibility of swine to U.S. scrapie isolates by intracranial and oral inoculation. Necropsies were done on a subset of animals at approximately 6 months post inoculation (PI): the time the pigs were expected to reach market weight. Remaining pigs were maintained and monitored for clinical signs of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) until study termination at 80 months PI or when removed due to intercurrent disease. Brain samples were examined by multiple diagnostic approaches, and for a subset of pigs in each inoculation group, bioassay in mice expressing porcine prion protein. At 6 months PI, no evidence of scrapie infection was noted by any diagnostic method. However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2. Determined that pigs naturally exposed to chronic wasting disease (CWD) may act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Chronic wasting disease is a naturally occurring, fatal, neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of CWD disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation. Pigs were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: intracranially inoculated; orally inoculated; or non-inoculated. At market weight age, half of the pigs in each group were tested ('market weight' groups). The remaining pigs ('aged' groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) by multiple diagnostic methods. Brain samples from selected pigs were bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Some pigs from each inoculated group were positive by one or more tests. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed. Although only small amounts of PrPSc were detected using sensitive methods, this study demonstrates that pigs can serve as hosts for CWD. Detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Currently, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from deer or elk. In addition, feral swine could be exposed to infected carcasses in areas where CWD is present in wildlife populations. The current feed ban in the U.S. is based exclusively on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from entering animal feeds. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to CWD, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. Developed a method for amplification and discrimination of the 3 forms of BSE in cattle. The prion protein (PrP) is a protein that is the causative agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). The disease process involves conversion of the normal cellular PrP to a pathogenic misfolded conformation. This conversion process can be recreated in the lab using a misfolding amplification process known as real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC). RT-QuIC allows the detection of minute amounts of the abnormal infectious form of the prion protein by inducing misfolding in a supplied substrate. Although RT-QuIC has been successfully used to detect pathogenic PrP with substrates from a variety of host species, prior to this work bovine prion protein had not been proven for its practical uses for RT-QuIC. We demonstrated that prions from transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) and BSE-infected cattle can be detected with using bovine prion proteins with RT-QuIC, and developed an RT-QuIC based approach to discriminate different forms of BSE. This rapid and robust method, both to detect and discriminate BSE types, is of importance as the economic implications for different types of BSE vary greatly.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Review Publications</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">4. RACCOONS, Beavers, Rodents, Mountain Lions, Pumas, Wolves<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease detection in environmental and biological samples from a taxidermy site</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Paulina Sotoa,b, J. Hunter Reedc, Mitch Lockwoodc, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bUniversidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile; cTexas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting captive and free-ranging cervids (e.g., mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk, reindeer, and moose). Nowadays, CWD is widely distributed in North America. It is suggested that CWD spreads due to direct animal contact or through exposure to contaminated environments previously inhabited by infected animals. CWD may also be spread through the movement of infected animals and carcasses. Taxidermy practices involve processing deer tissues (or whole animal carcasses). In many cases, the CWD status of processed animals is unknown. This can generate risks of disease spread and transmission. Taxidermy practices include different steps involving physical, chemical, and biological procedures. Without proper tissue handling or disposal practices, taxidermist facilities may become a focus of prion infectivity.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: In this study, we evaluated the presence of infectious prions in a taxidermy facility believed to be exposed to CWD. Detection was performed using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique in biological and inert environmental samples.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Methods: We collected biological and environmental samples (plants, soils, insects, excreta, and others) from a taxidermy facility, and we tested these samples using the PMCA technique. In addition, we swabbed different surfaces possibly exposed to CWD-infected animals. For the PMCA reaction, we directly used a swab piece or 10 µL of 20% w/v homogenized samples.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in some of the components of this facility, including insects involved in head processing, soils, and a trash dumpster.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Different areas of this property were used for various taxidermy procedures. We were able to detect the presence of prions in i) soils that were in contact with the heads of dead animals, ii) insects involved in the cleaning of skulls, and iii) an empty dumpster where animal carcasses were previously placed. This is the first report demonstrating that swabbing is a helpful method to screen for prion infectivity on surfaces potentially contaminated with CWD. These findings are relevant as this swabbing and amplification strategy may be used to evaluate the disease status of other free-ranging and captive settings where there is a concern for CWD transmissions, such as at feeders and water troughs with CWD-exposed properties. This approach could have substantial implications for free-ranging cervid surveillance as well as in epidemiological investigations of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: USDA Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143 PRION 2022 ABSTRACTS, AND A BIG THANK YOU TO On behalf of the Prion2020/2022 Congress Organizing Committee and the NeuroPrion Association, we heartily invite you to join us for the International Conference Prion2020/2022 from 13.-16. September 2022 in Göttingen.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Volume 28, Number 4—April 2022 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Research </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Increased Attack Rates and Decreased Incubation Periods in Raccoons with Chronic Wasting Disease Passaged through Meadow Voles</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">S. Jo Moore, Christina M. Carlson, Jay R. Schneider, Christopher J. Johnson, and Justin J. GreenleeComments to Author Author affiliations: US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA (S.J. Moore, J.J. Greenlee); US Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA (C.M. Carlson, J.R. Schneider, C.J. Johnson).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring neurodegenerative disease of cervids. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) have previously been shown to be susceptible to the CWD agent. To investigate the potential for transmission of the agent of CWD from white-tailed deer to voles and subsequently to raccoons, we intracranially inoculated raccoons with brain homogenate from a CWD-affected white-tailed deer (CWDWtd) or derivatives of this isolate after it had been passaged through voles 1 or 5 times. We found that passage of the CWDWtd isolate through voles led to a change in the biologic behavior of the CWD agent, including increased attack rates and decreased incubation periods in raccoons. A better understanding of the dynamics of cross-species transmission of CWD prions can provide insights into how these infectious proteins evolve in new hosts.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, or prion diseases, are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases that include chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids, scrapie in sheep and goats, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) in cattle, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Kuru in humans. As of January 2020, CWD has been reported in free-ranging and farmed cervids in 26 states in the United States and 3 provinces in Canada (1). CWD-affected cervids shed infectious prions into their environment during both the preclinical and clinical stages of disease (2–8), and infectivity persists in soil (9–13), on the surface of contaminated plant leaves and roots (14), and in association with mineral licks (15). Environmental contamination with CWD prions represents a source of infectious material to which noncervid wildlife species, including raccoons and other small mammals, can be exposed.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We previously reported the transmission of the agent of CWD from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis) and elk to raccoons through experimental intracranial inoculation (16). Raccoons are able to propagate CWD prions from white-tailed deer and elk but with low attack rates (25%) and with disease-associated prion protein distribution restricted to the brain (16).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Overlap of raccoon and meadow vole distributions and chronic wasting disease epidemics, North America. A) Light purple shading indicates raccoon distribution; B) light teal shading indicates meadow vole distribution. Dark green areas and dark purple (A) and teal (B) overlays show known locations of chronic wasting disease in free-ranging cervids (as of March 2020). Figure 1. Overlap of raccoon and meadow vole distributions and chronic wasting disease epidemics, North America. A) Light purple shading indicates raccoon distribution; B) light teal shading indicates meadow vole distribution. Dark...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Successful transmission of the agent of CWD from white-tailed deer to 4 species of native North America rodents has been reported previously, and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) were found to be the most susceptible species (17). Meadow voles are known to opportunistically scavenge carcasses and engage in cannibalistic behavior (18), providing a plausible route for exposure to CWD and the possibility of continued disease transmission. Small rodents are a food source for predators and scavengers, including raccoons, and meadow voles and raccoons inhabit overlapping geographic ranges that also overlap with locations undergoing cervid CWD epidemics (Figure 1). Therefore, the potential for direct exposure of meadow voles and raccoons to CWD infectivity in the environment exists. Indeed, studies in Wisconsin have shown that raccoons are present at deer carcasses and gut piles with a high frequency (19). In addition, because raccoons are mesopredators and scavengers, there is the potential for secondary exposure of raccoons through consumption of contaminated rodents.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To examine the potential for noncervid species to support CWD transmission, we intracranially inoculated raccoons with the agent of CWD from a white-tailed deer or with derivatives of the same inoculum after it had been passaged through meadow voles 1 or 5 times. In this study, we report the successful transmission of the agent of CWD from a white-tailed deer and vole-passaged CWD to raccoons through experimental intracranial inoculation. Our findings suggest passage of the CWD agent through voles results in a CWD agent with altered phenotypic properties.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion diseases of free-ranging animals do not exist in isolation. Meadow voles and raccoons are widespread in North America, and their habitat ranges overlap with those of CWD-affected white-tailed deer and other cervids. Therefore, a substantial potential for exposure of these or other off-target species to CWD infectivity in the environment exists. We have demonstrated that CWDWtd from a GS96 white-tailed deer transmitted readily to raccoons. Passage of this isolate through voles followed by intracranial inoculation of raccoons with vole-derived inoculum resulted in disease with different biologic characteristics and neuropathology than the original CWDWtd isolate. These results provide strong evidence for the emergence of a novel strain of CWD after passage in meadow voles and raccoons. Therefore, interspecies transmission of CWD prions between cervids and noncervid species that share the same habitat might represent a confounding factor in CWD-management programs. In addition, passage of CWD prions through off-target species might represent a source of novel CWD strains with unknown biologic characteristics, including zoonotic potential. Characterization of the biologic behavior of CWD isolates after cross-species transmission will help us develop more effective management strategies for CWD-affected populations.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/4/21-0271_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/4/21-0271_article</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Susceptibility of Beavers to Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Allen Herbst 1 2 3, Serene Wohlgemuth 2 4, Jing Yang 2 4, Andrew R Castle 2 4, Diana Martinez Moreno 2 5, Alicia Otero 6, Judd M Aiken 2 3, David Westaway 2 4, Debbie McKenzie 2 5</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Affiliations expand</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PMID: 35625395 PMCID: PMC9137852 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050667</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious, fatal, neurodegenerative prion disease of cervids. The expanding geographical range and rising prevalence of CWD are increasing the risk of pathogen transfer and spillover of CWD to non-cervid sympatric species. As beavers have close contact with environmental and food sources of CWD infectivity, we hypothesized that they may be susceptible to CWD prions. We evaluated the susceptibility of beavers to prion diseases by challenging transgenic mice expressing beaver prion protein (tgBeaver) with five strains of CWD, four isolates of rodent-adapted prions and one strain of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. All CWD strains transmitted to the tgBeaver mice, with attack rates highest from moose CWD and the 116AG and H95+ strains of deer CWD. Mouse-, rat-, and especially hamster-adapted prions were also transmitted with complete attack rates and short incubation periods. We conclude that the beaver prion protein is an excellent substrate for sustaining prion replication and that beavers are at risk for CWD pathogen transfer and spillover.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Keywords: beavers; chronic wasting disease; prions; wildlife diseases.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35625395/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35625395/</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">FRIDAY, MARCH 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Mountain lions, Wolves, Coyotes, could help stop the spread of CWD TSE Prion in deer, WHERE STUPID MEETS THE ROAD! </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/03/mountain-lions-wolves-coyotes-could.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/03/mountain-lions-wolves-coyotes-could.html</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">5. RODENTS</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Susceptibility of Several North American Rodents That Are Sympatric with Cervid CWD Epidemics</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Authors: Dennis M. Heisey dheisey@usgs.gov, Natalie A. Mickelsen, Jay R. Schneider, Christopher J. Johnson, Chad J. Johnson, Julia A. Langenberg, Philip N. Bochsler, Delwyn P. Keane, Daniel J. BarrAUTHORS INFO & AFFILIATIONS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00560-09</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a highly contagious always fatal neurodegenerative disease that is currently known to naturally infect only species of the deer family, Cervidae. CWD epidemics are occurring in free-ranging cervids at several locations in North America, and other wildlife species are certainly being exposed to infectious material. To assess the potential for transmission, we intracerebrally inoculated four species of epidemic-sympatric rodents with CWD. Transmission was efficient in all species; the onset of disease was faster in the two vole species than the two Peromyscus spp. The results for inocula prepared from CWD-positive deer with or without CWD-resistant genotypes were similar. Survival times were substantially shortened upon second passage, demonstrating adaptation. Unlike all other known prion protein sequences for cricetid rodents that possess asparagine at position 170, our red-backed voles expressed serine and refute previous suggestions that a serine in this position substantially reduces susceptibility to CWD. Given the scavenging habits of these rodent species, the apparent persistence of CWD prions in the environment, and the inevitable exposure of these rodents to CWD prions, our intracerebral challenge results indicate that further investigation of the possibility of natural transmission is warranted.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In light of our findings, the possibility of natural transmission to rodents cannot be dismissed. This is concerning because of a TSE's ability to change its properties and host affinities after being passaged (4). Cannibalism and scavenging are common among small rodents, and small rodents are a very important food source for many predators and scavengers. Small rodent tissue also enters the domestic livestock and human food chain by accidental inclusion in grain and forage. Further investigation of these species as potential hosts, bridge species, and reservoirs of CWD is warranted. Even in its natural cervid hosts, the mechanisms of natural transmission and infection of CWD are not well understood. However, the ability to support amplification of PrPd would seem to be a prerequisite, which all of our rodent species have demonstrated. We have initiated studies to examine the susceptibility of these rodent species via more natural routes of infection.</div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/reader/10.1128/JVI.00560-09" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://journals.asm.org/doi/reader/10.1128/JVI.00560-09</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JVI.00560-09" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JVI.00560-09</a></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">6. INSECTS</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">mSphere . 2021 Aug 25;6(4):e0051521. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00515-21. Epub 2021 Aug 4. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Evaluation of Winter Ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) Collected from North American Elk (Cervus canadensis) in an Area of Chronic Wasting Disease Endemicity for Evidence of PrPCWD Amplification Using Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Assay N J Haley 1, D M Henderson 2, K Senior 1, M Miller 1, R Donner 1 Affiliations expand PMID: 34346708 PMCID: PMC8386475 DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00515-21 Free PMC article </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a progressive and fatal spongiform encephalopathy of deer and elk species, caused by a misfolded variant of the normal prion protein. Horizontal transmission of the misfolded CWD prion between animals is thought to occur through shedding in saliva and other forms of excreta. The role of blood in CWD transmission is less clear, though infectivity has been demonstrated in various blood fractions. Blood-feeding insects, including ticks, are known vectors for a range of bacterial and viral infections in animals and humans, though to date, there has been no evidence for their involvement in prion disease transmission. In the present study, we evaluated winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) collected from 136 North American elk (Cervus canadensis) in an area where CWD is endemic for evidence of CWD prion amplification using the real-time quaking-induced conversion assay (RT-QuIC). Although 30 elk were found to be CWD positive (22%) postmortem, amplifiable prions were found in just a single tick collected from an elk in advanced stages of CWD infection, with some evidence for prions in ticks collected from elk in mid-stage infection. These findings suggest that further investigation of ticks as reservoirs for prion disease may be warranted. IMPORTANCE This study reports the first finding of detectable levels of prions linked to chronic wasting disease in a tick collected from a clinically infected elk. Using the real-time quaking-induced conversion assay (RT-QuIC), "suspect" samples were also identified; these suspect ticks were more likely to have been collected from CWD-positive elk, though suspect amplification was also observed in ticks collected from CWD-negative elk. Observed levels were at the lower end of our detection limits, though our findings suggest that additional research evaluating ticks collected from animals in late-stage disease may be warranted to further evaluate the role of ticks as potential vectors of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Keywords: RT-QuIC; chronic wasting disease; elk; prion; tick; tick-borne pathogens.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34346708/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34346708/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">SATURDAY, DECEMBER 21, 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Parelaphostrongylus (Brainworm) Infection in Deer and Elk and the potential for CWD TSE prion consumption and spreading there from ? </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">I brought up a concern for a worm long ago, that gets in the brains of cervids, and then the worm gets excreted via feces, and then deer forage and eat that worm. if the host cervid of this worm has CWD, could this later transmit CWD?</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">I was concerned about this long ago, still am. I was curious what any else might think about this potential mode of transmission with cwd ?</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/12/parelaphostrongylus-brainworm-infection.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #338fe9; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/12/parelaphostrongylus-brainworm-infection.html</a> </div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">7. MILK</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 May; 17(5): 848–854.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">doi: 10.3201/eid1705.101654</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PMCID: PMC3321785</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PMID: 21529394</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Experimental Oral Transmission of Atypical Scrapie to Sheep</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Marion M. Simmons, </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">corresponding author S. Jo Moore,1 Timm Konold, Lisa Thurston, Linda A. Terry, Leigh Thorne, Richard Lockey, Chris Vickery, Stephen A.C. Hawkins, Melanie J. Chaplin, and John Spiropoulos</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To investigate the possibility of oral transmission of atypical scrapie in sheep and determine the distribution of infectivity in the animals’ peripheral tissues, we challenged neonatal lambs orally with atypical scrapie; they were then killed at 12 or 24 months. Screening test results were negative for disease-specific prion protein in all but 2 recipients; they had positive results for examination of brain, but negative for peripheral tissues. Infectivity of brain, distal ileum, and spleen from all animals was assessed in mouse bioassays; positive results were obtained from tissues that had negative results on screening. These findings demonstrate that atypical scrapie can be transmitted orally and indicate that it has the potential for natural transmission and iatrogenic spread through animal feed. Detection of infectivity in tissues negative by current surveillance methods indicates that diagnostic sensitivity is suboptimal for atypical scrapie, and potentially infectious material may be able to pass into the human food chain.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3321785/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3321785/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">GOAT MILK</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BMC Vet Res . 2017 May 4;13(1):122. doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1036-1.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Codon 141 polymorphisms of the ovine prion protein gene affect the phenotype of classical scrapie transmitted from goats to sheep</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Timm Konold 1, Laura J Phelan 2, Ben R Donnachie 3, Melanie J Chaplin 3, Saira Cawthraw 4, Lorenzo González 5</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PMID: 28472956 PMCID: PMC5418773 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1036-1</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Background: A study to investigate transmission of classical scrapie via goat milk was carried out in sheep: firstly, lambs were challenged orally with goat scrapie brain homogenate to confirm transmission of scrapie from goats to sheep. In the second study phase, milk from scrapie-infected goats was fed to lambs. Lambs were selected according to their prion protein gene (PRNP) genotype, which was either VRQ/VRQ or ARQ/ARQ, with or without additional polymorphisms at codon 141 (FF141, LF141 or LL141) of the ovine PRNP. This report describes the clinical, pathological and molecular phenotype of goat scrapie in those sheep that progressed to clinical end-stage.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: Ten sheep (six VRQ/VRQ and four ARQ/ARQ, of which three FF141 and one LL141) challenged with one of two scrapie brain homogenates, and six pairs of sheep (ARQ, of which five LL141 and seven LF141) fed milk from six different goats, developed clinical disease, which was characterised by a pruritic (all VRQ/VRQ and LL141 sheep) or a non-pruritic form (all LF141 and FF141 sheep). Immunohistochemical (IHC) examination revealed that the pattern of intra- and extracellular accumulation of disease-associated prion protein in the brain was also dependent on PRNP polymorphisms at codon 141, which was similar in VRQ and LL141 sheep but different from LF141 and FF141 sheep. The influence of codon 141 was also seen in discriminatory Western blot (WB), with LF141 and FF141 sheep showing a bovine spongiform encephalopathy-like profile (diminished reactivity with P4 antibody) on brain tissue. However, discriminatory WB in lymphoid tissues, and IHC pattern and profile both in lymphoid and brain tissue was consistent with classical scrapie in all sheep.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: This study provided further evidence that the clinical presentation and the pathological and molecular phenotypes of scrapie in sheep are influenced by PRNP polymorphisms, particularly at codon 141. Differences in the truncation of disease-associated prion protein between LL141 sheep and those carrying the F141 allele may be responsible for these observations.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Keywords: Clinical picture; Codon 141; Goat; Immunohistochemistry; PRNP genotype; Prion protein; Scrapie; Sheep; Transmission; Western immunoblot.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28472956/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28472956/</a> </div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">8. <span style="outline: none;">21 CFR Part 589.2000 </span>Failed Mad Cow Feed Ban in USA (these are just a few examples of 100s i have filed...terry)</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">BANNED MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE IN ALABAMA </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REASON</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISTRIBUTION AL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Recall # V-120-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete. REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISTRIBUTION AL and MS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">###</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 CODE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">###</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">a) Bulk</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">b) None</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">c) Bulk</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">d) Bulk</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REASON</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">###</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">___________________________________</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CODE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REASON</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">42,090 lbs.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WI</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">___________________________________</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CODE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REASON</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">9,997,976 lbs.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ID and NV</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"> Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">TUESDAY, MARCH 21, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Texas CWD seven new cases three separate deer-breeding facilities in Zavala, Washington and Gonzales counties 471 confirmed to date </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/03/texas-cwd-seven-new-cases-three.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/03/texas-cwd-seven-new-cases-three.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 17, 2023 <br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">TEXAS OVERVIEW OF STATE RESPONSE TO CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION April 2019 a Review<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/texas-overview-of-state-response-to.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/texas-overview-of-state-response-to.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Wisconsin Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Update for 2022 To Date 1480 Positive Cases</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/wisconsin-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd_23.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/wisconsin-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd_23.html</a> <div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 07, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WISCONSIN CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION UPDATE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/wisconsin-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/wisconsin-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">SUNDAY, JANUARY 22, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Michigan Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Totals Since 2015 To Present 242 Confirmed Cases</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/michigan-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/michigan-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Michigan MDARD Captive CWD Positives depopulated and quarantined 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/michigan-mdard-captive-cwd-positives.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/michigan-mdard-captive-cwd-positives.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">SUNDAY, JANUARY 22, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Pennsylvania has detected 1,209 cases of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion to date<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/pennsylvania-has-detected-1209-cases-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/pennsylvania-has-detected-1209-cases-of.html</a></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;">MONDAY, MARCH 13, 2023 <br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">North Dakota reported 24 deer from the 2022 hunting season tested positive </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/03/north-dakota-reported-24-deer-from-2022.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #338fe9; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/03/north-dakota-reported-24-deer-from-2022.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 14, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Iowa CWD TSE Prion Surveillance 2022-2023 Season 65 Positive and 19 Suspect Positive</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/iowa-cwd-tse-prion-surveillance-2022.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/iowa-cwd-tse-prion-surveillance-2022.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 06, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Idaho detects 15 deer with chronic wasting disease in 2022 out of 3,171 tests statewide</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/idaho-detects-15-deer-with-chronic.html/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/idaho-detects-15-deer-with-chronic.html\</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">MONDAY, JANUARY 30, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Missouri CWD TSE PRION 2022-2023 Sampling Results to Date 74 Positive <br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/missouri-cwd-tse-prion-2022-2023.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/missouri-cwd-tse-prion-2022-2023.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">MONDAY, MARCH 13, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Manitoba Province, Canada, a total of 20 positive cases of CWD have been detected to date </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/03/manitoba-province-canada-total-of-20.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/03/manitoba-province-canada-total-of-20.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">MONDAY, JANUARY 09, 2023 CANADA </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Canada Unstable funding threatens ‘zombie deer’ CWD TSE PRION research in the Prairies </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/canada-unstable-funding-threatens.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/canada-unstable-funding-threatens.html</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 16, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Novel Prion Strain as Cause of Chronic Wasting Disease in a Moose, Finland LATEST CDC PODCAST TRANSCRIPT </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/novel-prion-strain-as-cause-of-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/novel-prion-strain-as-cause-of-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 13, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Norway Changes to the TSE and CWD regulations</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/norway-changes-to-tse-and-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/norway-changes-to-tse-and-cwd.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Thursday, February 2, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EFSA OIE WOHA UPDATES ON CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/02/efsa-oie-woha-updates-on-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/02/efsa-oie-woha-updates-on-chronic.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 31, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The economic costs of chronic wasting disease in the United States </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/the-economic-costs-of-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/the-economic-costs-of-chronic-wasting.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 23, 2022 </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">House and Senate Send Important Chronic Wasting Disease Legislation to President’s Desk </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/12/house-and-senate-send-important-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/12/house-and-senate-send-important-chronic.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">SEE STATE BY STATE REPORTS ON CWD TSE PRION</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div class="yiv8813555222ydpd304ad00yiv2767690991ydp6aac0c02yahoo-style-wrap" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><b style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; outline: none;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</b><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div class="yiv8813555222ydpd304ad00yiv2767690991ydpb25ab923yahoo_quoted" id="yiv8813555222ydpd304ad00yiv2767690991ydpb25ab923yahoo_quoted_1873787356" style="outline: none;"><div style="color: #26282a; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><div id="yiv8813555222ydpd304ad00yiv2767690991ydpb25ab923yiv8433941925" style="outline: none;"><div class="yiv8813555222ydpd304ad00yiv2767690991ydpb25ab923yiv8433941925yahoo-style-wrap" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><p style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 1em 0px; outline: none;">Samia Hannaoui<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>, Ginny Cheng<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>, Wiebke Wemheuer<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">b</span>, Walter J. Schulz-Schaeffer<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">b</span>, Sabine Gilch<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>, and Hermann M. Schätzl<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span></p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 1em 0px; outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; <span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">b</span>Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 1em 0px; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;">Aims</b>: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of cervids. Its rapid geographic expansion, shedding of infectivity and persistence in the environment for many years are of concern for humans. Here, we provide the first evidence by transmission experiments to different transgenic mouse models and bank voles that <i style="outline: none;">Cynomolgus macaques</i> inoculated via different routes with CWD-positive cervid tissues harbor infectious prions that elicit clinical disease in rodents.</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 1em 0px; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;">Material and Methods</b>: We used tissue materials from macaques inoculated with CWD to inoculate transgenic mice overexpressing cervid PrP<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">C</span>followed by transmission into bank voles. We used RT-QuIC, immunoblot and PET blot analysis to assess brains, spinal cords, and tissues of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for the presence of prions.</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 1em 0px; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;">Results</b>: Our results show that of the macaque materials that induced clinical disease in transgenic mice,73% were from the CNS (46% spinal cord and 27% brain), and 27% were from the spleen, although attack rates were low around 20%. Clinical mice did not display PK-resistant PrP<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Sc</span>(PrP<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">res</span>) in immunoblot, but showed low-levels of prion seeding activity. Transmission into bank voles from clinical transgenic mice led to a 100% attack rate with typical PrP<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">res</span>signature in immunoblot, which was different from that of voles inoculated directly with CWD or scrapie prions. High-level prion seeding activity in brain and spinal cord and PrP<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">res</span>deposition in the brain were present. Remarkably, we also found prion seeding activity in GIT tissues of inoculated voles. Second passage in bank voles led to a 100% attack rate in voles inoculated with brain, spinal cord and small intestine material from first round animals, with PrP<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">res</span>in immunoblot, prion seeding activity, and PrP<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">res</span>deposition in the brain. Shortened survival times indicate adaptation in the new host. This also shows that prions detected in GIT tissues are infectious and transmissible. Transmission of brain material from sick voles back to cervidized mice revealed transmission in these mice with a 100% attack rate, and interestingly, with different biochemical signature and distribution in the brain.</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 1em 0px; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;">Conclusions</b>: Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including oral one. The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and transgenic mice, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 1em 0px; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;">Funded by</b>: The National Institutes of Health, USA, and the Alberta Prion Research Institute/Alberta Innovates Canada.</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 1em 0px; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;">Grant number</b>: 1R01NS121016-01; 201,600,023</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 1em 0px; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement</b>: We thank Umberto Agrimi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy, and Michael Beekes, Robert-Koch Institute Berlin, Germany, for providing the bank vole model. We thank the University of Calgary animal facility staff and Dr. Stephanie Anderson for animal care.</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 1em 0px; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD</b></p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 1em 0px; outline: none;">Samia Hannaoui<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>, Irina Zemlyankina<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>, Sheng Chun Chang<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>, Maria Immaculata Arifin<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>, Vincent Béringue<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">b</span>, Debbie McKenzie<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">c</span>, Hermann M. Schatzl<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>, and Sabine Gilch<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span></p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 1em 0px; outline: none;"><span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; <span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">b</span>Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France; <span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">c</span>Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 1em 0px; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;">Aims</b>: Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we aimed to determine the zoonotic potential of CWD using a mouse model for human prion diseases.</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 1em 0px; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;">Material and Methods</b>: Transgenic mice overexpressing human PrP<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">C</span>homozygous for methionine at codon 129 (tg650) were inoculated intracerebrally with brain homogenates of white-tailed deer infected with Wisc-1/CWD1 or 116AG CWD strains. Mice were monitored for clinical signs and were euthanized at terminal disease. Brains were tested by RT-QuIC, western blot upon PK digestion, and immunohistochemistry; fecal homogenates were analyzed by RT-QuIC. Brain/spinal cord and fecal homogenates of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice were inoculated into tg650 mice or bank voles. Brain homogenates of bank voles inoculated with fecal homogenates of CWD-infected tg650 mice were used for second passage in bank voles.</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 1em 0px; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;">Results</b>: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrP<span style="font-size: 13.2px; line-height: 0; outline: none; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">C</span>with deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650 brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to tg650 mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of tg650 mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions.</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 1em 0px; outline: none;">Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and tg650 with fecal homogenates.</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 1em 0px; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;">Conclusions</b>: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management.</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 1em 0px; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;">Funded by</b>: We are grateful for financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the National Institutes of Health, Genome Canada, and the Alberta Prion Research Institute. SG is supported by the Canada Research Chairs program.</p><p style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin: 1em 0px; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement</b>: We thank Dr. Trent Bollinger, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, for providing brain tissue from the WTD-116AG isolate, Dr. Stéphane Haïk, ICM, Paris, France, for providing brain tissue from vCJD and sCJD cases, and Dr. Umberto Agrimi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy, for the bank vole model. We thank animal facility staff for animal care, Dr. Stephanie Anderson for veterinary oversight, and Yo-Ching Cheng for preparing recombinant PrP substrates. Thank you to Dr. Stephanie Booth and Jennifer Myskiw, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada.</p></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Shedding of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Multiple Excreta Throughout Disease Course in White-tailed Deer</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Nathaniel D. Denkersa, Erin E. McNultya, Caitlyn N. Krafta, Amy V. Nallsa, Joseph A. Westricha, Wilfred Goldmannb, Candace K. Mathiasona, and Edward A. Hoovera</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">aPrion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; bDivision of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and the Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) now infects cervids in South Korea, North America, and Scandinavia. CWD is unique in its efficient transmission and shedding of prions in body fluids throughout long course infections. Questions remain as to the magnitude of shedding and the route of prion acquisition. As CWD continues to expand, the need to better understand these facets of disease becomes more pertinent. The purpose of the studies described was to define the longitudinal shedding profile of CWD prions in urine, saliva, and feces throughout the course of infection in white-tailed deer.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material and Methods: Twelve (12) white-tailed deer were inoculated with either 1 mg or 300ng of CWD. Urine, saliva, and feces were collected every 3-month post-inoculation (MPI) throughout the study duration. Cohorts were established based on PNRP genotype: codon 96 GG (n = 6) and alternate codons 96 GS (n = 5) & 103NT (n = 1). Urine and saliva were analyzed using iron-oxide magnetic extraction (IOME) and real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC)(IQ). Feces were subjected to IOME, followed by 4 rounds protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) with products analyzed by RT-QuIC (IPQ). To determine whether IPQ may be superior to IQ, a subset of urine and saliva were also tested by IPQ. Results were compared with clinical disease status.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: Within the 96 GG cohort, positive seeding activity was detected in feces from all deer (100%), in saliva from 5 of 6 (83%), and in urine from 4 of 6 (66%). Shedding in all excreta occurred at, or just after, the first positive tonsil biopsy result. In the 96 GS/103NT cohort, positive seeding activity could be detected in feces from 3 of 6 (50%) deer, saliva in 2 of 6 (33%), and urine in 1 of 6 (16%). Shedding in excreta was detected >5 months after the first tonsil positive result. Four of six 96 GG deer developed clinical signs of CWD, whereas only 2 of the 96 GS/103NT did. Shedding was more frequently detected in deer with clinical disease. The IPQ protocol did not significantly improve detection in saliva or urine samples, however, it significantly augmented detection in feces by eliminating non-specific background commonly experienced with IQ. Negative control samples remained negative in samples tested.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: These studies demonstrate: (a) CWD prion excretion occurs throughout infection; (2) PRNP genotype (GG≫GS/NT) influences the excreta shedding; and (3) detection sensitivity in excreta can vary with different RT-QuIC protocols. These results provide a more complete perspective of prion shedding in deer during the course of CWD infection.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: National Institutes of Health (NIH)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Grant number: RO1-NS061902-09 R to EAH, PO1-AI077774 to EAH, and R01-AI112956-06 to CKM</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement: We abundantly thank Sallie Dahmes at WASCO and David Osborn and Gino D’Angelo at the University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources for their long-standing support of this work through provision of the hand-raised, CWD-free, white-tailed deer used in these studies</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Paulina Sotoa,b, Francisca Bravo-Risia,b, Claudio Sotoa, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bUniversidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion diseases are infectious neurodegenerative disorders afflicting humans and other mammals. These diseases are generated by the misfolding of the cellular prion protein into a disease-causing isoform. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prevalent prion disease affecting cervids (captive and free-range). CWD is thought to be transmitted through direct animal contact or by indirect exposure to contaminated environments. Many studies have shown that infectious prions can enter the environment through saliva, feces, or urine from infected animals and decaying carcasses. However, we do not fully understand the specific contribution of each component to disease transmission events. Plants are logical environmental components to be evaluated since they grow in environments contaminated with CWD prions and are relevant for animal and human nutrition.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: The main objective of this study is to study whether prions are transported to the roots and leaves of carrots, an edible plant commonly used in the human diet and as deer bait.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Methods: We have grown carrot plants in CWD-infected soils. After 90 days, we harvested the carrots and separated them from the leaves. The experiment was controlled by growing plants in soil samples treated with brain extracts from healthy animals. These materials were interrogated for their prion seeding activity using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique. Infectivity was evaluated in mouse bioassays (intracerebral injections in Tg1536 mice). The animals were sacrificed when they showed established signs of prion disease. Animals not displaying clinical signs were sacrificed at 600 days post-inoculation.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in soils contaminated with CWD prions, as well as in carrot plants (leaves and roots) grown on them. Bioassays demonstrated that both leaves and roots contained CWD prions in sufficient quantities to induce disease (92% attack rate). As expected, animals treated with prion-infected soils developed prion disease at shorter incubation periods (and complete attack rates) compared to plant components. Animals treated with soil and plant components exposed with CWD-free brain extracts did not display prion-associated clinical signs or evidence of sub-clinical prion infection.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts. Our results indicate that plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission. Importantly, plants designated for human consumption represent a risk of introducing CWD prions into the human food chain.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: NIH</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Grant number: R01AI132695</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">October 6th-12th, 126th Meeting 2022 Resolutions </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RESOLUTION NUMBER: 30 Approved</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SOURCE: COMMITTEE ON WILDLIFE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SUBJECT MATTER: Chronic Wasting Disease Carcass Disposal Dumpster Management and Biosecurity</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BACKGROUND INFORMATION:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">State and tribal wildlife agencies may identify collection points (dumpsters) within an identified chronic wasting disease (CWD) management zone for the disposal of hunter-harvested cervid carcasses to remove potentially infected carcasses off the landscape for disposal by an approved method (Gillin & Mawdsley, 2018, chap.14). However, depending on their placement and maintenance these dumpsters could potentially increase the risk of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In several different states, photographic evidence has shown dumpsters in state identified CWD management zones overflowing with deer carcasses and limbs scattered on the land nearby. This could provide an opportunity for scavengers to potentially move infected carcass material to non-infected zones or increase contamination of the ground material around the dumpster’s location.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Federal guidance does not explicitly address uniform standards for collection locations for carcasses of free-ranging cervids; however, the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services Program Standards on CWD outlines procedures for carcass disposal, equipment sanitation, and decontamination of premises for captive cervid facilities.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RESOLUTION:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The United States Animal Health Association urges the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA), Wildlife Health Committee to further refine the AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease; Chapter 14, Carcass Disposal to address the placement and management of chronic wasting disease carcass disposal dumpsters or other carcass collection containers.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Reference:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1. Gillin, Colin M., and Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (eds.). 2018. AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Surveillance, Management and Control of Chronic Wasting Disease. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Washington, D. C. 111 pp. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ENVIRONMENT FACTORS FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF CWD TSE PRP</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sensitive detection of chronic wasting disease prions recovered from environmentally relevant surfaces</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Environment International</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Available online 13 June 2022, 107347</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Environment International</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sensitive detection of chronic wasting disease prions recovered from environmentally relevant surfaces</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Qi Yuana Gag e Rowdenb Tiffany M.Wolfc Marc D.Schwabenlanderb Peter A.LarsenbShannon L.Bartelt-Huntd Jason C.Bartza</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">a Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, 68178, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">b Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">c Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">d Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Peter Kiewit Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, Nebraska, 68182, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Received 26 April 2022, Revised 8 June 2022, Accepted 9 June 2022, Available online 13 June 2022.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107347" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107347</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Get rights and content</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Under a Creative Commons license Open access</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Highlights • An innovative method for prion recovery from swabs was developed.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Recovery of prions decreased as swab-drying time was increased.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Recovery of CWD prions from stainless steel and glass was approximately 30%.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• RT-QuIC enhanced CWD prion detection by 4 orders of magnitude.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">• Surface-recovered CWD prion was sufficient for efficient RT-QuIC detection. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been identified in 30 states in the United States, four provinces in Canada, and recently emerged in Scandinavia. The association of CWD prions with environmental materials such as soil, plants, and surfaces may enhance the persistence of CWD prion infectivity in the environment exacerbating disease transmission. Identifying and quantifying CWD prions in the environment is significant for prion monitoring and disease transmission control. A systematic method for CWD prion quantification from associated environmental materials, however, does not exist. In this study, we developed an innovative method for extracting prions from swabs and recovering CWD prions swabbed from different types of surfaces including glass, stainless steel, and wood. We found that samples dried on swabs were unfavorable for prion extraction, with the greatest prion recovery from wet swabs. Using this swabbing technique, the recovery of CWD prions dried to glass or stainless steel was approximately 30% in most cases, whereas that from wood was undetectable by conventional prion immunodetection techniques. Real-time quake-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) analysis of these same samples resulted in an increase of the detection limit of CWD prions from stainless steel by 4 orders of magnitude. More importantly, the RT-QuIC detection of CWD prions recovered from stainless steel surfaces using this method was similar to the original CWD prion load applied to the surface. This combined surface swabbing and RT-QuIC detection method provides an ultrasensitive means for prion detection across many settings and applications.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">5. Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease is spreading in North America and it is hypothesized that in CWD-endemic areas environmental persistence of CWD prions can exacerbate disease transmission. The development of a sensitive CWD prion detection method from environmentally relevant surfaces is significant for monitoring, risk assessment, and control of CWD. In this study, we developed a novel swab-extraction procedure for field deployable sampling of CWD prions from stainless steel, glass, and wood. We found that extended swab-drying was unfavorable for extraction, indicating that hydrated storage of swabs after sampling aided in prion recovery. Recoverable CWD prions from stainless steel and glass was approximately 30%, which was greater than from wood. RT-QuIC analysis of the swab extracts resulted in an increase of the detection limit of CWD prions from stainless steel by 4 orders of magnitude compared to conventional immunodetection techniques. More importantly, the RT-QuIC detection of CWD prions recovered from stainless steel surfaces using this developed method was similar to the original CWD prion load without surface contact. This method of prion sampling and recovery, in combination with ultrasensitive detection methods, allows for prion detection from contaminated environmental surfaces.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412022002744?via%3Dihub" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412022002744?via%3Dihub</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzie ORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">KEYWORDS: Prion chronic wasting diseasesex differences species differences disease prevalence cervid protein expression glands</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Paper</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Kevin Christopher Gough BSc (Hons), PhD Claire Alison Baker BSc (Hons) Steve Hawkins MIBiol Hugh Simmons BVSc, MRCVS, MBA, MA Timm Konold DrMedVet, PhD, MRCVS … See all authors </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapiepositive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Gudmundur Georgsson1, Sigurdur Sigurdarson2, Paul Brown3</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">imageTimm Konold1*, imageStephen A. C. Hawkins2, imageLisa C. Thurston3, imageBen C. Maddison4, imageKevin C. Gough5, imageAnthony Duarte1 and imageHugh A. Simmons1</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The findings of this study highlight the role of field furniture used by scrapie-infected sheep to act as a reservoir for disease re-introduction although infectivity declines considerably if the field furniture has not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. PMCA may not be as sensitive as VRQ/VRQ sheep to test for environmental contamination.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Discussion </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Kyung Je Park, Hoo Chang Park, In Soon Roh, Hyo Jin Kim, Hae-Eun Kang and Hyun Joo Sohn</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Bethesda, MD 20892. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PMID: 8006664 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">MONDAY, APRIL 19, 2021</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Evaluation of the application for new alternative biodiesel production process for rendered fat including Category 1 animal by-products (BDI-RepCat® process, AT) ???</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/evaluation-of-application-for-new.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/evaluation-of-application-for-new.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Confidential!!!!</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">---end personal email---end...tss</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">and so it seems...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Scrapie Agent (Strain 263K) Can Transmit Disease via the Oral Route after Persistence in Soil over Years</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published: May 9, 2007</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our results showed that 263K scrapie agent can persist in soil at least over 29 months. Strikingly, not only the contaminated soil itself retained high levels of infectivity, as evidenced by oral administration to Syrian hamsters, but also feeding of aqueous soil extracts was able to induce disease in the reporter animals. We could also demonstrate that PrPSc in soil, extracted after 21 months, provides a catalytically active seed in the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) reaction. PMCA opens therefore a perspective for considerably improving the detectability of prions in soil samples from the field.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dr. Paul Brown Scrapie Soil Test BSE Inquiry Document</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Published: 06 September 2021</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021) </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=============== </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=============== </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">============== </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Taylor & Francis</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsaopinioncwd.blogspot.com/2022/04/efsa-eu-request-for-scientific-opinion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinioncwd.blogspot.com/2022/04/efsa-eu-request-for-scientific-opinion.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 16, 2022 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SHEEP BY-PRODUCTS AND WHAT ABOUT Scrapie TSE PrP and Potential Zoonosis? </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/03/sheep-by-products-and-what-about.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/03/sheep-by-products-and-what-about.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SO, WHO'S UP FOR SOME MORE TSE PRION POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$ </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SO, ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PMID: 6997404</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">76/10.12/4.6</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2. Determined that pigs naturally exposed to chronic wasting disease (CWD) may act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Chronic wasting disease is a naturally occurring, fatal, neurodegenerative disease of cervids. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of CWD disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Pigs were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: intracranially inoculated; orally inoculated; or non-inoculated. At market weight age, half of the pigs in each group were tested ('market weight' groups). The remaining pigs ('aged' groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) by multiple diagnostic methods. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Brain samples from selected pigs were bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Some pigs from each inoculated group were positive by one or more tests. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Although only small amounts of PrPSc were detected using sensitive methods, this study demonstrates that pigs can serve as hosts for CWD. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Currently, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from deer or elk. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In addition, feral swine could be exposed to infected carcasses in areas where CWD is present in wildlife populations. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The current feed ban in the U.S. is based exclusively on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from entering animal feeds. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to CWD, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Samia Hannaouia, Ginny Chenga, Wiebke Wemheuerb, Walter J. Schulz-Schaefferb, Sabine Gilcha, and Hermann M. Schätzla aDepartment of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; bInstitute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of cervids. Its rapid geographic expansion, shedding of infectivity and persistence in the environment for many years are of concern for humans. Here, we provide the first evidence by transmission experiments to different transgenic mouse models and bank voles that Cynomolgus macaques inoculated via different routes with CWD-positive cervid tissues harbor infectious prions that elicit clinical disease in rodents.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material and Methods: We used tissue materials from macaques inoculated with CWD to inoculate transgenic mice overexpressing cervid PrPCfollowed by transmission into bank voles. We used RT-QuIC, immunoblot and PET blot analysis to assess brains, spinal cords, and tissues of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for the presence of prions.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: Our results show that of the macaque materials that induced clinical disease in transgenic mice,73% were from the CNS (46% spinal cord and 27% brain), and 27% were from the spleen, although attack rates were low around 20%. Clinical mice did not display PK-resistant PrPSc(PrPres) in immunoblot, but showed low-levels of prion seeding activity. Transmission into bank voles from clinical transgenic mice led to a 100% attack rate with typical PrPressignature in immunoblot, which was different from that of voles inoculated directly with CWD or scrapie prions. High-level prion seeding activity in brain and spinal cord and PrPresdeposition in the brain were present. Remarkably, we also found prion seeding activity in GIT tissues of inoculated voles. Second passage in bank voles led to a 100% attack rate in voles inoculated with brain, spinal cord and small intestine material from first round animals, with PrPresin immunoblot, prion seeding activity, and PrPresdeposition in the brain. Shortened survival times indicate adaptation in the new host. This also shows that prions detected in GIT tissues are infectious and transmissible. Transmission of brain material from sick voles back to cervidized mice revealed transmission in these mice with a 100% attack rate, and interestingly, with different biochemical signature and distribution in the brain.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including oral one. The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and transgenic mice, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: The National Institutes of Health, USA, and the Alberta Prion Research Institute/Alberta Innovates Canada. Grant number: 1R01NS121016-01; 201,600,023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement: We thank Umberto Agrimi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy, and Michael Beekes, Robert-Koch Institute Berlin, Germany, for providing the bank vole model. We thank the University of Calgary animal facility staff and Dr. Stephanie Anderson for animal care.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">aDepartment of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; bUniversité Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France; cDepartment of Biological Sciences, Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we aimed to determine the zoonotic potential of CWD using a mouse model for human prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material and Methods: Transgenic mice overexpressing human PrPChomozygous for methionine at codon 129 (tg650) were inoculated intracerebrally with brain homogenates of white-tailed deer infected with Wisc-1/CWD1 or 116AG CWD strains. Mice were monitored for clinical signs and were euthanized at terminal disease. Brains were tested by RT-QuIC, western blot upon PK digestion, and immunohistochemistry; fecal homogenates were analyzed by RT-QuIC. Brain/spinal cord and fecal homogenates of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice were inoculated into tg650 mice or bank voles. Brain homogenates of bank voles inoculated with fecal homogenates of CWD-infected tg650 mice were used for second passage in bank voles.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650 brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to tg650 mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of tg650 mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and tg650 with fecal homogenates.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: We are grateful for financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the National Institutes of Health, Genome Canada, and the Alberta Prion Research Institute. SG is supported by the Canada Research Chairs program.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement: We thank Dr. Trent Bollinger, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, for providing brain tissue from the WTD-116AG isolate, Dr. Stéphane Haïk, ICM, Paris, France, for providing brain tissue from vCJD and sCJD cases, and Dr. Umberto Agrimi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy, for the bank vole model. We thank animal facility staff for animal care, Dr. Stephanie Anderson for veterinary oversight, and Yo-Ching Cheng for preparing recombinant PrP substrates. Thank you to Dr. Stephanie Booth and Jennifer Myskiw, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Eric Cassmanna, Xu Qib, Qingzhong Kongb, and Justin Greenleea</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">aNational Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA bDepartments of Pathology, Neurology, National Center for Regenerative Medicine, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Evaluate the zoonotic potential of the raccoon passaged chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent in humanized transgenic mice in comparison with the North American CWD agent from the original white-tailed deer host.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material and Methods: Pooled brain material (GG96) from a CWD positive herd was used to oronasally inoculate two white-tailed deer with wild-type prion protein genotype and intracranially inoculate a raccoon. Brain homogenates (10% w/v) from the raccoon and the two white-tailed deer were used to intracranially inoculate separate groups of transgenic mice that express human prion protein with methionine (M) at codon 129 (Tg40h). Brains and spleens were collected from mice at experimental endpoints of clinical disease or approximately 700 days post-inoculation. Tissues were divided and homogenized or fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. Immunohistochemistry, enzyme immunoassay, and western blot were used to detect misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) in tissue.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: Humanized transgenic mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent from white-tailed deer exhibited a 100% (12/12) attack rate with an average incubation period of 605 days. PrPScwas detected in brain tissue by enzyme immunoassay with an average optical density of 3.6/4.0 for positive brains. PrPScalso was detected in brain tissue by western blot and immunohistochemistry. No PrPScwas detected in the spleens of mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent. Humanized mice inoculated with the CWD agent from white-tailed deer did not have detectable PrPScusing conventional immunoassay techniques.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: The host range of the CWD agent from white-tailed deer was expanded in our experimental model after one passage through raccoons.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement: We thank Quazetta Brown, Lexi Frese, Rylie Frese, Kevin Hassall, Leisa Mandell, and Trudy Tatum for providing excellent technical support to this project.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Stable and highly zoonotic cervid prion strain is possible</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, and Qingzhong Kong Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in some areas. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies suggest that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material and Methods: We inoculated a few sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice, which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had hunted or consumed vension from CWD-endemic states. Some of these mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a ‘cervidized’ CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of CJDElkPrPin transgenic mice expressing human PrP (Tg40h). We passaged CJDElkPrPtwo more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrPprions also led to 100% infection in the Tg40h mice. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice, despite that natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrPshare the same elk PrP sequence.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can be stably maintained in cervids and that CWD zoonosis is prion strain-dependent.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: NIH</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O’Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Adaptation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) prion strains in hosts with different PRNP genotypes</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Camilo Duque Velasqueza,c, Elizabeth Triscotta,c, Chiye Kima,c, Diana Morenoa,c, Judd Aikenb,c, and Debbie McKenziea,c</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">aDepartment of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada; bDepartment of Agriculture, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada; cCentre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: The contagious nature of CWD epizootics and the PrPCamino acid variation of cervids (and susceptible sympatric species) guarantee the expansion of prion conformational diversity and selective landscapes where new strains can arise. CWD strains can have novel transmission properties including altered host range that may increase zoonotic risk as circulating strains diversify and evolve. We are characterizing the host adaptability of characterized CWD strains as well as CWD isolates from different cervid species in various enzootic regions.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material and Methods: Characterized CWD strains as well as a number of isolates from hunter-harvested deer were bioassayed in our rodent panel (transgenic mice expressing cervid alleles G96, S96 and H95-PrPC, elk PrPC, bovine PrPC, and both hamsters and non-transgenic laboratory mice). Strain characteristics were compared using computer based scoring of brain pathology (e.g. PrPCWDbrain distribution), western blot and protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: Transmission of various isolates resulted in the selection of strain mixtures in hosts expressing similar PrPC, particularly for polymorphic white-tailed deer and for Norwegian reindeer. As of the second passage, transmission of P153 moose prions from Norway has not resulted in emergence of strains with properties similar to any North American CWD strains in our taxonomic collection (Wisc-1, CWD2, H95+and 116AG).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Our data indicates polymorphic white-tailed deer can favor infection with more than one strain. Similar to transmission studies of Colorado CWD isolates from cervids expressing a single PrPCprimary structure, the isolate from Norway reindeer (V214) represents a strain mixture, suggesting intrinsic strain diversity in the Nordfjella epizootic. The diversity of CWD strains with distinct transmission characteristics represents a threat to wildlife, sympatric domestic animals and public health.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: Genome Canada and Genome Alberta (Alberta Prion Research Institute and Alberta Agriculture & Forestry); NSERC Grant number: #LSARP 10205; NSERC RGPIN-2017-05539</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank Margo Pybus (Alberta Environment and Parks) Trent Bollinger (University of Saskatchewan) for providing us with tissue samples from hunter-harvested deer and Sylvie Benestad for providing moose and reindeer samples.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Application of PMCA to understand CWD prion strains, species barrier and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sandra Pritzkowa, Damian Gorskia, Frank Ramireza, Fei Wanga, Glenn C. Tellingb, Justin J. Greenleec, Sylvie L. Benestadd, and Claudio Sotoa aDepartment of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; bDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; cVirus and Prion Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA; dNorwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference Laboratory for CWD, Ås, Norway</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease affecting various species of cervids that continues to spread uncontrollably across North America and has recently been detected in Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden and Finland). The mechanisms responsible for the natural transmission of CWD are largely unknown. Furthermore, the risk of CWD transmission to other species, including humans, is also unknown and remains a dangerous enigma. In this study, we investigated the potential of CWD prions to infect several other animal species (sheep, cattle, pig, hamster, and mouse) including humans, by examining their capacity to convert the normal prion protein of distinct species in a PMCA reaction. Moreover, we also investigated whether the in vivo passage of CWD through intermediate species alters their capacity for zoonotic transmission, which may represent a major hazard to human health.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material and Methods: For these studies, we used brain material from CWD-infected white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), elk (Cervus canadensis), and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) as species native to North America. We also used CWD-infected Moose (Alces alces), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) as Norwegian cervids. We also used brains from cattle, sheep and pigs experimentally infected by CWD. To study interspecies-transmission and zoonotic potential, samples were tested via PMCA for the conversion of PrPCinto PrPScusing different combinations of inoculum and host species. Based on these analyses we estimated the spillover and zoonotic potential for different CWD isolates. We define and quantify spillover and zoonotic potential indices as the efficiency by which CWD prions sustain prion generation in vitro at the expense of normal prion proteins from various mammals and human, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: Our results show that prions from some cervid species, especially those found in Northern Europe, have a higher potential to transmit disease characteristics to other animals. Conversely, CWD-infected cervids originated in North America appear to have a greater potential to generate human PrPSc. We also found that in vivo transmission of CWD to cattle, but not to sheep or pigs substantially increases the ability of these prions to convert human PrPCby PMCA.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Our findings support the existence of different CWD prion strains with distinct spillover and zoonotic potentials. We also conclude that transmission of CWD to other animal species may increase the risk for CWD transmission to humans. Our studies may provide a tool to predict the array of animal species that a given CWD prion could affect and may contribute to understanding the risk of CWD for human health.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: National Institute of Health Grant number: P01 AI077774</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Zerui Wanga, Kefeng Qinb, Manuel V. Camachoa, Ignazio Cali a,c, Jue Yuana, Pingping Shena, Tricia Gillilanda, Syed Zahid Ali Shaha, Maria Gerasimenkoa, Michelle Tanga, Sarada Rajamanickama, Anika Yadatia, Lawrence B. Schonbergerd, Justin Greenleee, Qingzhong Konga,c, James A. Mastriannib, and Wen-Quan Zoua,c</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">aDepartment of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; bDepartment of Neurology and Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders, the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; dDivision of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) results from the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the brains of deer and elk. It has been spreading rapidly throughout many regions of North America, exported inadvertently to South Korea, and more recently identified in Europe. Mad cow disease has caused variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and is currently the only known zoonotic prion disease. Whether CWD is transmissible to humans remains uncertain. The aims of our study were not only to confirm whether CWD prion isolates can convert human brain PrPCinto PrPScin vitro by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) but also to determine whether the sPMCA-induced CWD-derived human PrPScis infectious.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material and Methods: Eight CWD prion isolates from 7 elks and 1 deer were used as the seeds while normal human brain homogenates containing either PrP-129 MM (n = 2) or PrP-129 VV (n = 1) were used as the substrates for sPMCA assay. A normal elk brain tissue sample was used as a negative control seed. Two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing either human PrP-129VV or −129 MM polymorphism were included for transmission studies to determine the infectivity of PMCA-amplified PrPSc. Wester blotting and immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin & eosin staining were used for determining PrPScand neuropathological changes of inoculated animals.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: We report here the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPScusing elk CWD PrPScto initiate conversion of human PrPCfrom normal human brain homogenates with PMCA in vitro. Western blotting with a human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPScwas derived from the human brain PrPCsubstrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrPCwith either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPScpatterns and neuropathological changes in the brain.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSchas the potential to overcome the species barrier and directly convert human PrPCinto infectious PrPScthat can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: CJD Foundation and NIH</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mortality surveillance of persons potentially exposed to chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">R.A. Maddoxa, R.F. Klosb, L.R. Willb, S.N. Gibbons-Burgenerb, A. Mvilongoa, J.Y. Abramsa, B.S. Applebyc, L.B. Schonbergera, and E.D. Belaya aNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA; bWisconsin Department of Health Services (WDHS), Division of Public Health, Madison, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: It is unknown whether chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, can infect people, but consumption of meat from infected animals would be the most likely route of transmission. Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Division of Public Health (WDHS) personnel maintain a database consisting of information collected from hunters who reported eating, or an intention to eat, venison from CWD-positive cervids. These data, collected since 2003, allow for the evaluation of causes of mortality in individuals potentially exposed to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material and Methods: The WDHS database contains the name, date of birth, when available, year of CWD-positive deer harvest, and city and state of residence for each potentially exposed individual. The database also includes information on how the deer was processed (self-processed or by a commercial operator) and when applicable, names of others with whom the venison was shared. Duplicate entries (i.e., those who consumed venison from CWD-positive deer in multiple hunt years) are determined by first name, last name, and date of birth. All names in the database are cross-checked with reported cases of human prion disease in Wisconsin and cases in the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC) diagnostic testing database. Persons with date of birth available are also cross-checked with prion disease decedents identified through restricted-use national multiple cause-of-death data via a data use agreement with the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: The database currently consists of 1561 records for hunt years 2003–2017 and 87 additional records for 2018–2019. Of these, 657 records have accompanying date of birth; 15 entries were removed as duplicates leaving 642 unique individuals. Of these individuals, 278 of 426 (66%) who ate venison from a CWD-positive deer and provided processing information reported self-processing. No matches were found among any persons in the database cross-checked with WDHS human prion disease surveillance data, NPDPSC data (February 2022 update), and NCHS data through 2020.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Because of the linkage of person and CWD-positive animal in the WDHS database, reviewing the cause of mortality in potentially exposed persons is possible. The number of individuals cross-checked so far is likely only a small percentage of those potentially exposed to CWD in Wisconsin, and many more years of vital status tracking are needed given an expected long incubation period should transmission to humans occur. Nevertheless, the findings of this ongoing review are thus far reassuring.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion disease incidence, United States, 2003–2020</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">R.A. Maddoxa, M.K. Persona, K. Kotobellib, A. Mvilongoa, B.S. Applebyb, L.B. Schonbergera, T.A. Hammetta, J.Y. Abramsa, and E.D. Belaya aNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA; bNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Mortality data, in conjunction with neuropathological and genetic testing results, are used to estimate prion disease incidence in the United States.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material and Methods: Prion disease decedents for 2003–2020 were identified from restricted-use U.S. national multiple cause-of-death data, via a data use agreement with the National Center for Health Statistics, and from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC) database. NPDPSC decedents with neuropathological or genetic test results positive for prion disease for whom no likely match was found in the NCHS multiple cause-of-death data were added as cases for incidence calculations, while those with negative neuropathology results but with cause-of-death data indicating prion disease were removed. Unmatched cases in the NPDPSC database lacking neuropathological testing but with a positive real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) test result were additionally assessed. Age-specific and age-adjusted average annual incidence rates were calculated from the combined data; the year 2000 as the standard population and the direct method were used for age-adjustment.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: A total of 7,921 decedents were identified as having prion disease during 2003–2020 for an age-adjusted average annual incidence of 1.2 per million population. The age-adjusted incidence between males and females (1.3 and 1.1 per million, respectively) differed significantly (p < 0.0001). The age-specific average annual incidence among those <55 and ≥55 years of age was 0.2 and 4.8 per million, respectively; incidence among those ≥65 was 6.1 per million. Eighteen cases were <30 years of age for an age-specific incidence of 8.0 per billion; only 6 of these very young cases were sporadic (3 sporadic CJD, 3 sporadic fatal insomnia), with the rest being familial (9), variant (2), or iatrogenic (1). The age-adjusted annual incidence for the most recent year of data, 2020, was 1.3 per million. However, assessment of RT-QuIC positive cases lacking neuropathology in the NPDPSC database suggested that approximately 20% more cases may have occurred in that year; the addition of a subset of these cases that had date of death information available (n = 44) increased the 2020 rate to 1.4 per million.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Mortality data supplemented with the results of neuropathological, CSF RT-QuIC, and genetic testing can be used to estimate prion disease incidence. However, the identification in the NPDPSC database of RT-QuIC-positive cases lacking date of death information suggests that this strategy may exclude a number of probable prion disease cases. Prion disease cases <30 years of age, especially those lacking a pathogenic mutation, continue to be very rare.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Shedding of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Multiple Excreta Throughout Disease Course in White-tailed Deer</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Nathaniel D. Denkersa, Erin E. McNultya, Caitlyn N. Krafta, Amy V. Nallsa, Joseph A. Westricha, Wilfred Goldmannb, Candace K. Mathiasona, and Edward A. Hoovera</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">aPrion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; bDivision of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and the Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) now infects cervids in South Korea, North America, and Scandinavia. CWD is unique in its efficient transmission and shedding of prions in body fluids throughout long course infections. Questions remain as to the magnitude of shedding and the route of prion acquisition. As CWD continues to expand, the need to better understand these facets of disease becomes more pertinent. The purpose of the studies described was to define the longitudinal shedding profile of CWD prions in urine, saliva, and feces throughout the course of infection in white-tailed deer.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material and Methods: Twelve (12) white-tailed deer were inoculated with either 1 mg or 300ng of CWD. Urine, saliva, and feces were collected every 3-month post-inoculation (MPI) throughout the study duration. Cohorts were established based on PNRP genotype: codon 96 GG (n = 6) and alternate codons 96 GS (n = 5) & 103NT (n = 1). Urine and saliva were analyzed using iron-oxide magnetic extraction (IOME) and real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC)(IQ). Feces were subjected to IOME, followed by 4 rounds protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) with products analyzed by RT-QuIC (IPQ). To determine whether IPQ may be superior to IQ, a subset of urine and saliva were also tested by IPQ. Results were compared with clinical disease status.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: Within the 96 GG cohort, positive seeding activity was detected in feces from all deer (100%), in saliva from 5 of 6 (83%), and in urine from 4 of 6 (66%). Shedding in all excreta occurred at, or just after, the first positive tonsil biopsy result. In the 96 GS/103NT cohort, positive seeding activity could be detected in feces from 3 of 6 (50%) deer, saliva in 2 of 6 (33%), and urine in 1 of 6 (16%). Shedding in excreta was detected >5 months after the first tonsil positive result. Four of six 96 GG deer developed clinical signs of CWD, whereas only 2 of the 96 GS/103NT did. Shedding was more frequently detected in deer with clinical disease. The IPQ protocol did not significantly improve detection in saliva or urine samples, however, it significantly augmented detection in feces by eliminating non-specific background commonly experienced with IQ. Negative control samples remained negative in samples tested.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: These studies demonstrate: (a) CWD prion excretion occurs throughout infection; (2) PRNP genotype (GG≫GS/NT) influences the excreta shedding; and (3) detection sensitivity in excreta can vary with different RT-QuIC protocols. These results provide a more complete perspective of prion shedding in deer during the course of CWD infection.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: National Institutes of Health (NIH)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Grant number: RO1-NS061902-09 R to EAH, PO1-AI077774 to EAH, and R01-AI112956-06 to CKM</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement: We abundantly thank Sallie Dahmes at WASCO and David Osborn and Gino D’Angelo at the University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources for their long-standing support of this work through provision of the hand-raised, CWD-free, white-tailed deer used in these studies</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Large-scale PMCA screening of retropharyngeal lymph nodes and in white-tailed deer and comparisons with ELISA and IHC: the Texas CWD study</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Rebeca Benaventea, Paulina Sotoa, Mitch Lockwoodb, and Rodrigo Moralesa</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bTexas Park and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that affects various species of cervids, and both free-ranging and captive animals. Until now, CWD has been detected in 3 continents: North America, Europe, and Asia. CWD prevalence in some states may reach 30% of total animals. In Texas, the first case of CWD was reported in a free-range mule deer in Hudspeth and now it has been detected in additional 14 counties. Currently, the gold standard techniques used for CWD screening and detection are ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of obex and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RPLN). Unfortunately, these methods are known for having a low diagnostic sensitivity. Hence, many CWD-infected animals at pre-symptomatic stages may be misdiagnosed. Two promising in vitro prion amplification techniques, including the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) and the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) have been used to diagnose CWD and other prion diseases in several tissues and bodily fluids. Considering the low cost and speed of RT-QuIC, two recent studies have communicated the potential of this technique to diagnose CWD prions in RPLN samples. Unfortunately, the data presented in these articles suggest that identification of CWD positive samples is comparable to the currently used ELISA and IHC protocols. Similar studies using the PMCA technique have not been reported.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Compare the CWD diagnostic potential of PMCA with ELISA and IHC in RPLN samples from captive and free-range white-tailed deer. Material and Methods: In this study we analyzed 1,003 RPLN from both free-ranging and captive white-tailed deer collected in Texas. Samples were interrogated with the PMCA technique for their content of CWD prions. PMCA data was compared with the results obtained through currently approved techniques.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: Our results show a 15-fold increase in CWD detection in free-range deer compared with ELISA. Our results unveil the presence of prion infected animals in Texas counties with no previous history of CWD. In the case of captive deer, we detected a 16% more CWD positive animals when compared with IHC. Interestingly, some of these positive samples displayed differences in their electroforetic mobilities, suggesting the presence of different prion strains within the State of Texas.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: PMCA sensitivity is significantly higher than the current gold standards techniques IHC and ELISA and would be a good tool for rapid CWD screening.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: USDA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ATYPRION project: assessing the zoonotic potential of interspecies transmission of CWD isolates to livestock (preliminary results).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Enric Vidala,b, Juan Carlos Espinosac, Samanta Gilera,b, Montserrat Ordóñeza,b, Guillermo Canteroa,b, Vincent Béringued, Justin J. Greenleee, and Juan Maria Torresc</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">aUnitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia; bIRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia; cCentro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain; dMolecular Virology and Immunology, French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: Since variant Creutzfeldt-Jackob disease was linked to the consumption of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions, the study of the pathobiological features of animal prions, particularly their zoonotic potential, is of great concern to the scientific community and public health authorities. Furthermore, interspecies transmission of prions has been demonstrated as a putative evolutionary mechanism for prions, that can lead to the emergence of new features including the ability to infect humans. For instance, small ruminants’ atypical scrapie prions, when propagated in a bovine or porcine host, can shift to a classical BSE phenotype thus posing a potential risk in case of human exposure. So far, no hard evidence of zoonotic transmission of cervids’ chronic wasting disease (CWD) to humans has been published, however experimental transmission to bovine, ovine and caprine hosts has been achieved. Our goal is to investigate if, once passaged through these domestic species, CWD prions might become infectious to humans.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material and Methods: Different CWD isolates experimentally adapted to cattle, sheep and goat (Hamir et al, 2005, 2006, 2007, Greenlee et al 2012) have been intracerebrally inoculated to transgenic mouse models expressing the human cellular prion protein either homozygous for methionine or valine at codon 129 (Tg340-Met129 and Tg362-Val129). Additionally, inocula obtained from experimental transmission of elk CWD to ovinized (Tg501) and bovinized (BoTg110) transgenic mice, as well as white-tailed deer CWD to BoTg110 mice, are currently being bioassayed in both human PrPCtransgenic models.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results and conclusions: No evidence of transmission has been found on first passage for bovine adapted elk and mule deer CWD to none of the humanized models. The remaining bioassays are ongoing without showing clinical signs yet, as well as second passages for the negative 1stpassages.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: La Marató de TV3 foundation. Grant number: ATYPRION (201,821–30-31-32)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Background</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Background</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><a href="https://cjdfoundation.org/files/pdf/CWD%20study%20oral%20transmission%20of%20CWD%20to%20primates.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://cjdfoundation.org/files/pdf/CWD%20study%20oral%20transmission%20of%20CWD%20to%20primates.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. "</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission Studies</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip.... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans”</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From: TSS </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From: "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dear Sir/Madam,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091). Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">-----Original Message-----</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From: Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To: rr26k@nih.gov; rrace@niaid.nih.gov; ebb8@CDC.GOV</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Thursday, April 03, 2008</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip... full text ; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">sporadic = 54,983 hits <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ *** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).*** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">THE USA IS DOING EVERY NOW WITH CWD, AS THE UK DID WITH BSE, by letting industry dictate science, and it's so sad to watch this...again. terry</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=============== </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist deal@airtime.co.uk </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">ONLY A FOOL, or someone tied to the industry, would want to relax any regulations of BSE, TSE Prion disease at this time, IMO.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">IN FACT, the BSE MRR policy, a failed policy, should be abolished, and the BSE GBR RISK ASSESSMENTS, be REINSTATED TO INCLUDE ALL TSE PRION DISEASE IN ALL SPECIES, and made to be MADATORY, or we will never be rid of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">i lost my Mom to the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, hcCJD, confirmed, and just made a promise to Mom, never forget, and never let them forget...</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To the Editor: </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for The Lancet Infectious Diseases</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Manuscript Draft</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Manuscript Number:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Title: HUMAN and ANIMAL TSE Classifications i.e. mad cow disease and the UKBSEnvCJD only theory</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Article Type: Personal View</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Corresponding Author: Mr. Terry S. Singeltary,</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Corresponding Author's Institution: na</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">First Author: Terry S Singeltary, none</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Order of Authors: Terry S Singeltary, none; Terry S. Singeltary</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract: TSEs have been rampant in the USA for decades in many species, and they all have been rendered and fed back to animals for human/animal consumption. I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2007.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">HUMAN and ANIMAL TSE Classifications i.e. mad cow disease and the UKBSEnvCJD only theory August 2007</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">August 2007</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">HUMAN and ANIMAL TSE Classifications i.e. mad cow disease and the UKBSEnvCJD only theory</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TSEs have been rampant in the USA for decades in many species, and they all have been rendered and fed back to animals for human/animal consumption. I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2007. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, surgical, blood, medical, cosmetics etc. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This would further have to be broken down to strain of species and then the route of transmission would further have to be broken down. Accumulation and Transmission are key to the threshold from sub-clinical to clinical disease, and key to all this, is to stop the amplification and transmission of this agent, the spreading of, no matter what strain. In my opinion, to continue with this myth that the U.K. strain of BSE (one strain TSE in cows), and the nv/v CJD (one strain TSE humans) and that all the rest of human TSE are just one single strain i.e. sporadic CJD (when to date there are 6 different phenotypes of sCJD, and growing per Gambetti et al), and that no other animal TSE transmits to humans, to continue with this masquerade will only continue to spread, expose, and kill, who knows how many more in the years and decades to come. ONE was enough for me, My Mom, hvCJD i.e. Heidenhain Variant CJD, DOD 12/14/97 confirmed, which is nothing more than another mans name added to CJD, like CJD itself, Jakob and Creutzfeldt, or Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, just another CJD or human TSE, named after another human.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WE are only kidding ourselves with the current diagnostic criteria for human and animal TSE, especially differentiating between the nvCJD vs the sporadic CJD strains and then the GSS strains and also the FFI fatal familial insomnia strains or the ones that mimics one or the other of those TSE? Tissue infectivity and strain typing of the many variants</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Manuscript</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">of the human and animal TSEs are paramount in all variants of all TSE. There must be a proper classification that will differentiate between all these human TSE in order to do this. With the CDI and other more sensitive testing coming about, I only hope that my proposal will some day be taken seriously. ...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. P.O. Box Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 flounder9@verizon.net</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110507181935/http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=090000648027c28e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110507181935/http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=090000648027c28e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091230230327/http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648027c28e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091230230327/http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=090000648027c28e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DFA 18 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">COSMETICS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000830205133/http://www.bse.org.uk:80/dfa/dfa18.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20000830205133/http://www.bse.org.uk:80/dfa/dfa18.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DFA 17</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Medicines and medical devices</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001219215500/http://www.bse.org.uk:80/dfa/dfa17.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20001219215500/http://www.bse.org.uk:80/dfa/dfa17.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DFA 16</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">MID 1995 TO THE FINAL DAYS farmers with BSE, teenagers with cjd, </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001121091600/http://www.bse.org.uk:80/dfa/dfa16.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20001121091600/http://www.bse.org.uk:80/dfa/dfa16.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DFA 15</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Monitoring and Enforcement of the SBO Regulations</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000830210453/http://www.bse.org.uk:80/dfa/dfa15.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20000830210453/http://www.bse.org.uk:80/dfa/dfa15.ht</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BSE Inquiry </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DFA 15 Monitoring and Enforcement of the SBO Specified Bovine Offal Regulations</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2017/08/dfa-15-monitoring-and-enforcement-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2017/08/dfa-15-monitoring-and-enforcement-of.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DFA 14</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Consideration of the Risk from Mechanically Recovered Meat (MRM) in 1989-1990</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000830210922/http://www.bse.org.uk:80/dfa/dfa14.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20000830210922/http://www.bse.org.uk:80/dfa/dfa14.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TUESDAY, AUGUST 1, 2017 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BSE INQUIRY DFA 17 Medicines and medical devices</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2017/08/bse-inquiry-dfa-17-medicines-and.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2017/08/bse-inquiry-dfa-17-medicines-and.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CJD9/10022 October 1994 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Mr R.N. Elmhirst Chairman British Deer Farmers Association </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Holly Lodge Spencers Lane BerksWell Coventry CV7 7BZ </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dear Mr Elmhirst, </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD) SURVEILLANCE UNIT REPORT Thank you for your recent letter concerning the publication of the third annual report from the CJD Surveillance Unit. I am sorry that you are dissatisfied with the way in which this report was published. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I believe that a further statement about the report, or indeed statistical links between CJD and consumption of venison, would increase, and quite possibly give damaging credence, to the whole issue. From the low key media reports of which I am aware it seems unlikely that venison consumption will suffer adversely, if at all.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">5.195 Among occupational groups exposed to BSE, farmers remain unusual in having such an excess over the incidence of CJD for the population as a whole. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">No cases of CJD have been reported amount veterinarians exposed to BSE. Four people in the meat industry (butchers, abattoirs, rendering plants, etc) have been reported to have vCJD.386 The present evidence has been accepted by some as reassuring in that such occupations may not pose as serious a risk as might have been expected. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505200142/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/pdf/volume8/Chapter5.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505200142/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/pdf/volume8/Chapter5.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This was not simply another farmer but the third farmer......</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505233408/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21002001.pdf </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">suspect case of CJD in a farmer who has had a case of BSE in his beef suckler herd.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030331213802/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/10/23006001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030331213802/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/10/23006001.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">cover-up of 4th farm worker ???</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030516083454/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/10/23006001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030516083454/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/10/23006001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030330175323/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/10/20006001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030330175323/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/10/20006001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CONFIRMATION OF CJD IN FOURTH FARMER</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506065141/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/11/03008001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506065141/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/11/03008001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"> </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">now story changes from; SEAC concluded that, if the fourth case were confirmed, it would be worrying, especially as all four farmers with CJD would have had BSE cases on their farms. to; This is not unexpected... was another farmer expected? </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030728074919/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/11/13010001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030728074919/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/11/13010001.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">4th farmer, and 1st teenager </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506053239/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1996/02/27003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506053239/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1996/02/27003001.pdf</a> </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">2. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">snip... </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Over a 5 year period, which is the time period on which the advice from Professor Smith and Dr. Gore was based, and assuming a population of 120,000 dairy farm workers, and an annual incidence of 1 per million cases of CJD in the general population, a DAIRY FARM WORKER IS 5 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN an individual in the general population to develop CJD. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Using the actual current annual incidence of CJD in the UK of 0.7 per million, this figure becomes 7.5 TIMES. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">3. You will recall that the advice provided by Professor Smith in 1993 and by Dr. Gore this month used the sub-population of dairy farm workers who had had a case of BSE on their farms - 63,000, which is approximately half the number of dairy farm workers - as a denominator. If the above sums are repeated using this denominator population, taking an annual incidence in the general population of 1 per million the observed rate in this sub-population is 10 TIMES, and taking an annual incidence of 0.7 per million, IT IS 15 TIMES (THE ''WORST CASE'' SCENARIO) than that in the general population... </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030516181226/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/01/31004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030516181226/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/01/31004001.pdf</a> </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">CJD FARMERS WIFE 1989<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506055019/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/10/13007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506055019/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/10/13007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505233430/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/10/13003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505233430/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/10/13003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">20 year old died from sCJD in USA in 1980 and a 16 year old in 1981. A 19 year old died from sCJD in France in 1985. There is no evidence of an iatrogenic cause for those cases.... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030330212925/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/10/04004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030330212925/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/10/04004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THE COVER UP OF MAD COW DISEASE IN FARMERS, FARMERS WIVES, AND VICKY RIMMER, THE DAY MAD COW SCIENCE CHANGED $$$ Monday, May 19, 2008 *** SPORADIC CJD IN FARMERS, FARMERS WIVES, FROM FARMS WITH BSE HERD AND ABATTOIRS *** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2008/05/sporadic-cjd-in-farmers-farmers-wives.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2008/05/sporadic-cjd-in-farmers-farmers-wives.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DOES ANYONE BESIDES ME SEE A PATTERN YET ??? Vickey Rimmer, 16, DID NOT DIE FROM nvCJD, she died from a form of sporadic CJD, whatever the hell that is. and there have been 16 year old die from sporadic CJD in the USA as well. SIMPLY PUT, the ukbsenvcjd only theory was wrong from day one. the elderly are expendable, pets and kids are not. Science was dictated by 'big buisness' after the Vickey Rimmer case with the ukbsenvcjd only myth. and there have been 16 year old die from sporadic CJD in the USA as well. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">I have interviewed Mrs Rimmer at my constituency surgery IF there is nothing to hide, why is there so much SECRECY? WHY is the Government and other Bodies trying to stop any CHANCE OF PEOPLE CONNECTING THE TWO DISEASES. The B.S.E. problem is obvious, but if the correct measures are taken, surely the problem could be contained, however, as it stands the lack of investigation and interest of the possibility of B.S.E. and C.J.D. being linked is open for speculation and surely someone has to account for peoples lives! WHY is so much trouble being taken to convice people that B.S.E. and C.J.D. are not linked? Guilty Conscience perhaps ? - or cover up? </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">HOUSE OF COMMONS FROM BARRY JONES, M.P. 22 FEBRUARY 1994 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040526010710/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/02/22009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20040526010710/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/02/22009001.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Alleged Case of Creutzfeld Jakob Disease: Victoria Rimmer. (now story changes that biopsy shows she does not have CJD...tss) </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030511045541/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/06/06004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030511045541/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/06/06004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">now story changes to ; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Advice 7. The Parliamentary Secretary is invited to note the recent statements made on __________ and the present position which remains that CJD cannot be confirmed, in this case at this stage.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030510165315/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/06/08004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030510165315/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/06/08004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. The Medical Director at ___________________ Hospital advised the Department on 6 June that the results of ___________________ brain biopsy had been received and that it showed NO EVIDENCE OF CJD. ______________ Hospital subsequently issued a statement to the press to this effect and this was publicised widely in the press (doc 1). News coverage which followed suggested that the statement made by ________________ Hospital had been misleading (doc 2). Enquires have been made of the Medical Director at _______________ Hospital who has CONFIRMED THAT THE STATEMENT ISSUED BY THE HOSPITAL WAS ISSUED IN ERROR. The facts are that two pathology reports on the same piece of brain tissue were recieved. The first report indicated that CJD was unlikely, The second report indicated that CJD was possible, PERHAPS EVEN LIKELY, but that no definitive diagnosis could be made before a post mortem was undertaken. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030511023028/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/06/08006001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030511023028/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/06/08006001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">MAD COW MEAL DESTROYED MY DAUGHTERS LIFE A TEENAGE GIRL may have caught the human form of MAD COW DISEASE by eating a contaminated burger it was claimed last night. VICKY RIMMER, 16, has the killer Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030510205841/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/01/25007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030510205841/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/01/25007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">GIVE ME BACK MY LIFE THEY BEGGED ME TO HUSH IT UP – GRAN’S AGONY </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040521224258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/01/25008001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20040521224258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/01/25008001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">HUSH UP! GOVERNMENT TOLD GRAN: ''YOU MUST THINK OF THE ECONOMY''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031025182000/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/01/25009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031025182000/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/01/25009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WHY IS MY GIRL DYING ? '' IT WAS LIKE SOMEBODY OLD INSIDE A YOUNG PERSON'S BODY</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030513071650/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/01/25010001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030513071650/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/01/25010001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">see Professor Aguzzi on scjd and bse in Switzerland. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://histodb11.usz.ch/Images/videos/video-004/video-004.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://histodb11.usz.ch/Images/videos/video-004/video-004.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.upi.com/Mad-Cow-Linked-to-thousands-of-CJD-cases/47861072816318/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Mad-Cow-Linked-to-thousands-of-CJD-cases/47861072816318/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">wasted days and wasted nights...Freddy Fender </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA, 77518 flounder9@verizon.net <br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;" /></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-29178549527973225892023-03-24T15:44:00.004-05:002023-03-31T09:20:12.345-05:00Mountain lions, Wolves, Coyotes, could help stop the spread of CWD TSE Prion in deer, WHERE STUPID MEETS THE ROAD!<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Mountain lions, Wolves, Coyotes, could help stop the spread of CWD TSE Prion in deer, WHERE STUPID MEETS THE ROAD!</span></p><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">i have written about this over the past 23 years or so <span style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">(i.e. BMJ 2000 comment)</span></span>, every time i hear someone say that big cats, or wolves, or coyote, will help eradicate chronic wasting disease cwd TSE Prion disease, i just cringe. </span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">They are going to do this on their own, natural instinct, but to mandate such an act, i.e. using wolves, big cats, coyote, as a TOOL, financed in any way, mandate, make a law, i think this would be a bad idea. </span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">i will post a few of the reasons why this is not a good idea, on the contrary, i believe it would help amplify the spreading of cwd tse prion by unnatural means, i.e. stupid ideas and man...terry</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">2018</span></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">This idea, along with wolves as an eradication tool for CWD TSE exposed or infected animals, is as about as stupid as the day is long. with a new outbreak of mad cow type disease tse prion in the Camel livestock species in Nigeria, the fact that CWD has now transmitted to pigs and to the macaque by the oral route, and also scrapie to pigs, never say never. besides spreading infected carcass tissue materials all over to further spread the cwd tse prion agent with this half baked idea, even further, the feline and the canine are susceptible to the TSE Prion disease, and the feline is highly susceptible, so the idea of using either species as a _TOOL_ to eradicate the tse prion from the wild is preposterous and could be very dangerous, but sometimes i have learned, you just can't fix stupid...terry</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/05/mountain-lions-could-help-stop-spread.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/05/mountain-lions-could-help-stop-spread.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">11. During the period we also collated information on cases of SE that occurred in wild animals at or from other zoos in the British Isles. The total number of cases of which I was aware in June 1996, when I presented a review on occurrence of spongiform encephalopathies in zoo animals (at the Royal College of Pathologists’ Symposium on Transmitting prions: BSE, CJD, and other TSEs, The Royal Society, London, 4th July 1996), was 25, involving 10 species. The animals involved were all from the families Bovidae and Felidae, and comprised: 1 Nyala Tragelaphus angasi, 5 Eland Taurotragus oryx, 6 greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, 1 Gemsbok Oryx gazella, 1 Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx, 1 Scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">4 Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3 Puma Felis concolor </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2 Ocelot Felis pardalis, and </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1 Tiger Panthera tigris. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(A spongiform encephalopathy, which was thought probably to have a different aetiology, had also been reported in 3 ostriches Struthio camelus in Germany). This list did not include cases of BSE in domesticated species in zoos (ie BSE in Ankole or other cattle, or SEs, assumed to be scrapie, in mouflon sheep Ovis musimon). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s324.pdf</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">new url;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102174910/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s324.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102174910/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s324.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/05/mountain-lions-could-help-stop-spread.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/05/mountain-lions-could-help-stop-spread.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">R. BRADLEY</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">mountain lion (Puma concolor)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The size of a lion’s home range is determined by a variety of factors: prey abundance and availability, topography and other habitat features, and presence of other lions. Male home ranges average 2-1/2 times larger than those of females. The male’s range usually encompasses the range of several females. Research has shown some overlap in home ranges of adult males, but normally males do not share ranges. The home range of an adult male may vary from 80 to 200 square miles, while female ranges are normally 20 to 100 square miles. Female ranges tend to have some degree of overlap with those of other females, although they remain solitary.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Lions are capable of taking large animals including livestock, but in general, reports of mature cattle and horse kills should be viewed with skepticism. Mountain lions rarely kill animals weighing over 500 pounds.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">When investigating a reported lion kill, remember that lions leave an abundance of sign. Look for tracks. Drag marks are a good indication of a lion kill. The drag mark is usually wide and clear if the prey is large, and it is fairly straight from the kill site to the cache area (Figure 9). Lions cache their kills in areas of heavy cover. They often cover their kill with grass, leaves, dirt or other debris, but they do not bury their kill (Figure 10). They often remove the internal organs and cover them up, close to the kill site. Lions frequently uncover their kill and feed, then drag the carcass to another area and cover it again.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_bk_w7000_0274.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_bk_w7000_0274.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''They often remove the internal organs and cover them up, close to the kill site. Lions frequently uncover their kill and feed, then drag the carcass to another area and cover it again.''</div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 01, 2009</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and potential spreading of CWD through feces of digested infectious carcases</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Could Crows Play a Role in Spreading CWD </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">was presented by Dr. Kurt VerCauteren, NWRC, WS-APHIS- USDA. From the first observations (40 years ago) of CWD in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) in Northern Colorado, the disease has been identified in an increasing geographic area. Mechanisms for the spread of CWD are incompletely understood. Birds have been identified as potential vectors for a number of diseases, where infected material is ingested and the disease agent is later shed in new areas after flying substantial distances. We hypothesized that avian scavengers have the potential to disseminate 200 prions associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), like CWD, by a similar process. As prions are resistant to destruction, it is reasonable that infectious material could pass through the digestive tract of scavenging birds. Our objective was to determine if TSE-positive brain material from mice (i.e., mouse-adapted scrapie) could pass through the digestive tract of American crows (Corvus</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and potential spreading of CWD through feces of digested infectious carcasses</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">brachyrhynchos) and still be infectious to mice. Our experimental design included treatment groups of mice inoculated intraperitoneally with: 1) normal mouse brain, 2) infected mouse brain, 3) gamma-irradiated feces from crows gavaged with normal mouse brain, and 4) gamma-irradiated feces from crows gavaged with infected mouse brain. Our preliminary results indicate feces from each of 20 crows gavaged with infected mouse brain were infectious for mice (proportion of crows=1.00, 95% CI: 0.83-1.00) and average longevity for mice was 213 days (95% CI: 210-216). Longevity of mice inoculated with infected mouse brain was slightly less (198 days, 95% CI: 188-207). Most mice inoculated with normal brain, or feces from crows gavaged with normal brain, were still alive 1 year post inoculation with no evident clinical signs of TSE disease in any control mice. Our results demonstrate that a common, migratory North American scavenger, the American crow, can pass infective prions in feces and, therefore, could play a role in the spatial dissemination of prion disease....</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD), first identified in Wisconsin in 2002, is an infectious transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) afflicting members of the taxonomic family Cervidae, and causes neurodegeneration and ultimately death. As a proxy for mortality or harvest of CWD-infected deer, we placed disease-free white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) carcasses and gut piles in the environment and monitored scavenger activity and carcass removal from September to April in 2003 through 2005. We recorded 14 species of scavenging mammals (six species of visitors), and eight species of scavenging birds (14 species of visitors). Prominent scavengers included American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana). We found no evidence that deer directly consumed conspecific remains, but they visited carcasses and gut piles. Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), cats (Felis sylvestris catus), and cows (Bos spp.) either scavenged or visited carcass sites, which may have increased exposure risk of CWD to humans and human food supplies. Deer carcasses persisted for a median of 18 to 101 days, while gut piles lasted for a median of three days. Habitat did not influence carcass consumption/decomposition, but mammalian and avian scavenger activity and higher temperatures (proxy for microbial and arthropod activity) were associated with greater rates of carcass removal. Our findings suggest that infected deer carcasses can function as an environmental source of CWD prions to mammalian and avian scavengers. We discuss the implications of these results in a broader context of CWD spread, and suggest preemptive management strategies for mitigating impacts of CWD contaminated deer remains in the environment....</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.usaha.org/meetings/2008/2008_USAHA_Proceedings.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.usaha.org/meetings/2008/2008_USAHA_Proceedings.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Greetings,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THIS potential vector of transmission is very disturbing. I don't know what the flight paths, and or travel of either species of birds, or if there are others, there are many birds that eat meat and or are scavengers. But the disturbing part is the amount of territory they can cover and spread their feces. PLUS, this goes back to what the late Dr. Gibbs told me, and what the late Harash Narang book showed, Dr. Gibbs stating that the TSE agent could spread through the digestinal track, and survive, and could still have the potential to spread, and Harash Narang's book 'The Link', page 135, where a farmers around Kent have chickens with BSE. MAFF was aware of this and was suppose to do some studies? BUT, regardless whether or not these birds become clinical and die, the fact that the above studies showed that the TSE agent survived the digestinal tract, and went on to further infect mice via feces, is very disturbing, and further enhances transmission studies must be done asap. PLUS, this should be the final straw for chicken litter being fed back to cattle and other food producing animals for humans and animals. AND not to forget the Red Necked Ostrich and BSE? ...TSS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">January 2, 2000</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as well</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our feeding and rendering practices have mirrored that of the U.K. for years, some say it was worse. Everything from the downer cattle, to those scrapie infected sheep, to any roadkill, including the city police horse and the circus elephant went to the renders for feed and other products for consumption. Then they only implemented a partial feed ban on Aug. 4, 1997, but pigs, chickens, dogs, and cats, and humans were exempt from that ban. So they can still feed pigs and chickens those potentially TSE tainted by-products, and then they can still feed those by-products back to the cows. I believe it was Dr. Joe Gibbs, that said, the prion protein, can survive the digestinal track. So you have stopped nothing.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/11/american-crows-corvus-brachyrhynchos.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/11/american-crows-corvus-brachyrhynchos.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/deer-carcass-decomposition-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/deer-carcass-decomposition-and.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Could avian scavengers translocate infectious prions to disease-free areas initiating new foci of chronic wasting disease?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Justin W Fischer, Gregory E Phillips, Tracy A Nichols &Kurt C VerCauteren</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Pages 263-266 | Received 03 Jun 2013, Accepted 03 Jul 2013, Published online: 03 Jul 2013</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Download citation <a href="https://doi.org/10.4161/pri.25621" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4161/pri.25621</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mechanisms for the spread of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diseases, including chronic wasting disease (CWD) in North American cervids, are incompletely understood, but primary routes include horizontal and environmental transmission. Birds have been identified as potential vectors for a number of diseases, where they ingest or are exposed to infected material and later shed the disease agent in new areas after flying substantial distances. We recently identified American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) as having the potential to translocate infectious prions in their feces. Our results suggest that this common, migratory North American scavenger is capable of translocating infectious prions to disease-free areas, potentially seeding CWD infection where no other initial source of pathogen establishment is forthcoming. Here we speculate on the role avian scavengers, like American crows, might play in the spatial dissemination of CWD. We also consider the role mammalian scavengers may play in dispersing prions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In conclusion, our study showed that the digestive system of crows did not eliminate PrPRes infectivity prior to excretion of feces,Citation21 which suggests that avian scavengers may play a role in the transmission and translocation of prion diseases. Relatedly, crows often forage and defecate on feed at farmed cervid facilities, providing an opportunity for farmed cervids to ingest crow feces and crows to ingest feed with elk saliva, and other potentially PrPRes-infected material. Further experiments involving other avian, as well as mammalian, scavengers are needed to evaluate PrPRes infectivity after passage of natural transmissible spongiform encephalopathies through their digestive systems. We are currently conducting a study to evaluate CWD passage through the digestive system of coyotes. It would be prudent to evaluate other mammalian scavengers for their ability to act as intermediate CWD hosts between cervids and humans.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgments</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Keywords: : American crows Corvus brachyrhynchos CWD disease transmission transmissible spongiform encephalopathy TSE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.25621" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.25621</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Reduction of Chronic Wasting Disease Prion Seeding Activity following Digestion by Mountain Lions<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chase Baune, a Lisa L. Wolfe, b Kristen C. Schott, b,c Karen A. Griffin, b Andrew G. Hughson, a Michael W. Miller, b Brent Racea</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">aLaboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Montana, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">bColorado Division of Parks and Wildlife, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">cCornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ABSTRACT </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible prion disease first observed in the 1960s in North America. This invariably fatal disease affects multiple cervid species in the wild and in captivity. In addition to the several known transmission pathways involving cervid host species, prions have been detected in the feces of crows and coyotes after consumption of experimentally spiked tissues. This raises questions about the role of cervid consumers in the perpetuation of CWD. Mountain lions have been shown to preferentially select CWD-infected prey and are also apparently resistant to infection. In this study, two captive mountain lions were fed ground mule deer muscle tissue spiked with brain-derived CWD prions, and lion feces were collected for 1 week afterward. The input brain and resulting fecal materials were analyzed using the highly sensitive real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to quantify prion seeding activity. We recovered only 2.8 to 3.9% of input CWD prions after passage through the mountain lions’ gastrointestinal tracts. Interestingly, CWD prions were shed only in the first defecation following consumption. Our data support the possibility that mountain lions feeding upon infected carcasses could excrete CWD prions in their feces over a short period of time but also suggest that most of the ingested prions are eliminated or sequestered by this large predator.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">IMPORTANCE CWD prions appear to spread naturally among susceptible cervid species in captivity and in the wild. A better understanding of all the ways these prions move, persist, and subsequently infect target species through the environment is critical to developing comprehensive disease control strategies. In our study, we show limited, transient passthrough of CWD prions in an apex predator, the mountain lion, using the highly sensitive RT-QuIC assay on feces collected after lions were fed prion-spiked muscle tissue. Prions were detected in feces only in the first defecation after exposure. Moreover, the amount of CWD prions recovered in feces was reduced by .96% after passing through the lion digestive system. This indicates that mountain lions may have some potential to distribute CWD prions within their home ranges but that they also effectively eliminate most of the CWD prions they consume.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">KEYWORDS chronic wasting disease, prion, PrP, mountain lion, Puma concolor, RT-QuIC</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wolfwatcher.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Baune-Wolfe-2021-mountain-lion-digestion.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wolfwatcher.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Baune-Wolfe-2021-mountain-lion-digestion.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion. 2015;9(5):367-75. doi: 10.1080/19336896.2015.1086061.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD prions remain infectious after passage through the digestive system of coyotes (Canis latrans)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tracy A Nichols 1, Justin W Fischer 1, Terry R Spraker 2 3, Qingzhong Kong 4, Kurt C VerCauteren 1</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PMID: 26636258 PMCID: PMC4964857 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2015.1086061</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a geographically expanding prion disease of wild and captive cervids in North America. Disease can be transmitted directly, animal to animal, or indirectly via the environment. CWD contamination can occur residually in the environment via soil, water, and forage following deposition of bodily fluids such as urine, saliva, and feces, or by the decomposition of carcasses. Recent work has indicated that plants may even take up prions into the stems and leaves. When a carcass or gut pile is present in the environment, a large number of avian and mammalian species visit and consume the carrion. Additionally, predators like coyotes, likely select for disease-compromised cervids. Natural cross-species CWD transmission has not been documented, however, passage of infectious prion material has been observed in the feces of crows. In this study we evaluated the ability of CWD-infected brain material to pass through the gastrointestinal tract of coyotes (Canis latrans) following oral ingestion, and be infectious in a cervidized transgenic mouse model. Results from this study indicate that coyotes can pass infectious prions via their feces for at least 3 days post ingestion, demonstrating that mammalian scavengers could contribute to the translocation and contamination of CWD in the environment.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The results of this bioassay indicate that infectious CWD prions are able to be passed in the feces of coyotes fed infected elk brain homogenate for at least 3 DPI, making them a potential vector for CWD prion transport and contamination within the environment.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Keywords: chronic wasting disease; coyotes; environmental contamination; feces; prions; scavengers; transmission.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2015.1086061" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2015.1086061</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mountain lion (Puma concolor) susceptibility to experimental feeding of CWD prions is currently under investigation (M. Miller and L. Wolfe, personal communication).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WHAT about multiple strains of CWD ?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">0C7.04</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">North American Cervids Harbor Two Distinct CWD Strains</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/12/lions-and-prions-and-deer-demise.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/12/lions-and-prions-and-deer-demise.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SNIP...SEE ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/deer-carcass-decomposition-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/deer-carcass-decomposition-and.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://felinespongiformencephalopathyfse.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://felinespongiformencephalopathyfse.blogspot.com/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-new.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-new.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/dogs-may-have-been-used-to-make-petfood.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/dogs-may-have-been-used-to-make-petfood.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">So why would it be so hard to believe that this is how they might become infected with a TSE. Or, even by potentially infected land. It's been well documented that it could be possible, from scrapie. Cats becoming infected with a TSE. Have you ever read the ingredients on the labels of cat and dog food? But, they do not put these tissues from these animals in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutritional supplements, hGH, hPG, blood products, heart valves, and the many more products that come from bovine, ovine, or porcine tissues and organs. So, as I said, this CWD would be a small piece of a very big puzzle. But, it is here, and it most likely has killed. You see, greed is what caused this catastrophe, rendering and feeding practices. But, once Pandora's box was opened, the potential routes of infection became endless.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I believe it was Dr. Joe Gibbs, that said, the prion protein, can survive the digestinal track. So you have stopped nothing.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">76 pages on hound study; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030327022236/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac16/tab04.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030327022236/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac16/tab04.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The spongiform changes were not pathognomonic (ie. conclusive proof) for prion disease, as they were atypical, being largely present in white matter rather than grey matter in the brain and spinal cord. However, Tony Scott, then head of electron microscopy work on TSEs, had no doubt that these SAFs were genuine and that these hounds therefore must have had a scrapie-like disease. I reviewed all the sections myself (original notes appended) and although the pathology was not typical, I could not exclude the possibility that this was a scrapie-like disorder, as white matter vacuolation is seen in TSEs and Wallerian degeneration was also present in the white matter of the hounds, another feature of scrapie. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">38.I reviewed the literature on hound neuropathology, and discovered that micrographs and descriptive neuropathology from papers on 'hound ataxia' mirrored those in material from Robert Higgins' hound survey. Dr Tony Palmer (Cambridge) had done much of this work, and I obtained original sections from hound ataxia cases from him. This enabled me provisionally to conclude that Robert Higgins had in all probability detected hound ataxia, but also that hound ataxia itself was possibly a TSE. Gerald Wells confirmed in 'blind' examination of single restricted microscopic fields that there was no distinction between the white matter vacuolation present in BSE and scrapie cases, and that occurring in hound ataxia and the hound survey cases. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">39.Hound ataxia had reportedly been occurring since the 1930's, and a known risk factor for its development was the feeding to hounds of downer cows, and particularly bovine offal. Circumstantial evidence suggests that bovine offal may also be causal in FSE, and TME in mink. Despite the inconclusive nature of the neuropathology, it was clearly evident that this putative canine spongiform encephalopathy merited further investigation. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">40.The inconclusive results in hounds were never confirmed, nor was the link with hound ataxia pursued. I telephoned Robert Higgins six years after he first sent the slides to CVL. I was informed that despite his submitting a yearly report to the CVO including the suggestion that the hound work be continued, no further work had been done since 1991. This was surprising, to say the very least. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">41.The hound work could have provided valuable evidence that a scrapie-like agent may have been present in cattle offal long before the BSE epidemic was recognised. The MAFF hound survey remains unpublished. Histopathological support to various other published MAFF experiments </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">42.These included neuropathological examination of material from experiments studying the attempted transmission of BSE to chickens and pigs (CVL 1991) and to mice (RVC 1994). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080102155239/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s067.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080102155239/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s067.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">It was thought likely that at least some, and probably all, of the cases in zoo animals were caused by the BSE agent. Strong support for this hypothesis came from the findings of Bruce and others (1994) ( Bruce, M.E., Chree, A., McConnell, I., Foster, J., Pearson, G. & Fraser, H. (1994) Transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie to mice: strain variation and species barrier. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 343, 405-411: J/PTRSL/343/405 ), who demonstrated that the pattern of variation in incubation period and lesion profile in six strains of mice inoculated with brain homogenates from an affected kudu and the nyala, was similar to that seen when this panel of mouse strains was inoculated with brain from cattle with BSE. The affected zoo bovids were all from herds that were exposed to feeds that were likely to have contained contaminated ruminant-derived protein and the zoo felids had been exposed, if only occasionally in some cases, to tissues from cattle unfit for human consumption. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">10. The case of SE in a cheetah that occurred during the period, involved a 7 year-old female which had been born and lived all her life at Whipsnade (except for the final stages when she was moved to the Animal Hospital at Regent’s Park for diagnosis and treatment). This animal, which died in December 1993, had been fed on cuts of meat and bone from carcases of cattle unfit for human consumption and it was thought likely that she had been exposed to spinal cord (Kirkwood, J.K., Cunningham, A.A., Flach, E.J., Thornton, S.M. & Wells, G.A.H. (1995) Spongiform encephalopathy in another captive cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus): evidence for variation in susceptibility or incubation periods between species. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 26, 577-582: J/ZWM/26/577). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">11. During the period we also collated information on cases of SE that occurred in wild animals at or from other zoos in the British Isles. The total number of cases of which I was aware in June 1996, when I presented a review on occurrence of spongiform encephalopathies in zoo animals (at the Royal College of Pathologists’ Symposium on Transmitting prions: BSE, CJD, and other TSEs, The Royal Society, London, 4th July 1996), was 25, involving 10 species. The animals involved were all from the families Bovidae and Felidae, and comprised: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1 Nyala Tragelaphus angasi, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">5 Eland Taurotragus oryx, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">6 greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1 Gemsbok Oryx gazella, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1 Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1 Scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">4 Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3 Puma Felis concolor </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2 Ocelot Felis pardalis, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">and 1 Tiger Panthera tigris. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(A spongiform encephalopathy, which was thought probably to have a different aetiology, had also been reported in 3 ostriches Struthio camelus in Germany). This list did not include cases of BSE in domesticated species in zoos (ie BSE in Ankole or other cattle, or SEs, assumed to be scrapie, in mouflon sheep Ovis musimon). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074325/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102174910/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s324.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074325/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102174910/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s324.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** DEFRA TO SINGELTARY ON HOUND STUDY AND BSE 2001 *** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DEFRA Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs Area 307, London, SW1P 4PQ Telephone: 0207 904 6000 Direct line: 0207 904 6287 E-mail: h.mcdonagh.defra.gsi.gov.uk </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">GTN: FAX: Mr T S Singeltary P.O. Box Bacliff Texas USA 77518 21 November 2001 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dear Mr Singeltary </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TSE IN HOUNDS Thank you for e-mail regarding the hounds survey. I am sorry for the long delay in responding. As you note, the hound survey remains unpublished. However the Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (SEAC), the UK Government's independent Advisory Committee on all aspects related to BSE-like disease, gave the hound study detailed consideration at their meeting in January 1994. As a summary of this meeting published in the BSE inquiry noted, the Committee were clearly concerned about the work that had been carried out, concluding that there had clearly been problems with it, particularly the control on the histology, and that it was more or less inconclusive. However was agreed that there should be a re-evaluation of the pathological material in the study. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Later, at their meeting in June 95, The Committee re-evaluated the hound study to see if any useful results could be gained from it. The Chairman concluded that there were varying opinions within the Committee on further work. It did not suggest any further transmission studies and thought that the lack of clinical data was a major weakness. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Overall, it is clear that SEAC had major concerns about the survey as conducted. As a result it is likely that the authors felt that it would not stand up to peer review and hence it was never published. As noted above, and in the detailed minutes of the SEAC meeting in June 95, SEAC considered whether additional work should be performed to examine dogs for evidence of TSE infection. Although the Committee had mixed views about the merits of conducting further work, the Chairman noted that when the Southwood Committee made their recommendation to complete an assessment of possible spongiform disease in dogs, no TSEs had been identified in other species and hence dogs were perceived as a high risk population and worthy of study. However subsequent to the original recommendation, made in 1990, a number of other species had been identified with TSE ( e.g. cats) so a study in hounds was less critical. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For more details see- </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">new url;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040513023227/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040513023227/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2016 TOKYO http://prion2016.org/</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">OR-09: Canine spongiform encephalopathy—A new form of animal prion disease </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Monique David, Mourad Tayebi UT Health; Houston, TX USA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">It was also hypothesized that BSE might have originated from an unrecognized sporadic or genetic case of bovine prion disease incorporated into cattle feed or even cattle feed contaminated with prion-infected human remains.1 However, strong support for a genetic origin of BSE has recently been demonstrated in an H-type BSE case exhibiting the novel mutation E211K.2 Furthermore, a specific prion protein strain causing BSE in cattle is believed to be the etiological agent responsible for the novel human prion disease, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD).3 Cases of vCJD have been identified in a number countries, including France, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Canada, Japan, US and the UK with the largest number of cases. Naturally occurring feline spongiform encephalopathy of domestic cats4 and spongiform encephalopathies of a number of zoo animals so-called exotic ungulate encephalopathies5,6 are also recognized as animal prion diseases, and are thought to have resulted from the same BSE-contaminated food given to cattle and humans, although and at least in some of these cases, a sporadic and/or genetic etiology cannot be ruled out. The canine species seems to display resistance to prion disease and no single case has so far been reported.7,8 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Here, we describe a case of a 9 week old male Rottweiler puppy presenting neurological deficits; and histological examination revealed spongiform vacuolation characteristic of those associated with prion diseases.9 Initial biochemical studies using anti-PrP antibodies revealed the presence of partially proteinase K-resistant fragment by western blotting. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed spongiform degeneration consistent with those found in prion disease and displayed staining for PrPSc in the cortex. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Of major importance, PrPSc isolated from the Rottweiler was able to cross the species barrier transmitted to hamster in vitro with PMCA and in vivo (one hamster out of 5). Futhermore, second in vivo passage to hamsters, led to 100% attack rate (n = 4) and animals displayed untypical lesional profile and shorter incubation period. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In this study, we show that the canine species might be sensitive to prion disease and that PrPSc isolated from a dog can be transmitted to dogs and hamsters in vitro using PMCA and in vivo to hamsters. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">If our preliminary results are confirmed, the proposal will have a major impact on animal and public health and would certainly lead to implementing new control measures for ‘canine spongiform encephalopathy’ (CSE). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> References </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">new archive url;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140514022931/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20140514022931/http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-new.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-new.html</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">======================================= </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2013 Strain characteristics of the in vitro-adapted rabbit and dog BSE agent remained invariable with respect to the original cattle BSE prion, suggesting that the naturally low susceptibility of rabbits and dogs to prion infections should not alter their zoonotic potential if these animals became infected with BSE. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">======================================= </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Neurobiology of Disease Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Induces Misfolding of Alleged Prion-Resistant Species Cellular Prion Protein without Altering Its Pathobiological Features </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Enric Vidal3, Natalia Fernández-Borges1, Belén Pintado4, Montserrat Ordóñez3, Mercedes Márquez6, Dolors Fondevila5,6, Juan María Torres7, Martí Pumarola5,6, and Joaquín Castilla1,2 + Author Affiliations 1CIC bioGUNE, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain, 2IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain, 3Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)-IRTA, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, 4Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain, 5Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain, 6Murine Pathology Unit, Centre de Biotecnologia Animal i Teràpia Gènica, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain, and 7Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain Author contributions: E.V., N.F.-B., and J.C. designed research; E.V., N.F.-B., B.P., M.O., M.M., D.F., and J.C. performed research; E.V., N.F.-B., B.P., and J.C. contributed unpublished reagents/analytic tools; E.V., N.F.-B., B.P., M.O., M.M., D.F., J.M.T., M.P., and J.C. analyzed data; E.V. and J.C. wrote the paper. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions were responsible for an unforeseen epizootic in cattle which had a vast social, economic, and public health impact. This was primarily because BSE prions were found to be transmissible to humans. Other species were also susceptible to BSE either by natural infection (e.g., felids, caprids) or in experimental settings (e.g., sheep, mice). However, certain species closely related to humans, such as canids and leporids, were apparently resistant to BSE. In vitro prion amplification techniques (saPMCA) were used to successfully misfold the cellular prion protein (PrPc) of these allegedly resistant species into a BSE-type prion protein. The biochemical and biological properties of the new prions generated in vitro after seeding rabbit and dog brain homogenates with classical BSE were studied. Pathobiological features of the resultant prion strains were determined after their inoculation into transgenic mice expressing bovine and human PrPC. Strain characteristics of the in vitro-adapted rabbit and dog BSE agent remained invariable with respect to the original cattle BSE prion, suggesting that the naturally low susceptibility of rabbits and dogs to prion infections should not alter their zoonotic potential if these animals became infected with BSE. This study provides a sound basis for risk assessment regarding prion diseases in purportedly resistant species. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Received January 18, 2013. Revision received March 7, 2013. Accepted March 23, 2013. Copyright © 2013 the authors 0270-6474/13/337778-09$15.00/0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/18/7778.short" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/18/7778.short</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TSE in dogs have not been documented simply because OF THE ONLY STUDY, those brain tissue samples were screwed up too. see my investigation of this here, and to follow, later follow up, a letter from defra, AND SEE SUSPICIOUS BRAIN TISSUE SAF's. ...TSS </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/aug00_late_news.html#ggg" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/aug00_late_news.html#ggg</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Friday, March 8, 2013 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dogs may have been used to make Petfood and animal feed </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090505233052/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/03007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090505233052/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/03007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090505233041/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/16001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090505233041/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/16001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506015917/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/16002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506015917/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/16002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/dogs-may-have-been-used-to-make-petfood.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/dogs-may-have-been-used-to-make-petfood.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Natural case of Spongiform Encephalopathy in a Cat</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506015733/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/05/09002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506015733/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/05/09002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041332/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/05/10005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041332/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/05/10005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Spongiform Encephalopathy in a captive Puma</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506032628/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/11/13001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506032628/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/11/13001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Deer Brain Survey</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506025229/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1991/11/20004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506025229/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1991/11/20004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506032702/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/11/04002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506032702/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/11/04002001.pdf</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 11, 2020 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Predators, Scavengers, and trans locating the CWD TSE Prion </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/predators-scavengers-and-trans-locating.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/predators-scavengers-and-trans-locating.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 04, 2020 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Predicting the spread-risk potential of chronic wasting disease to sympatric ungulate species </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/predicting-spread-risk-potential-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/predicting-spread-risk-potential-of.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 19, 2019 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TSE surveillance statistics exotic species and domestic cats Update December 2019 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/12/tse-surveillance-statistics-exotic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/12/tse-surveillance-statistics-exotic.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Never say never, re canine and tse prion, bad idea, just my opinion... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/08/raccoons-accumulate-prpsc-after.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/08/raccoons-accumulate-prpsc-after.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, MARCH 08, 2018 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Cervid, Wild Hogs, Coyotes, Wolves, Cats, Rodents, Gut Piles and Scavengers, A Potential Risk as Regards Disease Transmission CWD TSE Prion </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/03/cervid-wild-hogs-coyotes-wolves-cats.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/03/cervid-wild-hogs-coyotes-wolves-cats.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Monday, February 14, 2011 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THE ROLE OF PREDATION IN DISEASE CONTROL: A COMPARISON OF SELECTIVE AND NONSELECTIVE REMOVAL ON PRION DISEASE DYNAMICS IN DEER </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">NO, NO, NOT NO, BUT HELL NO ! </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 47(1), 2011, pp. 78-93 © Wildlife Disease Association 2011 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/02/role-of-predation-in-disease-control.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/02/role-of-predation-in-disease-control.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">CWD TSE PRION AND GUT PILES </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/03/cervid-wild-hogs-coyotes-wolves-cats.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/03/cervid-wild-hogs-coyotes-wolves-cats.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/09/hunting-over-gut-piles-and-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/09/hunting-over-gut-piles-and-cwd-tse.html</a> </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/07/could-avian-scavengers-translocate.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/07/could-avian-scavengers-translocate.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Monday, July 13, 2009 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Deer Carcass Decomposition and Potential Scavenger Exposure to Chronic Wasting Disease </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/deer-carcass-decomposition-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/deer-carcass-decomposition-and.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">as the crow flies, Jimmy crack corn, and they don't care CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">thought some of you here might find interest in this...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion. 2013 Jul 3;7(4). [Epub ahead of print]</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Could avian scavengers translocate infectious prions to disease-free areas initiating new foci of chronic wasting disease?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Fischer JW, Phillips GE, Nichols TA, Vercauteren KC. Source United States Department of Agriculture; Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; Wildlife Services; National Wildlife Research Center; Fort Collins, CO USA.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract Mechanisms for the spread of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diseases, including chronic wasting disease (CWD) in North American cervids, are incompletely understood, but primary routes include horizontal and environmental transmission. Birds have been identified as potential vectors for a number of diseases, where they ingest or are exposed to infected material and later shed the disease agent in new areas after flying substantial distances. We recently identified American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) as having the potential to translocate infectious prions in their feces. Our results suggest that this common, migratory North American scavenger is capable of translocating infectious prions to disease-free areas, potentially seeding CWD infection where no other initial source of pathogen establishment is forthcoming. Here we speculate on the role avian scavengers, like American crows, might play in the spatial dissemination of CWD. We also consider the role mammalian scavengers may play in dispersing prions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">KEYWORDS: American crows, CWD, Corvus brachyrhynchos, TSE, disease transmission, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PMID: 23822910 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23822910" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23822910</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Greetings,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">this is another example of why it is so important to properly dispose of carcasses, due to CWD risk factor, and if you bury it (incineration is much better), if you bury it, you better bury it deep, deep, deep, so scavengers cannot smell it and dig it up later, however, you risk tainting your water table with the CWD TSE prion in doing so.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I have also witnessed birds eating pet food. I have witnessed in a domestic aspect, and in the wild while hunting at livestock feeding stations.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">so really, since in the USA, it is still legal to feed cervids back to cervids (as in ruminant/cervid protein), even if it is from a HIGH RISK CWD AREA, it would be futile to try and stop scavengers from eating CWD infected cervids, when humans are doing this through legal feed for cervids, that contain cervids from high risk CWD areas. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">just my take...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">kind regards, terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wednesday, October 17, 2012</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion Remains Infectious after Passage through Digestive System of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/10/prion-remains-infectious-after-passage.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/10/prion-remains-infectious-after-passage.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, November 01, 2009</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">AS THE CROW FLIES, SO DOES CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and potential spreading of CWD through feces of digested infectious carcases</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/11/american-crows-corvus-brachyrhynchos.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/11/american-crows-corvus-brachyrhynchos.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Monday, July 13, 2009</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Deer Carcass Decomposition and Potential Scavenger Exposure to Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/deer-carcass-decomposition-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/deer-carcass-decomposition-and.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, July 07, 2013</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Could avian scavengers translocate infectious prions to disease-free areas initiating new foci of chronic wasting disease?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion. 2013 Jul 3;7(4). [Epub ahead of print]</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/07/could-avian-scavengers-translocate.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/07/could-avian-scavengers-translocate.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">another fine example letter. this one will floor you. 'Jimmy crack corn, and they don't care' no big deal, just flush those mixers with corn, then feed the corn to the deer. NOooooo problem.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: ''MORE'' 'VIOLATORS' of Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed--U.S.A. (more and more MAD COW FEED RULES BROKEN IN U.S.A.]</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: Tue, 24 Apr 2001 09:45:15 –0700</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de References: 1 , 2</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">######### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Greetings again List Members,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''MORE'' violations and warning letters over FDA MAD COW feed ban regulations that have not been complied with since the Aug. 4, 1997 'partial' feed ban was implemented...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">they implemented something, then forgot to enforce it $$$$$</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">another fine example letter. this one will floor you. 'Jimmy crack corn, and they don't care' no big deal, just flush those mixers with corn, then feed the corn to the deer. NOooooo problem.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">these people must be brain dead???</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">April 9, 2001 WARNING LETTER</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">01-PHI-12 CERTIFIED MAIL RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Brian J. Raymond, Owner Sandy Lake Mills 26 Mill Street P.O. Box 117 Sandy Lake, PA 16145 PHILADELPHIA DISTRICT</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tel: 215-597-4390</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dear Mr. Raymond:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Food and Drug Administration Investigator Gregory E. Beichner conducted an inspection of your animal feed manufacturing operation, located in Sandy Lake, Pennsylvania, on March 23, 2001, and determined that your firm manufactures animal feeds including feeds containing prohibited materials. The inspection found significant deviations from the requirements set forth in Title 21, code of Federal Regulations, part 589.2000 - Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed. The regulation is intended to prevent the establishment and amplification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) . Such deviations cause products being manufactured at this facility to be misbranded within the meaning of Section 403(f), of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our investigation found failure to label your swine feed with the required cautionary statement "Do Not Feed to cattle or other Ruminants" The FDA suggests that the statement be distinguished by different type-size or color or other means of highlighting the statement so that it is easily noticed by a purchaser.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In addition, we note that you are using approximately 140 pounds of cracked corn to flush your mixer used in the manufacture of animal feeds containing prohibited material. This flushed material is fed to wild game including deer, a ruminant animal. Feed material which may potentially contain prohibited material should not be fed to ruminant animals which may become part of the food chain.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The above is not intended to be an all-inclusive list of deviations from the regulations. As a manufacturer of materials intended for animal feed use, you are responsible for assuring that your overall operation and the products you manufacture and distribute are in compliance with the law. We have enclosed a copy of FDA's Small Entity Compliance Guide to assist you with complying with the regulation... blah, blah, blah...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g1115d.pdf</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061006131215/http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g1115d.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20061006131215/http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g1115d.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: MAD DEER FEED BAN WARNING LETTER RECALL 6 TONS DISTRIBUTED USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: Wed, 20 Oct 2004 14:53:56 –0500</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." flounder@WT.NET</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To: BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">##################### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #####################</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Product is __custom made deer feed__ packaged in 100 lb. poly bags. The product has no labeling. Recall # V-003-5.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CODE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The product has no lot code. All custom made feed purchased between June 24, 2004 and September 8, 2004.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Farmers Elevator Co, Houston, OH, by telephone and letter dated September 27, 2004. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">REASON</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Feed may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues which is prohibited in ruminant feed.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Approximately 6 tons.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DISTRIBUTION OH.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR October 20, 2004</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">http://www.fda.gov/TSS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">################# BSE-L-subscribe-request@uni-karlsruhe.de #################</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">now, just what is in that deer feed? _ANIMAL PROTEIN_</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: MAD DEER/ELK DISEASE AND POTENTIAL SOURCES</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: Sat, 25 May 2002 18:41:46 –0700</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Reply-To: BSE-L</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To: BSE-L </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">8420-20.5% Antler Developer For Deer and Game in the wild Guaranteed Analysis Ingredients / Products Feeding Directions</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">_animal protein_</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">http://www.surefed.com/deer.htm</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">REFERENCES </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...see full text ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 –0500</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." To: fdadockets@oc.fda.gov</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Greetings FDA,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">i would kindly like to comment on;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Docket 03D-0186</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Friday, December 14, 2012</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">new url;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20210610042300/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130908115835/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20210610042300/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130908115835/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">SNIP...SEE ;<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Friday, December 14, 2012</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/defra-uk-what-is-risk-of-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/defra-uk-what-is-risk-of-chronic.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><b style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></b></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><b style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease detection in environmental and biological samples from a taxidermy site</b><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: currentcolor;">Paulina Soto<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; outline: currentcolor; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a,b</span>, J. Hunter Reed<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; outline: currentcolor; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">c</span>, Mitch Lockwood<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; outline: currentcolor; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">c</span>, and Rodrigo Morales<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; outline: currentcolor; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a,b</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; outline: currentcolor; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; outline: currentcolor; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">b</span>Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile; <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; outline: currentcolor; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">c</span>Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting captive and free-ranging cervids (<i style="outline: currentcolor;">e.g</i>., mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk, reindeer, and moose). Nowadays, CWD is widely distributed in North America. It is suggested that CWD spreads due to direct animal contact or through exposure to contaminated environments previously inhabited by infected animals. CWD may also be spread through the movement of infected animals and carcasses. Taxidermy practices involve processing deer tissues (or whole animal carcasses). In many cases, the CWD status of processed animals is unknown. This can generate risks of disease spread and transmission. Taxidermy practices include different steps involving physical, chemical, and biological procedures. Without proper tissue handling or disposal practices, taxidermist facilities may become a focus of prion infectivity.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: currentcolor;"><b style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims</b>: In this study, we evaluated the presence of infectious prions in a taxidermy facility believed to be exposed to CWD. Detection was performed using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique in biological and inert environmental samples.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: currentcolor;"><b style="outline: currentcolor;">Methods</b>: We collected biological and environmental samples (plants, soils, insects, excreta, and others) from a taxidermy facility, and we tested these samples using the PMCA technique. In addition, we swabbed different surfaces possibly exposed to CWD-infected animals. For the PMCA reaction, we directly used a swab piece or 10 µL of 20% w/v homogenized samples.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: currentcolor;"><b style="outline: currentcolor;">Results</b>: The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in some of the components of this facility, including insects involved in head processing, soils, and a trash dumpster.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: currentcolor;"><b style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions</b>: Different areas of this property were used for various taxidermy procedures. We were able to detect the presence of prions in i) soils that were in contact with the heads of dead animals, ii) insects involved in the cleaning of skulls, and iii) an empty dumpster where animal carcasses were previously placed. This is the first report demonstrating that swabbing is a helpful method to screen for prion infectivity on surfaces potentially contaminated with CWD. These findings are relevant as this swabbing and amplification strategy may be used to evaluate the disease status of other free-ranging and captive settings where there is a concern for CWD transmissions, such as at feeders and water troughs with CWD-exposed properties. This approach could have substantial implications for free-ranging cervid surveillance as well as in epidemiological investigations of CWD.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: currentcolor;"><b style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: USDA</b></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; outline: currentcolor;"><b style="outline: currentcolor;">Grant number</b>: AP20VSSPRS00C143</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; outline: currentcolor;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2022 ABSTRACTS, AND A BIG THANK YOU TO </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: currentcolor;">On behalf of the Prion2020/2022 Congress Organizing Committee and the NeuroPrion Association, we heartily invite you to join us for the International Conference Prion2020/2022 from 13.-16. September 2022 in Göttingen.<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: currentcolor;">Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Large-scale PMCA screening of retropharyngeal lymph nodes and in white-tailed deer and comparisons with ELISA and IHC: the Texas CWD study</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Rebeca Benaventea, Paulina Sotoa, Mitch Lockwoodb, and Rodrigo Moralesa aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bTexas Park and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that affects various species of cervids, and both free-ranging and captive animals. Until now, CWD has been detected in 3 continents: North America, Europe, and Asia. CWD prevalence in some states may reach 30% of total animals. In Texas, the first case of CWD was reported in a free-range mule deer in Hudspeth and now it has been detected in additional 14 counties. Currently, the gold standard techniques used for CWD screening and detection are ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of obex and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RPLN). Unfortunately, these methods are known for having a low diagnostic sensitivity. Hence, many CWD-infected animals at pre-symptomatic stages may be misdiagnosed. Two promising in vitro prion amplification techniques, including the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) and the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) have been used to diagnose CWD and other prion diseases in several tissues and bodily fluids. Considering the low cost and speed of RT-QuIC, two recent studies have communicated the potential of this technique to diagnose CWD prions in RPLN samples. Unfortunately, the data presented in these articles suggest that identification of CWD positive samples is comparable to the currently used ELISA and IHC protocols. Similar studies using the PMCA technique have not been reported.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Compare the CWD diagnostic potential of PMCA with ELISA and IHC in RPLN samples from captive and free-range white-tailed deer. Material and Methods: In this study we analyzed 1,003 RPLN from both free-ranging and captive white-tailed deer collected in Texas. Samples were interrogated with the PMCA technique for their content of CWD prions. PMCA data was compared with the results obtained through currently approved techniques.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Our results show a 15-fold increase in CWD detection in free-range deer compared with ELISA. Our results unveil the presence of prion infected animals in Texas counties with no previous history of CWD. In the case of captive deer, we detected a 16% more CWD positive animals when compared with IHC. Interestingly, some of these positive samples displayed differences in their electroforetic mobilities, suggesting the presence of different prion strains within the State of Texas.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: PMCA sensitivity is significantly higher than the current gold standards techniques IHC and ELISA and would be a good tool for rapid CWD screening.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: USDAmi</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2022 ABSTRACTS, AND A BIG THANK YOU TO On behalf of the Prion2020/2022 Congress Organizing Committee and the NeuroPrion Association, we heartily invite you to join us for the International Conference Prion2020/2022 from 13.-16. September 2022 in Göttingen.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Shedding of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Multiple Excreta Throughout Disease Course in White-tailed Deer</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Nathaniel D. Denkersa, Erin E. McNultya, Caitlyn N. Krafta, Amy V. Nallsa, Joseph A. Westricha, Wilfred Goldmannb, Candace K. Mathiasona, and Edward A. Hoovera</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">aPrion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; bDivision of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and the Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) now infects cervids in South Korea, North America, and Scandinavia. CWD is unique in its efficient transmission and shedding of prions in body fluids throughout long course infections. Questions remain as to the magnitude of shedding and the route of prion acquisition. As CWD continues to expand, the need to better understand these facets of disease becomes more pertinent. The purpose of the studies described was to define the longitudinal shedding profile of CWD prions in urine, saliva, and feces throughout the course of infection in white-tailed deer.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Material and Methods: Twelve (12) white-tailed deer were inoculated with either 1 mg or 300ng of CWD. Urine, saliva, and feces were collected every 3-month post-inoculation (MPI) throughout the study duration. Cohorts were established based on PNRP genotype: codon 96 GG (n = 6) and alternate codons 96 GS (n = 5) & 103NT (n = 1). Urine and saliva were analyzed using iron-oxide magnetic extraction (IOME) and real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC)(IQ). Feces were subjected to IOME, followed by 4 rounds protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) with products analyzed by RT-QuIC (IPQ). To determine whether IPQ may be superior to IQ, a subset of urine and saliva were also tested by IPQ. Results were compared with clinical disease status.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Within the 96 GG cohort, positive seeding activity was detected in feces from all deer (100%), in saliva from 5 of 6 (83%), and in urine from 4 of 6 (66%). Shedding in all excreta occurred at, or just after, the first positive tonsil biopsy result. In the 96 GS/103NT cohort, positive seeding activity could be detected in feces from 3 of 6 (50%) deer, saliva in 2 of 6 (33%), and urine in 1 of 6 (16%). Shedding in excreta was detected >5 months after the first tonsil positive result. Four of six 96 GG deer developed clinical signs of CWD, whereas only 2 of the 96 GS/103NT did. Shedding was more frequently detected in deer with clinical disease. The IPQ protocol did not significantly improve detection in saliva or urine samples, however, it significantly augmented detection in feces by eliminating non-specific background commonly experienced with IQ. Negative control samples remained negative in samples tested.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: These studies demonstrate: (a) CWD prion excretion occurs throughout infection; (2) PRNP genotype (GG≫GS/NT) influences the excreta shedding; and (3) detection sensitivity in excreta can vary with different RT-QuIC protocols. These results provide a more complete perspective of prion shedding in deer during the course of CWD infection.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: National Institutes of Health (NIH)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Grant number: RO1-NS061902-09 R to EAH, PO1-AI077774 to EAH, and R01-AI112956-06 to CKM</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgement: We abundantly thank Sallie Dahmes at WASCO and David Osborn and Gino D’Angelo at the University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources for their long-standing support of this work through provision of the hand-raised, CWD-free, white-tailed deer used in these studies</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Paulina Sotoa,b, Francisca Bravo-Risia,b, Claudio Sotoa, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bUniversidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion diseases are infectious neurodegenerative disorders afflicting humans and other mammals. These diseases are generated by the misfolding of the cellular prion protein into a disease-causing isoform. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prevalent prion disease affecting cervids (captive and free-range). CWD is thought to be transmitted through direct animal contact or by indirect exposure to contaminated environments. Many studies have shown that infectious prions can enter the environment through saliva, feces, or urine from infected animals and decaying carcasses. However, we do not fully understand the specific contribution of each component to disease transmission events. Plants are logical environmental components to be evaluated since they grow in environments contaminated with CWD prions and are relevant for animal and human nutrition.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: The main objective of this study is to study whether prions are transported to the roots and leaves of carrots, an edible plant commonly used in the human diet and as deer bait.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Methods: We have grown carrot plants in CWD-infected soils. After 90 days, we harvested the carrots and separated them from the leaves. The experiment was controlled by growing plants in soil samples treated with brain extracts from healthy animals. These materials were interrogated for their prion seeding activity using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique. Infectivity was evaluated in mouse bioassays (intracerebral injections in Tg1536 mice). The animals were sacrificed when they showed established signs of prion disease. Animals not displaying clinical signs were sacrificed at 600 days post-inoculation.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in soils contaminated with CWD prions, as well as in carrot plants (leaves and roots) grown on them. Bioassays demonstrated that both leaves and roots contained CWD prions in sufficient quantities to induce disease (92% attack rate). As expected, animals treated with prion-infected soils developed prion disease at shorter incubation periods (and complete attack rates) compared to plant components. Animals treated with soil and plant components exposed with CWD-free brain extracts did not display prion-associated clinical signs or evidence of sub-clinical prion infection.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts. Our results indicate that plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission. Importantly, plants designated for human consumption represent a risk of introducing CWD prions into the human food chain.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: NIH</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Grant number: R01AI132695</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">October 6th-12th, 126th Meeting 2022 Resolutions </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">RESOLUTION NUMBER: 30 Approved</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SOURCE: COMMITTEE ON WILDLIFE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUBJECT MATTER: Chronic Wasting Disease Carcass Disposal Dumpster Management and Biosecurity</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BACKGROUND INFORMATION:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">State and tribal wildlife agencies may identify collection points (dumpsters) within an identified chronic wasting disease (CWD) management zone for the disposal of hunter-harvested cervid carcasses to remove potentially infected carcasses off the landscape for disposal by an approved method (Gillin & Mawdsley, 2018, chap.14). However, depending on their placement and maintenance these dumpsters could potentially increase the risk of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In several different states, photographic evidence has shown dumpsters in state identified CWD management zones overflowing with deer carcasses and limbs scattered on the land nearby. This could provide an opportunity for scavengers to potentially move infected carcass material to non-infected zones or increase contamination of the ground material around the dumpster’s location.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Federal guidance does not explicitly address uniform standards for collection locations for carcasses of free-ranging cervids; however, the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services Program Standards on CWD outlines procedures for carcass disposal, equipment sanitation, and decontamination of premises for captive cervid facilities.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">RESOLUTION:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The United States Animal Health Association urges the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA), Wildlife Health Committee to further refine the AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease; Chapter 14, Carcass Disposal to address the placement and management of chronic wasting disease carcass disposal dumpsters or other carcass collection containers.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Reference:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1. Gillin, Colin M., and Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (eds.). 2018. AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Surveillance, Management and Control of Chronic Wasting Disease. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Washington, D. C. 111 pp. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ENVIRONMENT FACTORS FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF CWD TSE PRP</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sensitive detection of chronic wasting disease prions recovered from environmentally relevant surfaces</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Environment International</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Available online 13 June 2022, 107347</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Environment International</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sensitive detection of chronic wasting disease prions recovered from environmentally relevant surfaces</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Qi Yuana Gag e Rowdenb Tiffany M.Wolfc Marc D.Schwabenlanderb Peter A.LarsenbShannon L.Bartelt-Huntd Jason C.Bartza</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">a Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, 68178, United States of America</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">b Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">c Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">d Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Peter Kiewit Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, Nebraska, 68182, United States of America</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Received 26 April 2022, Revised 8 June 2022, Accepted 9 June 2022, Available online 13 June 2022.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107347" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107347</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Get rights and content</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Under a Creative Commons license Open access</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Highlights • An innovative method for prion recovery from swabs was developed.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">• Recovery of prions decreased as swab-drying time was increased.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">• Recovery of CWD prions from stainless steel and glass was approximately 30%.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">• RT-QuIC enhanced CWD prion detection by 4 orders of magnitude.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">• Surface-recovered CWD prion was sufficient for efficient RT-QuIC detection. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) has been identified in 30 states in the United States, four provinces in Canada, and recently emerged in Scandinavia. The association of CWD prions with environmental materials such as soil, plants, and surfaces may enhance the persistence of CWD prion infectivity in the environment exacerbating disease transmission. Identifying and quantifying CWD prions in the environment is significant for prion monitoring and disease transmission control. A systematic method for CWD prion quantification from associated environmental materials, however, does not exist. In this study, we developed an innovative method for extracting prions from swabs and recovering CWD prions swabbed from different types of surfaces including glass, stainless steel, and wood. We found that samples dried on swabs were unfavorable for prion extraction, with the greatest prion recovery from wet swabs. Using this swabbing technique, the recovery of CWD prions dried to glass or stainless steel was approximately 30% in most cases, whereas that from wood was undetectable by conventional prion immunodetection techniques. Real-time quake-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) analysis of these same samples resulted in an increase of the detection limit of CWD prions from stainless steel by 4 orders of magnitude. More importantly, the RT-QuIC detection of CWD prions recovered from stainless steel surfaces using this method was similar to the original CWD prion load applied to the surface. This combined surface swabbing and RT-QuIC detection method provides an ultrasensitive means for prion detection across many settings and applications.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">5. Conclusions</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease is spreading in North America and it is hypothesized that in CWD-endemic areas environmental persistence of CWD prions can exacerbate disease transmission. The development of a sensitive CWD prion detection method from environmentally relevant surfaces is significant for monitoring, risk assessment, and control of CWD. In this study, we developed a novel swab-extraction procedure for field deployable sampling of CWD prions from stainless steel, glass, and wood. We found that extended swab-drying was unfavorable for extraction, indicating that hydrated storage of swabs after sampling aided in prion recovery. Recoverable CWD prions from stainless steel and glass was approximately 30%, which was greater than from wood. RT-QuIC analysis of the swab extracts resulted in an increase of the detection limit of CWD prions from stainless steel by 4 orders of magnitude compared to conventional immunodetection techniques. More importantly, the RT-QuIC detection of CWD prions recovered from stainless steel surfaces using this developed method was similar to the original CWD prion load without surface contact. This method of prion sampling and recovery, in combination with ultrasensitive detection methods, allows for prion detection from contaminated environmental surfaces.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412022002744?via%3Dihub" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412022002744?via%3Dihub</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Research Paper</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzie ORCID Icon show less</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Download citation</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">KEYWORDS: Prion chronic wasting diseasesex differences species differences disease prevalence cervid protein expression glands</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Paper</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Kevin Christopher Gough BSc (Hons), PhD Claire Alison Baker BSc (Hons) Steve Hawkins MIBiol Hugh Simmons BVSc, MRCVS, MBA, MA Timm Konold DrMedVet, PhD, MRCVS … See all authors </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapiepositive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Gudmundur Georgsson1, Sigurdur Sigurdarson2, Paul Brown3</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82011-0</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">imageTimm Konold1*, imageStephen A. C. Hawkins2, imageLisa C. Thurston3, imageBen C. Maddison4, imageKevin C. Gough5, imageAnthony Duarte1 and imageHugh A. Simmons1</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The findings of this study highlight the role of field furniture used by scrapie-infected sheep to act as a reservoir for disease re-introduction although infectivity declines considerably if the field furniture has not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. PMCA may not be as sensitive as VRQ/VRQ sheep to test for environmental contamination.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Discussion </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> 172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Kyung Je Park, Hoo Chang Park, In Soon Roh, Hyo Jin Kim, Hae-Eun Kang and Hyun Joo Sohn</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Bethesda, MD 20892. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PMID: 8006664 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, APRIL 19, 2021</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Evaluation of the application for new alternative biodiesel production process for rendered fat including Category 1 animal by-products (BDI-RepCat® process, AT) ???</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/evaluation-of-application-for-new.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/evaluation-of-application-for-new.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Confidential!!!!</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">---end personal email---end...tss</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">and so it seems...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Scrapie Agent (Strain 263K) Can Transmit Disease via the Oral Route after Persistence in Soil over Years</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Published: May 9, 2007</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our results showed that 263K scrapie agent can persist in soil at least over 29 months. Strikingly, not only the contaminated soil itself retained high levels of infectivity, as evidenced by oral administration to Syrian hamsters, but also feeding of aqueous soil extracts was able to induce disease in the reporter animals. We could also demonstrate that PrPSc in soil, extracted after 21 months, provides a catalytically active seed in the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) reaction. PMCA opens therefore a perspective for considerably improving the detectability of prions in soil samples from the field.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dr. Paul Brown Scrapie Soil Test BSE Inquiry Document</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Published: 06 September 2021</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=============== </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=============== </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">============== </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Taylor & Francis</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://efsaopinioncwd.blogspot.com/2022/04/efsa-eu-request-for-scientific-opinion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinioncwd.blogspot.com/2022/04/efsa-eu-request-for-scientific-opinion.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 16, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SHEEP BY-PRODUCTS AND WHAT ABOUT Scrapie TSE PrP and Potential Zoonosis? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/03/sheep-by-products-and-what-about.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/03/sheep-by-products-and-what-about.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SO, WHO'S UP FOR SOME MORE TSE PRION POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$ </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SO, ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PMID: 6997404</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">76/10.12/4.6</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2. Determined that pigs naturally exposed to chronic wasting disease (CWD) may act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Chronic wasting disease is a naturally occurring, fatal, neurodegenerative disease of cervids. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of CWD disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Pigs were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: intracranially inoculated; orally inoculated; or non-inoculated. At market weight age, half of the pigs in each group were tested ('market weight' groups). The remaining pigs ('aged' groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) by multiple diagnostic methods. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Brain samples from selected pigs were bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Some pigs from each inoculated group were positive by one or more tests. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Although only small amounts of PrPSc were detected using sensitive methods, this study demonstrates that pigs can serve as hosts for CWD. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Currently, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from deer or elk. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In addition, feral swine could be exposed to infected carcasses in areas where CWD is present in wildlife populations. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The current feed ban in the U.S. is based exclusively on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from entering animal feeds. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to CWD, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Samia Hannaouia, Ginny Chenga, Wiebke Wemheuerb, Walter J. Schulz-Schaefferb, Sabine Gilcha, and Hermann M. Schätzla aDepartment of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; bInstitute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of cervids. Its rapid geographic expansion, shedding of infectivity and persistence in the environment for many years are of concern for humans. Here, we provide the first evidence by transmission experiments to different transgenic mouse models and bank voles that Cynomolgus macaques inoculated via different routes with CWD-positive cervid tissues harbor infectious prions that elicit clinical disease in rodents.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Material and Methods: We used tissue materials from macaques inoculated with CWD to inoculate transgenic mice overexpressing cervid PrPCfollowed by transmission into bank voles. We used RT-QuIC, immunoblot and PET blot analysis to assess brains, spinal cords, and tissues of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for the presence of prions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Our results show that of the macaque materials that induced clinical disease in transgenic mice,73% were from the CNS (46% spinal cord and 27% brain), and 27% were from the spleen, although attack rates were low around 20%. Clinical mice did not display PK-resistant PrPSc(PrPres) in immunoblot, but showed low-levels of prion seeding activity. Transmission into bank voles from clinical transgenic mice led to a 100% attack rate with typical PrPressignature in immunoblot, which was different from that of voles inoculated directly with CWD or scrapie prions. High-level prion seeding activity in brain and spinal cord and PrPresdeposition in the brain were present. Remarkably, we also found prion seeding activity in GIT tissues of inoculated voles. Second passage in bank voles led to a 100% attack rate in voles inoculated with brain, spinal cord and small intestine material from first round animals, with PrPresin immunoblot, prion seeding activity, and PrPresdeposition in the brain. Shortened survival times indicate adaptation in the new host. This also shows that prions detected in GIT tissues are infectious and transmissible. Transmission of brain material from sick voles back to cervidized mice revealed transmission in these mice with a 100% attack rate, and interestingly, with different biochemical signature and distribution in the brain.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including oral one. The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and transgenic mice, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: The National Institutes of Health, USA, and the Alberta Prion Research Institute/Alberta Innovates Canada. Grant number: 1R01NS121016-01; 201,600,023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgement: We thank Umberto Agrimi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy, and Michael Beekes, Robert-Koch Institute Berlin, Germany, for providing the bank vole model. We thank the University of Calgary animal facility staff and Dr. Stephanie Anderson for animal care.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">aDepartment of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; bUniversité Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France; cDepartment of Biological Sciences, Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we aimed to determine the zoonotic potential of CWD using a mouse model for human prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Material and Methods: Transgenic mice overexpressing human PrPChomozygous for methionine at codon 129 (tg650) were inoculated intracerebrally with brain homogenates of white-tailed deer infected with Wisc-1/CWD1 or 116AG CWD strains. Mice were monitored for clinical signs and were euthanized at terminal disease. Brains were tested by RT-QuIC, western blot upon PK digestion, and immunohistochemistry; fecal homogenates were analyzed by RT-QuIC. Brain/spinal cord and fecal homogenates of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice were inoculated into tg650 mice or bank voles. Brain homogenates of bank voles inoculated with fecal homogenates of CWD-infected tg650 mice were used for second passage in bank voles.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650 brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to tg650 mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of tg650 mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and tg650 with fecal homogenates.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: We are grateful for financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the National Institutes of Health, Genome Canada, and the Alberta Prion Research Institute. SG is supported by the Canada Research Chairs program.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgement: We thank Dr. Trent Bollinger, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, for providing brain tissue from the WTD-116AG isolate, Dr. Stéphane Haïk, ICM, Paris, France, for providing brain tissue from vCJD and sCJD cases, and Dr. Umberto Agrimi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy, for the bank vole model. We thank animal facility staff for animal care, Dr. Stephanie Anderson for veterinary oversight, and Yo-Ching Cheng for preparing recombinant PrP substrates. Thank you to Dr. Stephanie Booth and Jennifer Myskiw, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Eric Cassmanna, Xu Qib, Qingzhong Kongb, and Justin Greenleea</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">aNational Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA bDepartments of Pathology, Neurology, National Center for Regenerative Medicine, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Evaluate the zoonotic potential of the raccoon passaged chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent in humanized transgenic mice in comparison with the North American CWD agent from the original white-tailed deer host.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Material and Methods: Pooled brain material (GG96) from a CWD positive herd was used to oronasally inoculate two white-tailed deer with wild-type prion protein genotype and intracranially inoculate a raccoon. Brain homogenates (10% w/v) from the raccoon and the two white-tailed deer were used to intracranially inoculate separate groups of transgenic mice that express human prion protein with methionine (M) at codon 129 (Tg40h). Brains and spleens were collected from mice at experimental endpoints of clinical disease or approximately 700 days post-inoculation. Tissues were divided and homogenized or fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. Immunohistochemistry, enzyme immunoassay, and western blot were used to detect misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) in tissue.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Humanized transgenic mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent from white-tailed deer exhibited a 100% (12/12) attack rate with an average incubation period of 605 days. PrPScwas detected in brain tissue by enzyme immunoassay with an average optical density of 3.6/4.0 for positive brains. PrPScalso was detected in brain tissue by western blot and immunohistochemistry. No PrPScwas detected in the spleens of mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent. Humanized mice inoculated with the CWD agent from white-tailed deer did not have detectable PrPScusing conventional immunoassay techniques.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: The host range of the CWD agent from white-tailed deer was expanded in our experimental model after one passage through raccoons.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgement: We thank Quazetta Brown, Lexi Frese, Rylie Frese, Kevin Hassall, Leisa Mandell, and Trudy Tatum for providing excellent technical support to this project.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Stable and highly zoonotic cervid prion strain is possible</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, and Qingzhong Kong Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in some areas. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies suggest that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Material and Methods: We inoculated a few sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice, which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had hunted or consumed vension from CWD-endemic states. Some of these mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a ‘cervidized’ CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of CJDElkPrPin transgenic mice expressing human PrP (Tg40h). We passaged CJDElkPrPtwo more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrPprions also led to 100% infection in the Tg40h mice. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice, despite that natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrPshare the same elk PrP sequence.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can be stably maintained in cervids and that CWD zoonosis is prion strain-dependent.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: NIH</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O’Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples, respectively.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Adaptation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) prion strains in hosts with different PRNP genotypes</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Camilo Duque Velasqueza,c, Elizabeth Triscotta,c, Chiye Kima,c, Diana Morenoa,c, Judd Aikenb,c, and Debbie McKenziea,c</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">aDepartment of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada; bDepartment of Agriculture, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada; cCentre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: The contagious nature of CWD epizootics and the PrPCamino acid variation of cervids (and susceptible sympatric species) guarantee the expansion of prion conformational diversity and selective landscapes where new strains can arise. CWD strains can have novel transmission properties including altered host range that may increase zoonotic risk as circulating strains diversify and evolve. We are characterizing the host adaptability of characterized CWD strains as well as CWD isolates from different cervid species in various enzootic regions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Material and Methods: Characterized CWD strains as well as a number of isolates from hunter-harvested deer were bioassayed in our rodent panel (transgenic mice expressing cervid alleles G96, S96 and H95-PrPC, elk PrPC, bovine PrPC, and both hamsters and non-transgenic laboratory mice). Strain characteristics were compared using computer based scoring of brain pathology (e.g. PrPCWDbrain distribution), western blot and protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Transmission of various isolates resulted in the selection of strain mixtures in hosts expressing similar PrPC, particularly for polymorphic white-tailed deer and for Norwegian reindeer. As of the second passage, transmission of P153 moose prions from Norway has not resulted in emergence of strains with properties similar to any North American CWD strains in our taxonomic collection (Wisc-1, CWD2, H95+and 116AG).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Our data indicates polymorphic white-tailed deer can favor infection with more than one strain. Similar to transmission studies of Colorado CWD isolates from cervids expressing a single PrPCprimary structure, the isolate from Norway reindeer (V214) represents a strain mixture, suggesting intrinsic strain diversity in the Nordfjella epizootic. The diversity of CWD strains with distinct transmission characteristics represents a threat to wildlife, sympatric domestic animals and public health.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: Genome Canada and Genome Alberta (Alberta Prion Research Institute and Alberta Agriculture & Forestry); NSERC Grant number: #LSARP 10205; NSERC RGPIN-2017-05539</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank Margo Pybus (Alberta Environment and Parks) Trent Bollinger (University of Saskatchewan) for providing us with tissue samples from hunter-harvested deer and Sylvie Benestad for providing moose and reindeer samples.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Application of PMCA to understand CWD prion strains, species barrier and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sandra Pritzkowa, Damian Gorskia, Frank Ramireza, Fei Wanga, Glenn C. Tellingb, Justin J. Greenleec, Sylvie L. Benestadd, and Claudio Sotoa aDepartment of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; bDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; cVirus and Prion Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA; dNorwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference Laboratory for CWD, Ås, Norway</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease affecting various species of cervids that continues to spread uncontrollably across North America and has recently been detected in Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden and Finland). The mechanisms responsible for the natural transmission of CWD are largely unknown. Furthermore, the risk of CWD transmission to other species, including humans, is also unknown and remains a dangerous enigma. In this study, we investigated the potential of CWD prions to infect several other animal species (sheep, cattle, pig, hamster, and mouse) including humans, by examining their capacity to convert the normal prion protein of distinct species in a PMCA reaction. Moreover, we also investigated whether the in vivo passage of CWD through intermediate species alters their capacity for zoonotic transmission, which may represent a major hazard to human health.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Material and Methods: For these studies, we used brain material from CWD-infected white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), elk (Cervus canadensis), and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) as species native to North America. We also used CWD-infected Moose (Alces alces), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) as Norwegian cervids. We also used brains from cattle, sheep and pigs experimentally infected by CWD. To study interspecies-transmission and zoonotic potential, samples were tested via PMCA for the conversion of PrPCinto PrPScusing different combinations of inoculum and host species. Based on these analyses we estimated the spillover and zoonotic potential for different CWD isolates. We define and quantify spillover and zoonotic potential indices as the efficiency by which CWD prions sustain prion generation in vitro at the expense of normal prion proteins from various mammals and human, respectively.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Our results show that prions from some cervid species, especially those found in Northern Europe, have a higher potential to transmit disease characteristics to other animals. Conversely, CWD-infected cervids originated in North America appear to have a greater potential to generate human PrPSc. We also found that in vivo transmission of CWD to cattle, but not to sheep or pigs substantially increases the ability of these prions to convert human PrPCby PMCA.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Our findings support the existence of different CWD prion strains with distinct spillover and zoonotic potentials. We also conclude that transmission of CWD to other animal species may increase the risk for CWD transmission to humans. Our studies may provide a tool to predict the array of animal species that a given CWD prion could affect and may contribute to understanding the risk of CWD for human health.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: National Institute of Health Grant number: P01 AI077774</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Zerui Wanga, Kefeng Qinb, Manuel V. Camachoa, Ignazio Cali a,c, Jue Yuana, Pingping Shena, Tricia Gillilanda, Syed Zahid Ali Shaha, Maria Gerasimenkoa, Michelle Tanga, Sarada Rajamanickama, Anika Yadatia, Lawrence B. Schonbergerd, Justin Greenleee, Qingzhong Konga,c, James A. Mastriannib, and Wen-Quan Zoua,c</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">aDepartment of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; bDepartment of Neurology and Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders, the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; dDivision of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) results from the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the brains of deer and elk. It has been spreading rapidly throughout many regions of North America, exported inadvertently to South Korea, and more recently identified in Europe. Mad cow disease has caused variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and is currently the only known zoonotic prion disease. Whether CWD is transmissible to humans remains uncertain. The aims of our study were not only to confirm whether CWD prion isolates can convert human brain PrPCinto PrPScin vitro by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) but also to determine whether the sPMCA-induced CWD-derived human PrPScis infectious.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Material and Methods: Eight CWD prion isolates from 7 elks and 1 deer were used as the seeds while normal human brain homogenates containing either PrP-129 MM (n = 2) or PrP-129 VV (n = 1) were used as the substrates for sPMCA assay. A normal elk brain tissue sample was used as a negative control seed. Two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing either human PrP-129VV or −129 MM polymorphism were included for transmission studies to determine the infectivity of PMCA-amplified PrPSc. Wester blotting and immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin & eosin staining were used for determining PrPScand neuropathological changes of inoculated animals.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: We report here the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPScusing elk CWD PrPScto initiate conversion of human PrPCfrom normal human brain homogenates with PMCA in vitro. Western blotting with a human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPScwas derived from the human brain PrPCsubstrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrPCwith either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPScpatterns and neuropathological changes in the brain.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSchas the potential to overcome the species barrier and directly convert human PrPCinto infectious PrPScthat can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: CJD Foundation and NIH</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mortality surveillance of persons potentially exposed to chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">R.A. Maddoxa, R.F. Klosb, L.R. Willb, S.N. Gibbons-Burgenerb, A. Mvilongoa, J.Y. Abramsa, B.S. Applebyc, L.B. Schonbergera, and E.D. Belaya aNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA; bWisconsin Department of Health Services (WDHS), Division of Public Health, Madison, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: It is unknown whether chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, can infect people, but consumption of meat from infected animals would be the most likely route of transmission. Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Division of Public Health (WDHS) personnel maintain a database consisting of information collected from hunters who reported eating, or an intention to eat, venison from CWD-positive cervids. These data, collected since 2003, allow for the evaluation of causes of mortality in individuals potentially exposed to CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Material and Methods: The WDHS database contains the name, date of birth, when available, year of CWD-positive deer harvest, and city and state of residence for each potentially exposed individual. The database also includes information on how the deer was processed (self-processed or by a commercial operator) and when applicable, names of others with whom the venison was shared. Duplicate entries (i.e., those who consumed venison from CWD-positive deer in multiple hunt years) are determined by first name, last name, and date of birth. All names in the database are cross-checked with reported cases of human prion disease in Wisconsin and cases in the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC) diagnostic testing database. Persons with date of birth available are also cross-checked with prion disease decedents identified through restricted-use national multiple cause-of-death data via a data use agreement with the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: The database currently consists of 1561 records for hunt years 2003–2017 and 87 additional records for 2018–2019. Of these, 657 records have accompanying date of birth; 15 entries were removed as duplicates leaving 642 unique individuals. Of these individuals, 278 of 426 (66%) who ate venison from a CWD-positive deer and provided processing information reported self-processing. No matches were found among any persons in the database cross-checked with WDHS human prion disease surveillance data, NPDPSC data (February 2022 update), and NCHS data through 2020.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Because of the linkage of person and CWD-positive animal in the WDHS database, reviewing the cause of mortality in potentially exposed persons is possible. The number of individuals cross-checked so far is likely only a small percentage of those potentially exposed to CWD in Wisconsin, and many more years of vital status tracking are needed given an expected long incubation period should transmission to humans occur. Nevertheless, the findings of this ongoing review are thus far reassuring.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion disease incidence, United States, 2003–2020</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">R.A. Maddoxa, M.K. Persona, K. Kotobellib, A. Mvilongoa, B.S. Applebyb, L.B. Schonbergera, T.A. Hammetta, J.Y. Abramsa, and E.D. Belaya aNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA; bNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Mortality data, in conjunction with neuropathological and genetic testing results, are used to estimate prion disease incidence in the United States.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Material and Methods: Prion disease decedents for 2003–2020 were identified from restricted-use U.S. national multiple cause-of-death data, via a data use agreement with the National Center for Health Statistics, and from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC) database. NPDPSC decedents with neuropathological or genetic test results positive for prion disease for whom no likely match was found in the NCHS multiple cause-of-death data were added as cases for incidence calculations, while those with negative neuropathology results but with cause-of-death data indicating prion disease were removed. Unmatched cases in the NPDPSC database lacking neuropathological testing but with a positive real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) test result were additionally assessed. Age-specific and age-adjusted average annual incidence rates were calculated from the combined data; the year 2000 as the standard population and the direct method were used for age-adjustment.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: A total of 7,921 decedents were identified as having prion disease during 2003–2020 for an age-adjusted average annual incidence of 1.2 per million population. The age-adjusted incidence between males and females (1.3 and 1.1 per million, respectively) differed significantly (p < 0.0001). The age-specific average annual incidence among those <55 and ≥55 years of age was 0.2 and 4.8 per million, respectively; incidence among those ≥65 was 6.1 per million. Eighteen cases were <30 years of age for an age-specific incidence of 8.0 per billion; only 6 of these very young cases were sporadic (3 sporadic CJD, 3 sporadic fatal insomnia), with the rest being familial (9), variant (2), or iatrogenic (1). The age-adjusted annual incidence for the most recent year of data, 2020, was 1.3 per million. However, assessment of RT-QuIC positive cases lacking neuropathology in the NPDPSC database suggested that approximately 20% more cases may have occurred in that year; the addition of a subset of these cases that had date of death information available (n = 44) increased the 2020 rate to 1.4 per million.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Mortality data supplemented with the results of neuropathological, CSF RT-QuIC, and genetic testing can be used to estimate prion disease incidence. However, the identification in the NPDPSC database of RT-QuIC-positive cases lacking date of death information suggests that this strategy may exclude a number of probable prion disease cases. Prion disease cases <30 years of age, especially those lacking a pathogenic mutation, continue to be very rare.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Shedding of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Multiple Excreta Throughout Disease Course in White-tailed Deer</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Nathaniel D. Denkersa, Erin E. McNultya, Caitlyn N. Krafta, Amy V. Nallsa, Joseph A. Westricha, Wilfred Goldmannb, Candace K. Mathiasona, and Edward A. Hoovera</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">aPrion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; bDivision of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and the Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) now infects cervids in South Korea, North America, and Scandinavia. CWD is unique in its efficient transmission and shedding of prions in body fluids throughout long course infections. Questions remain as to the magnitude of shedding and the route of prion acquisition. As CWD continues to expand, the need to better understand these facets of disease becomes more pertinent. The purpose of the studies described was to define the longitudinal shedding profile of CWD prions in urine, saliva, and feces throughout the course of infection in white-tailed deer.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Material and Methods: Twelve (12) white-tailed deer were inoculated with either 1 mg or 300ng of CWD. Urine, saliva, and feces were collected every 3-month post-inoculation (MPI) throughout the study duration. Cohorts were established based on PNRP genotype: codon 96 GG (n = 6) and alternate codons 96 GS (n = 5) & 103NT (n = 1). Urine and saliva were analyzed using iron-oxide magnetic extraction (IOME) and real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC)(IQ). Feces were subjected to IOME, followed by 4 rounds protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) with products analyzed by RT-QuIC (IPQ). To determine whether IPQ may be superior to IQ, a subset of urine and saliva were also tested by IPQ. Results were compared with clinical disease status.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Within the 96 GG cohort, positive seeding activity was detected in feces from all deer (100%), in saliva from 5 of 6 (83%), and in urine from 4 of 6 (66%). Shedding in all excreta occurred at, or just after, the first positive tonsil biopsy result. In the 96 GS/103NT cohort, positive seeding activity could be detected in feces from 3 of 6 (50%) deer, saliva in 2 of 6 (33%), and urine in 1 of 6 (16%). Shedding in excreta was detected >5 months after the first tonsil positive result. Four of six 96 GG deer developed clinical signs of CWD, whereas only 2 of the 96 GS/103NT did. Shedding was more frequently detected in deer with clinical disease. The IPQ protocol did not significantly improve detection in saliva or urine samples, however, it significantly augmented detection in feces by eliminating non-specific background commonly experienced with IQ. Negative control samples remained negative in samples tested.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: These studies demonstrate: (a) CWD prion excretion occurs throughout infection; (2) PRNP genotype (GG≫GS/NT) influences the excreta shedding; and (3) detection sensitivity in excreta can vary with different RT-QuIC protocols. These results provide a more complete perspective of prion shedding in deer during the course of CWD infection.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: National Institutes of Health (NIH)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Grant number: RO1-NS061902-09 R to EAH, PO1-AI077774 to EAH, and R01-AI112956-06 to CKM</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgement: We abundantly thank Sallie Dahmes at WASCO and David Osborn and Gino D’Angelo at the University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources for their long-standing support of this work through provision of the hand-raised, CWD-free, white-tailed deer used in these studies</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Large-scale PMCA screening of retropharyngeal lymph nodes and in white-tailed deer and comparisons with ELISA and IHC: the Texas CWD study</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Rebeca Benaventea, Paulina Sotoa, Mitch Lockwoodb, and Rodrigo Moralesa</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bTexas Park and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that affects various species of cervids, and both free-ranging and captive animals. Until now, CWD has been detected in 3 continents: North America, Europe, and Asia. CWD prevalence in some states may reach 30% of total animals. In Texas, the first case of CWD was reported in a free-range mule deer in Hudspeth and now it has been detected in additional 14 counties. Currently, the gold standard techniques used for CWD screening and detection are ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of obex and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RPLN). Unfortunately, these methods are known for having a low diagnostic sensitivity. Hence, many CWD-infected animals at pre-symptomatic stages may be misdiagnosed. Two promising in vitro prion amplification techniques, including the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) and the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) have been used to diagnose CWD and other prion diseases in several tissues and bodily fluids. Considering the low cost and speed of RT-QuIC, two recent studies have communicated the potential of this technique to diagnose CWD prions in RPLN samples. Unfortunately, the data presented in these articles suggest that identification of CWD positive samples is comparable to the currently used ELISA and IHC protocols. Similar studies using the PMCA technique have not been reported.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Compare the CWD diagnostic potential of PMCA with ELISA and IHC in RPLN samples from captive and free-range white-tailed deer. Material and Methods: In this study we analyzed 1,003 RPLN from both free-ranging and captive white-tailed deer collected in Texas. Samples were interrogated with the PMCA technique for their content of CWD prions. PMCA data was compared with the results obtained through currently approved techniques.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Our results show a 15-fold increase in CWD detection in free-range deer compared with ELISA. Our results unveil the presence of prion infected animals in Texas counties with no previous history of CWD. In the case of captive deer, we detected a 16% more CWD positive animals when compared with IHC. Interestingly, some of these positive samples displayed differences in their electroforetic mobilities, suggesting the presence of different prion strains within the State of Texas.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: PMCA sensitivity is significantly higher than the current gold standards techniques IHC and ELISA and would be a good tool for rapid CWD screening.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: USDA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ATYPRION project: assessing the zoonotic potential of interspecies transmission of CWD isolates to livestock (preliminary results).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Enric Vidala,b, Juan Carlos Espinosac, Samanta Gilera,b, Montserrat Ordóñeza,b, Guillermo Canteroa,b, Vincent Béringued, Justin J. Greenleee, and Juan Maria Torresc</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">aUnitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia; bIRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia; cCentro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain; dMolecular Virology and Immunology, French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims: Since variant Creutzfeldt-Jackob disease was linked to the consumption of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions, the study of the pathobiological features of animal prions, particularly their zoonotic potential, is of great concern to the scientific community and public health authorities. Furthermore, interspecies transmission of prions has been demonstrated as a putative evolutionary mechanism for prions, that can lead to the emergence of new features including the ability to infect humans. For instance, small ruminants’ atypical scrapie prions, when propagated in a bovine or porcine host, can shift to a classical BSE phenotype thus posing a potential risk in case of human exposure. So far, no hard evidence of zoonotic transmission of cervids’ chronic wasting disease (CWD) to humans has been published, however experimental transmission to bovine, ovine and caprine hosts has been achieved. Our goal is to investigate if, once passaged through these domestic species, CWD prions might become infectious to humans.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Material and Methods: Different CWD isolates experimentally adapted to cattle, sheep and goat (Hamir et al, 2005, 2006, 2007, Greenlee et al 2012) have been intracerebrally inoculated to transgenic mouse models expressing the human cellular prion protein either homozygous for methionine or valine at codon 129 (Tg340-Met129 and Tg362-Val129). Additionally, inocula obtained from experimental transmission of elk CWD to ovinized (Tg501) and bovinized (BoTg110) transgenic mice, as well as white-tailed deer CWD to BoTg110 mice, are currently being bioassayed in both human PrPCtransgenic models.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results and conclusions: No evidence of transmission has been found on first passage for bovine adapted elk and mule deer CWD to none of the humanized models. The remaining bioassays are ongoing without showing clinical signs yet, as well as second passages for the negative 1stpassages.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Funded by: La Marató de TV3 foundation. Grant number: ATYPRION (201,821–30-31-32)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Background</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Methods</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Background</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Methods</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Background and objective:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Discussion:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">See also poster P103</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Belay ED</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=====</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><a href="https://cjdfoundation.org/files/pdf/CWD%20study%20oral%20transmission%20of%20CWD%20to%20primates.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://cjdfoundation.org/files/pdf/CWD%20study%20oral%20transmission%20of%20CWD%20to%20primates.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. "</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission Studies</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip.... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: TSS </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dear Sir/Madam,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091). Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">-----Original Message-----</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To: rr26k@nih.gov; rrace@niaid.nih.gov; ebb8@CDC.GOV</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thursday, April 03, 2008</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip... full text ; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">sporadic = 54,983 hits <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ *** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).*** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Steve Dealler </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">=============== </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist deal@airtime.co.uk </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 23, 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">House and Senate Send Important Chronic Wasting Disease Legislation to President’s Desk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/12/house-and-senate-send-important-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/12/house-and-senate-send-important-chronic.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 11, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">4th International Chronic Wasting Disease Symposium: Overcoming Barriers to Control CWD </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/4th-international-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/4th-international-chronic-wasting.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 17, 2023 <br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS OVERVIEW OF STATE RESPONSE TO CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION April 2019 a Review<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/texas-overview-of-state-response-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/texas-overview-of-state-response-to.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS OVERVIEW OF STATE RESPONSE TO CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION April 2019 a Review <br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">February 17, 2023 TEXAS CWD COUNT AT 449 CASES TO DATE</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/tracking/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/tracking/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/texas-cwd-tse-prion-449-confirmed-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/texas-cwd-tse-prion-449-confirmed-to.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Counties where CWD Exposed Deer were Released</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Number of CWD Exposed Deer Released by County</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“Regarding the current situation involving CWD in permitted deer breeding facilities, TPWD records indicate that within the last five years, the seven CWD-positive facilities transferred a total of 2,530 deer to 270 locations in 102 counties and eight locations in Mexico (the destinations included 139 deer breeding facilities, 118 release sites, five Deer Management Permit sites, and three nursing facilities).'' ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">It is apparent that prior to the recent emergency rules, the CWD detection rules were ineffective at detecting CWD earlier in the deer breeding facilities where it was eventually discovered and had been present for some time; this creates additional concern regarding adequate mitigation of the risk of transferring CWD-positive breeder deer to release sites where released breeder deer come into contact with free-ranging deer...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Commission Agenda Item No. 5 Exhibit B</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DISEASE DETECTION AND RESPONSE RULES</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">PROPOSAL PREAMBLE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1. Introduction. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> A third issue is the accuracy of mortality reporting. Department records indicate that for each of the last five years an average of 26 deer breeders have reported a shared total of 159 escapes. Department records for the same time period indicate an average of 31 breeding facilities reported a shared total of 825 missing deer (deer that department records indicate should be present in the facility, but cannot be located or verified). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2022/1104/agenda/item.phtml?item=5" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2022/1104/agenda/item.phtml?item=5</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS CWD STRAIN</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“Wow,” he said. “Unlike anything we've seen before.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The prions from the Texas deer were a lot harder to destroy than the ones from the Colorado elk. In fact, the guanidine barely damaged them at all. “We’ve never seen that before in any prion strain, which means that it has a completely different structure than we've ever seen before,” says Zabel. And that suggests that it might be a very different kind of chronic wasting disease. The researchers ran the same test on another Texas deer, with the same results.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS CWD STRAIN</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">77. Assessing chronic wasting disease strain differences in free-ranging cervids across the United States</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Kaitlyn M. Wagnera, Caitlin Ott-Connb, Kelly Strakab, Bob Dittmarc, Jasmine Battend, Robyn Piercea, Mercedes Hennessya, Elizabeth Gordona, Brett Israela, Jenn Ballarde and Mark D Zabela</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">aPrion Research Center at Colorado State University; bMichigan Department of Natural Resources; cTexas Parks and Wildlife Department; dMissouri Department of Conservation, 5. Arkansas Game and Fish Commission CONTACT Kaitlyn M. Wagner miedkait@rams.colostate.edu</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Background/Introduction: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an invariably fatal prion disease affecting captive and free-ranging cervids, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, moose, elk, and reindeer. Since the initial description of the disease in the 1960’s, CWD has spread to 23 states, 3 Canadian Provinces, South Korea, Norway and, most recently, Finland. While some outbreaks of CWD were caused by transport of infected animals from endemic regions, the origin of CWD in other epizootics is unclear and has not been characterized. Previous studies have shown that there are two distinct strains of CWD. However, the continuous spread and the unclear origin of several outbreaks warrant continued surveillance and further characterization of strain diversity.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Materials and Methods: To address these knowledge gaps, we used biochemical tests to assess strain differences between CWD outbreaks in Michigan, Texas, Missouri, and Colorado, USA. Brain or lymph node samples were homogenized and digested in 50 µg/mL proteinase K (PK). These samples were then run on a Western blot to assess glycoform ratio and electrophoretic mobility. Texas samples were digested in 100 µg/mL PK. To assess conformational stability, brain or lymph node homogenates were incubated in increasing concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride from 0 M to 4 M in 0.5 M increments. Samples were then precipitated in methanol overnight, washed and PK digested in 50 µg/mL PK before slot blotting.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results: Our results have found significant differences in glycoform ratio between CWD from Michigan and Colorado, but no differences were observed in conformational stability assays. Interestingly, when testing our CWD isolates from Texas to analyse electrophoretic mobility and glycoform ratio, we found that these samples did not exhibit the characteristic band shift when treated with PK, but PK resistant material remained. Additionally, results from our conformational stability assay demonstrate a unique profile of these Texas isolates. Testing of samples from Missouri is currently underway.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: Thus far, our data indicate that there are strain differences between CWD circulating in Michigan and CWD in Colorado and provide important insight into CWD strain differences between two non-contiguous outbreaks. We have also identified a unique strain of CWD in Texas with biochemical strain properties not seen in any of our other CWD isolates. These results highlight the importance of continued surveillance to better understand this devastating disease. These results have important implications for CWD emergence, evolution and our understanding of prion strain heterogeneity on the landscape.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, MARCH 21, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Texas CWD seven new cases three separate deer-breeding facilities in Zavala, Washington and Gonzales counties 471 confirmed to date </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/03/texas-cwd-seven-new-cases-three.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/03/texas-cwd-seven-new-cases-three.html</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">MAD COW DISEASE REPORTED UK, SWITZERLAND, BRAZIL, SPAIN, THE NETHERLANDS, AND THE USA HAS NOT A CLUE ONLY BSE TESTING <25k a year!<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Use of Electronic Identification Eartags as Official Identification in Cattle and Bison APHIS-2021-0020-0001 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Greetings again APHIS et al,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I would kindly comment and voice my concerns again about the lack of a NAIS/COOL mandatory policy, and how important it is.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">You need not look any further with the past history of the USA and it's own lack of traceability of it's own BSE cases in the past, and most importantly recent discovery of mad cow disease cases in different countries, than to see that the United States needs a MANDATORY Policy to identify where livestock products come from. I cannot believe it's 2023 and we are still debating this issue. see;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NOW before you go off and start repeating BSE TSE Prion science that is almost 50 years old, let's be perfectly clear what science is saying today, and especially what the WAHIS/WOAH/OIE et al are saying about the atypical BSE strains... OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''H-TYPE BSE AGENT IS TRANSMISSIBLE BY THE ORONASAL ROUTE''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Use of Electronic Identification Eartags as Official Identification in Cattle and Bison APHIS-2021-0020-0001 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">IT is imperative that the USA puts forth immediately a MANDATORY National Animal Identification System and Country Of Origin Labeling System, for the sake of livestock industry and the consumers that consume their products...terry </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0020-0999" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0020-0999</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SEE FILE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0020-0999/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0020-0999/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">P.S. since my submission of this paper Mar 21, 2023, only a few days ago, another case of Mad Cow disease has been documented in yet another country, the United Kingdom, you can see that link here;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;">Monday, March 20, 2023 <br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type <br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. </span></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-16066505873288099712023-03-17T14:17:00.004-05:002023-03-17T15:06:18.672-05:00Are Brazilian cervids at risk of prion diseases?<p>Are Brazilian cervids at risk of prion diseases?</p><p><br /></p><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">''However, in Brazil, formal attempts to detect CWD have never been performed by governmental authorities, which summed to others factors, perhaps prevented CWD detection in this country.''</span><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion. 2017; 11(1): 65–70.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published online 2017 Feb 8. doi: 10.1080/19336896.2016.1274000</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PMCID: PMC5360121</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PMID: 28281927</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Are Brazilian cervids at risk of prion diseases?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Caio Bruno Ribeiro Falcão,a Isabel Luiza de Melo Nunes Freire Lima,a José Maurício Barbanti Duarte,b João Ricardo Mendes de Oliveira,c Rodrigo Augusto Torres,d Artur Maia Wanderley,a José Eriton Gomes da Cunha,c and José Eduardo Garciaa</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This article has been corrected. See Prion. 2017; 11(6): 471.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion diseases are neurodegenerative fatal disorders that affect human and non-human mammals. Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is a prion disease of cervids regarded as a public health problem in North America, and polymorphisms at specific codons in the PRNP gene are associated with this disease. To assess the potential CWD susceptibility of South American free-ranging deer, the presence of these polymorphisms was examined in Mazama gouazoubira, Ozotoceros bezoarticus and Blastocerus dichotomus. Despite the lack of CWD reports in Brazil, the examined codons (95, 96, 116, 132, 225, and 226) of the PRNP gene showed potential CWD susceptibility in Brazilian deer. Low abundancy of deer in Brazil possibly difficult both CWD proliferation and detection, however, CWD surveillance may not be neglected.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">KEYWORDS: Blastocerus, chronic wasting disease, Mazama, neotropical deer, Ozotocerus, PrP, prion</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">INTRODUCTION</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are a group of lethal neuronal disorders presenting common characteristics. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, scrapie in sheep and goats and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids, present the same patterns of neuronal vacuums and cell death in the central nervous system.1 The main event in prion pathogenicity is the conformational alteration from the normal PrPC form into a non-normal PrPSc. This isoform is insoluble and partially resistant to proteases. Prion diseases present only the modified isoform (PrPSc), which is converted from α-helices portions to β-sheets.2 This structural modification is accompanied by alterations in the physical-chemistry properties of PrPC.3 Studies using transgenic mice have shown that PrPSc acts as a template which transforms PrPC into new PrPSc molecules.4</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Chronic wasting disease is a disorder that affects the Cervidae family, attacking either captive or wild living animals.5 Among all TSEs, CWD is the most efficiently transmitted and can reach 30% of transmissibility in wildlife. Although not entirely understood, it is supposed that transmission occurs more efficiently in a horizontal way, via direct contact with body secretions,6 excreta7 and decomposed carcasses.8 Prevalence among captive animals can reach ∼80% because those animals are kept in restricted areas (research facilities and breeding farms) where the exchange of fluids is constant.6</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The development of CWD has been commonly associated with polymorphisms at the exon 3 of the PRNP gene. Susceptibility and resistance to TSEs follow genetic patterns based on different allelic forms encoded by PRNP.9 Genetic analyses have shown that susceptibility to CWD in white-tailed deer is strongly influenced by polymorphisms at codons 95 and 96.10,11 Codon 95 encodes Glutamine or Histidine while codon 96 should be Glycine or Serine. An analysis of the codon 96 showed that heterozygosity (G96S) has low frequency in CWD-positive animals, suggesting a reduction on susceptibility or slowdown in disease progress. When both codons (95 and 96) were analyzed together, heterozygosity at codon 95 (Q95H) also presented low CWD-positive frequency, irrespective of homo or heterozygosity in codon 96.12 In addition, in white-tailed deer, alleles encoding Glycine in codon 116, and alleles encoding Lysine in codon 226 have been identified as putatively CWD-resistant.13</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">O'Rourke et al.14 reported a new single nucleotide polymorphism in elks at the codon 132 (M132L) associated with CWD susceptibility. In the following year, the sequence of PRNP in CWD-positive and CWD-negative animals was determined to identify any correlation with CWD susceptibility. The results demonstrated that 100% (for wild animals) and 74% (for captive animals) of CWD-positive cases presented 132MM. Animals encoding M132L were not in number significant on captive animals and did not happen on CWD-positive wild living animals. No animals encoding 132LL were CWD-positive.15 The CWD susceptibility of the M132 L and 132MM genotypes was further confirmed by orally dosing with CWD-infected brain elks with the genotypes M132L, 132MM and 132LL.16</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Another well established polymorphism apparently related to CWD susceptibility is found at codon 225 of the PRNP gene. Mule deer heterozygous for Serine (S) and Phenylalanine (F) (S225F) or homozygous for Phenylalanine (225FF) are poorly represented in CWD-positive cases. Conversely, the CWD-positive cases are overrepresented (30 times higher in incidence) on homozygous to Serine (225SS).17</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The incidence of CWD has been reported in the United States (USA)18 and Canada19 in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and rocky mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni). Some cases were also reported in South Korea, but the animals were imported from infected farms in Canada.20 More recently, the first European CWD infection has been reported in Norway in a free-ranging reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus).21 In the USA, CWD is considered an epidemic, whereas in Brazil there are no records of this disease. However, the potential occurrence of CWD should not be overlooked because the white-tailed deer, known to be susceptible to the disease, occurs in sympatry with Mazama spp. in the Setentrional Amazon.22</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The goal of this study was to examine the potential CWD susceptibility in 3 species of Neotropical deer (Mazama gouazoubira, Blastocerus dichotomus and Ozotoceros bezoarticus), based on the occurrence of polymorphisms in the PRNP gene associated with the development of CWD in North American deer. Together with O. virginianus and O. hemionus, and other new world deer, the species examined in this study form a distinct clade separate from the old-word deer.23,24</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Alignment analysis demonstrated that the exon 3 of the PRNP gene from the 3 studied Brazilian deer species was highly conserved, and BLASTx (see methods) showed that the amino acid sequences in these species remained very similar or even identical to that of white-tailed deer (97–100% identity). All analyzed animals were homozygous for the 4 loci, encoding Glutamine, Glycine, Methionine and Serine at codon 95, 96, 132 and 225, respectively. All these genotypes have been reported to be associated with CWD-positive cases in white-tailed deer, and other North American deer species.10-12,14,15,17 Except for one M. gouazoubira individual, which was homozygous for the putative CWD-resistant 116G allele, all sequenced animals were 116AA. The putative CWD-resistant 226K allele was not detected in the analyzed Brazilian deer. One M. gouazoubira individual, and one O. bezoarticus individual showed the 226LL and 226QQ genotypes, respectively, whereas all the other sampled individuals of the 3 species showed the 226EE genotype.13 These results suggest a potential susceptibility to CWD in Brazilian deer.22 However, no cases of CWD have been reported in Brazil. The absence of registered cases of CWD-positive animals despite the existence of susceptibility-related genotypes was also identified by Kataoka et al.25 in Cervus nippon. Therefore, the presence of the susceptibility-associated genotypes and the lack of infected animal records in Brazil are of interest because it suggests new putative threats for the conservation of these animals in the Neotropics.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A recent CWD case has been reported in a free-ranging reindeer individual in Norway - the first case ever reported in Europe - raising the question whether it was an extremely rare (perhaps isolated) case, or whether this is a subtle disease hardly detected in free-ranging animals.21 If the second scenario is correct, it possibly explains why CWD has never been detected in Brazil, despite potential genetic susceptibility to this disease in Brazilian deer.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The very similar or even identical amino acid sequences observed in the Brazilian deer species here studied, and in CWD-positive white-tailed deer individuals, but the lack of CWD reports in Brazil may suggest the importance of other genetic factors associated with CWD-susceptibility. However, in Brazil, formal attempts to detect CWD have never been performed by governmental authorities, which summed to others factors, perhaps prevented CWD detection in this country. Except for the Pantanal region, natural deer populations show extremely low densities and no deer farming exists in Brazil. Thus, the probability of detecting CWD infected animals is very low, and CWD outbreaks may be hampered given the low abundancy of most free-ranging deer in Brazil. In contrast, although deer farms are not the cause of CWD, in North America, the high density of animals in these farms have facilitated the occasional detection of novel epidemic foci or have served as harbingers of a low prevalence epidemic in free-ranging species. Although deer have been kept in small-scale captivity for research purposes in Brazil, CWD have never been diagnosed under such conditions. However, because stress or inappropriate raising conditions are high in captivity, premature mortality before CWD development - which has a long incubation period - possibly hinder positive cases.26 Furthermore, because deer hunting in Brazil is illegal, potential hunters' reports of CWD infected animals - an important source of CWD information in the US where deer hunting is legal - may have been omitted. Also, in contrast to the US, in Brazil deer are found in remote areas far from urban areas, which also reduce chances of detecting infected animals. Another possible factor contributing for the lack of CWD reports in Brazil, despite the evidence of genetic susceptibility to this disease here presented, might be the small number of trained personnel able to identify infected animals.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The potential susceptibility to CWD in Brazilian deer species here reported also raises concerns because deer provide vital protein to subsistence hunters across the Neotropics. Redford27 estimates that 14 million mammals are killed each year in the Amazonian region, highlighting the staggering extent of subsistence hunting. Although it is not known whether CWD infected animals can transmit the disease to human populations, meat consumption of potentially CWD susceptible deer species by indigenous and traditional peoples, raises an important issue in public health and deserves further investigation. Meanwhile, it is important that public health policies take into consideration the findings here presented to reduce any potential risks of CWD transmission to human populations in South America.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">MATERIALS AND METHODS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Blood samples were collected with EDTA by venopunction from Mazama gouazoubira (gray brocket deer) (N = 6); Ozotoceros bezoarticus (pampas deer) (N = 15) and Blastocerus dichotomus (marsh deer) (N = 25). Sampling a greater number of deer was not possible given the low abundancy of the studied species along their distribution range, and the high costs involving their capture, which often require the support of a helicopter and a great number of personnel.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Blood samples of the captured animals were stored in ethyl alcohol until DNA isolation. Total DNA was isolated according to Medrano et al.28 DNA quantification and quality verification was done by agarose gel electrophoresis stained with GelRed (Biotium). A fragment of ∼800 bp from the exon 3 of the PRNP gene was obtained using primers CWD-13 (5′-TTTTGCAGATAAGTCATCATGGTGAAA-3′ [forward]) and CWD-LA (5′-AGAAGATAATGAAAACAGGAAGGTTGC- 3′ [reverse]) as described by Johnson et al.10 Polymerase chain reaction amplification conditions included initial denaturation at 95°C for 5 min, amplification with Taq Polymerase (LGC Biotecnologia) for 10 cycles at 95°C (45 sec), 58°C (45 sec), and 72°C (1.5 min) followed by 25 cycles at 95°C (45 sec), 57°C (45 sec), and 72°C (1.5 min), and a final extension at 72°C (5 min) according to Johnson et al.10 Successful amplifications were verified using a 1.5% agarose gel stained with GelRed. Amplified products were purified using QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen). Sequencing of samples was conducted at Macrogen facilities (www.macrogen.com) (Korea) under BigDyeTM terminator cycling conditions on an ABI 3730 xl automatic sequencer (Applied Biosystems, USA).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sequences (N = 46) were aligned using BioEdit version 5.0.9,29 and submitted to the algorithm ‘BLASTn’ in GenBank to confirm whether they belonged to the exon 3 of the PRNP gene. Nucleotide sequences were translated on BioeEdit and a BLASTx was performed on GenBank also intending to confirm the nature of the sequences. Polymorphisms at the PRNP gene were detected base-to-base by eye, focusing on known polymorphisms related to CWD susceptibility. The polymorphisms mostly associated to CWD occur at codons 95, 96, 132 and 225.10,11,14,17 In addition, we examined codons 116 and 226, where putative CWD-resistant polymorphisms (116G and 226K) have recently been identified.13</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISCLOSURE OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FUNDING</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Authors are thankful to CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) (Grant 480959/2011–0), CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) and FACEPE (Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco) for financial support. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REFERENCES</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">snip...see;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5360121/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5360121/</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://repositorio.unesp.br/bitstream/handle/11449/159423/WOS000396024200008.pdf?sequence=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://repositorio.unesp.br/bitstream/handle/11449/159423/WOS000396024200008.pdf?sequence=1</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Sadly, Like BSE, Scrapie, and CJD in humans, surveillance for these human and animal TSE prion disease are woefully lacking in Brazil, and have been for years, decades, imo. If i were a country contemplating importing from Brazil, any product capable of containing a TSE Prion disease, i would think twice, maybe three times before putting that thought into action.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">remember one thing about the infamous hijacking of the BSE GBR policy, by the BSE MRR policy, which is a rubber stamp for any country to spread the TSE Prion. AS long as the BSE MRR policy is still in place, you will never eradicate BSE, TSE, Prion disease. when the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Minimal Risk Region policy was put into place, was immediately after the USA lost it's BSE Gold Card i.e. BSE Free Status, right after that happened, science policies were changed, with not very good sound science, just trade wrangling science policies, i.e. junk science. the BSE MRR policy is set up to fail. ...imo.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">the OIE has been nothing more than a mouth piece for the industry in the past, one that helped spread mad cow disease around the globe. it is the USDA and the OIE, and regulations there from, that helped spread mad cow disease, scrapie, and now cwd around the globe imo., and continue to do so with the BSE, atypical BSE, atypical Scapie, CWD, policies. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">BSE early days USA...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">from the inside looking out ; </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Quote: ''Maybe familirise yourself with the OIE. The primary concern is animal health of the world they are the animal version of the WHO. It is a long way down from that ivory tower but here we go, until pressured by the USA representatives a country could not export animals for 6 years after finding a BSE/BASE positive animal so under the old rules the US would not be able to export anywhere in the world for another 4 1/2 years. Who got the risk levels system put in to allow some trade - your US representatives. You guys want to change rules - OK , but you do not get special rules that only apply to the US. As i have told you before Sand h I market all my own slaughter animals and you know that, so don't do the whole holier than thow act.'' </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">With all due respect, it is obvious that you know little about the OIE and how it actually works. Having been to their offices in Paris and talked personally with the Head of the Animal Test Section, you would choke if you knew how many lobby groups attend that office daily. There is a steady stream of paid lobby groups that have one goal in life and that is to sway the Section Heads of each department within the OIE to suit the needs of different jurisdictions around the world, which curiously enough, also includes the USA and Canada. Anyone can go there and chat with them - providing they can provide valid cause to be let in. To say that the only goal of the OIE is animal health is actually only part of their function. They are more than that and my discussions with Dr. Diaz there has showed me that. But to blindly make a statement regarding what they do when you have no idea what they actually do is like eating the skin of the orange and not knowing what is actually under. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Interestingly you state that the US Government applied pressure (to the OIE) I assume and that is a great example of the lobby groups doing their job. So, at the end of the day, one can safely assume that it is the pressure applied by certain influential lobby groups that will determine a likely outcome to an apparent OIE directive. Man alive, isn't it great to live in a democracy wherein the people get to make the choices and not just some "other" interested party or group - say like........Cargill or Tyson for example? </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">So, one last question, question? </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Who wags the tail of that dog?? And for what reason other than one that is purely associated with trade and international agreements and greed? </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">And you think it is so simply explainable. end</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THE ABOVE WAS A QUOTE FROM 'BSETESTER', Ronald Arnold Our company, BSE Prion Solutions Inc, owns the only USA Tested and Proven "Live Animal Infectious Prion Protein Urine Test" anywhere in the world that can identify the presence of PrPsc in as little as 1 ml of urine taken from a living animal.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Ron Arnold, of BSE Prion Solutions bse-tester Well-known member Joined Jul 1, 2005 Messages 517 Reaction score 0 Location Edmonton, Alberta, Canada</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">http://ranchers.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=22833&p=250801&hilit=familirise#p250801</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">updated url;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-3" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-3</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">bse-tester Well-known member Joined Jul 1, 2005 Messages517 Reaction score0 Location Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Dec 20, 2007</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">#47</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Actually QUESTION, the guy in charge is Dr. Francois Diaz. He runs the BSE Section for the OIE and has done so for many years. As far as I know, there are no extremists there but there are some in Canada apparently.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">You state:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">These guys have their own agenda and it has nothing to do with consumer safety or eliminating BSE.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">You obviously know nothing about the OIE and what it is really all about. But it is convenient for you to simply label them as extremists with their own agenda and that is how you view the world. You talk of being sure that you keep your cattle free of BSE. How do you do that? Do you simply go over to them and one at a time, look into their eyes and make a wish?? How the hell do you know what is living inside them on a day to day basis. Last year alone in the UK there were over 200 cases of BSE/Scrapie found prior to slaughter. These animals were not generally reported in the media because the UK Government has decided to simply do discreet surveillance and take them out of the loop wherever possible but they still admit that there is a significant risk that some animals are going through the system.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Also, in the USA, I have been advised that there are a Typical (classic PrPsc) and an A-Typical brain from animals born and raised in the USA. Do you honestly think that there are no conspiracies within the Canadian, UK and US Governments that prevent us and the rest of the world from knowing the depths to which BSE goes in their respective National herds - you can bank on it!!! The folks I have met at the OIE take their jobs extremely seriously and have shown repeatedly that they are dedicated to the ellimination of BSE, Scrapie and all known TSE's. :D :D</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">bse-tester Well-known member Joined Jul 1, 2005 Messages 517 Reaction score0 Location Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Dec 21, 2007</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">#83</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SRM removal is a smoke screen brought about by the packer lobbys who fought to have this angle introduced and by government officials who thought it a good idea to have something to tell the public at large when their credibility was failing at the height of the BSE crisis.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SRM removal was put forward as a means to provide a so-called scientific excuse to the general public to alleviate their fear that BSE was going to be brought into the human food chain. Removing only certain tissues from an animal is a farce when one can find PrPsc throughout the entire carcass. Just think about those poor smucks who competed on that TV show "Fear Factor" and ate cattle eye-balls and raw bovine liver and guts to make a few bucks. Mmmmmmmmm, where will they be in a few decades I wonder?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">So who the hell is fooling whom??? Come on Timmy, I know you are going to wail in on this one - don't bother pal, stick to what you know and not what you think you know.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=====</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-5" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-5</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-4" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-4</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-3" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-3</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-2</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">2023 MAD COW CASES</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">WAHIS Brazil Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Follow up report 1 [FINAL]<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Brazil - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Follow up report 1 [FINAL]</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">GENERAL INFORMATION</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">COUNTRY/TERRITORY OR ZONE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">COUNTRY/TERRITORY</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ANIMAL TYPE TERRESTRIAL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISEASE CATEGORY OIE-listed</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EVENT ID 4918</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DISEASE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CAUSAL AGENT Bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion, atypical strain, H-type</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">GENOTYPE / SEROTYPE / SUBTYPE -</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">START DATE 2023/01/18</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REASON FOR NOTIFICATION Recurrence of an eradicated disease</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DATE OF LAST OCCURRENCE 2021/09/03</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EVENT STATUS Resolved</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">END DATE 2023/03/03</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SELF-DECLARATION NO</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REPORT INFORMATION REPORT NUMBER Follow-up report 1</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REPORT ID FUR_159644</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REPORT REFERENCE -</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REPORT DATE 2023/03/05</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REPORT STATUS Validated</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">NO EVOLUTION REPORT -</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EPIDEMIOLOGY</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SOURCE OF EVENT OR ORIGIN OF INFECTION</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Unknown or inconclusive</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EPIDEMIOLOGICAL COMMENTS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">On March 3rd, 2023, the National Centre for Animal Diseases/Canadian Food Inspection Agency (NCAD/CFIA), Lethbridge Laboratory, WOAH reference laboratory, issued a conclusive result of the Western Blotting test with atypical H-type BSE detected. This is the sixth case of atypical H-type BSE registered in Brazil in more than 25 years of surveillance for the disease. Brazil has never diagnosed a classical BSE case, maintaining, since 2012, official recognition by the WOAH as a country of negligible risk for the disease. The investigation has been completed.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">QUANTITATIVE DATA SUMMARY MEASURING UNIT Animal</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and Disposed of Slaughtered/ Killed for commercial use Vaccinated</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Cattle (DOMESTIC) NEW------</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TOTAL160 1 0 1 0 0 DIAGNOSTIC DETAILS CLINICAL SIGNS YES</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">METHOD OF DIAGNOSTIC Diagnostic test</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Test name Laboratory Species sampled Number of outbreaks sampled First result date Latest result date Result</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Antigen detection Western blot (Ag Western blot) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), National Centre for Animal Disease (NCAD), Lethbridge Laboratory Cattle 1 2023/03/03 2023/03/03 Positive</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Laboratorio Federal de Defesa Agropecuária - PE Cattle 1 2023/02/22 2023/02/22 Positive</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CONTROL MEASURES AT EVENT LEVEL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CONTROL MEASURES AT EVENT LEVEL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DOMESTIC ANIMALS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WILD ANIMALS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Official disposal of carcasses, by-products and waste</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Applied</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Screening</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Applied</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Selective killing and disposal</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Applied</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Traceability</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Applied</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PREVIOUSLY REPORTED OUTBREAKS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">OB_114504 - 15042080057 - MARABÁ</div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</span><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22<br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03<br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03<br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06<br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13<br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type<br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="outline: none;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</span></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">''H-TYPE BSE AGENT IS TRANSMISSIBLE BY THE ORONASAL ROUTE''</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">REFERENCES</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SNIP...END SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Brazil MAPA OMSA Confirms BSE TSE Prion atypical H-type<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">OFFICIAL NOTE - Map confirms that case of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy is atypical type H</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Ministry is immediately adopting measures so that exports of Brazilian beef are reestablished as soon as possible</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published on 03/02/2023 22:18 Updated on 03/03/2023 00:08</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/nota-oficial-mapa-confirma-que-caso-de-encefalopatia-espongiforme-bovina-e-atipico" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/nota-oficial-mapa-confirma-que-caso-de-encefalopatia-espongiforme-bovina-e-atipico</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;">Brazil Confirms BSE Mad Cow Case, Strain not known yet</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;">OFFICIAL NOTE </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;">Mapa adopts measures on BSE case in Brazil </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;">Meat for market consumption is not affected by confirmation </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;">Published on 02/22/2023 8:15 pm Updated on 02/22/2023 9:51 pm </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/mapa-adota-providencias-sobre-caso-de-eeb-no-brasil-1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/mapa-adota-providencias-sobre-caso-de-eeb-no-brasil-1</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Brazil Suspected case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">COMUNICADO</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Caso suspeito de Encefalopatia Espongiforme Bovina </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">para Copiar para área de transferência Publicado em 20/02/2023 15h36 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Atualizado em 20/02/2023 15h39 O</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/caso-suspeito-de-encefalopatia-espongiforme-bovina" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/caso-suspeito-de-encefalopatia-espongiforme-bovina</a></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">2023/01/18</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EVENT 4918</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Brazil - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-event/4918/dashboard" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-event/4918/dashboard</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">BRAZIL, BSE, SCRAPIE, CJD, TSE, HISTORY</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 4, 2021</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Brazil Confirms TWO More Cases of Mad Cow Disease BSE States of Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">OIE REPORT Brazil BSE 2 CASES CONFIRMED</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.oie.int/#/report-info?reportId=39061" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.oie.int/#/report-info?reportId=39061</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.oie.int/#/report-info?reportId=39063" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.oie.int/#/report-info?reportId=39063</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">OIE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Most recent notifications</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Country/Territory Disease-Serotype/genotype/subtype Date</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Brazil Bovine spongiform encephalopathy 06/09/21</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Brazil Bovine spongiform encephalopathy 06/09/21</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.oie.int/#/home" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.oie.int/#/home</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/09/brazil-confirms-two-more-cases-of-mad.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/09/brazil-confirms-two-more-cases-of-mad.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BRAZIL BSE EEB TSE PRION</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/sanidade-animal-e-vegetal/saude-animal/noticias-saude-animal" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/sanidade-animal-e-vegetal/saude-animal/noticias-saude-animal</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CASOS EEB ATÍPICA NO BRASIL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1º CASO: de corte – 13 anos Ø Sertanópolis – Paraná; animal em decúbito – negahvo para raiva; sem alterações no histopatológico Ø 15.06.2012 – diagnóshco posihvo Imunohistoquímica – LANAGRO-PE – Nota Técnica 159/2012; Ø Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Weybridge, United Kingdom – 06.12.2012 - EEB a*pica do 0po H Vaca 2º CASO: corte 12 anos – abate 19.03.14 – vigilância abate emergência – decúbito esternal – fadiga muscular - Notas Técnicas DSA 42 e 52/2014 Ø Porto Esperidião, Mato Grosso; Ø CaracterísHcas – EEB aIpica do Hpo H Ambos no(ficados para OIE. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CASOS EEB ATÍPICA NO BRASIL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3º CASO – 2019 Vaca de corte Nelore – 17 anos Ø Vigilância abate de emergência – animal caído – coleta em 05.04.2019 Ø Nova Canaã do Norte, Mato Grosso Ø Diagnóshco posihvo ELISA – 13.05.2019 - LFDA-PE; Ø Laboratório da Agência de Inspeção de Alimentos Canadenses (CFIA) Alberta, Canada (Laboratório de Referência da OIE) – posihvo ELISA 31.05.2019 Ø CFIA – Canadá – Western Blot – EEB aIpica do Hpo H</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/sustentabilidade/cesesp/eventos/vigilancia-das-sindromes-neurologicas-em-animais/programa-nacional-de-vigilancia-e-prevencao-da-encefalopatia-espongiforme-bovina-pneeb.pdf/view" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/sustentabilidade/cesesp/eventos/vigilancia-das-sindromes-neurologicas-em-animais/programa-nacional-de-vigilancia-e-prevencao-da-encefalopatia-espongiforme-bovina-pneeb.pdf/view</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">OFFICIAL NOTE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Update on an atypical BSE case verified in Mato Grosso Share: Published 06/03/2019 5:41 PM 1- After examining the notification of the occurrence by the International Organization for Animal Health (OIE), this body determined today (3) the closure of the case without changing the Brazilian health status, which remains an insignificant risk for the disease.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2 - The OIE also informed that there will be no supplementary reports on the case.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3 - In the case of China, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply of Brazil has temporarily suspended the issuance of health certificates until the Chinese authority completes its assessment of the information already transmitted about the episode, thus complying with the provisions of the protocol bilateral agreement signed in 2015.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/atualizacao-sobre-um-caso-de-eeb-atipico-verificado-em-mato-grosso" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/atualizacao-sobre-um-caso-de-eeb-atipico-verificado-em-mato-grosso</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">OFFICIAL NOTE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Occurrence of an atypical case of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Mato Grosso</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published on 05/31/2019 5:20 PM Updated on 05/31/2019 5:25 PM</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Agricultural Defense Secretariat of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (Mapa) confirms the occurrence, in Mato Grosso, of an atypical case of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ( BSE ). This disease occurs spontaneously and sporadically and is not related to the ingestion of contaminated food.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">It is a beef cow, aged 17 years. All BSE- specific risk material was removed from the animal during emergency slaughter and incinerated at the slaughterhouse. Other animal-derived products were identified, located and preventively seized, with no entry of any product into the human or ruminant food chain. Therefore, there is no risk for the population.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">It should be noted that the Ministry of Agriculture and the Institute of Agricultural Defense of Mato Grosso (INDEA/MT) immediately began field investigations, with a ban on the original property. All sanitary risk mitigation actions were completed even before the issuance of the final result by a reference laboratory of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). After confirmation, this Friday (31), Brazil officially notified the OIE and importing countries, as provided for by international standards.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">According to OIE rules, there will be no change in Brazil's risk classification for the disease, which will continue as a country with an insignificant risk, the best possible for BSE . In more than 20 years of surveillance for the disease, Brazil registered only three cases of atypical BSE and no cases of classic BSE .</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/ocorrencia-de-caso-atipico-de-encefalopatia-espongiforme-bovina-no-mato-grosso" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/ocorrencia-de-caso-atipico-de-encefalopatia-espongiforme-bovina-no-mato-grosso</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> INTERNATIONAL MARKET</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Brazil returns to export beef to China Sales were suspended since June 3 due to notification of an unusual case of BSE in Mato Grosso Share: Published 06/13/2019 11:04 AM Updated on 06/13/2019 1:08 PM China will resume beef imports from Brazil, which had been suspended since June 3, due to the notification of an atypical case of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ( BSE ), detected in Mato Grosso.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">China is the only country, among Brazil's importers, that has a sanitary protocol that requires the temporary suspension of meat imports when an atypical case of BSE is detected . The minister of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, Tereza Cristina, received the news of the reopening of the Chinese market this morning. The minister reaffirmed that she will continue negotiating a new protocol with the Chinese health authorities.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The disease was found in a 17-year-old beef cow. All BSE- specific risk material was removed from the animal during emergency slaughter and incinerated at the slaughterhouse. Other animal-derived products were identified, located and preventively seized, with no entry of any product into the human or ruminant food chain. Therefore, there was no risk for the population.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/brasil-volta-a-exportar-carne-bovina-para-a-china" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/brasil-volta-a-exportar-carne-bovina-para-a-china</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 27, 2016 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Classical Scrapie Diagnosis in ARR/ARR Sheep in Brazil </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 2015. 43(Suppl 1): 69.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">CASE REPORT Pub. 69</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ISSN 1679-9216</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Received: 4 August 2014 Accepted: 19 December 2014 Published: 6 February 2015</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">1Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias (PPGCV), Faculdade de Veterinária (FaVet), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. 2Setor de Patologia Veterinária (SPV), Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária (DPCV), FAVET, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. 3Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS. CORRESPONDENCE: J.S. Leal [julianoob@gmail.com - Tel.: +55 (51) 3308 3631]. Setor de Patologia Veterinária, FAVET, UFRGS. Av. Bento Gonçalves n. 9090, Bairro Agronomia. CEP 91540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Classical Scrapie Diagnosis in ARR/ARR Sheep in Brazil</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Juliano Souza Leal1,2, Caroline Pinto de Andrade2, Gabriel Laizola Frainer Correa2, Gisele Silva Boos2, Matheus Viezzer Bianchi2, Sergio Ceroni da Silva2, Rui Fernando Felix Lopes3 & David Driemeier2</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Background: Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) that affects sheep flocks and goat herds. The transfer of animals or groups of these between sheep farms is associated with increased numbers of infected animals and with the susceptibility or the resistance to natural or classical scrapie form. Although several aspects linked to the etiology of the natural form of this infection remain unclarified, the role of an important genetic control in scrapie incidence has been proposed. Polymorphisms of the PrP gene (prion protein, or simply prion), mainly in codons 136, 154, and 171, have been associated with the risk of scrapie. Case: One animal from a group of 292 sheep was diagnosed positive for scrapie in the municipality of Valparaíso, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The group was part of a flock of 811 free-range, mixed-breed Suffolk sheep of the two genders and ages between 2 and 7 years from different Brazilian regions. Blood was collected for genotyping (for codons 136, 141, 154 and 171), and the third lid and rectal mucosa were sampled for immunohistochemistry (IHC) for scrapie, from all 292 animals of the group. IHC revealed that seven (2.4%) animals were positive for the disease. Collection of samples was repeated for 90 animals, among which the seven individuals diagnosed positive and 83 other animals that had some degree of kinship with those. These 90 sheep were sacrificed and necropsied, when samples of brain (obex), cerebellum, third eyelid, rectal mucosa, mesenteric lymph node, palatine tonsil, and spleen were collected for IHC. The results of IHC analyses carried out after necropsy of the seven positive animals submitted to the second collection of lymphoreticular tissue and of the 83 animals with some degree of kinship with them confirmed the positive diagnosis obtained in the first analysis, and revealed that three other sheep were also positive for scrapie. Samples of 80 animals (89%) were negative for the disease in all organs and tissues analyzed. In turn, 10 sheep (11%) were positive, presenting immunoreactivity in one or more tissues. Genotyping revealed the presence of four of the five alleles of the PrP gene commonly detected in sheep: ARR, ARQ, VRQ and ARH. These allele combinations formed six haplotypes: ARR/ARR, ARR/ARQ, ARH/ARH, ARQ/ARH, ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/VRQ. Animals were classified according to susceptibility to scrapie, when 8.9% of the genotyped sheep were classified into risk group R1 (more resistant, with no restriction to breeding). In turn, 40% of the animals tested ranked in groups R4 and R5 (genetically very susceptible, cannot be used for breeding purposes). Discussion: The susceptibility of sheep flocks depends on the genetic pattern of animals and is determined by the sequence of the gene that codifies protein PrP. Additionally, numerous prion strains are differentiated based on pathological and biochemical characteristics, and may affect animals differently, depending on each individual’s genotype. Most epidemiologic data published to date indicate that animals that carry the ARR/ARR genotype are less susceptible to classical scrapie. However, in the present study, the fact that two scrapie-positive sheep presented the haplotype ARR/ARR indicates that this genotype cannot always be considered an indicator of resistance to the causal agent of the classical manifestation of the disease. The coexistence in the same environment of several crossbred animals from different flocks and farms, which characterizes a new heterogeneous flock, may have promoted a favorable scenario to spread the disease, infecting animals in the most resistant group.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Keywords: biopsy, scrapie, TSEs, immunohistochemistry.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> DISCUSSION</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> The susceptibility of sheep flocks to scrapie depends largely on the genetic pattern of the animal, and is determined mainly by the sequence of the gene that codifies the PrP protein, since there are several polymorphisms that affect the conversion of the cell protein PrPC to its pathological form, PrPSc [8, 9]. Nevertheless, it is not possible to consider the occurrence of only one form of ovine prion, since there are numerous prion strains with different pathological and biochemical characteristics that may affect animals distinctively, depending on their genotypes [1, 30]. In the present study, the frequency of codon VRQ was very low (2.2%), confirming previous findings, which revealed that the alleles ARR and ARQ prevail in Suffolk sheep, and that the allele ARH sometimes is detected [12, 32]. The high sensitivity of homozygous VRQ carriers or of individuals with ARQ haplotypes has also been reported in the literature [24]. This condition raises concerns about susceptibility from the epidemiological perspective, since the allele VRQ, which is rare or absent in breeds like Suffolk, was present in two animals, one of which was positive for scrapie. Most epidemiological and genetic data published indicate that sheep carrying the haplotype ARR/ ARR are less susceptible to classical form, while animals with the haplotype VRQ in homozygosis or with ARQ haplotypes are highly susceptible [24]. This hypothesis is supported by genotyping data for thousands of sheep with the disease around the world. For example, a study carried out in Japan described a classical scrapie case in one ARR/ARR sheep [16]. Sensitivity of ARR/ARR sheep in a scenario of oral exposure to the disease has also been reported [3]. Atypical cases were observed in ARR/ARR animals [11, 42].</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Polymorphisms at codon positions 136, 154 and 171 are not the only ones associated with resistance or susceptibility to scrapie [33]. An analysis of the variation of codon positions 136 and 171, for instance, showed that each has several adjacent polymorphic sites and may codify up to four amino acids [7, 50]. The atypical scrapie form, characterized by strain Nor98 [6], is more frequently detected in AHQ animals that carry a polymorphism in codon 141, and has not been described in Suffolk sheep in Brazil [2]. This atypical form expresses phenylalanine (F), instead of leucine (L) in the form L141F [6, 37, 46].</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> However, although it is generally acceptable that classical scrapie is an infectious and contagious disease [14], contagion with the atypical form is questionable in light of the fact that the specific marker for the atypical manifestation of the disease is detected outside the central nervous system [5, 20, 29], even in cases experimentally transmitted to transgenic mice [35] and sheep [47]. Several studies have demonstrated that susceptibility to the atypical form is consistently associated with PrP codons 141 (L/F) and 154 (R/H) [6, 42]. In fact, studies have proposed the hypothesis that this form may evolve when the animal is not exposed to the infectious agent [5, 18, 29, 48], given the limited knowledge of the physiopathology of this manifestation of the disease [19].</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> In the present study, two (2/8) positive animals presented the haplotype ARR/ARR, which is considered to be the least susceptible and therefore responsible for the lowest risk of scrapie. However, like all sheep that were genotyped, these animals did not present any change in lysine in codon position 141. This change (that is, when lysine is replaced by phenylalanine) has been associated with atypical scrapie in Suffolk sheep [6]. Therefore, these two ARR/ARR sheep do not fit in the genotypic characteristics of sheep that may commonly present the atypical form. It is possible that the presence of several crossbred animals of different flocks and farms in the same environment, which characterizes an heterogeneous flock, has created the favorable conditions for the disease to evolve and spread, infecting the more susceptible animals.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> The variation in the frequency of the PrP genotype between flocks has been identified as a real risk factor for the disease [4]. The introduction of adult sheep free of scrapie in contaminated flocks is believed to allow lateral transmission, even between adult animals with less susceptible genotypes [40, 45], although young sheep are more predisposed [43]. Other reasons behind differences in occurrence include the stress caused during husbandry and large population numbers [26]. Additionally, the lack of a defined epidemiological pattern and the different strains of the causal agent play an important role in inter-flock variability [40]. Several models were based on the assumption that outbreak duration is influenced by flock size and by the frequency of the PrP genotype in one flock [25, 26, 38, 51]. Commercial flocks with high genetic diversity, mainly in codons other than 136, 154 and 171, are more consistently affected. In these animals, the onset of clinical manifestations occurs at significantly different ages, with means varying from 2 to 5.7 years, due to noteworthy dissimilarities in age and PrP genotype profiles [40]. The purchase of infected animals has been pointed out as the main scrapie infection mechanism in flocks [27, 41].</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> *** The diagnosis of scrapie in two homozygous ARR/ARR sheep indicates that the resistance of this genotype to the classical form of the disease is debatable. Although scrapie in these animals is rare, the cases presented in this case report lend strength to the notion that its occurrence depends on a combination of infectious factors, including differences in biological and biochemical properties in the natural hosts to this prion.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> MANUFACTURERS 1VMRD Pullman Albion Road. Pullman, WA, USA. 2Qiagen. Hilden, Germany. 3InvitrogenTM. São Paulo, Brazil. 4Life TechnologiesTM. Gaithersburg, MD, USA. 5InvitrogenTM. Carlsbad, CA, USA. 6Applied Biosystems Inc. Foster City, CA, USA. Declaration of interest. The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.ufrgs.br/actavet/43-suple-1/CR_69.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.ufrgs.br/actavet/43-suple-1/CR_69.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/09/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/09/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/09/classical-scrapie-diagnosis-in-arrarr.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/09/classical-scrapie-diagnosis-in-arrarr.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Scrapie diagnosis in a goat and four Santa Inês sheep from the same herd in Brazil</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">J.S. LealG.L.F. CorreaG.S. BoosM.V. BianchiF.M. BoabaidR.F.F. LopesD. Driemeier</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Diagnóstico de scrapie em um caprino e quatro ovinos Santa Inês de um mesmo rebanho no Brasil</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Scrapie is a fatal and progressive transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of natural occurrence in sheep and goats. The suspicion of scrapie may be based on clinical signs; however, the detection of pathological features of the prionic protein (PrP) in target tissues is necessary to diagnose the disease. The presence of an abnormal protein form (PrPSc) in lymphoreticular and nervous tissues is an important characteristic in diagnosis. This paper reports a case of scrapie in a flock of 55 Suffolk crossbred sheep, 19 Santa Inês sheep and 21 goats in the Mato Grosso state, midwestern Brazil. The animals were euthanized after the confirmation of a scrapie case with clinical signs in a Suffolk sheep in the same farm. Samples of brainstem at the level of the obex and lymphoid issues like palatine tonsils, mesenteric lymph nodes, third eyelid fixed in formalin 10% were processed for histological examination. Histological examination with hematoxylin and eosin did not show any microscopic changes in samples. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) examination to detect anti-prion PrPSc was performed in lymphoid tissues. Scrapie diagnosis was confirmed based on IHC positive results for PrPSc in lymphoid tissues of a crossbreed goat and four Santa Inês sheep, without any clinical scrapie signs. IHC showed positive staining in at least three lymphoid germinal centers in goat mesenteric lymph node, palatine tonsil, and third eyelid samples. The mesenteric lymph node, and tonsil samples of all sheep showed positive immunostaining, and only one sheep showed positive staining in lymphoid follicles in the third eyelid. Scrapie diagnosis using IHC in fixed samples of lymphoreticular tissue is technically feasible to detect the disease in both goats and sheep, as a form of pre-clinical diagnosis. The results indicate that the herd was infected by a sheep coming from another herd where scrapie had been diagnosed before.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">scrapie; prion; diseases of small ruminants; immunohistochemistry; lymphoid tissues</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.scielo.br/j/abmvz/a/TjZ4yZpqKFh4McMSbJHLTwg/?lang=en" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.scielo.br/j/abmvz/a/TjZ4yZpqKFh4McMSbJHLTwg/?lang=en</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WEDNESDAY, JUNE 12, 2019</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FINAL REPORT OF AN AUDIT CONDUCTED IN BRAZIL MAY 15 TO JUNE 2, 2017 EVALUATING THE FOOD SAFETY SYSTEMS GOVERNING MEAT PRODUCTS EXPORTED TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2019/06/final-report-of-audit-conducted-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2019/06/final-report-of-audit-conducted-in.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TUESDAY, MARCH 26, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Joint Statement from President Donald J. Trump USA and President Jair Bolsonaro Brazil FOREIGN POLICY BSE TSE Prion aka mad cow disease</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2019/03/joint-statement-from-president-donald-j.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2019/03/joint-statement-from-president-donald-j.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SATURDAY, JUNE 01, 2019 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Brazil reports another cases of mad cow disease atypical BSE TSE Prion </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">FINAL REPORT OF AN AUDIT CONDUCTED IN BRAZIL MAY 15 TO JUNE 2, 2017 EVALUATING THE FOOD SAFETY SYSTEMS GOVERNING MEAT PRODUCTS EXPORTED TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FINAL REPORT OF AN AUDIT CONDUCTED IN BRAZIL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">MAY 15 TO JUNE 2, 2017</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EVALUATING THE FOOD SAFETY SYSTEMS GOVERNING MEAT PRODUCTS EXPORTED TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">FINAL REPORT OF AN AUDIT CONDUCTED IN BRAZIL</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">MAY 15 TO JUNE 2, 2017</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EVALUATING THE FOOD SAFETY SYSTEMS GOVERNING MEAT PRODUCTS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EXPORTED TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">November 6, 2017</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Food Safety and Inspection Service</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">United States Department of Agriculture </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Executive Summary</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This report describes the outcome of an onsite equivalence verification audit conducted by the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) from May 15 to June 2, 2017. The purpose of the audit was to determine whether Brazil's meat inspection system remains equivalent to that of the United States, with the ability to export products that are safe, wholesome, unadulterated, and correctly labeled and packaged. At the time of this audit, Brazil was approved to export raw intact, ready-to-eat (RTE), not ready-to-eat (NRTE) processed, and thermally processed, commercially sterile (TPCS) meat.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The audit focused on six system equivalence components: (1) Government Oversight (e.g., Organization and Administration); (2) Government Statutory Authority, Food Safety, and Other Consumer Protection Regulations (e.g., Inspection System Operation, Product Standards and Labeling, and Humane Handling); (3) Government Sanitation; (4) Government Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) System; (5) Government Chemical Residue Testing Programs; and (6) Government Microbiological Testing Programs. The FSIS auditors identified the following systemic findings:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Government Oversight</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> The Central Competent Authority (CCA) has not developed policies and procedures to identify potential areas where conflicts of interest could arise between inspection personnel and the regulated establishments where they work;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> The CCA does not verify that regulatory information provided to supervisory official veterinarians is consistently communicated to their subordinates;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> The CCA does not verify that in-plant inspectors perform their assigned duties in a manner that is consistent with the issued instructions; and</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> The CCA has not developed procedures to standardize the assessment of competence and performance of in-plant inspection personnel assigned to United States-certified establishments. Government Statutory Authority and Food Safety and Other Consumer Protection Regulations</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> The implemented post-mortem inspection procedures are inadequate to ensure that only wholesome carcasses, free of contamination and defects receive the mark of inspection;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Brazilian TPCS product reinspected at United States point-of-entry demonstrates a trend of abnormal container violations; and</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Higher-level officials did not adequately review and follow-up on periodic supervisory reports and plans of action.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Government Sanitation</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Inspection personnel do not adequately enforce sanitation regulatory requirements to prevent the creation of insanitary conditions and direct product contamination.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Government HACCP System</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Inspection personnel do not accurately assess the design and implementation of the establishments HACCP systems, and do not conduct adequate verification sampling of products. Government Chemical Residue Testing</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> The official methods of chemical analysis used by the government laboratories is inconsistent with FSIS requirements; and</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> The CCA has not instructed establishments and in-plant inspectors to hold livestock carcasses selected for residue sampling until acceptable results are received.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">During the audit exit meeting, the CCA committed to address the preliminary findings as presented. FSIS received a written response from the CCA addressing all outstanding concerns identified in the draft final audit report. FSIS will evaluate the adequacy of the proposed corrective actions and base its activities for future equivalence verification on the information provided. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/eaf15cdd-49e1-475c-a3e1-8acb91f48645/Brazil-2017-FAR.pdf?MOD=AJPERES" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/eaf15cdd-49e1-475c-a3e1-8acb91f48645/Brazil-2017-FAR.pdf?MOD=AJPERES</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Post forecasts beef production in 2019 at 10.2 million metric tons, which is an increase of 3 percent. The increase is driven by solid exports, mostly to China and Hong Kong and moderate domestic demand. Posts also forecasts pork production to increase by over 3 percent and reach nearly 3.8 million metric tons, reflecting a rebound in exports, moderate domestic demand and favorable feed costs in 2019. The expected growth of the Brazilian economy in 2019, with declining inflation and unemployment rates support optimism in the animal protein sector in Brazil. Major uncertainties in the near future include the volatility of the exchange rate, end of the year elections and a new federal administration in 2019. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/brazil-livestock-and-products-annual-5" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/brazil-livestock-and-products-annual-5</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Livestock%20and%20Products%20Annual_Brasilia_Brazil_9-4-2018.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Livestock%20and%20Products%20Annual_Brasilia_Brazil_9-4-2018.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">USDA Halts Beef Imports from Brazil Drovers</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">June 22, 2017 04:59 PM</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Imports of fresh beef from Brazil are being halted into the U.S. The announcement was made by Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue after inspections by USDA-Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) revealed concerns over safety issues.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"Ensuring the safety of our nation’s food supply is one of our critical missions, and it’s one we undertake with great seriousness," Perdue says.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Brazil’s Ministry of Agriculture self-suspended the shipment of beef from five packing plants after U.S. officials found "irregularities" in the processed carcasses this past week. However, the move by Perdue and USDA will supersede the self-suspension.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A statement from the Brazilian Association of Beef Industry Exports says the self-suspension happened "after the detection of [bovine] reactions to the vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease, that in some cases can provoke internal, and not externally visible abscesses."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The voluntary halt by Brazil appeared to be temporary while the vaccine manufacture attempted to find a solution for the abscesses. Now it could be much longer before fresh Brazilian beef enters the U.S.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"Once again the industry is inheriting a problem that it has not created," says Antonio Camardelli, president of the board of the Brazilian Association of Meat Exporters.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Ministry of Agriculture was alerted by USDA-FSIS on June 16 and exports were stopped immediately from those plants impacted. State locations and ownership of the packing facilities include:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Owner JBS Location Mato Grosso do Sul </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Owner Minerva Location Goias </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Owner Marfrig Locations Sao Paulo Mato Grosso Rio Grande do Sul The U.S. just began exporting fresh beef from Brazil last year after a trade agreement was reached on Aug. 1. Prior to this trade deal, Brazil had not had access into the U.S. since 2003 because of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks. Similarly, U.S. beef had not been in Brazil since 2003 when bovine spongiform encephalopathy was found.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"Although international trade is an important part of what we do at USDA, and Brazil has long been one of our partners, my first priority is to protect American consumers," Perdue says. "That’s what we’ve done by halting the import of Brazilian fresh beef. I commend the work of USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service for painstakingly safeguarding the food we serve our families."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">There were 31 packing plants in Brazil approved to export into the U.S. prior to this suspension.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Brazil’s meat packing industry has seen a number of setbacks in the past few months after the discovery of a widespread bribery scandal. Aftershocks from the corruption scandal have included:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The stoppage of exports into a number of countries JBS owners stepping down from the board The selloff of several other JBS packing plants in South America More selloffs of different JBS businesses like Five Rivers Cattle Feeding in the U.S. In March, USDA FSIS began inspecting all meat product coming from Brazil. During that time FSIS has rejected 11% of Brazilian fresh beef imports. It adds up to 1.9 million pounds of beef from 106 lots that were rejected because of public health concerns, sanitary conditions and animal health issues. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">National Cattlemen’s Beef Association (NCBA) is in support of the decision to suspend fresh beef imports from Brazil.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">"This action is the result of USDA’s strong, science-based testing protocol of imported beef and this proves that our food safety system works effectively. NCBA supports USDA’s commitment to science-based trade and its commitment to keeping our food supply as safe as possible," says Craig Uden, NCBA president.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">There is no timeline for when Brazil will be eligible to again export beef to the U.S. market. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.drovers.com/article/usda-halts-beef-imports-brazil" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.drovers.com/article/usda-halts-beef-imports-brazil</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Minvera to export beef to US</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">09.15.2016</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">By Erica Shaffer SAO PAULO, Brazil – Two meat processing facilities owned by Minerva SA have been cleared to export fresh beef to the United States.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The company’s facilities in Palmeiras de Goias and Barretos have processing capacities of 2,000 head of cattle per day and 840 head of cattle per day, respectively. In a notice to shareholders, the company explained that, “The US import system is based on specific quotas depending on the country or group of countries, and Brazil has not yet been assigned a quota. Therefore, the country will initially be included under the ‘Other’ quota (with a total equivalent to 64,800 ton/year), where countries such as Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic, together, are also able to export to USA.”</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In August, USDA announced that Brazil had reopened its markets to US beef exports. Brazil had banned imports of US beef and beef products in 2003 after the discovery of a confirmed case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Brazil had its own brush with atypical BSE in 2012. Animals classified as having atypical BSE may or may not get BSE.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Minerva operates 17 slaughtering and boning plants — 11 in Brazil, three in Paraguay, two in Uruguay and one in Colombia. Slaughtering capacity is 17,330 head of cattle per day, and boning capacity is 20,300 head per day, according to the company’s website. Minerva also operates 13 distribution centers.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.meatpoultry.com/articles/15001-minvera-to-export-beef-to-us" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.meatpoultry.com/articles/15001-minvera-to-export-beef-to-us</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.marketscreener.com/MINERVA-SA-6499816/news/Minerva-SA-Notice-to-the-Market-Note-of-Clarification-about-news-in-the-press-today-17959164/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.marketscreener.com/MINERVA-SA-6499816/news/Minerva-SA-Notice-to-the-Market-Note-of-Clarification-about-news-in-the-press-today-17959164/</a> </div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">Brazil Kept Mad Cow Secret for Two Years</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">By Dan Flynn on December 10, 2012</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">Enough beef to feed one million Americans for a year has been imported from Brazil without the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) mitigations that are supposed to be applied to countries where BSE is known to exist. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">That’s because for the past two years, USDA was operating under the assumption that Brazil had not experienced any BSE, or Mad Cow disease as it’s commonly known. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">But Brazil–the world’s biggest beef exporting country–was keeping a secret for the past two years. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">A secret that if known might well have seen its beef banned from the U.S., or at the very least, subjected its beef to BSE controls. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">That’s because while the U.S. was importing 67 million pounds of beef from Brazil, South America’s biggest country was keeping a Mad Cow secret. But it’s not a secret anymore. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">Here’s what we know so far: </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">Brazil on Dec. 6 became the 26th country in the world to report an incident of BSE, or the always-fatal Mad Cow disease that can be transmitted to humans. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">The designation stems from a 13-year-old cow that died two years ago in December 2010 in Brazil that was suffering with at least proteins common to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), but Mad Cow disease might not have killed it. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">Details finally began to emerge when Brazil filed a notification to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), reporting that a 13-year- old cow died in December 2010 in Parana and BSE was suspected. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">The notification said the dead cow was subjected to a histopathological test, one of two primary tests for BSE. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">It was reportedly negative. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">A second test, not conducted until June 15, 2012 at the National Reference Laboratory in Recife, was positive. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">The beef exporting Brazil claims the long delays were due to work overloads at the lab and OIE rules that cause it to give the test a low priority. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">After the positive test, Brazil also sent a brain sample to the OIE reference lab in the United Kingdom, where a second positive test for Mad Cow was conducted. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">OIE has not issued its own report. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">Countries reporting BSE cases often pay a price in having their beef banned from world markets. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">That’s what happened to the U.S. in 2003 when its first BSE case was discovered in Washington state. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">Countries around the world banned U.S. beef sales. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">Although Japan announced it was banning beef from Brazil beginning on Saturday, it is unclear how other countries are going to react, including the U.S. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">Japan is apparently not buying a second report put out by Brazil’s Agricultural Minister that the dead cow did not have BSE, but just the protein believed to cause the disease. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">BSE is a prion disease that involves folded proteins. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">The Ag minister’s story is the dead cow was experiencing a spontaneous genetic mutation that was unlikely to evolve into BSE. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">Brazil could not confirm the exact cause of death for the grass-fed cow. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">It had collapsed and died 24 hours later. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">“The two year delay in Brazil’s disease notification is a symptom of the failure of the OIE’s global system that erroneously assumes foreign countries, particularly developing countries, have the same means, commitment and capabilities as the United States to control and eradicate diseases, says Max Thornsberry, who chairs R-CALF USA’s Animal Health Committee. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">Thornsberry said USDA’s reliance on foreign countries and OIE to protect U.S. citizens from unsafe imports is “absolutely foolish” and again points up the need for country-of-origin labeling. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">USDA cutbacks in on-site review of the foreign regulatory systems that are supposed to inspect meat exported to the U.S. were reported earlier by Food Safety News. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">R-CALF USA stands for the Ranchers-Cattlemen Action Legal Fund, United Stockgrowers of America. The organization is based in Billings, MT. The only trade- rrelated beef announcement out of USDA since Dec. 6 involved Canada. The XL Foods plant at Brooks, Alberta was permitted to export beef to the U.S. for the first time since the facility’s E. coli crisis.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">Tags: Brazil, BSE, Japan, mad cow disease</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2012/12/boys-from-brazil-kept-mad-cow-secret-for-two-years/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2012/12/boys-from-brazil-kept-mad-cow-secret-for-two-years/</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 03, 2017 </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;">First case of V180I rare mutation in a Brazilian patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/11/first-case-of-v180i-rare-mutation-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/11/first-case-of-v180i-rare-mutation-in.html</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 27, 2016 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Classical Scrapie Diagnosis in ARR/ARR Sheep in Brazil </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 2015. 43(Suppl 1): 69. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/09/classical-scrapie-diagnosis-in-arrarr.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/09/classical-scrapie-diagnosis-in-arrarr.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">MONDAY, AUGUST 1, 2016 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">USDA Announces Reopening of Brazilian Market to U.S. Beef Exports and the Potential for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion disease</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2016/08/usda-announces-reopening-of-brazilian.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2016/08/usda-announces-reopening-of-brazilian.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">MONDAY, MAY 5, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Brazil BSE Mad Cow disease confirmed OIE 02/05/2014</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2014/05/brazil-bse-mad-cow-disease-confirmed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2014/05/brazil-bse-mad-cow-disease-confirmed.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Monday, May 5, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Brazil 2nd BSE Mad Cow disease confirmed OIE 02/05/2014 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2014/05/brazil-bse-mad-cow-disease-confirmed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2014/05/brazil-bse-mad-cow-disease-confirmed.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Thursday, April 24, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Brazil investigates possible BSE mad cow case </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2014/04/brazil-investigates-possible-bse-mad.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2014/04/brazil-investigates-possible-bse-mad.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 29, 2014</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Another Suspect case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease investigated in Brazil</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2014/01/another-suspect-case-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2014/01/another-suspect-case-of-creutzfeldt.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2013 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Brazil evaluate the implementation of health rules on animal by-products and derived products SRM BSE TSE PRION aka MAD COW DISEASE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2013/09/brazil-evaluate-implementation-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2013/09/brazil-evaluate-implementation-of.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Wednesday, December 19, 2012 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Scientific Report of the European Food Safety Authority on the Assessment of the Geographical BSE Risk (GBR) of Brazil </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2012/12/scientific-report-of-european-food.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2012/12/scientific-report-of-european-food.html</a></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">***> Friday, December 07, 2012 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> ATYPICAL BSE BRAZIL 2010 FINALLY CONFIRMED OIE 2012 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2012/12/atypical-bse-brazil-2010-finally.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2012/12/atypical-bse-brazil-2010-finally.html</a></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 27, 2016 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Classical Scrapie Diagnosis in ARR/ARR Sheep in Brazil </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 2015. 43(Suppl 1): 69. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/09/classical-scrapie-diagnosis-in-arrarr.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/09/classical-scrapie-diagnosis-in-arrarr.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><ul class="ydpaf5dbb4fyiv4543292016ydpaa4c70d4yiv8037843443ydp2106dc5cyiv9734587288ydp2b800a1cyiv7640702818ydp18ddf13dyiv6660068129ydp35fe69a9yiv1505790791ydp6e6dd360yiv1267551691ydpe297d296searchResults ydpaf5dbb4fyiv4543292016ydpaa4c70d4yiv8037843443ydp2106dc5cyiv9734587288ydp2b800a1cyiv7640702818ydp18ddf13dyiv6660068129ydp35fe69a9yiv1505790791ydp6e6dd360yiv1267551691ydpe297d296noticias" style="border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: rawline, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.75; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li class="ydpaf5dbb4fyiv4543292016ydpaa4c70d4yiv8037843443ydp2106dc5cyiv9734587288ydp2b800a1cyiv7640702818ydp18ddf13dyiv6660068129ydp35fe69a9yiv1505790791ydp6e6dd360yiv1267551691ydpe297d296item-Link" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 12px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="ydpaf5dbb4fyiv4543292016ydpaa4c70d4yiv8037843443ydp2106dc5cyiv9734587288ydp2b800a1cyiv7640702818ydp18ddf13dyiv6660068129ydp35fe69a9yiv1505790791ydp6e6dd360yiv1267551691ydpe297d296data" style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">20/10/2022 -</span> Protocolo de notificação e investigação da doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob com foco na identificação da nova variante.</span></li><li class="ydpaf5dbb4fyiv4543292016ydpaa4c70d4yiv8037843443ydp2106dc5cyiv9734587288ydp2b800a1cyiv7640702818ydp18ddf13dyiv6660068129ydp35fe69a9yiv1505790791ydp6e6dd360yiv1267551691ydpe297d296item-File" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 12px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="ydpaf5dbb4fyiv4543292016ydpaa4c70d4yiv8037843443ydp2106dc5cyiv9734587288ydp2b800a1cyiv7640702818ydp18ddf13dyiv6660068129ydp35fe69a9yiv1505790791ydp6e6dd360yiv1267551691ydpe297d296titulo" style="border: 0px; color: #1351b4; display: block; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/publicacoes-svs/doenca-de-creutzfeldt-jakob/protocolo_notificacao_investigacao_doenca_creutzfeldt_jakob.pdf/view" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #2670e8; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Protocolo de notificação e investigação da doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob com foco na identificação da nova variante - Brasília–DF • 2018</a></span><span class="ydpaf5dbb4fyiv4543292016ydpaa4c70d4yiv8037843443ydp2106dc5cyiv9734587288ydp2b800a1cyiv7640702818ydp18ddf13dyiv6660068129ydp35fe69a9yiv1505790791ydp6e6dd360yiv1267551691ydpe297d296descricao" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="ydpaf5dbb4fyiv4543292016ydpaa4c70d4yiv8037843443ydp2106dc5cyiv9734587288ydp2b800a1cyiv7640702818ydp18ddf13dyiv6660068129ydp35fe69a9yiv1505790791ydp6e6dd360yiv1267551691ydpe297d296data" style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="ydpaf5dbb4fyiv4543292016ydpaa4c70d4yiv8037843443ydp2106dc5cyiv9734587288ydp2b800a1cyiv7640702818ydp18ddf13dyiv6660068129ydp35fe69a9yiv1505790791ydp6e6dd360yiv1267551691ydpe297d296descricao" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="ydpaf5dbb4fyiv4543292016ydpaa4c70d4yiv8037843443ydp2106dc5cyiv9734587288ydp2b800a1cyiv7640702818ydp18ddf13dyiv6660068129ydp35fe69a9yiv1505790791ydp6e6dd360yiv1267551691ydpe297d296data" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div>13/07/2021</span></span></div></span></li></ul><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span face="rawline, helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #555555; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><span class="ydpaf5dbb4fyiv4543292016ydpaa4c70d4yiv8037843443ydp2106dc5cyiv9734587288ydp2b800a1cyiv7640702818ydp18ddf13dyiv6660068129ydp35fe69a9yiv1505790791ydp6e6dd360yiv1267551691ydp7132df88titulo" style="border: 0px; color: #1351b4; display: block; font-weight: 600; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/boletins/epidemiologicos/edicoes/2022/boletim-epidemiologico-vol-53-no39/view" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #1351b4; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Boletim Epidemiológico Vol.53 Nº39</a></span><span class="ydpaf5dbb4fyiv4543292016ydpaa4c70d4yiv8037843443ydp2106dc5cyiv9734587288ydp2b800a1cyiv7640702818ydp18ddf13dyiv6660068129ydp35fe69a9yiv1505790791ydp6e6dd360yiv1267551691ydp7132df88descricao" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="ydpaf5dbb4fyiv4543292016ydpaa4c70d4yiv8037843443ydp2106dc5cyiv9734587288ydp2b800a1cyiv7640702818ydp18ddf13dyiv6660068129ydp35fe69a9yiv1505790791ydp6e6dd360yiv1267551691ydp7132df88data" style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="outline: none;"><span class="ydpaf5dbb4fyiv4543292016ydpaa4c70d4yiv8037843443ydp2106dc5cyiv9734587288ydp2b800a1cyiv7640702818ydp18ddf13dyiv6660068129ydp35fe69a9yiv1505790791ydp6e6dd360yiv1267551691ydp7132df88descricao" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="ydpaf5dbb4fyiv4543292016ydpaa4c70d4yiv8037843443ydp2106dc5cyiv9734587288ydp2b800a1cyiv7640702818ydp18ddf13dyiv6660068129ydp35fe69a9yiv1505790791ydp6e6dd360yiv1267551691ydp7132df88data" style="border: 0px; color: #555555; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></span></div>24/10/2022 -</span> Monitoramento dos casos de arboviroses até a semana epidemiológica 41 de 2022; Perfil epidemiológico de casos da doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (DCJ) no Brasil, 2005 a 2021; e Informes gerais.</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span face="rawline, helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #555555; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Dement Neuropsychol. 2007 Oct-Dec; 1(4): 347–355.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">doi: 10.1590/S1980-57642008DN10400004</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PMCID: PMC5619428</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PMID: 29213410</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Language: English | Portuguese</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion diseases are undercompulsory notification in Brazil: Surveillance of cases evaluated by biochemicaland/or genetic markers from 2005 to 2007</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Vilma Regina Martins,1 Hélio Rodrigues Gomes,2 Leila Chimelli,3 Sergio Rosemberg,4 and Michele Christine Landemberger1</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The emergence of the new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in the United Kingdom has raised concerns over the risks of this prion disease in other parts of the world. Since 2005, human prion diseases have been under compulsory notification in Brazil. It is well known that some polymorphisms within the cellular prion gene (PRNP) have been associated to a higher susceptibility to sporadic CJD (sCJD) and vCJD.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Objectives</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To describe the first notified cases and to evaluate the presence of mutations and polymorphisms of the PRNP in these cases.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Methods</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Thirty-five notified cases were evaluated by clinical, auxiliary exams and biochemical and/or genetic tests and classified according to the World Health Organization criteria for CJD. A control group (N=202) was included for the purpose of comparing the genetic analyses.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Twenty seven cases (74%) were classified as possible sCJD while 51% fulfilled the criteria for probable sCJD. Brain tissue analysis was available in three cases, where two were classified as definite sCJD and one as unconfirmed sCJD. Mutation of the PRNP was not found, and regarding the codon 129 polymorphism, valine in both alleles (Val129Val) was more frequent in patients than in the control group (OR=4.98; 1.55-15.96; p=0.007) when all possible cases were included, but not when only probable cases were considered.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Our data did not show correlation of PRNP polymorphisms with probable sCJD cases. It is necessary to work toward notification of all cases of possible CJD in Brazil and to increase the rate of definitive diagnoses.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Keywords: prion, prion diseases, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, genetic polymorphism</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5619428/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5619428/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dementia & Neuropsychologia 2007;1(4):339-346</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Gattás VL, et al. Surveillance of prion diseases 339</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">New variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob (vCJD) disease and other human prion diseases under epidemiological surveillance in Brazil</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Vera Lúcia Gattás1 , Antonio Silva Lima Neto2 , George Santiago Dimech3 , Denise Mancini4 , Ligia Maria Cantarino5 , José Ricardo Pio Marins6 , Expedito José Albuquerque Luna7</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.scielo.br/j/dn/a/3PHqg6RyDX5X3GN8F9HcNzc/?lang=en&format=pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.scielo.br/j/dn/a/3PHqg6RyDX5X3GN8F9HcNzc/?lang=en&format=pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Risk.25: Genetic Analysis of Human Prion Diseases in Brazil from 2005 to 2011</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Michele C. Landemberger,1,† Cleiton F. Machado,1 Helio R. Gomes,2 Leila Chimelli,3 Sergio Rosemberg,2 Ricardo Nitrini2 and Vilma R. Martins1 1 International Center for Research and Education Hospital A.C Camargo; Sao Paulo, SP Brazil; 2 Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo; Sao Paulo, SP Brazil; 3 Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil † Presenting author; Email: mlandemberger@yahoo.com</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Global surveillance of vCJD and other forms of CJD was recommended from the WHO for a better understanding of potential causes of iatrogenic CJD, as well as the distribution of various hereditary forms. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion diseases have been under compulsory notification in Brazil since 2005. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From August 2005 to February 2011, we received 141 blood samples from notified cases of suspected CJD. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Among these, twenty five cases (18%) did not fulfill clinical criteria for notification or the notification form was not complete. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Blood samples were analyzed by direct genomic sequencing to identify mutations and polymorphisms in the PRNP gene. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Cases with mutation in direct sequencing were cloned to confirm results. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The presence of 14.3.3 protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) was evaluated using immunoblotting and brain tissue obtained by autopsy or biopsy was analyzed by imunohistochemistry for the presence of spongiosis and proteinase K resistant PrP. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The average age of the 117 remaining patients was 58.8 years with a median of 61 years (range 13-82 years), males representing 52% of the cases. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRNP polymorphisms analysis showed that 59% of the cases were homozygous for methionine at codon 129 (M129M), 26% were heterozygous (M129V) and 15% were homozygous for valine (V129V). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The silent polymorphism at codon 117 was detected in 10% of the patients and 4% had deletion at the octarepeat. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">E200K mutation at PRNP was found in four unrelated patients and all of them presented methionine at codon 129 in the mutated allele. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Brain tissue of 19 patients was available (16%); 16 of them had spongiosis and were positive for proteinase K resistant PrP. After clinical evaluation, imaging exams, 14.3.3 protein presence, genetic and immunohistochemical analysis, notified cases were classified according to the WHO criteria. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Thus, 16 cases (14%) were classified as definite sCJD, four cases (3%) as genetic CJD, 38 cases (32%) were classified as possible sCJD and 42 (36%) as probable sCJD. Fourteen cases (12%) remained suspected sCJD and three cases could not be confirmed as sCJD. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From the 16 cases with definite sCJD, 75% were M129M, 19% M129V and 6% V129V. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This study provides the first epidemiologic data about human prion diseases in Brazil. Similar to any other country the availability of brain tissue from these patients is a limiting factor to confirm the diagnosis of prion diseases. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This study also represents an important tool for prion-prevention policies and is of great importance for future implementation of clinical trials.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.15901" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.15901</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Boletim Epidemiológico | Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde | Ministério da Saúde 12 Volume 53 | N.º 39 | Out. 2022</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Perfil epidemiológico de casos da doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (DCJ) no Brasil, 2005 a 2021</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Coordenação-Geral de Vigilância de Zoonoses e Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial do Departamento de Imunização e Doenças Transmissíveis da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (CGZV/Deidt/SVS)*.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Introdução</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A Doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (DCJ) é uma doença priônica humana que além de rara é rapidamente progressiva e fatal. A doença que foi descrita pela primeira vez em 1920 por Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt e Alfons Jakob na Alemanha é uma Encefalopatia Espongiforme Transmissível Humana (EETH) que provoca um conjunto de alterações neuropatológicas cuja causa está ligada com a existência e disseminação anormal de uma proteína priônica patogênica denominada (PrPsc).1-3</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A DCJ é considerada uma doença cosmopolita que é responsável anualmente por uma a duas mortes por cada milhão de habitantes. Além disso, 90% dos indivíduos acometidos evoluem para óbito entre seis meses e um ano após o início dos sinais e sintomas, sendo a média de sobrevida de cinco meses.1-4</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Além da DCJ, outras EETHs afetam os humanos, como a doença de Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS), a Insônia Familiar Fatal (IFF) e o Kuru. Contudo, a degeneração progressiva das habilidades psicomotoras dos indivíduos acometidos pela DCJ é bem mais acelerada quando comparada com outras demências.4-6</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A faixa etária de maior incidência para a DCJ é entre 55 e 70 anos, com média de 65 anos. Apresentando sintomatologia variada e inespecífica, as manifestações clínicas são semelhantes com outras classes de demências e transtornos neurológicos progressivos como Alzheimer ou a doença de Huntington. Destacam-se sinais e sintomas como dor de cabeça, fadiga, sono, falta de apetite, desordem cerebral, perda de memória, tremores, falta de coordenação motora, distúrbios de linguagem e perda visual. Já com a progressão do quadro, pode ocorrer insônia, depressão, ataques epiléticos, paralisia facial, dentre outros.1,3,6</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Entre as formas de apresentação clínica existentes, a DCJ esporádica é a mais comum, porém, não há causa ou fonte infecciosa conhecida, assim como, não há registros de transmissão de pessoa a pessoa. Representando cerca de 85% dos casos confirmados por DCJ, mundialmente, apresenta uma discreta maior incidência entre pessoas do sexo feminino.1,4</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A DCJ também pode se apresentar na forma clínica hereditária, decorrente de uma mutação no gene (PRNP) que codifica a produção da proteína priônica, representando entre 10% a 15% dos casos totais. Ou ainda na forma iatrogênica, que pode ser adquirida através de procedimentos cirúrgicos ou na utilização de instrumentos neurocirúrgicos contaminados. Essa forma da doença compreende 1% dos casos já relatados em todo o mundo.1-3 Para a investigação de casos é importante a realização de exames como a detecção da proteína 14-3-3 do líquido cefalorraquidiano, ressonância magnética e tomografia computadorizada, além do eletroencefalograma que pode mostrar alterações típicas de estágios avançados da doença.7-10</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), a definição de um caso suspeito de DCJ é realizado com base na avaliação de sinais e sintomas, exames laboratoriais e de imagem e história epidemiológica do paciente. Conforme recomendado pelo Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças dos Estados Unidos (CDC/EUA), pelo Centro Europeu de Prevenção e Controle de Doenças (ECDC), pela OMS e indicado no Protocolo de Notificação e Investigação da Doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob do Ministério da Saúde, a confirmação de casos requer a realização de testes neuropatológicos e/ou imunocitoquímicos para identificação da proteína do príon patogênico (PrPsc) e/ou presença de fibrilas positivas para PrPsc. No entanto, por se tratar de um procedimento muito invasivo e arriscado que requer a abertura do crânio é indicado apenas em situação post mortem.7-13</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Além disso, atualmente, há a possibilidade de realização do exame de Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) do líquido cefalorraquidiano para a classificação de casos suspeitos da doença. A técnica apresenta alto grau de sensibilidade (entre 69% e 93%) e especificidade (99% a 100%).7-10</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Embora tenham sido estudadas diversas alternativas terapêuticas, nenhuma se mostrou efetiva para a reversão da evolução fatal da doença. Por tanto, ainda não há tratamento para nenhuma das formas da DCJ, sendo apenas recomendadas estratégias de manejo de suporte e controle das complicações.4,5</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">No Brasil, a DCJ passou a integrar a lista de doenças de notificação compulsória em 2005. Apesar de não ser uma zoonose, sua vigilância, em nível federal, é desenvolvida pelo Grupo Técnico de Saúde Única da Coordenação-Geral de Vigilância de Zoonoses e Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial do Departamento de Imunização e Doenças Transmissíveis (CGZV/Deidt) da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS), do Ministério da Saúde (MS), que busca promover a articulação intersetorial, interdisciplinar e interinstitucional nas ações de vigilância, prevenção e controle, para detecção precoce de casos da DCJ e identificação de possíveis casos da vDCJ.1-5,8,13-15</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Variante da Doença de Creutzfeldt- -Jakob (vDCJ) No ano 1996 foram caracterizados os primeiros casos da Variante da Doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (vDCJ). Trata- -se de uma Encefalopatia Espongiforme Transmissível Humana (EETH) que está associada principalmente ao consumo de carne e subprodutos de bovinos contaminados com Encefalopatia Espongiforme Bovina (EEB) clássica, conhecida como “Doença da Vaca Louca”.13,14,16</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A vDCJ é uma doença zoonótica considerada muito rara, não endêmica em nenhum país do mundo, sendo que o último caso registrado no Reino Unido aconteceu em 2016. Esta doença afeta predominantemente jovens e adultos, entre 16 e 48 anos e apresenta maior incidência em indivíduos com idade média de 29 anos.14,16,17</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conforme o Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças dos Estados Unidos (CDC/EUA) a duração mediana da doença é de treze a quatorze meses após o início dos sinais e sintomas, caracterizados inicialmente por sintomas psiquiátricos proeminentes, sensoriais e comportamentais.8,13</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">No Brasil, desde que foi instituída a obrigatoriedade de notificação da doença em 2005, nunca houve registro de caso da vDCJ. Em mais de 20 anos de vigilância instaurada para a detecção da EEB clássica em bovinos de produção, causadora da vDCJ em humanos, jamais foram encontrados casos no país. Questão que reforça a inexistência de casos ou óbitos pela vDCJ na população humana. Neste sentido, desde 2012, o Brasil possui o reconhecimento da World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), como país de risco insignificante para a EEB.10,15,18,19</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Justificativa</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Com base no cenário apresentado, entende-se que compreender o perfil epidemiológico da DCJ pode ser um recurso potencializador para o fortalecimento da vigilância, pois, pode possibilitar a construção de informações mais fidedignas e úteis para o planejamento estratégico e o direcionamento das políticas públicas para o monitoramento e definição de medidas de prevenção e biossegurança para a orientação de condutas relacionadas ao manejo da DCJ no Brasil.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Métodos</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Trata-se de um estudo observacional descritivo realizado com o uso de dados secundários provenientes das notificações de casos suspeitos de DCJ no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), no período de janeiro de 2005, ano em que a doença passou a integrar a lista de doenças de notificação compulsória no Brasil, a dezembro de 2021. A análise dos dados foi realizada com a utilização do programa Microsoft Excel® para tabulação e análise descritiva, e do programa QGis versão 3.22.9, para construção dos mapas utilizando base cartográfica, em formato shapefile, no sistema de projeção geográfica do Brasil disponibilizado pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE).20</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Foram realizadas a triagem e tratamento do banco de dados, excluindo as duplicidades a partir das variáveis: nome do paciente, data de nascimento, nome da mãe, data dos primeiros sintomas e data da classificação final. Também foram excluídas as notificações em que não havia o preenchimento de data de início de sintomas ou cujo registro foi realizado com data posterior às datas de nascimento ou óbito.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Resultados</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Como resultado da triagem e tratamento dos dados foram excluídos 1,9% (30) dos registros de notificação por ausência de preenchimento da variável “data de início de sintomas” e por ocorrência de “duplicidades”, na Figura 1, é representado o método de triagem do banco de dados.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">No período de 2005 a 2021 foram registradas no Brasil 1.576 notificações de casos suspeitos da doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (DCJ), encontrados com maior frequência em indivíduos residentes nas Regiões Sul, Sudeste e Nordeste. Os estados com maior número de casos notificados no período foram: São Paulo com 32,5% (512), Paraná com 12,0% (189) e Minas Gerais com 10% (158) (Figura 2). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Considerações finais</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">No Brasil, com a implementação do sistema de vigilância da DCJ e sua inserção na lista de doenças de notificação compulsória no ano de 2005, foi observado um aumento progressivo do número de registros de casos suspeitos. A análise permitiu observar uma maior elevação no número de registros de casos a partir de 2012, com aumento expressivo do número de notificações, sugerindo uma maior sensibilidade da vigilância quanto à identificação e registro de casos suspeitos.9</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Foi identificada também importante incompletude de dados nos registros de notificação de casos suspeitos de DCJ. Em função desta limitação de registros advinda das notificações com preenchimento na base de dados do Sinan incompletos, foi necessária a retirada de casos notificados da análise do banco de dados. Essa ausência de informações pode ser um fator determinante quanto à qualidade dos dados, visto que, diante das análises há possibilidade de serem geradas hipóteses ou conclusões que não refletem adequadamente a situação epidemiológica analisada.21</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dentre os casos confirmados para DCJ foram identificados registros de evolução para cura, porém, esse desfecho não condiz com o que é relatado na literatura, dado fato de a doença apresentar 100% de letalidade, não havendo tratamento que possibilite a reversão da evolução fatal da DCJ.9-15 Podendo ainda ser compreendido como um viés de informação decorrente da baixa qualidade dos dados.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Foram identificadas ainda notificações com ausência do registro quanto à evolução dos casos, o que não é recomendado. Contudo esse fato pode estar relacionado à dificuldade no seguimento dos casos pelos profissionais dos serviços de saúde em função do período de evolução da DCJ, que pode ser longo. Além disso, pode haver baixo conhecimento da vigilância da doença, ou ainda, a limitação de campos para registro de dados na ficha de notificação, por não ser específica para a DCJ. Essa questão também pode dificultar o processo de investigação, atualização e lançamento de informações no Sinan.4,9,10</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">No processo de investigação de casos suspeitos de DCJ, os diagnósticos diferenciais devem ser considerados, ao passo que há condições como a doença de Alzheimer, a demência por Corpos de Lewy, o edema cerebral, as encefalopatias metabólicas, a doença de Pick, entre outras, que podem desencadear características neuropatológicas similares.1,4,9 Porém, a qualidade dos dados clínicos registrados nos formulários de notificação, principalmente referentes à descrição de sinais e sintomas, tende a constituir um fator limitante no processo de vigilância.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Assim como é observado na literatura, com relação às características sociodemográficas, foi identificada maior frequência de casos suspeitos notificados entre indivíduos da raça/cor branca, seguido da raça/cor parda, e, quanto à zona de residência, a maior parte dos casos informou morar em áreas urbanas.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Internacionalmente é esperada uma pequena variação quanto ao sexo das pessoas que apresentam a doença, com predominância do sexo feminino.7,9 Este perfil também foi observado neste estudo, sendo identificada uma singela diferença entre os casos notificados, sendo a maioria dos casos do sexo feminino.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Foram identificadas notificações de casos suspeitos de DCJ entre pessoas com idade inferior a 25 anos, todavia, é extremamente rara a ocorrência da doença entre pessoas nessa faixa etária. A exceção ocorre nos casos da vDCJ, que é adquirida pelo consumo de carne bovina contaminada com EEB, pode se manifestar a partir dos 20 anos.1-4,21 Dessa forma, é possível a ocorrência de inconsistência no banco de dados em função da baixa qualidade no preenchimento das notificações.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Diante do exposto, compreende-se que é primordial o aprimoramento pelos municípios e estados dos registros de notificações de casos no Sinan para torná-lo capaz de gerar informações de qualidade que subsidiem as tomadas de decisão no que diz respeito a essa doença. Dessa forma, recomenda-se a adoção de estratégias que visem o aperfeiçoamento do processo de notificação da doença e melhoria da qualidade de dados, tanto por meio da oferta de treinamentos aos profissionais de saúde e melhoria dos instrumentos de registro quanto pelo monitoramento efetivo dos sistemas de vigilância visando identificar falhas e construir soluções adequadas aos processos de trabalho.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Referências</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><a href="https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/boletins/epidemiologicos/edicoes/2022/boletim-epidemiologico-vol-53-no39/@@download/file/Boletim%20Epidemiol%C3%B3gico%20Vol.53%20N%C2%BA39.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/boletins/epidemiologicos/edicoes/2022/boletim-epidemiologico-vol-53-no39/@@download/file/Boletim%20Epidemiol%C3%B3gico%20Vol.53%20N%C2%BA39.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/boletins/epidemiologicos/edicoes/2022/boletim-epidemiologico-vol-53-no39/view" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/boletins/epidemiologicos/edicoes/2022/boletim-epidemiologico-vol-53-no39/view</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/search?SearchableText=creutzfeldt%20jakob" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/search?SearchableText=creutzfeldt%20jakob</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold longe incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=============== </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">=============== </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">============== </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PRION <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">2016 TOKYO</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SCRAPIE <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">1933-6896</span> printl 1933-690X online</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Taylor & Francis</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">PLOS ONE Journal </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><h2 class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344date-header" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; font-size: 11.7px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 3, 2010</h2><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344date-posts" style="outline: none;"><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-outer" style="outline: none;"><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344hentry ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344uncustomized-post-template" style="margin: 8px 0px 24px; outline: none;"><h3 class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-title ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-title" itemprop="name" style="color: #1b0431; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; font-size: 18.2px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/import-alert-62-07-sygen-injectable.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #1b0431; outline: none;" target="_blank">Import Alert 62-07 Sygen Injectable (Bovine-Extracted GMI Monosialoganglioside) manufactured from bovine brain starting material</a></h3><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-header" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-header-line-1" style="outline: none;"></div></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">Import Alert 62-07 Import Program<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />Import Alerts<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />Import Alerts by Numbers<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />Import Alert<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(Note: This import alert represents the Agency's current guidance to FDA field personnel regarding the manufacturer(s) and/or products(s) at issue. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person, and does not operate to bind FDA or the public).<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />Import Alert # 62-07<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />Published Date: 10/02/2009<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />Type: DWPE Import Alert Name:<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />"Detention Without Physical Examination of Shipments of Sygen Injectable (Bovine-Extracted GMI Monosialoganglioside)"<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />Reason for Alert:<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />Sygen is an unapproved new drug manufactured by Fidia SpA, Italy, which is currently distributed under b(4) . The product presents BSE concerns because it is manufactured from bovine brain starting material. An inspection of Fidia conducted in February - March 2001, disclosed significant deficiencies regarding verification that the bovine brain source used in the manufacture of Sygen was obtained from a non-BSE country or that no commingling with any animal material from BSE risk countries had occurred. A Warning Letter was issued on June 28, 2001, to Fidia and CDER/OC is awaiting response.<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />The Office of Compliance has also learned that firms other than Fidia SpA are shipping Sygen to the U.S. Two such firms include TRB-Pharma of Brazil and its subsidiary, TransBussan of Switzerland. Neither of these firms has approved IND's for Sygen. Reportedly, the shipments are being offered for entry for personal treatment under FDA's procedures for Coverage of Personal Importations.<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />Guidance:<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />Districts may detain without physical examination all shipments of Sygen unless:<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />-they are coming directly from Fidia SpA, Padua, Italy;<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />and<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />-they are from finished product lot nos. b(4) and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) lot no. 1(B)<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />and<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />-they are offered for entry under b(4) Districts encountering shipments of Sygen, which meet the listed criteria, contact for further instructions.<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />For questions concerning the new drug status of the product, please contact CDER.<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />Discretionary release of Sygen injectable under the Personal Importation guidance of Chapter 9 of the Regulatory Procedures Manual (RPM) is not appropriate. This drug poses an unreasonable health risk to the user due to possible exposure to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) causative agents.<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />Product Description: Sygen, injectable<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />Charge: "The article is subject to refusal of admission pursuant to Section 801(a)(3) in that it appears to be a new drug that is adulterated, misbranded, or without an effective new drug application (NDA) as required by Section 505. [Unapproved new drug, Section 505(a)]."<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />OASIS charge code - UNAPPROVED<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />and<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />"The article is subject to refusal of admission pursuant to Section 801(a)(1) in that it appears to be for use as a drug and may have been manufactured, processed, or packed under insanitary conditions, or the article appears to be prepared, packed, or held under insanitary conditions whereby it may have been contaminated with filth, or whereby it may have been rendered injurious to health [Adulterated drug, Section 501 (a)(2)(a)]."<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />OASIS charge code - BSE DRUGS<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />and<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />"The article is subject to refusal of admission pursuant to Section 801(a)(1) in that it appears to be for use as a drug and may not have been manufactured, processed, packed, or held in conformity with current good manufacturing practices [Adulterated drug, Section 501 (a)(2)(B)]."<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />OASIS charge code - DRUG GMPS<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />Countries (99) MULTIPLE COUNTRIES (PODS ONLY)<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(55 - - - --) Pharm Necess & Ctnr For Drug/Bio<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(57 - - - --) Bio & Licensed In-Vivo & In-Vitro Diag<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(60 - - - --) Human and Animal Drugs<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(61 - - - --) Human and Animal Drugs<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(62 - - - --) Human and Animal Drugs<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(63 - - - --) Human and Animal Drugs<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(64 - - - --) Human and Animal Drugs<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(65 - - - --) Human and Animal Drugs<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(66 U - - 01) Bone Parts (Natural Body Parts, Invivo Only)<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(66 U - - 02) Cornea (Eye Parts) (Natural Body Parts, Invivo Only)<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(66 U - - 03) Embryo (Natural Body Parts, Invivo Only)<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(66 U - - 04) Hair (Natural Body Parts, Invivo Only)<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(66 U - - 05) Heart (Natural Body Parts, Invivo Only)<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(66 U - - 06) Kidney (Natural Body Parts, Invivo Only)<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(66 U - - 07) Skin (Natural Body Parts, Invivo Only)<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(66 U - - 08) Sperm (Natural Body Parts, Invivo Only)<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(66 U - - 99) Natural Body Parts, Invivo Only, N.E.C.<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(66 - - - --) Human and Animal Drugs<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(73 - - - --) Anesthesiology<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(74 - - - --) Cardiovascular<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(75 - - - --) Chemistry<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(76 - - - --) Dental<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(77 - - - --) Ear,Nose And Throat<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(78 - - - --) Gastroenterological & Urological<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(79 - - - --) General & Plastic Surgery<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(80 - - - --) General Hospital/Personal Use<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(81 - - - --) Hematology<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(82 - - - --) Immunology<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(83 - - - --) Microbiology<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(84 - - - --) Neurological<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(85 - - - --) Obstetrical & Gynecological<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(86 - - - --) Ophthalmic<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(87 - - - --) Orthopedic<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(88 - - - --) Pathology<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(89 - - - --) Physical Medicine<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(90 - - - --) Radiological<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(91 - - - --) Toxicology<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />List of firms and their products that have met the criteria for exclusion from Detention without Physical Examination (DWPE) under this Import Alert (a.k.a. Green List)<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />(3002806986) Fidia S.p.A.Date Published : 09/10/2009 Via Ponte Della Fabbrica, 3/a , Abano Terme, Padova, IT<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cms_ia/importalert_170.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cms_ia/importalert_170.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />PLEASE BE AWARE ;<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />The most recent assessments (and reassessments) were published in June 2005 (Table I; 18), and included the categorisation of Canada, the USA, and Mexico as GBR III. Although only Canada and the USA have reported cases, the historically open system of trade in North America suggests that it is likely that BSE is present also in Mexico.<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/06heim937950.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />NON-LICENSED HUMAN TISSUE DEVICES WERE NOT COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />snip...<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />I was quite prepared to believe in unofficial pituitary hormones, also in the 1970's, whether as described by Dr. Little, or in other circumstances, for animal use.<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />snip...<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />The fact that there were jars of pituitaries (or extract) around on shelves is attested by the still potent 1943 pituitaries, described in Stockell Hartree et al. (J/RF/17/291) which had come from the lab. at Mill Hill. Having taken the trouble to collect them, they were not lightly thrown out...<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s467bx.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s467bx.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102174454/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s467bx.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102174454/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s467bx.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">new url;</div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143039/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s467bx.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143039/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s467bx.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />B.S.E. and Veterinary Medicines<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />Thank you very much indeed for your letter of the 26th of January outlining to me the various steps that are proposing to take in order to reduce the risk from B.S.E. in veterinary medicines. It is, as you say, and extremely difficult problem. ....<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/30008001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/30008001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030526124448/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/30008001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030526124448/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/30008001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, New sans-serif;">Draft cover letter to product licence holders (considered by Human and Vet Medicines including deer)</span><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/02/22008001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/02/22008001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080103002832/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/02/22008001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080103002832/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/02/22008001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="outline: none;">new url;</div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143224/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/02/22008001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143224/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/02/22008001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/02/22011001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/02/22011001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102155758/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/02/22011001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102155758/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/02/22011001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="outline: none;">new url;</div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143228/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/02/22011001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143228/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/02/22011001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, New sans-serif;">(It was noted with concern that hormone extracts could be manufactured by a veterinary surgeon for administration to animals under his care without any Medicines Act Control.)</span></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">PITUITARY EXTRACT<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />This was used to help cows super ovulate. This tissue was considered to be of greatest risk of containing BSE and consequently transmitting the disease.<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />BEEF BRAIN AND BRAIN INFUSION BROTHS<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />Considered to be of great risk.<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/08011001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/08011001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102164725/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/08011001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102164725/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/08011001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">new url;</div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143059/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/08011001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143059/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/08011001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />COMMERCIAL IN CONFIDENCE<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />MEDICINES ACT - VETERINARY PRODUCTS COMMITTEE<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />5 BLANK PAGES. ...TSS<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />7. Any Other Business<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/07010001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/07010001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102164736/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/07010001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102164736/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/07010001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">new url;</div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143053/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/07010001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143053/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/07010001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />TWA LITTLE STATEMENT 331<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />8 June 1988 Internal CVL meeting to discuss the implications of BSE to Biologicals Products containing bovine extracted material (Annex 6). (YB 88/06.08/11.1-11.2) Following a detailed review of situation the following recommendations were made:<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />1. Specific concern over use of pituitary gland products by veterinary surgeons and companies. Paper to be produced for Tolworth (Veterinary Medicines Division).<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />2. Urgent review of all products both immunological and pharmaceutical for possible inclusion of ingredients of bovine origin.<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />3. Draft guidelines to be presented in full to the National Office of Animal Health (NOAH), the trade body representing the Veterinary Medicines part of the pharmaceutical industry, at next meeting on 11 July 1988<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s331.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s331.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102163939/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s331.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102163939/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s331.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">new url;</div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143038/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s331.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143038/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s331.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" />TWA LITTLE minute<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />2. We have identified one problem over where we are unable to act and this is the use of gonadotrophins in embryo transfer work. Some veterinary surgeons are quite legally using this exemption from the Medicines Act contained in Section 9(2) to prepare gonadotrophins from pituitary glands from various species, including cattle. These hormones are used to stimulate superovulation in donor cows.<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/10001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/10001001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102164806/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/10001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102164806/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/10001001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br />new url;<br /><br /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143101/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/10001001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143101/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/10001001.pdf</a><br /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/13010001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/13010001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102164811/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/13010001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102164811/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/13010001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">new url;</div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143112/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/13010001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143112/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/13010001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/14006001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/14006001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080103031215/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/14006001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080103031215/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/14006001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">new url;</div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/14006001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/06/14006001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />COMMERCIAL IN CONFIDENCE<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />3.2 Minute 5.3 - 5.4 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />It was reported that some replies had been received from Companies using pituitary glands in their products. Copies of the BSE document had also been sent to DHSS and NIBSC.<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />and then another 3 + pages of blank space. ...TSS<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/09/06005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/09/06005001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102164813/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/09/06005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102164813/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/09/06005001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">new url;</div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143134/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/09/06005001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143134/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/09/06005001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />COMMERCIAL IN CONFIDENCE<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />BSE - CURRENT POSITION WITH VETERINARY LICENCED PRODUCTS (MA.1968)<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />There are three areas of particular concern, vaccines (including emergency vaccines), pharmaceuticals which are covered by MA licences and unlicenses hormonal products produced under exemptions claimed under (Section 9(2) Medicines Act).<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />1) Vaccines<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/06005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/06005001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080103033809/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/06005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080103033809/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/06005001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">new url;</div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143144/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/06005001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143144/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/06005001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">NOT FOR PUBLICATION<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />another 6 pages of blank space. ...TSS<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/11/01012001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/11/01012001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080103032658/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/11/01012001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080103032658/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/11/01012001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">new url;</div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143149/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/11/01012001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143149/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/11/01012001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/11/04003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/11/04003001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080103032631/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/11/04003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080103032631/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/11/04003001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">new url;</div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506070206/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/11/04003001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506070206/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/11/04003001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/04/00007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/04/00007001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080103033926/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/04/00007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080103033926/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/04/00007001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">new url;</div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143048/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/04/00007001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143048/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/04/00007001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" />COMMERCIAL IN CONFIDENCE<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/07/00007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/07/00007001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080103034137/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/07/00007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080103034137/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/07/00007001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">new url;</div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143123/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/07/00007001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143123/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/07/00007001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" />COMMERCIAL IN CONFIDENCE<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />Medicines Act - Veterinary Products Committee<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/09/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/09/00004001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080103034140/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/09/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080103034140/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/09/00004001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">new url;</div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143129/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/09/00004001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143129/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/09/00004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" />COMMERCIAL IN CONFIDENCE<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00003001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102164744/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102164744/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">new url;</div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143137/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00003001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143137/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00003001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" />MANAGEMENT IN CONFIDENCE<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />CERTIFIED BSE-FREE HERDS FOR SOURCE OF MATERIAL FOR BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/04001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/04001001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102184729/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/04001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102184729/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/04001001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">new url;</div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143157/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/04001001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143157/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/04001001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" />Subject: BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001<br style="outline: none;" />Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800<br style="outline: none;" />From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <br style="outline: none;" />Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <br style="outline: none;" />To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />[host Richard Barns] and now a question from Terry S. Singeltary of CJD Watch.<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />[TSS] yes, thank you, U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds?<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />[no answer, you could hear in the back ground, mumbling and 'we can't. have him ask the question again.]<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />[host Richard] could you repeat the question?<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />[TSS] U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds?<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />[not sure whom ask this] what group are you with?<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />[TSS] CJD Watch, my Mom died from hvCJD and we are tracking CJD world-wide.<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />[not sure who is speaking] could you please disconnect Mr. Singeltary<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />[TSS] you are not going to answer my question?<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />[not sure whom speaking] NO<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />from this point, i was still connected, got to listen and tape the whole conference. at one point someone came on, a woman, and ask again;<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />[unknown woman] what group are you with?<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />[TSS] CJD Watch and my Mom died from hvCJD we are trying to tract down CJD and other human TSE's world wide. i was invited to sit in on this from someone inside the USDA/APHIS and that is why i am here. do you intend on banning me from this conference now?<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />at this point the conference was turned back up, and i got to finish listening. They never answered or even addressed my one question, or even addressed the issue. BUT, i will try and give you a run-down for now, of the conference.<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />snip...full text ;<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/14th-international-congress-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/01/14th-international-congress-on.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />COMMERCIAL IN CONFIDENCE<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />NOT FOR PUBLICATION<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />COMMITTEE ON SAFETY OF MEDICINES<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />another 6 pages or so that are blank. ...TSS<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/26007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/26007001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102185137/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/26007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102185137/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/26007001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">new url;</div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143205/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/26007001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143205/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/26007001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/30001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/30001001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102184613/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/30001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102184613/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/30001001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">new url;</div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143213/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/30001001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143213/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/01/30001001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" />COMMERCIAL IN CONFIDENCE<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />NOT FOR PUBLICATION<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />COMMITTEE ON SAFETY OF MEDICINES<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />WORKING PARTY ON BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />7.2.1. Products with bovine brain/lymphoid tissue as ingredients and administered by injection...[111]<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />7.2.2 Products with bovine ingredients (other than brain/lymphoid tissue) and administered by injection...[135]<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />7.2.3 Tissue implants, open wound dressings, surgical materials, dental and opthalmic products with bovine ingredients...[27]<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />7.2.4. Products with bovine ingredients and administered topically...[5]<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />7.2.5 Products with bovine ingredients and administered orally...[9]<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />7.2.6 Products with other animal/insect/bird ingredients and administered:<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />a. by injection a: 117<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />b. by topically b: 6<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />c. orally c: 8<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />7.2.7 Products with materials produced from animal material by chemical processes, eg stearic acid, gelatin and lanolin...[156]<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />With two exceptions, the replies to date have not given any immediate cause for concern, although 176 products do not conform to the CSM/VPC guidelines.<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />8. The first exception was from which gave very limited information about a very large number of homoepathic medicines with material obtained from cattle and a number with material from the brain. Of these, 53 were injectable products of which 20 were derived from cattle brain. A list of these products is attached as Appendix 1 to Annex D. The second exception relates to the product, 'Surgical Catgut', which is sourced from UK bovine intestines and will contain lymphoid material...<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" />see full text ;<br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/09/06011001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #956839; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/09/06011001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102164420/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/09/06011001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102164420/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/09/06011001.pdf</a></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;">new url;</div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><br /></div><div class="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344entry-content" id="ydpe0925f54yiv7148213344post-body-2253933740325611850" style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; outline: none;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143231/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/09/06011001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090718143231/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/09/06011001.pdf</a><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">NEVER SAY NEVER, WITH RELATIONS TO LIVE VACCINES AND THE TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TSE PRION DISEASE. VETERINARY PHARMACEUTICALS, VACCINES, AND TRANSMISSION THEREFROM TSE PRION DISEASE HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED SEVERAL TIMES IN THE FIELD. so, i hope that these products are no long available...</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Subject: Louping-ill vaccine documents from November 23rd, 1946 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Date: Sat, 9 Sep 2000 17:44:57 -0700 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">######### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">THE VETERINARY RECORD 516 No 47. Vol. 58 November 23rd, 1946</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">NATIONAL VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">ANNUAL CONGRESS, 1946</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The annual Congress, 1946, was held at the Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, N.W.I. from September 22nd to September 27th.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Opening Meeting</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">[skip to scrapie vaccine issue...tss]</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Papers Presented to Congress</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The papers presented to this year's Congress had as their general theme the progressive work of the profession during the war years. Their appeal was clearly demonstrated by the large and remarkably uniform attendance in the Grand Hall of the Royal Veterinary College throughout the series; between 200 and 250 members were present and they showed a keen interest in every paper, which was reflected in the expression of some disappointment that the time available for discussion did not permit of the participation of more than a small proportion of would-be contributors.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In this issue we publish (below) the first to be read and discussed, that by Dr. W. S. Gordon, M.R.C.V.S., F.R.S.E., "Advances in Veterinary Research." Next week's issue will contain the paper on "Some Recent Advances in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery in Large-Animal Practice" by Mr. T. Norman Gold, M.R.C.V.S. In succeeding numbers of the Record will be reproduced, also with reports of discussions, that by Mr. W. L. Weipers, M.R.C.V.S., D.V.S.M., on the same subject as relating to small-animal practice, and the papers by Mr. J. N. Ritchie, B.SC., M.R.C.V.S., D.V.S.M., and Mr. H.W. Steele-Bodger, M.R.C.V.S., on "War-time Achievements of the British Home Veterinary Services."</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The first scientific paper of Congress was read by Dr. W. S. Gordon, M.R.C.V.S., F.R.S.E. on Monday, September 23rd, 1946, when Professor J. Basil Buxton, M.A., F.R.C.V.S, D.V.H., Prinicipal of the Royal Veterinary College, presided.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Advances in Veterinary Research</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">by</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">W.S. GORDON, PH.D., M.R.C.V.S., F.R.S.E.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Agriculteral Research Council, Field Station, Compton, Berks.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Louping-ill, Tick-borne Fever and Scrapie</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In 1930 Pool, Browniee & Wilson recorded that louping-ill was a transmissible disease. Greig et al, (1931) showed that the infective agent was a filter-passing virus with neurotropic characters and Browniee & Wilson (1932) that the essential pathology was that of an encephalomyelitis. Gordon, Browniee, Wilson & MacLeod (1932) and MacLeod & Gordon (1932) confirmed and extended this work. It was shown that on louping-ill farms the virus was present in the blood of many sheep which did not show clinical symptoms indicating involvement of the central nervous system and that for the perpetuation and spread of the disease these subclinical cases were probably of greater importance that the frank clinical cases because, in Nature, the disease was spread by the tick, lxodes ricinus L. More recently Wilson (1945, 1946) has described the cultivation of the virus in a chick embryo medium, the pathogenic properties of this culture virus and the preparation of louping-ill antiserum.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Between 1931 and 1934 I carried out experiments which resulted in the development of an effective vaccine for the prevention of louping-ill.* This vaccine has been in general use since 1935 and in his annual report to the Animal Diseases Research Association this year, Dr. Greig stated that about 227,000 doses of vaccine had been issued from Moredun alone.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Dr. Gordon illustrated this portion of his paper by means of graphs and diagrams projected by the epidiascope.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This investigation, however, did not begin and end with the study of louping-ill; it had, by good fortune, a more romantic turn and less fortunately a final dramtic twist which led almost to catastrope. After it had been established that a solid immunity to louping-ill could be induced in sheep, a group of immunized and a group of susceptible animals were placed together on the tick-infected pasture of a louping-ill farm. Each day all the animals were gathered and their temperatures were recorded. It was anticipated that febrile reactions with some fatalities would develop in the controls while the louping-ill immunes would remain normal. Contrary to expectation, however, every sheep, both immune and control, developed a febrile reaction. This unexpected result made neccessary further investigation which showed that the febrile reaction in the louping-ill immunes was due to a hitherto undescribed infective agent, a Rickettsia-like organism which could be observed in the cytoplasm of the grannular leucocytes, especially the neutrophil polymorphs (MacLeod (1932), Gordon, Browniee, Wilson & MacLeod. MacLeod & Gordon (1933). MacLeod (1936). MacLeod collected ticks over many widely separated parts of Scotland and all were found to harbour the infective agent of tick-borne fever, and it is probable that all sheep on tick-infested farms develop this disease, at least on the first occasion that they become infested with ticks. When the infection is passed in series through susceptible adult sheep it causes a sever, febrile reaction, dullness and loss of bodily condition but it rarely, if ever, proves fatal. It is clear, however, that it aggravates the harmful effects of a louping-ill infection and it is a serious additional complication to such infections as pyaemia and the anacrobic infections which beset lambs on the hill farms of Northern Britain.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Studying the epidemiology of louping-ill on hill farms it became obvious that the pyaemic condition of lambs described by M'Fadyean (1894) was very prevalent on tick infested farms Pyaemia is a crippling condition of lambs associated with tick-bite and is often confused with louping-ill. It is caused by infection with Staphylococcus aureus and affected animals may show abscess formation on the skin, in the joints, viscera, meninges and elsewhere in the body. It was thought that tick-borne fever might have ben a predisposing factor in this disease and unsuccessful attempts were made by Taylor, Holman & Gordon (1941) to reproduce the condition by infecting lambs subcutaneously with the staphylococcus and concurrently produceing infections with tickborne fever and louping-ill in the same lambs. Work on pyaemia was then continued by McDiarmid (1946a, 1946b, 1946c), who succeeded in reproducing a pyaemic disease in mice, guinea-pigs and lambs similar to the naturally occuring condition by intravenous inoculation of Staphylococcus aureus. He also found a bacteraemic form of the disease in which no gross pyaemic lesions were observed. The prevention or treatment of this condition presents a formidable problem. It is unlikely that staphylococcal ???oid will provide an effective immunity and even if penicillin proved to be a successful treatment, the difficulty of applying it in adequate and sustained dosage to young lambs on hill farms would be almost insurmountable.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">>From 1931 to 1934 field trials to test the immunizing value and harmlessness of the loup-ill vaccine were carried out on a gradually increasing scale. Many thousands of sheep were vaccinated and similar numbers, living under identical conditions were left as controls. The end result showed that an average mortability of about 9 percent in the controls was reduced to less than 1 percent in the vaccinated animals. While the efficiency of the vaccine was obvious after the second year of work, previous bitter experience had shown the wisdom of withholding a biological product from widespread use until it had been successfully produced in bulk, as opposed to small-scale experimental production and until it had been thoroughly tested for immunizing efficiency and freedom from harmful effects. It was thought that after four years testing this stage had been reached in 1935, and in the spring of that year the vaccine was issued for general use. It comprised a 10 percent saline suspension of brain, spinal cord and spleen tissues taken from sheep five days after infection with louping-ill virus by intracerebral inoculation. To this suspension 0-35 percent of formalin was added to inactivate the virus and its safety for use as a vaccine was checked by intracerbral inoculation of mice and sheep and by the inoculation of culture medium. Its protective power was proved by vaccination sheep and later subjecting them, along with controls, to a test dose of living virus.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Vaccine for issue had to be free from detectable, living virus and capable of protecting sheep against a test dose of virus applied subcutaneously. The 1935 vaccine conformed to these standards and was issued for inoculation in March as three separate batches labelled 1, 2, and 3. The tissues of 140 sheep were employed to make batch 1 of which 22,270 doses were used; 114 to make batch 2 of which 18,000 doses were used and 44 to make batch 3 of which 4,360 doses were used. All the sheep tissues incorporated in the vaccine were obtained from yearling sheep. During 1935 and 1936 the vaccine proved highly efficient in the prevention of louping-ill and no user observed an ill-effect in the inoculated animals. In September, 1937, two and a half years after vaccinating the sheep, two owners complained that scrapie, a disease which had not before been observed in the Blackface breed, was appearing in their stock of Blackface sheep and further that it was confined to animals vaccinated with louping-ill vaccine in 1935. At that stage it was difficult to conceive that the occurrence could be associated with the injection of the vaccine but in view of the implications, I visited most of the farms on which sheep had been vaccinated in 1935. It was at this point that the investigation reached its dramatic phase; I shall not forget the profound effect on my emotions when I visited these farms and was warmly welcomed because of the great benefits resulting from the application of louping-ill vaccine, wheras the chief purpose of my visit was to determine if scrapie was appearing in the inoculated sheep. The enquiry made the position clear. Scrapie was developing in the sheep vaccinated in 1935 and it was only in a few instances that the owner was associating the occurrence with louping-ill vaccination. The disease was affecting all breeds and it was confined to the animals vaccinated with batch 2. This was clearly demonstrated on a number of farms on which batch 1 had been used to inoculate the hoggs in 1935 and batch 2 to inoculate the ewes. None of the hoggs, which at this time were three- year-old ewes. At this time it was difficult to forecast whether all of the 18,000 sheep which had received batch 2 vaccine would develop scrapie. It was fortunate, however, that the majority of the sheep vaccinated with batch 2 were ewes and therefore all that were four years old and upwards at the time of vaccination had already been disposed of and there only remained the ewes which had been two to three years old at the time of vaccination, consequently no accurate assessment of the incidence of scrapie could be made. On a few farms, however, where vaccination was confined to hoggs, the incidence ranged from 1 percent, to 35 percent, with an average of about 5 percent. Since batch 2 vaccine had been incriminated as a probable source of scrapie infection, an attempt was made to trace the origin of the 112 sheep whose tissues had been included in the vaccine. It was found that they had been supplied by three owners and that all were of the Blackface or Greyface breed with the exception of eight which were Cheviot lambs born in 1935 from ewes which had been in contact with scrapie infection. Some of these contact ewes developed scrapie in 1936-37 and three surviving fellow lambs to the eight included in the batch 2 vaccine of 1935 developed scrapie, one in September, 1936, one in February, 1937, and one in November, 1937. There was, therefore, strong presumptive evidence that the eight Cheviot lambs included in the vaccine although apparently healthy were, in fact, in the incubation stage of a scrapie infection and that in their tissues there was an infective agent which had contaminated the batch 2 vaccine, rendering it liable to set up scrapie. If that assumption was correct then the evidence indicated that:-</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">(1) the infective agent of scrapie was present in the brain, spinal cord and or spleen of infected sheep: (2) it could withstand a concentration of formalin of 0-35 percent, which inactivated the virus of louping-ill: (3) it could be transmitted by subcutaneous inoculation; (4) it had an incubation period of two years and longer.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Two Frenchmen, Cuille & Chelle (1939) as the result of experiments commenced in 1932, reported the successful infection of sheep by inoculation of emulsions of spinal cord or brain material by the intracerebral, epidural, intraocular and subcutaneous routes The incubation period varied according to the route employed, being one year intracerebrally, 15 months intraocularly and 20 months subcutaneously. They failed to infect rabbits but succeeded in infecting goats. Another important part of their work showed that the infective agent could pass through a chamberland 1.3 filter, thus demonstrating that the infective agent was a filtrable virus. It was a curious coincidence that while they were doing their transmission experiments their work was being confirmed by the unforeseeable infectivity of a formalinized tissue vaccine.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">As a result of this experience a large-scale transmission experiment involving the use of 788 sheep was commenced in 1938 on a farm specially taken for the purpose by the Animal Diseases Research Association with funds provided by the Agricultural Research Council. The experiment was designed to determine the nature of the infective agent and the pathogenesis of the disease. It is only possible here to give a summary of the result which showed that (1) saline suspensions of brain and spinal cord tissue of sheep affected with scrapie were infective to normal sheep when inoculated intracerebrally or subcutaneously; (2) the incubation period after intracerebral inoculation was seven months and upwards and only 60 percent of the inoculated sheep developed scrapie during a period of four and a half years; (3) the incubation period after subcutaneous inoculation was 15 months and upwards and only about 30 percent of the inoculated sheep developed the disease during the four and a half years: (4) the infective agent was of small size and probably a filtrable virus.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The prolonged incubation period of the disease and the remarkable resistance of the causal agent to formalin are features of distinct interest. It still remains to determine if a biological test can be devised to detect infected animals so that they can be killed for food before they develop clinical symptoms and to explore the possibilities of producing an immunity to the disease...</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">snip...end...TSS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">=====</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">source, CJ Gibbs, sent to me via US Postal, way back...terry</div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">=====</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrapie" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrapie</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Evidence for the transmission of scrapie to sheep and goats from a vaccine against Mycoplasma agalactiae</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">M. Caramelli DVetMed, PhD, G. Ru DVetMed, PhD, C. Casalone DVetMed, E. Bozzetta DVetMed, P. L. Acutis DVetMed, A. Calella PharmChem, PhD, G. Forloni BSc, PhD</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">An accidental infection from a vaccine was suggested as the explanation for the sudden increase in outbreaks of scrapie in Italy in 1997 and 1998. This paper describes a recent outbreak of scrapie in sheep and goats which were exposed to the same vaccine. No ewes or goats had been imported into the herd since 1992, but a vaccine against Mycoplasma agalactiae had been administered twice, in 1995 and 1997. High rates of crude mortality and scrapie incidence were experienced by both species, all birth cohorts were involved and a large proportion of aged animals was affected. A pattern of brain lesions was observed, with slight differences between the sheep and goats, which was very similar to the pattern observed in animals previously exposed to the same vaccine but clearly different from that observed in the brains of sheep with scrapie in a flock not exposed to the vaccine. Regardless of their exposure status, genotype analysis of the sheep showed the presence of polymorphism only at codon 171. The patterns of both incidence and brain lesions provide evidence that the epidemic of scrapie was due to the use of the vaccine.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.148.17.531" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.148.17.531</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">APHIS Indemnity Regulations [Docket No. APHIS-2021-0010] RIN 0579-AE65 Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Sep 8, 2022</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://usdasearch.usda.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=usda&query=2005+bse&commit=Search" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://usdasearch.usda.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=usda&query=2005+bse&commit=Search</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS DOCKET NUMBER DOCKET NO. FSIS-2022-0027 SINGELTARY SUBMISSION ATTACHMENT</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">SO, WHO'S UP FOR SOME MORE TSE PRION POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$ </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">SO, ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">SNIP...SEE;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">THURSDAY, JULY 8, 2021 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">EFSA Scientific report on the analysis of the 2‐year compulsory intensified monitoring of atypical scrapie</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="color: #666666; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Comment from Singeltary, Terry Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Mar 11, 2021</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Greetings APHIS et al, i would kindly like to comment on Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Greetings APHIS et al, i would kindly like to comment on Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 1st and foremost your biggest problem is 'VOLUNTARY'! AS with the BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, especially since it is still voluntary with cervid, knowing full well that cwd and scrapie will transmit to pigs by oral route. VOLUNTARY DOES NOT WORK! all animal products should be banned and be made mandatory, and the herd certification program should be mandatory, or you don't move cervid. IF THE CWD HERD CERTIFICATION IS NOT MANDATORY, it will be another colossal tse prion failure from the start.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 2nd USA should declare a Declaration of Extraordinary Emergency due to CWD, and all exports of cervid and cervid products must be stopped internationally, and there should be a ban of interstate movement of cervid, until a live cwd test is available.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 3rd Captive Farmed cervid ESCAPEES should be made mandatory to report immediately, and strict regulations for those suspect cwd deer that just happen to disappear. IF a cervid escapes and is not found, that farm should be indefinitely shut down, all movement, until aid MIA cervid is found, and if not ever found, that farm shut down permanently.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 4th Captive Farmed Cervid, INDEMNITY, NO MORE Federal indemnity program, or what i call, ENTITLEMENT PROGRAM for game farm industry. NO MORE BAIL OUTS FROM TAX PAYERS. if the captive industry can't buy insurance to protect not only themselves, but also their customers, and especially the STATE, from Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion or what some call mad deer disease and harm therefrom, IF they can't afford to buy that insurance that will cover all of it, then they DO NOT GET A PERMIT to have a game farm for anything. This CWD TSE Prion can/could/has caused property values to fall from some reports in some places. roll the dice, how much is a state willing to lose?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 5th QUARANTINE OF ALL FARMED CAPTIVE, BREEDERS, URINE, ANTLER, VELVET, SPERM, OR ANY FACILITY, AND THEIR PRODUCTS, that has been confirmed to have Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion, the QUARANTINE should be for 21 years due to science showing what scrapie can do. 5 years is NOT near long enough. see; Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 to 21 years.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 6th America BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS CWD TSE Prion</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 7TH TRUCKING TRANSPORTING CERVID CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE TSE PRION VIOLATING THE LACEY ACT</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 8TH ALL CAPTIVE FARMING CERVID OPERATIONS MUST BE INSURED TO PAY FOR ANY CLEAN UP OF CWD AND QUARANTINE THERE FROM FOR THE STATE, NO MORE ENTITLEMENT PROGRAM FOR CERVID GAME FARMING PAY TO PLAY FOR CWD TSE PRION OFF THE TAX PAYERS BACK.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 9TH ANY STATE WITH DOCUMENTED CWD, INTERSTATE, NATIONAL, AND INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF ALL CERVID, AND ALL CERVID PRODUCTS MUST BE HALTED!</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 10TH BAN THE SALE OF STRAW BRED BUCKS AND ALL CERVID SEMEN AND URINE PRODUCTS</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 11th ALL CAPTIVE FARMED CERVID AND THEIR PRODUCTS MUST BE CWD TSE PRION TESTED ANNUALLY AND BEFORE SALE FOR CWD TSE PRION</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SEE FULL SCIENCE REFERENCES AND REASONINGS ;</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 1st and foremost your biggest problem is 'VOLUNTARY'!</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''APHIS created a cooperative, voluntary Federal-State-private sector CWD Herd Certification Program designed to identify farmed or captive herds infected with CWD.''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">key word failure is 'voluntary'.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">WE know for a fact now that voluntary does NOT WORK!</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">AS with the BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS (see , another colossal failure, and proven to be a sham, especially since it is still voluntary with cervid, knowing full well that cwd and scrapie will transmit to pigs by oral route. VOLUNTARY DOES NOT WORK! all animal products should be banned and be made mandatory, and the herd certification program should be mandatory, or you don't move cervid. IF THE CWD HERD CERTIFICATION IS NOT MANDATORY, it will be another colossal tse prion failure from the start.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 2nd USA should declare a Declaration of Extraordinary Emergency due to CWD, and all exports of cervid and cervid products must be stopped internationally, and there should be a ban of interstate movement of cervid, until a live cwd test is available.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">***> 3rd Captive Farmed cervid ESCAPEES should be made mandatory to report immediately, and strict regulations for those suspect cwd deer that just happen to disappear. IF a cervid escapes and is not found, that farm should be indefinitely shut down, all movement, until aid MIA cervid is found, and if not ever found, that farm shut down permanently. ...snip...see full text submission with science references...TSS</div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div style="color: #666666; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><pre style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none; white-space: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px; outline: none;">APHIS Indemnity Regulations [Docket No. APHIS-2021-0010] RIN 0579-AE65 Singeltary Comment Submission</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none; white-space: normal;"><h1 class="ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bh3 ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bmt-0 ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bmb-1 ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bfont-weight-bold ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bjs-title" style="color: #333333; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.42858; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline: none;">Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</h1><div class="ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308blead ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308btext-muted ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bmb-3 ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5; outline: none;">Posted by the <span style="font-weight: 700; outline: none;">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</span> on Sep 8, 2022</div><div class="ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308blead ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308btext-muted ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bmb-3 ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div class="ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308blead ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308btext-muted ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bmb-3 ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; outline: none;" target="_blank"></a><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div class="ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308blead ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308btext-muted ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bmb-3 ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div class="ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308blead ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308btext-muted ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bmb-3 ydpc76576cbyiv1864795468ydpe7ef0460yiv0738357682ydp2dcb7839yiv6242491086ydp2f1064b1yiv3142836338ydp6896681dyiv7030052098ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5; outline: none;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pd</a></div></div></pre></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 17, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">TEXAS OVERVIEW OF STATE RESPONSE TO CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION April 2019 a Review<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/texas-overview-of-state-response-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/02/texas-overview-of-state-response-to.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;" /></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 <flounder9@verizon.net><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br /></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-15370420094811028542022-12-13T12:53:00.003-06:002022-12-13T15:38:29.705-06:00Scrapie and CJD, Suspect Symptoms, Like Lambs To the Slaughter, a review 2022<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Scrapie and CJD, Suspect Symptoms, Like Lambs To the Slaughter, a review 2022</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">2001</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Suspect symptoms</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">What if you can catch old-fashioned CJD by eating meat from a sheep infected with scrapie?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">28 Mar 01</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Like lambs to the slaughter</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">31 March 2001</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">by Debora MacKenzie Magazine issue 2284.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">FOUR years ago, Terry Singeltary watched his mother die horribly from a degenerative brain disease. Doctors told him it was Alzheimer's, but Singeltary was suspicious. The diagnosis didn't fit her violent symptoms, and he demanded an autopsy. It showed she had died of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Most doctors believe that sCJD is caused by a prion protein deforming by chance into a killer. But Singeltary thinks otherwise. He is one of a number of campaigners who say that some sCJD, like the variant CJD related to BSE, is caused by eating meat from infected animals. Their suspicions have focused on sheep carrying scrapie, a BSE-like disease that is widespread in flocks across Europe and North America.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Now scientists in France have stumbled across new evidence that adds weight to the campaigners' fears. To their complete surprise, the researchers found that one strain of scrapie causes the same brain damage in mice as sCJD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">"This means we cannot rule out that at least some sCJD may be caused by some strains of scrapie," says team member Jean-Philippe Deslys of the French Atomic Energy Commission's medical research laboratory in Fontenay-aux-Roses, south-west of Paris. Hans Kretschmar of the University of Göttingen, who coordinates CJD surveillance in Germany, is so concerned by the findings that he now wants to trawl back through past sCJD cases to see if any might have been caused by eating infected mutton or lamb.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Scrapie has been around for centuries and until now there has been no evidence that it poses a risk to human health. But if the French finding means that scrapie can cause sCJD in people, countries around the world may have overlooked a CJD crisis to rival that caused by BSE.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Deslys and colleagues were originally studying vCJD, not sCJD. They injected the brains of macaque monkeys with brain from BSE cattle, and from French and British vCJD patients. The brain damage and clinical symptoms in the monkeys were the same for all three. Mice injected with the original sets of brain tissue or with infected monkey brain also developed the same symptoms.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">As a control experiment, the team also injected mice with brain tissue from people and animals with other prion diseases: a French case of sCJD; a French patient who caught sCJD from human-derived growth hormone; sheep with a French strain of scrapie; and mice carrying a prion derived from an American scrapie strain. As expected, they all affected the brain in a different way from BSE and vCJD. But while the American strain of scrapie caused different damage from sCJD, the French strain produced exactly the same pathology.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">"The main evidence that scrapie does not affect humans has been epidemiology," says Moira Bruce of the neuropathogenesis unit of the Institute for Animal Health in Edinburgh, who was a member of the same team as Deslys. "You see about the same incidence of the disease everywhere, whether or not there are many sheep, and in countries such as New Zealand with no scrapie." In the only previous comparisons of sCJD and scrapie in mice, Bruce found they were dissimilar.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">But there are more than 20 strains of scrapie, and six of sCJD. "You would not necessarily see a relationship between the two with epidemiology if only some strains affect only some people," says Deslys. Bruce is cautious about the mouse results, but agrees they require further investigation. Other trials of scrapie and sCJD in mice, she says, are in progress.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">People can have three different genetic variations of the human prion protein, and each type of protein can fold up two different ways. Kretschmar has found that these six combinations correspond to six clinical types of sCJD: each type of normal prion produces a particular pathology when it spontaneously deforms to produce sCJD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">But if these proteins deform because of infection with a disease-causing prion, the relationship between pathology and prion type should be different, as it is in vCJD. "If we look at brain samples from sporadic CJD cases and find some that do not fit the pattern," says Kretschmar, "that could mean they were caused by infection."</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">There are 250 deaths per year from sCJD in the US, and a similar incidence elsewhere. Singeltary and other US activists think that some of these people died after eating contaminated meat or "nutritional" pills containing dried animal brain. Governments will have a hard time facing activists like Singeltary if it turns out that some sCJD isn't as spontaneous as doctors have insisted.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Deslys's work on macaques also provides further proof that the human disease vCJD is caused by BSE. And the experiments showed that vCJD is much more virulent to primates than BSE, even when injected into the bloodstream rather than the brain. This, says Deslys, means that there is an even bigger risk than we thought that vCJD can be passed from one patient to another through contaminated blood transfusions and surgical instruments.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16922840.300-like-lambs-to-the-slaughter.html" style="color: #196ad4;">www.newscientist.com/article/mg16922840.300-like-lambs-to-the-slaughter.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div><div>Adaptation of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent to primates and comparison with Creutzfeldt– Jakob disease: Implications for human health</div><div><br /></div><div>Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Jean-Guy Fournier, Virginie Nouvel, +8, and Jean-Philippe DeslysAuthors Info & Affiliations</div><div><br /></div><div>March 20, 2001</div><div><br /></div><div>98 (7) 4142-4147</div><div><br /></div><div>https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.041490898</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>There is substantial scientific evidence to support the notion that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has contaminated human beings, causing variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD). This disease has raised concerns about the possibility of an iatrogenic secondary transmission to humans, because the biological properties of the primate-adapted BSE agent are unknown. We show that (i) BSE can be transmitted from primate to primate by intravenous route in 25 months, and (ii) an iatrogenic transmission of vCJD to humans could be readily recognized pathologically, whether it occurs by the central or peripheral route. Strain typing in mice demonstrates that the BSE agent adapts to macaques in the same way as it does to humans and confirms that the BSE agent is responsible for vCJD not only in the United Kingdom but also in France. The agent responsible for French iatrogenic growth hormone-linked CJD taken as a control is very different from vCJD but is similar to that found in one case of sporadic CJD and one sheep scrapie isolate. These data will be key in identifying the origin of human cases of prion disease, including accidental vCJD transmission, and could provide bases for vCJD risk assessment.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion</div><div><br /></div><div>One aim of this study was to determine the risk of secondary transmission to humans of vCJD, which is caused not by a primarily human strain of TSE agent but by the BSE strain having passed the species barrier to humans. This risk is tightly linked to the capacity of the BSE agent to adapt to primates and harbor enhanced virulence (i.e., induce disease after a short incubation period and provoke disease even if highly diluted) and to its pathogenicity after inoculation by the peripheral route. With respect to the latter, there are huge variations between different TSE agent strains and hosts. For example, the BSE agent is pathogenic to pigs after i.c. inoculation but not after oral administration (23). Thus, we wanted to know to what extent the BSE/vCJD agent is pathogenic to humans by the i.c. and i.v. routes. To achieve this, we used the macaque model. To monitor the evolution of the BSE agent in primates, but also to verify the identity of French vCJD, we conducted parallel transmission to C57BL/6 mice, allowing strain-typing. The experimental scheme is depicted in Fig. 1.</div><div><br /></div><div>Characterization of the BSE Agent in Primates.</div><div><br /></div><div>The identity of the lesion profiles obtained from the brains of the French patient with vCJD, two British patients with vCJD, and nonhuman primates infected with BSE provides experimental demonstration of the fact that the BSE agent strain has been transmitted to humans both in the U.K. and in France. Further, it lends support to the validity of the macaque model as a powerful tool for the study of vCJD. As far as the evolution of the BSE agent in primates is concerned, we observed an interesting phenomenon: at first passage of BSE in macaques and with vCJD, there was a polymorphism of the lesion profile in mice in the hippocampal region, with about half of them harboring much more severe vacuolation than the mice inoculated with cattle BSE. At second passage, the polymorphism tended to disappear, with all mice showing higher vacuolation scores in the hippocampus than cattle BSE mice. This observation suggests the appearance of a variant of the BSE agent at first passage in primates and its clonal selection during second passage in primates. The lesion profiles showed that it was still the BSE agent, but the progressive appearance of a “hippocampal signature” hallmarked the evolution toward a variant by essence more virulent to primates.</div><div><br /></div><div>Characterization of the CJD and Scrapie Strains.</div><div><br /></div><div>Controls were set up by transmitting one French and one U.S. scrapie isolate from ruminants as well as French sCJD and iCJD cases from humans. None of these revealed a lesion profile or transmission characteristics similar or close to those of BSE or vCJD, respectively, thus extending to the present French scrapie isolate the previous observation that the BSE agent was different from all known natural scrapie strains (4, 24).</div><div><br /></div><div>The lesion profiles of sCJD and iCJD differed only slightly in severity of the lesions, but not in shape of the profile, revealing the identity of the causative agents. One of us reported the absence of similarity between sCJD (six cases) and U.K. scrapie (eight cases) in transmission characteristics in mice (4). Herein, we made the striking observation that the French natural scrapie strain (but not the U.S. scrapie strain) has the same lesion profile and transmission times in C57BL/6 mice as do the two human TSE strains studied. This strain “affiliation” was confirmed biochemically. There is no epidemiological evidence for a link between sheep scrapie and the occurrence of CJD in humans (25). However, such a link, if it is not a general rule, would be extremely difficult to establish because of the very low incidence of CJD as well as the existence of different isolates in humans and multiple strains in scrapie. Moreover, scrapie is transmissible to nonhuman primates (26). Thus, there is still a possibility that in some instances TSE strains infecting humans do share a common origin with scrapie, as pointed out by our findings.</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of vCJD and BSE to Nonhuman Primates.</div><div><br /></div><div>vCJD transmitted readily to the cynomolgus macaque after 2 years of incubation, which was comparable to the transmission obtained from first-passaged macaque BSE and much shorter than the interspecies transmission of BSE. Starting with 100 mg of BSE–macaque brain material, dilutions up to 4 μg still provoked disease. These data suggest that the BSE agent rapidly adapts to primates accompanied by enhanced virulence.</div><div><br /></div><div>Examination of macaque brain inoculated with vCJD revealed a similar pathology to that with second-passage BSE. The distribution of vacuolation and gliosis, as well as the pattern of PrP deposition, including the dense, sometimes florid plaques, were similar to the human vCJD and the BSE hallmarks of the first passage (1, 2). These data show that the phenotype of BSE in primates is conserved over two passages. Moreover, they confirm that the BSE agent behaves similarly in humans and macaques, a precious finding that will prove useful in the near future for the design of pathogenesis or therapeutic studies. Because of the number of macaques examined in this study, we can now reliably state that the pathology, in particular the PrP deposition pattern provoked by BSE, is similar in older and very young animals. However, plaque deposition is greater, and mature florid plaques were more numerous, in the young, which may be correlated with a longer duration of the clinical phase observed in this animal (2). This is important with regard to the fact that vCJD has been diagnosed mainly in teenagers and young adults, which raises the concern that older patients may have been misdiagnosed because of an alternative phenotype of the disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>One should bear in mind, however, that cynomolgus macaques are all homozygotes for methionine at codon 129 of the PrP gene. Thus, our observations may not be relevant to humans carrying one or both valine alleles; however, all patients with vCJD reported to date have been M/M at this position (27). Intravenous Transmissions to Nonhuman Primates.</div><div><br /></div><div>Brain pathology was identical in macaques inoculated i.c. and i.v. The i.v. route proved to be very efficient for the transmission of BSE, as shown by the 2-year survival of the animals, which is only 5 months longer than that obtained after inoculating the same amount of agent i.c. As the i.v. injection of the infectious agent implies per se a delayed neuroinvasion compared with a direct inoculation in the brain, this slight lengthening of the incubation period cannot, at this stage, be interpreted as a lower efficiency of infection as regards the i.c. route. These data should be taken into account in the risk assessment of iatrogenic vCJD transmission by i.v. administration of biological products of human origin. They also constitute an incentive for a complete i.v. titration.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions</div><div><br /></div><div>From BSE and vCJD transmissions in nonhuman primates, a number of conclusions can be drawn that are of major importance for human health: (i) human-adapted BSE appears to be a variant of the BSE agent that is more virulent for humans than cattle BSE and is efficiently transmitted by the peripheral route; (ii) the detection of vCJD in unusually young patients is probably not because of a lack of diagnosis of cases in older patients, thus raising the question of the source of human contamination with BSE early in life; and (iii) iatrogenic transmissions from patients with vCJD would be readily recognized by using the same diagnostic criteria as those applied to vCJD [clinical and pathological criteria (27) comprising neuronal loss and gliosis in the thalamus correlated with high MRI signal (28, 29)], whether such contaminations had occurred by the central or i.v. route. Primary and iatrogenic cases of vCJD could be distinguished on the basis of the patient's clinical history.</div><div><br /></div><div>The risk assessment of biological products of human origin, notably those derived from blood, has been deeply modified by the appearance of vCJD. We confirm that the BSE agent has contaminated humans not only in the U.K. and the Republic of Ireland but also in France, and we show that its pathogenic properties for primates are being enhanced by a primary passage in humans. Considering the flow of potentially contaminated bovine-derived products between 1980 and 1996, it is obvious that further vCJD cases may occur outside the U.K. Thus, and in the light of the present study, it is necessary to sustain worldwide CJD surveillance regardless of national BSE incidence and to take all precautionary measures to avoid iatrogenic transmissions from vCJD.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.041490898" style="color: #196ad4;">www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.041490898</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: inherit; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: purple; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: purple; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre-wrap;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="ydp1b261149yiv4622995865aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: purple; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: purple; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: purple; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: purple; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="ydp1b261149yiv4622995865aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: purple; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: purple; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="ydp1b261149yiv4622995865aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: purple; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: purple; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="ydp1b261149yiv4622995865aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="ydp1b261149yiv4622995865aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PMID: 6997404</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">76/10.12/4.6</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: small;"> Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: small;">2. Determined that pigs naturally exposed to chronic wasting disease (CWD) may act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Chronic wasting disease is a naturally occurring, fatal, neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of CWD disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation. Pigs were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: intracranially inoculated; orally inoculated; or non-inoculated. At market weight age, half of the pigs in each group were tested ('market weight' groups). The remaining pigs ('aged' groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) by multiple diagnostic methods. Brain samples from selected pigs were bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Some pigs from each inoculated group were positive by one or more tests. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed. Although only small amounts of PrPSc were detected using sensitive methods, this study demonstrates that pigs can serve as hosts for CWD. Detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Currently, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from deer or elk. In addition, feral swine could be exposed to infected carcasses in areas where CWD is present in wildlife populations. The current feed ban in the U.S. is based exclusively on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from entering animal feeds. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to CWD, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a><br /></div></div></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: small;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>LINE TO TAKE</div><div><br /></div><div>3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div><br /></div><div> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div><br /></div><div>DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">(x.) There was concern over the exemption for sausage casings/sutures;[13]</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2017/08/dfa-15-monitoring-and-enforcement-of.html">http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2017/08/dfa-15-monitoring-and-enforcement-of.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/sep00_news.html#hhh" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/sep00_news.html#hhh</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Other US BSE risks: the imported products picture 24 Jul 00 Trade Statistics: UK to US Compiled by Terry S.Singeltary Sr of Bacliff, Texas [Opinion (webmaster): The US has focused for years on tracing, containing, and eradicating live animal imports from the UK or other countries with acknowledged BSE like Belgium, including some 499 cattle and the Vermont sheep. This strategy does not acknowledge imports of rendered bovine products from England during the BSE period nor secondary products such as surgical catgut, which is to say surgical cowgut, or dairy cattle embryos, vaccines for veterinarian and human medicines. What has become of these? Mr. Singeltary, who lost his mother to CJD of unexplained origin a few years back and went on to became a well-known TSE activist, has tracked down voluminous pertinent import data through correspondence with UK officials and searches of government web sites. Imports of such products are frequently cited by Europeans in rating BSE risks in the US and in shutting out US exports.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Many people's eyes glaze over when reviewing reams of sometimes older trade statistics. There is no proof that any of the imported products was contaminated with BSE nor if so, any evidence that any BSE product lead to infection in US livestock, surgical patients, or what not. Nonetheless, the data obtained by Mr. Singeltary establish that an appalling variety and tonnage of products that were imported by the US from the UK and othr BSE-affected countries during the peak of the BSE epidemic years.]</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">10 January 1990 COMMERCIAL IN CONFIDENCE</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">NOT FOR PUBLICATION</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">COMMITTEE ON SAFETY OF MEDICINES</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">WORKING PARTY ON BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">SURGICAL CATGUT SUTURES</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.1 At the first meeting of the Working Party on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy on 6 September 1989, detailed consideration was given to XXXXX Surgical Catgut. This arose from the Company's response to the Letter to Licence Holders, indicating that the bovine small intestine source material was derived from UK cattle, unlike 8 other licenced catgut sutures. In contrast XXXXX Surgical Catgut was stated to hold over 90% share of the market for catgut sutures, and to constitute approximately 83% of all sutures used in U.K.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">IMPORTS OF SUTURES FROM THE KNOWN BSE COUNTRY;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">3006.10.0000: STERILE SURGICAL CATGUT, SIMILAR STERILE SUTURE MATERIALS AND STERILETISSUE ADHESIVES FOR SURGICAL WOUND CLOSURE; AND SIMILAR STERILE MATERIAL </span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">U.S. Imports for Consumption: December 1998 and 1998 Year-to-Date</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Customs Value, in Thousands of Dollars) (Units of Quantity: Kilograms) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...see;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/jul00_dont_eat_sheep.html#hhh" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/jul00_dont_eat_sheep.html#hhh</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white;"><div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Date: April 07, 2004 Time: 13:45</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">DEFRA INVESTIGATES AN UNUSUAL SCRAPIE CASE</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">The Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA) have informed Defra, the Devolved Administrations and the Food Standards Agency of a type of scrapie not previously seen in the UK.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">The VLA and other European laboratories with expertise in scrapie-like diseases have now applied several rapid diagnostic methods to tissue samples from a sheep with suspected scrapie. Some of the methods have indicated that the case does not appear to resemble previously recognized cases of scrapie and, although there were differences, it had some characteristics similar to experimental BSE in sheep and also to an experimental strain of sheep scrapie. More importantly, though, microscopic analysis of brain material showed that the case neither resembled previously recognized types of scrapie or experimental BSE in sheep.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">A meeting of the scientific experts who performed these analyses, held on the 30th March, concluded that this case could not be considered to be BSE in sheep, although it does not behave like known types of scrapie either. Further investigation will be needed before more can be said about how this unusual result should be described.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Defra's Chief Scientific Adviser, Professor Howard Dalton, said "The UK, and especially the VLA, have played an important part in improving the diagnostic methods available for identifying TSEs in sheep. As we continue to assess more samples with these improved methods it is likely that we will continue to find samples, such as this, which fall outside our current knowledge of the disease. Defra, as it does with all research, will continue to consult scientific experts to ensure that we are investigating these cases using the best available techniques and methods."</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">The National Scrapie Plan remains unaffected by this new result and SEAC will be consulted in the near future.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Notes to editors</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">1. Scrapie is a fatal neurological sheep disease belonging to a group of diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), including BSE in cattle and CJD in humans. It has been present in the national flock for over 250 years. It is not considered to be transmissible to humans.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">2. There is a theoretical risk that BSE could be present in sheep, masked by scrapie, but it has not been found naturally occurring in sheep.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">3. There is as yet no definitive diagnostic method that can rapidly distinguish between different TSEs for example scrapie from BSE. Consequently, from time to time the scrapie surveillance programmes in EU member states throw up unusual results that merit further investigations (Defra press release 371/03 refers</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2003/030911a.htm</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040214122913/http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2003/030911a.htm">http://web.archive.org/web/20040214122913/http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2003/030911a.htm</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">4. The VLA have applied several different methods to the sample to compare it to a wide range of previously detected scrapie cases, experimental BSE in sheep and an experimental strain of scrapie, termed CH1461. Two main methods have been used in this analysis:-</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">a. Western blot (WB)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">This involves taking a sample of the brain and treating it with an enzyme proteinase k to destroy the normal prion protein (PrPC). The diseased form of the protein (PrPSc) is able to withstand this treatment and is then separated from other cellular material on a gel. A blot is taken of the gel and the PrPSc is visualized using specific antibodies.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">b. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">This involves taking thin slices of the brain, and by using special (antibody) markers to detect the PrPSc it is possible to see disease specific patterns of PrPSc distribution in the brain under a microscope. The Western blot method found that the sample did not appear to resemble previously recognized cases of scrapie and, although there were some differences, some characteristics were similar to experimental BSE in sheep and also the experimental strain of sheep scrapie, CH1461. IHC found that it neither resembled previously recognised types of scrapie or experimental BSE in sheep</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">5. The tissue sample has now been analyzed using a total of 5 different diagnostic methods claiming to be able to differentiate between scrapie and experimental BSE in sheep. Two were performed at the VLA and three were performed in other European laboratories.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">6. The VLA is the European Reference Laboratory for TSEs and is responsible for co-ordinating such investigations into unusual cases. Their findings will be considered by the European Food Safety Authority's committee of TSE experts and in the UK by the Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (SEAC).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">7. The genotype of the suspect sheep was ARQ/ARQ which is known to be susceptible to some strains of scrapie and, in experiments, to BSE. Background information on scrapie, scrapie genotyping, and the National Scrapie Plan is published on the Defra internet at www.defra.gov.uk/nsp.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">8. For information and advice on BSE in sheep from the FSA please consult their web site at www.foodstandards.gov.uk</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Public enquiries 08459 335577;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Press notices are available on our website www.defra.gov.uk</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Defra's aim is sustainable development</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">End</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Nobel House 17 Smith Square London SW1P 3JR Website www.defra.gov.uk </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.wired-gov.net/</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">TSS</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">########### http://mailhost.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/warc/bse-l.html ############</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">TSE in Sheep Contingency Planning Assessment of Risk due to BSE Infectivity from Disposal of Sheep A report for DEFRA November 2001</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Management Summary It has been recognised for a considerable time that sheep in the United Kingdom may have been infected with BSE. To date no evidence has been found to demonstrate that the national flock is actually infected with the disease. DEFRA have prepared a draft contingency plan in the event that BSE were to be identified in UK sheep. The worst case scenario under this plan is the disposal of the entire UK flock, some 40 million sheep and lambs. This study has estimated the potential exposure of the UK population to BSE infectivity present in sheep in the event that this plan had to be put into effect.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div>TSE in Sheep Contingency Planning Assessment of Risk due to BSE Infectivity from Disposal of Sheep A report for DEFRA November 2001</div><div><br /></div><div>Management Summary</div><div><br /></div><div>It has been recognised for a considerable time that sheep in the United Kingdom may have been infected with BSE. To date no evidence has been found to demonstrate that the national flock is actually infected with the disease. DEFRA have prepared a draft contingency plan in the event that BSE were to be identified in UK sheep. The worst case scenario under this plan is the disposal of the entire UK flock, some 40 million sheep and lambs. This study has estimated the potential exposure of the UK population to BSE infectivity present in sheep in the event that this plan had to be put into effect.</div><div><br /></div><div>The preferred means of disposal of carcasses would be by incineration and/or rendering. However, there would not be sufficient capacity from incineration and rendering for any large scale disposal programme, and it takes time to install additional capacity. Alternative disposal routes would therefore need to be considered. These would include burial, landfill and open air burning. The potential exposure to BSE infectivity has been estimated for each of these disposal routes. The estimates presented assume a medium level of BSE prevalence in sheep (0.1% of scrapie cases are BSE) but it is not intended to imply that this is considered more likely. If the prevalence of BSE in sheep was higher (or lower) the risk estimates would vary in proportion.</div><div><br /></div><div>Based upon the available information the level of risk associated with burial of all sheep and lamb carcases is estimated to be 5.7 x 10-2 human oral ID50 units. Of this, 4.6 x 10-2 human oral ID50 units would be attributable to sheep > 1 year, with the remaining 1.1 x 10-2 associated with lambs. If the burial were to take place in properly designed lined landfill sites with leachate management and treatment facilities, much less infectivity would be released into the groundwater. This would be expected to reduce the exposure by at least 1 and probably 2 orders of magnitude.</div><div><br /></div><div>The risk of exposure associated with open air burning of all sheep and lambs is estimated to be 8.4 x 10-3 human oral ID50 units; 6.8 x 10-3 human oral ID50 units from sheep > 1 year, and 1.6 x 10-3 from lambs. If infectivity was reduced by 99% rather than 90% in open air fires the infectivity ingested would be reduced by one log unit.</div><div><br /></div><div>All these values represent the total infectivity ingested by all people exposed from the disposal of all animals. In the event of such a large disposal programme the disposal would be spread over many sites. For each site the resulting infectivity would be spread over a wide area and a wide population, so the dose received by any one person would be extremely small.</div><div><br /></div><div>If BSE infectivity was present in the animals culled during the foot and mouth outbreak the potential exposure to infectivity is estimated to be 6 x 10-3 human oral ID50 units, based upon the scenario where 3.5 million of the total 4.5 million animals were buried and the remaining 1.0 million burned. . Again this infectivity would be spread over a large number of people and the maximum exposure to any one person is likely to be very small. Any attempt to exhume the carcases to recover infected material is likely to prove very difficult as much of the material would have decomposed and liquefied significantly, and such an operation would require a substantial number of contractors operating heavy machinery and working over an extended period. The risks of industrial accidents from such an operation are likely to be far greater than the hypothetical risk of exposure to BSE infectivity.</div><div><br /></div><div>This is a high-level generic risk assessment and is heavily dependent on the assumptions made. These relate to not only the environmental pathways, but also the potential levels of infectivity associated with sheep of different ages and the likely prevalence of BSE in sheep. </div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/seac/DNVReport.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030731213646/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/seac/DNVReport.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20030731213646/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/seac/DNVReport.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">but who would have guessed that such an important experiment/study would have gotten so screwed up, by not being able to tell a sheep brain from a cow brain;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">© DEFRA 2002 Item 3- Scrapie Brain pool experiments- Update on current position and audits of samples 3.1 Members were updated on experiments conducted at the Institute of Animal Health (IAH) to examine a pool of scrapie brains collected in the early 1990 s for evidence of BSE. SEAC had previously recommended that the material should be examined by DNA analysis to assess whether the pooled brain material may have been contaminated with bovine tissue. The Laboratory of the Government Chemist (LGC) had been asked to perform the work. Their results were completely unexpected as the analysis detected only bovine material in the sample. SEAC had intended to meet on the 19 October to Agreed version consider the experiment in detail. However, in view of the result, the meeting was cancelled.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: arial;">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/seac/mins21-11-01.pdf</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030320225649/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/seac/mins21-11-01.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20030320225649/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/seac/mins21-11-01.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Executive Summary An audit of the sample handling procedures at IAH-E was carried out on 24 October 2001 at the request of the Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), by a team of two UKAS auditors. The scope of the audit was limited to the traceability of cow and sheep brain samples used in several experiments relating to transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents. In particular, the team focused on the audit trail of samples that had been sent to LGC, Teddington, the audit trail of brains collected in 1990/92 by Veterinary Investigation Centres and the audit trail for archived material held by IAH-E. In addition the audit team evaluated the IAH-E procedures against the specific requirements for sampling handling of international standard, ISO 17025 and identified opportunities for improvement. The audit established that there was no formal documented quality system covering this work at IAH-E and that record keeping was inadequate to give confidence in the chain of custody of samples used in the various rendering, genotyping and strain typing experiments audited. It was not possible to establish clear traceability between the samples that had been used in the individual experiments carried out by IAH-E or IAH-C with those analyzed at LGC or with those that had been collected in 1990/92. The sample handling procedures covered by this audit at IAH-E did not meet the requirements of ISO 17025.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/audit/ukasrept.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030321053744/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/audit/ukasrept.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20030321053744/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/audit/ukasrept.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">explaining the brain mix up blunder;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">An Investigation of the Substitution of Scrapie Brain Pool Samples A report for DEFRA November 2001</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Risk Solutions Page 19 Why did the experimenters not notice that they were working with cow brains not sheep brains?</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"> The simple answer is because for the most part they were working with brain pool macerate (minced brain material) not brains. It is not credible that staff collecting brains at VICs would have uniformly supplied cow brains or cow brain parts in mistake for sheep. We have interviewed staff at VICs and we understand from the VLA that records do not support the possibility that significant numbers of cow brains were sent to PDM in place of sheep brains. It is also very unlikely that the people preparing the scrapie brain pool would not have noticed if they were for the most part handling cow brains or cow brain parts in place of sheep brains. We cannot rule out the possibility that some cow brain material entered the brain pool at this stage but it is not feasible that the majority of the material was bovine. The substitution, if substitution occurred, must have involved brain pool macerate or rendered products. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"> Why can't the results of the experiments tell us what material was used?</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"> The experiments had a number of features that make the results of the mouse bioassay difficult to interpret unambiguously and lead to the possibility that substitution of the samples would be difficult to detect by examining the results of the experiments: </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">1. The original experiments were not designed to determine whether BSE was present in sheep. Reasonable efforts were taken to ensure that the brain pool remained free from D5055 02 Issue 1 Risk Solutions Page 20 contamination during preparation but the level of control applied during the earlier experiments (272R and 372R) was not to the standard applied later. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">2. Mouse bioassay as a method of diagnosing TSEs is not based on a full understanding of biochemical and physical processes. It is an empirical technique that has been widely applied, for example to show v-CJD is similar to BSE and different from scrapie. It is a complex process and the results need to be interpreted by experts. It can take several years to generate a firm result. The principal data collected in the experiments are lesion profiles (patterns of lesions in the mice brains) and incubation period (time from injection of mice to onset of clinical symptoms). The type of TSE is identified by comparing the results with those of known provenance. There is no good agreed test of 'sameness of lesion profile', so in marginal cases we are reduced to using subjective observations of the form 'somewhat similar' and interpretation is difficult. The incubation times in principle give a more objective signal, but the effect of concentration has to be controlled. The mouse bioassay data that we understand has been collected and analyzed at each stage of the experiments is summarized in Table 4.1. Several features of these experiments are not commonly encountered in mouse bioassay of TSEs and this makes determining the origin of the original material from the experimental results extremely difficult. They include: </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">a. Mouse bioassay is generally carried out on individual brains; experience of working with brain pools is very limited. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">b. The BBP exhibited a low titre of infectivity, which can confound interpretation of results. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">c. The BBP comprised bovine brains with the hindbrains removed. By contrast most of the BSE strain typing has been carried out on the hindbrains, which may give a different pattern of results. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">d. The 272R titrations used a different strain of mice than the 372R titrations, so direct comparison of the resulting lesion profiles cannot be made. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">e. The 246 experiments used brain pool which was in an unsatisfactorily autolysed state. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">f. The strain typing data collected (incubation time and lesion profiles) are very sparse.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Judging the sameness or difference of samples is a less challenging task for strain typing than identifying a strain and it may be possible to compare data from the 246 experiments with both the 272R and 372R experiments to determine whether the samples are similar or clearly different. However, the data are sparse and the result is unlikely to be clear cut. Much of this work is currently unpublished.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/audit/risksol.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030414163415/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/audit/risksol.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20030414163415/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/audit/risksol.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">RESPONSE TO THE UKAS REPORT FROM THE INSTITUTE FOR ANIMAL HEALTH</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">The Institute is concerned, therefore, that the authors of this UKAS report may have based their findings on an unrepresentative and limited examination of procedures in place at IAH-E.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/audit/response.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030731213701/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/audit/response.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20030731213701/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/audit/response.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/index.html</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040602210429/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/index.html" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20040602210429/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/index.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/jul00_dont_eat_sheep.html" style="color: #196ad4;">www.mad-cow.org/00/jul00_dont_eat_sheep.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Transmission of prion diseases by blood transfusion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Nora Hunter,1 James Foster,1 Angela Chong,1 Sandra McCutcheon,2 David</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Parnham,1 Samantha Eaton,1 Calum MacKenzie1 and Fiona Houston2</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.socgenmicrobiol.org.uk/JGVDirect/18580/18580ft.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">TSEs TRANSMISSION STUDIES</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">what a coincidence , CONVENIENTLY, MORE FLUBBED UP BRAINS;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">HOUND STUDY</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">b) Fibrillar material closely similar to SAF, found in BSE/Scrapie, was observed in 19 (4.3%) cases, all of which were hounds > 7 years of age. 14/19 of these suspected SAF results correlated with cases in the unresolvable histopathological category.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac19/tab07.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506005939/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac19/tab07.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20090506005939/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac19/tab07.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">HOUND SURVEY (about 72 pages)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11a/tab08.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506001245/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11a/tab08.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20090506001245/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11a/tab08.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Friday, March 8, 2013 </span></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Dogs may have been used to make Petfood and animal feed </span></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090505233052/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/03007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090505233052/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/03007001.pdf</a><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090505233041/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/16001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090505233041/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/16001001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506015917/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/16002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506015917/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/05/16002001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/aug00_late_news.html#ggg" style="color: #196ad4;">www.mad-cow.org/00/aug00_late_news.html#ggg</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Also, at paragraph 17, it is noted that BSE had transmitted to the NPU negative line sheep (please not that as at January 1996, only one of six challenged sheep was clinically affected after oral challenge, four others have since died, and one remains alive. Following intracerebral challenge, three out of six were clinically affected, two confirmed only on pathology, while one was negative.)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">4. Meeting 16, on 26/1/94 - the update on research (16/5) confirmed that BSE had been transmitted to sheep, and that there was clinical evidence of transmission to mice from the spleen of the affected sheep.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">A STUDY AIMED AT DETERMINING WHETHER OR NOT THERE HAVE BEEN SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE NEUROPATHOLOGY OF SCRAPIE IN SHEEP AND GOATS DURING THE LAST TWO DECADES IN MATERIAL SUBMITTED TO CVL PATHOLOGY DEPARTMENT</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac24/tab03.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506005812/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac24/tab03.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20090506005812/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac24/tab03.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF BSE TO SHEEP</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac25/tab05.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506010200/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac25/tab05.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20090506010200/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac25/tab05.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">THE RISK OF TRANSMISSION OF BSE TO SHEEP VIA FEED</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac31/tab01.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506010340/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac31/tab01.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20090506010340/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac31/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">hell, they knew they were screwing up the sheep brains with cow brains in 1992;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">"The sensitivity of the project may be partially compromised by pooling of brains, but it is considered that the success of transmission to mice with BSE will prove advantageous."</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">'NOT'...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac31/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac31/tab01.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050117213207/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac31/tab01.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20050117213207/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac31/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Personal $ Confidential -- Addressee only TO ALL MEMBERS OF SEAC</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">THE EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF BSE TO SHEEP</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div>SHEEP and BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>A. The experimental transmission of BSE to sheep.</div><div><br /></div><div>Studies have shown that the ''negative'' line NPU flock of Cheviots can be experimentally infected with BSE by intracerebral (ic) or oral challenge (the later being equivalent to 0.5 gram of a pool of four cow brains from animals confirmed to have BSE). Five of the six sheep inoculated intracerebrally developed disease between 440 and 2353 days after inoculation. The short incubation periods were found in animals homozygous for alanine at codon 136 and for glutamine at codon 171 of the PrP gene. One of the six sheep challenged orally developed disease with an incubation period of 734 days. It too was homozygous for alanine at codon 136 and for glutamine at codon 171. </div><div><br /></div><div>Brain and spleen tissue from the orally infected sheep and the intracerebrally infected sheep with an incubation period of 440 days were inoculated into the panel of mouse strains used for strain typing. The incidence of spongiform encephalopathy in all strains of mice was high (excluding intercurrent deaths) and similar for both tissues from both sheep. The pattern of incubation periods and lesion profiles of the transmissions from the four sheep tissues was very similar to that seen with BSE from cattle and clearly different from natural scrapie in a Greyface sheep tested concurrently. These data indicate that</div><div><br /></div><div>sheep can be infected orally with BSE;</div><div><br /></div><div>the infectivity recovered from sheep is BSE-like on strain typing but in terms of one biological characteristic, recovery of significant infectivity from the spleen, BSE in sheep is scrapie-like, raising the possibility that the BSE agent might therefore become endemic in a flock;</div><div><br /></div><div>polymorphisms at codons 136 and 171 of the PrP gene have an important effect on the susceptibility of sheep to BSE and the incubation period.</div><div><br /></div><div>B. The risk of exposure of sheep to BSE through feed...</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...see full text;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090114023511/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac33/tab02.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20090114023511/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac33/tab02.pdf</a><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac33/tab02.pdf </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090114023511/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac33/tab02.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20090114023511/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac33/tab02.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">a) Summary of transmission studies. b) Update<br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac33/tab03.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506005850/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac33/tab03.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20090506005850/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac33/tab03.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">The only circumstance in which infection with the natural isolate produces an higher incidence of disease compared to BSE, is in intracerebrally (and possibly orally) challenged ''positive'' line sheep. Notwithstanding the possibility of indigenous natural scrapie in some of these sheep, there are still sufficient numbers of transmission cases with PrP genotypes which preclude the natural disease developing i.e. those typed as VA136/RR154/QR171.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">As an extension to this study, it has been possible to recover BSE by passage in mice from brain and spleen taken from ''negative'' line sheep infected with BSAE by ic and oral challenge (Foster and others 1996). The close similarity of incubation periods and pathology from the passage of these tissues in mice to those seen in direct BSE transmission studies from cattle to mice suggests that passaging BSE in sheep does not alter its biological properties (Bruce and others 1994). IN FACT, because it has been possible to isolate BSE infectivity from ovine spleens, when this proved impossible from the spleens of naturally infected BSE cows (Fraser and Foster 1993), experimentally-induced BSE in sheep appears to behave more like the natural disease of scrapie. Whether this putative similarity to natural scrapie extends to the possibility of maternal transmission of experimentally-induced BSE in sheep, has till to be elucidated...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab01.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050117204923/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab01.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20050117204923/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">we have found a link between BSE and CH1641, a C-group of scrapie. Disease susceptibility of sheep to these isolates is associated with different PrP genotypes compared to SSBP/1 scrapie...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Transmission of BSE in sheep, goats and mice.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">BSE has been transmitted in two lines of genetically selected sheep (differing in their susceptibilities to the SSBP/1 source of scrapie), and to goats by intracerebral injection AND BY ORAL DOSING.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Also, intermediate passage of BSE in sheep or goats did not alter these primary transmission properties. Hamsters were susceptible to BSE only after intervening passage through mice...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab11.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506001316/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab11.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20090506001316/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab11.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Perceptions of unconventional slow virus in the USA</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">3. Prof. A Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fantical incident to be avoided in the USA AT ALL COSTS. BSE was not reported in the USA...........(some good data on CWD)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">> avoided in the USA AT ALL COSTS</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">and indeed they have and it continues today...TSS</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">BSE TRANSMISSION STUDIES<br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac18/tab02b.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506010232/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac18/tab02b.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20090506010232/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac18/tab02b.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Furthermore, we showed that the strain responsible for iCJD is closely related to that of one patient with sCJD, and, more unexpectedly, that these agents were similar to the French scrapie strain studied (but different from the U.S. scrapie strain). This finding requires a cautious interpretation for several reasons, not least because of the inevitably limited number of TSE strains that can be studied by such a cumbersome method as strain typing. Nonetheless, it also prompts reconsideration of the possibility that, in some instances, sheep and human TSEs can share a common origin.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/041490898v1" style="color: #196ad4;">www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/041490898v1</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">STATEMENT OF DR HELEN GRANT MD FRCP ISSUED 13/05/1999</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">BSE INQUIRY</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s410.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090505224811/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s410.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20090505224811/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s410.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s410x.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002303/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s410x.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20090506002303/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s410x.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">PLEASE NOTE, the above 2 url links to Dr. Helen Grant comments, the ANNEX ABOVE WAS CUT SHORT, i thought it was, so i went to my files, sure enough. you can seen it just ends mid sentence of letter g, so i will pick up there;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">g. Individuals’ susceptibility to this organism is genetically determined. Not all
types of sheep develop scrapie; not all types of cattle develop BSE and only some</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">from my files;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">g. Individuals' susceptibility to this organism is genetically determined. Not all types of sheep develop scrapie; not all types of cattle develop BSE and only some humans -- those of an unusual genotype -- will, if infected, develop CJD.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">H. Scrapie, the orginal disease in sheep, has been easily transmitted by mouth to many experimental mammals including primates.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Humans are primates.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Items b (placenta), c, d and f establish that the Government's present 'culling' policy, which is not based on science, cannot possibly eradicate BSE.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">snip...end...tss</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Subject: ANNEX 1 to Witness statement 410 of Dr. Helen Grant</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Date: Wed, 19 Jan 2000 15:58:39 -0600</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <flounder@wt.net></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">######### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@UNI-KARLSRUHE.DE> #########</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Greetings List Members,</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">I have often wondered about scrapie and it's possible relationship to sporadic CJD. A few things I thought interesting in this statement from Dr. Helen Grant, I would like to share with you.....snip...end...tss</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2012/04/wendy-grant-who-has-died-aged-89-was.html">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2012/04/wendy-grant-who-has-died-aged-89-was.html</a><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission</span><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002</a><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Singeltary further comments in attachment;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><h3 class="ydpf9902addyiv7631370631ydp88fbb9f8yiv0939494003ydpab7bd21cyiv3403474399ydp363dd048yiv8787012848ydp8ce40537yiv1003256124ydp422011c0h5 ydpf9902addyiv7631370631ydp88fbb9f8yiv0939494003ydpab7bd21cyiv3403474399ydp363dd048yiv8787012848ydp8ce40537yiv1003256124ydp422011c0mt-0 ydpf9902addyiv7631370631ydp88fbb9f8yiv0939494003ydpab7bd21cyiv3403474399ydp363dd048yiv8787012848ydp8ce40537yiv1003256124ydp422011c0mb-1" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.42858; margin-top: 0px;">Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission Attachment</h3><h3 class="ydpf9902addyiv7631370631ydp88fbb9f8yiv0939494003ydpab7bd21cyiv3403474399ydp363dd048yiv8787012848ydp8ce40537yiv1003256124ydp422011c0h5 ydpf9902addyiv7631370631ydp88fbb9f8yiv0939494003ydpab7bd21cyiv3403474399ydp363dd048yiv8787012848ydp8ce40537yiv1003256124ydp422011c0mt-0 ydpf9902addyiv7631370631ydp88fbb9f8yiv0939494003ydpab7bd21cyiv3403474399ydp363dd048yiv8787012848ydp8ce40537yiv1003256124ydp422011c0mb-1" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.42858; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></h3></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr"><pre style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"><div><div>APHIS Indemnity Regulations [Docket No. APHIS-2021-0010] RIN 0579-AE65 Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div><br /></div><div>Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</div><div><br /></div><div>Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Sep 8, 2022</div></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"><div class="ydp189953b2yiv4899343841ydpebcae36dyiv6298970564ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308blead ydp189953b2yiv4899343841ydpebcae36dyiv6298970564ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308btext-muted ydp189953b2yiv4899343841ydpebcae36dyiv6298970564ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bmb-3 ydp189953b2yiv4899343841ydpebcae36dyiv6298970564ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank"></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003</a><br /></div><div class="ydp189953b2yiv4899343841ydpebcae36dyiv6298970564ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308blead ydp189953b2yiv4899343841ydpebcae36dyiv6298970564ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308btext-muted ydp189953b2yiv4899343841ydpebcae36dyiv6298970564ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bmb-3 ydp189953b2yiv4899343841ydpebcae36dyiv6298970564ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5;"><br /></div><div class="ydp189953b2yiv4899343841ydpebcae36dyiv6298970564ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308blead ydp189953b2yiv4899343841ydpebcae36dyiv6298970564ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308btext-muted ydp189953b2yiv4899343841ydpebcae36dyiv6298970564ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bmb-3 ydp189953b2yiv4899343841ydpebcae36dyiv6298970564ydpf8b48937yiv4157174593ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" dir="ltr" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div style="font-family: arial;"><div>Singeltary previous submission to DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability</div><div><br /></div><div>DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 0500 EMC 1 Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 0500 EMC 1 Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1</div><div dir="ltr"><br /><div><div>2003D-0186 Guidance for Industry: Use of Material From Deer and Elk In Animal Feed </div><div><br /></div><div>EMC 1 Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1 </div></div><div><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20150117054924/www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">web.archive.org/web/20150117054924/www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20120217115622/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">web.archive.org/web/20120217115622/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>PLEASE SOURCE REFERENCES UPLOADED FILES AT BOTTOM, SEE ATTACHMENT...</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">www.regulations.gov/comment/FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SEE SINGELTARY ATTACHMENT;</div><div><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/FDA-2003-D-0432-0011/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">downloads.regulations.gov/FDA-2003-D-0432-0011/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div><br /></div></div></pre></div></div><div><div dir="ltr">MONDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC) TSE Prion disease </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2022/07/epidemiological-verification-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2022/07/epidemiological-verification-of.html</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2022 <br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">USDA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE, Scrapie, CWD, Testing and Surveillance 2022 A Review of History <br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/11/usda-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/11/usda-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr">FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 25, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">USA National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP) 2021 to 2003 A Year by Year Review<br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2022/11/usa-national-scrapie-eradication.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2022/11/usa-national-scrapie-eradication.html</a><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div>THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 10, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Annual Report of the Scientific Network on BSE‐TSE 2022</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2022/11/annual-report-of-scientific-network-on.html" style="color: #196ad4;">efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2022/11/annual-report-of-scientific-network-on.html</a><br /></div></div><br /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">SUNDAY, DECEMBER 11, 2022 <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 Singeltary Submission <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://seac992007.blogspot.com/2022/12/seac-spongiform-encephalopathy-advisory.html" style="color: #196ad4;">seac992007.blogspot.com/2022/12/seac-spongiform-encephalopathy-advisory.html</a><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-35297401234368144132022-10-18T11:20:00.002-05:002022-10-18T11:20:26.711-05:00Assessing the Potential Transmissibility of Bovine and Cervid Prions with a Human Prion Protein-based Model ARS RESEARCH<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: Assessing the Potential Transmissibility of Bovine and Cervid Prions with a Human Prion Protein-based Model </span></p><div>Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Project Number: 5030-32000-228-019-S</div><div><br /></div><div>Project Type: Non-Assistance Cooperative Agreement</div><div><br /></div><div>Start Date: Sep 1, 2022 End Date: Aug 31, 2023</div><div><br /></div><div>Objective:</div><div><br /></div><div>The objective of this agreement is to develop a model that can experimentally generate CWD- and atypical BSE-derived abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) using the human prion protein. The model will be used to: 1) explore the mechanism of CWD and atypical BSE prion-seeded conversion of human prion protein, and 2) identify molecular biomarkers for monitoring and probing potential emergence of CWD- and atypical BSE-derived cases of human prion disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>Approach:</div><div><br /></div><div>A combination of an in vitro amplification method (protein misfolding cyclic amplification; PMCA) and in vivo animal bioassays will be used to investigate the molecular events of CWD- and atypical BSE-induced conversion of human brain PrPC into PrPSc and to develop molecular biomarkers for monitoring and probing potential CWD- and atypical BSE-derived human prion diseases. Seed from approximately 20 CWD isolates will be used in PMCA assays to assess the role of human codon 129 polymorphisms on prion conversion. PMCA generated seeds from atypical H and L-type BSE cases will be compared to classical cases to compare potential transmission aspects of BSE isolates. All PMCE-induced CWD and BSE transmissions to human prion protein will be bioassayed in mouse models to compare neuropathologic features to those of known phenotypes of human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=442757" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=442757</a></div><div><br /></div><div>8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation</div><div><br /></div><div>Research Project: Elucidating the Pathobiology and Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item Greenlee, Justin item Cassmann, Eric item MOORE, SARA JO - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item WEST GREENLEE, HEATHER - Iowa State University</div><div><br /></div><div>Submitted to: Meeting Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Type: Abstract Only</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 6/24/2022</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Date: 9/16/2022</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: Greenlee, J.J., Cassmann, E.D., Moore, S., West Greenlee, H.M. 2022. </div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation. </div><div><br /></div><div>Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries. 16(1):150. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Interpretive Summary:</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: </div><div><br /></div><div>In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with the H-BSE agent from either the US 2004 case (wild type donor; n=3) or from the US 2006 case with the E211K polymorphism (n=4). Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. When signs were noted, animals were euthanized and necropsied. Cattle were confirmed positive for abnormal BSE prions by enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Idexx HerdChek BSE Ag Test), anti-PrP immunohistochemistry (IHC) on brainstem, and microscopic examination for vacuolation. Three-out-of-four (75%) calves with the EK211 genotype developed clinical signs of H-BSE including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and were euthanized. Two of the positive EK211 steers received H-BSE US 2004 inoculum (Incubation Period (IP): 59.3 and 72.3 months) while the other positive steer received the E211K H-BSE inoculum (IP: 49.7 months). EIA confirmed that abundant misfolded protein (O.D. 2.57-4.0) in the brainstem, and IHC demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. All cattle in the EE211 recipient group remain asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment (approximately 7 years post-inoculation). This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=395351" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=395351</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>USDA Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Action Plan National Program 103 Animal Health 2022-2027 </div><div><br /></div><div>USDA Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Action Plan National Program 103 Animal Health 2022-2027 </div><div><br /></div><div>USDA TSE PRION Action Plan National Program 103 Animal Health 2022-2027</div><div><br /></div><div>Action Plan National Program 103 Animal Health 2022-2027</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...</div><div><br /></div><div>Component 6: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)..................................... 37</div><div><br /></div><div>Problem Statement 6A: Determine pathobiology of prion strains...................................... 39</div><div><br /></div><div>Problem Statement 6B: Reveal genetics of prion disease susceptibility............................. 40</div><div><br /></div><div>Problem Statement 6C: Diagnose, detect, and prevent prion diseases................................ 41</div><div><br /></div><div>Appendix 1: Meetings with livestock and government stakeholders that informed the development of this action plan................................................................................................ 44</div><div><br /></div><div>Appendix 2: Scientific and government stakeholder input that informed this action plan ..... 45</div><div><br /></div><div>Appendix 3: Heatmap of responses across all survey respondents to the 10 most important diseases currently affecting or that have the potential of affecting animal agriculture in the United States (n=413):.............................................................................................................. 46 </div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...</div><div><br /></div><div>Component 6: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) include several fatal diseases of people and animals involving degeneration of the nervous system and brain function. TSEs are caused by agents known as prions, or what appear to be primarily infectious proteins that cause normal protein (cellular-prion protein PrPc ) molecules to convert into an abnormally structured form (disease-prion protein PrPsc) that can include inducement of the formation of proteinaceous deposits and plaques in the brain. TSEs include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), the primary human prion disease; Scrapie of sheep and goats; Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) of deer, elk, and moose; and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), also called “mad cow,” which is the cause of variant CJD (vCJD) in people and the only TSE known to have crossed the species barrier from animals to people.</div><div><br /></div><div>Our understanding of TSEs continues to evolve with ongoing research efforts. TSEs are progressive but long developing diseases. In humans, for example, incubation periods from</div><div><br /></div><div>38</div><div><br /></div><div>the time of contact with an infectious prion may be decades long. Consequently, completion of research plans in natural hosts may require several years. Improvements have been made with the development of experimental rodent models to shorten the time required to obtain experimental results, but the relevance of any findings in mouse models remains uncertain unless confirmed and validated in natural hosts. In 2004, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies published a report entitled: Advancing Prion Science, Guidance for the National Prion Research Program. Several federal agencies have directed resources to implement recommendations in the report, including HHS-NIH, USDA-ARS, HHS-FDA, HHS-CDC, DoD, and EPA. Although significant scientific advances have been made, the research conducted to date has yet to deliver many of the concrete solutions needed to safeguard people and animals from these devastating diseases. A critical concern is the potential for environmental, genetic, or iatrogenic events to lead to new variant TSEs that are infectious and zoonotic.</div><div><br /></div><div>The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Interagency Working Group (IWG) on Prion Science identified the following research priorities to maximize the impact of the National Prion Research Program:</div><div><br /></div><div>• Identification of the nature and origin of prion agents</div><div><br /></div><div>• Studies on the pathobiology of prion strains</div><div><br /></div><div>• Research on the determinants of transmissibility and epidemiology</div><div><br /></div><div>• Development of diagnostics, detection, and surveillance</div><div><br /></div><div>These interrelated priorities represent areas with critical gaps in our knowledge base. They were selected with the aim of establishing strategic collaborations that will produce benefits by aligning core competencies across Federal agencies. Especially notable are the potential benefits to be derived from collaboration between animal health and human-biomedical research.</div><div><br /></div><div>All sectors that completed the 2020 ARS Animal Health Stakeholder Survey (government, academia, industry, and livestock and poultry producers) identified research on TSEs a national priority. Importantly, stakeholders identified the following TSEs as one of the 10 most important diseases that have the potential of significantly affecting animal agriculture in the United States: Chronic Wasting Disease (29%), Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (18%), and Scrapie (11%).</div><div><br /></div><div>Producers that completed the 2020 ARS Animal Health Stakeholder Survey (beef, sheep, goats, and wildlife) also identified TSEs as one of the top five diseases currently affecting their commodity. The following TSEs were ranked by producers as one of the top five diseases, as follows:</div><div><br /></div><div>Chronic Wasting Disease: Wildlife, including captive cervids (80%), sheep (15%), and beef (4.3%).</div><div><br /></div><div>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: Beef (8.7%).</div><div><br /></div><div>39</div><div><br /></div><div>Scrapie: Sheep (56%), goats (17%), beef (4.3%).</div><div><br /></div><div>Although recognized as important, ARS does not currently have resources to implement research for the following priority:</div><div><br /></div><div>• Identification of the nature and origin of prion agents.</div><div><br /></div><div>Problem Statement 6A: Determine pathobiology of prion strains</div><div><br /></div><div>Important gaps remain in our basic understanding of the pathobiology of animal prion diseases. One critical need is understanding the tissue tropism and dissemination of prions and resolving the variations seen in different animal species. Proving especially problematic is that the normal prion protein is widely expressed, particularly on neurons in the brain, and is found on cell surfaces but its function is unclear. Another enigma of TSEs is that different strains are found within the same animal species. Importantly, there is evidence that atypical strains have emerged and there is a need to investigate the transmissibility of atypical Scrapie strains, such as the Nor98-like Scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div>Research Focus:</div><div><br /></div><div>It is widely assumed that the oral route of infection is important in the pathogenesis of naturally occurring TSEs of livestock and cervids; however, basic research is needed to understand the mechanisms of transmission of TSE agents from the initial site of entry to the central nervous system. A notable feature of prion diseases is a lack of detectable immune responses and inflammation during the course of a prion infection, even though immune system cells may carry prions to target tissues. To date, research in animals suggests that prion accumulation may be largely influenced by the host species affected rather than the TSE involved. An investment in comparative pathology, which has not received much experimental attention, is needed to advance research programs in epidemiology and diagnostic discovery.</div><div><br /></div><div>Anticipated Products:</div><div><br /></div><div>• Scientific information on the mechanisms responsible for the development of multiple TSE strains within a host species.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Scientific information on the manner in which prions enter the nervous system from peripheral sites of exposure such as a host’s gastrointestinal tract, nasal mucosa, skin, and eyes.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Scientific information on the mechanisms by which prion spread within the nervous system.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Scientific information on the mechanisms that control prion disease incubation times.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Elucidate the mechanisms of prion neuropathogenesis.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Determine prion distribution in goats infected with Scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Scientific information on prion distribution in sheep infected with atypical Scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div>Potential Benefits:</div><div><br /></div><div>• Understanding the pathobiology of prion disease and tissue distribution in susceptible animal species is paramount to inform the development of detection methods and ability to develop countermeasures to protect against animal prion diseases.</div><div><br /></div><div>40</div><div><br /></div><div>Problem Statement 6B: Reveal genetics of prion disease susceptibility</div><div><br /></div><div>Prion diseases have stimulated intense scientific scrutiny since it was first proposed that the infectious agent was devoid of nucleic acid. Despite this finding, host genetics has played a key role in understanding the pathobiology and clinical aspects of prion diseases through the effects of a series of polymorphisms and mutations in the prion protein gene. The advent of vCJD confirmed a powerful human genetic susceptibility factor, as all patients with clinical disease have an identical genotype at the polymorphic codon 129 of the prion gene. The alternative variant at codon 129 is not protective, however, and abnormal prions have been found in lymphoid tissues of individuals of other prion genotypes after exposure to transfused blood products from patients who later succumbed to the disease. Familial forms of prion diseases are also known to be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. In most cases, an affected person inherits the altered gene from one affected parent. In some people, familial forms of prion disease are caused by a new mutation in the prion gene. Although such people most likely do not have an affected parent, they can pass the genetic change to their children. Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (fCJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome, and fatal familial insomnia (FFI) represent the core phenotypes of genetic prion disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>Genetic studies in animals have uncovered similar polymorphisms and mutations in the prion protein gene. Genetic information has led to the discovery of genotypes with relative susceptibility and resistance to Scrapie in sheep. Current Scrapie control programs in the United States and Europe are based on the elimination of susceptible genotypes from the breeding pool. However, a significant portion of Scrapie resistance in sheep is not explained by the currently known resistance allele coding R, at codon 171, and codon A at codon 136. Less is known in cervids and CWD. In addition, recent evidence indicates that some forms of BSE may be genetic in nature. The 2006 U.S. H.-type atypical BSE cow had a polymorphism at codon 211 of the bovine prion gene, resulting in a glutamic acid to lysine substitution (E211K). This substitution is analogous to a human polymorphism associated with the most prevalent form of heritable TSE in humans, and it is considered to have caused BSE in 2006 in a U.S. case that was determined to be atypical BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Research Focus:</div><div><br /></div><div>The functional genomics of disease resistance are not completely understood, and recent research suggests genetic variations may lead to different clinical outcomes. There is a need to look more broadly at the genome of livestock species to identify markers associated with resistance to Scrapie in sheep and goats and CWD in cervids.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the case of Scrapie, the sheep genome may help identify other alleles that may explain why some QR and RR sheep genotype are susceptible, allowing these sheep to be classified as susceptible and removed from the farm. This will make genotype testing a more effective control tool. This research area is aimed at utilizing powerful computational biology and bioinformatic approaches, along with traditional animal breeding experiments, to steadily improve our understanding of mechanisms of genetic disease resistance.</div><div><br /></div><div>Our understanding of Scrapie genetic resistance in goats is not as advanced as sheep Scrapie, and there is a need to identify markers for genetic resistance in goats. This will enable the use</div><div><br /></div><div>41</div><div><br /></div><div>of markers identified to develop resistant lines of high production meat and milk goats in cooperation with industry. The USDA eradication program is increasing its focus on goats and it is critically important to provide other options to goat producers besides whole herd depopulation, with the hope that premises contamination does not result in reinfection. Scrapie eradication in the United States will not be achieved unless it is eradicated from sheep and goats.</div><div><br /></div><div>Anticipated Products:</div><div><br /></div><div>• Identification of genetic variations associated with disease susceptibility.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Scientific information on the correlation between host genotypes and the phenotypes of prion agents.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Identification of genetic factors controlling susceptibility of goats to Scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Scientific information to evaluate the effectiveness of disease resistance breeding programs in sheep.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Scientific information to evaluate sheep ARR/ARR genotype for resistance to different TSE strains.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Determine whole genome associations with TSE susceptibility or resistance in sheep, goats, and cervids.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Determine the effects of the PRNP genotype on current diagnostic test assay accuracy in sheep and goats with Scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div>Potential Benefits:</div><div><br /></div><div>• The identification of genetic markers associated with disease susceptibility and resistance.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Ability to develop prion disease control programs by selecting farm animals that are resistant to prion diseases.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Ability to enhance surveillance programs for animals known to be genetically susceptible to prion diseases.</div><div><br /></div><div>Problem Statement 6C: Diagnose, detect, and prevent prion diseases</div><div><br /></div><div>Important gaps remain in our arsenal of diagnostic tools for early detection and countermeasures to prevent disease outbreaks, transmission, and spread. Current diagnostic tests were validated for use only on post-mortem samples; simple, sensitive, cost-effective ante mortem tests have yet to be developed. Because there is no detectable immune response or inflammation during the course of TSE infection, direct tests are needed to confirm a diagnosis. At present, only highly infected tissues, such as brain material or lymph tissue, are suitable for providing accurate diagnosis.</div><div><br /></div><div>There is also a need to determine what level of environmental contamination can lead to infections in animals, and then develop a test for determining if this level of contamination exists on farm premises.</div><div><br /></div><div>Significant gaps also remain for inactivating TSEs in farm settings. Currently the methods available for prion inactivation are not very effective in soil and other organic material. This is problematic as most contaminated bedding is either buried, left as is, or tilled in the soil relying on exclusion or dilution. Research studies have shown that prions last a very long</div><div><br /></div><div>42</div><div><br /></div><div>time when bound to soils or water and may be taken up by plants. Development of a costeffective method of prion inactivation to non-transmissible levels is needed.</div><div><br /></div><div>Research Focus:</div><div><br /></div><div>Diagnostic approaches currently in use include techniques such as immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). IHC is one of the original tests developed and is considered the gold standard, but it is more labor intensive and time consuming than the other two, whereas the Western blot and particularly ELISA tests are more efficient for the initial screening of large numbers of samples. Another method is the Conformation-Dependent Immunoassay (CDI), currently a research technique that claims to discriminate between normal prion and the abnormal prion on the basis of its shape, but this has yet to be validated as a diagnostic test in animals. New technologies and methods have been described using protein misfolding cyclic amplification techniques (PMCA), similar in concept to gene/DNA amplification, which effectively increases the concentration of prions in normal or pathological conformations. There is a critical need to improve diagnostics methods for surveillance, including the discovery of an ante mortem test for early detection and implementation of intervention strategies. There is also a critical need to develop tools for inactivating TSEs in farm settings, especially the inactivation of TSEs present in organic material.</div><div><br /></div><div>Anticipated Products:</div><div><br /></div><div>• TSE diagnostic test capable of detecting low levels of abnormal prions (i.e., key step to enable the development of an ante mortem test that can identify disease during the early stages of incubation).</div><div><br /></div><div>• Improved live animal and post mortem tests for Scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Develop a sensitive, high-throughput assay suitable for use in veterinary diagnostic laboratories for detection of PrP-Sc in sheep with classical scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Develop a live animal test for the early detection of CWD in white tail deer.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Validation of existing biopsy-based TSE tests in goats, deer, and elk.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Standardize sampling and assay protocols for screening environments for CWD and Scrapie prions.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Rapid biochemical methods for strain typing.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Determine the suitability of a sensitive, high-throughput assay for detection of PrP-Sc (Nor98) in brain, peripheral tissues, and placentas from Sheep with Nor98.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Validated murine models for strain typing.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Improved diagnostics for TSEs in bodily fluids, including blood and other readily available samples in host species.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Technologies to distinguish infectious prions from normal cellular prion proteins.</div><div><br /></div><div>• A sensitive, high-throughput assay suitable for use in veterinary diagnostic laboratories for detection of PrP-Sc in sheep with classical scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Effective chemicals with anti-prion properties that can safely be used in farm environments.</div><div><br /></div><div>Potential Benefits:</div><div><br /></div><div>• Effective surveillance programs based on early detection of animal prion diseases.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Deployment of animal prion disease prevention measures.</div><div><br /></div><div>43</div><div><br /></div><div>Component 6 Resources:</div><div><br /></div><div>The following ARS locations have research projects addressing the problem statements</div><div><br /></div><div>identified under Component 7:</div><div><br /></div><div>• Albany, California</div><div><br /></div><div>• Ames, Iowa</div><div><br /></div><div>• Pullman, Washington</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/np103/Action%20Plan%20-%20Animal%20Health%202022-2027_final.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/np103/Action%20Plan%20-%20Animal%20Health%202022-2027_final.pdf</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div>''This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.''</div><div><br /></div><div><div>SATURDAY, OCTOBER 8, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/cattle-with-ek211-prnp-polymorphism-are.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/cattle-with-ek211-prnp-polymorphism-are.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS </div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>Samia Hannaouia, Ginny Chenga, Wiebke Wemheuerb, Walter J. Schulz-Schaefferb, Sabine Gilcha, and Hermann M. Schätzla aDepartment of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; bInstitute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of cervids. Its rapid geographic expansion, shedding of infectivity and persistence in the environment for many years are of concern for humans. Here, we provide the first evidence by transmission experiments to different transgenic mouse models and bank voles that Cynomolgus macaques inoculated via different routes with CWD-positive cervid tissues harbor infectious prions that elicit clinical disease in rodents.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: We used tissue materials from macaques inoculated with CWD to inoculate transgenic mice overexpressing cervid PrPCfollowed by transmission into bank voles. We used RT-QuIC, immunoblot and PET blot analysis to assess brains, spinal cords, and tissues of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for the presence of prions.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Our results show that of the macaque materials that induced clinical disease in transgenic mice,73% were from the CNS (46% spinal cord and 27% brain), and 27% were from the spleen, although attack rates were low around 20%. Clinical mice did not display PK-resistant PrPSc(PrPres) in immunoblot, but showed low-levels of prion seeding activity. Transmission into bank voles from clinical transgenic mice led to a 100% attack rate with typical PrPressignature in immunoblot, which was different from that of voles inoculated directly with CWD or scrapie prions. High-level prion seeding activity in brain and spinal cord and PrPresdeposition in the brain were present. Remarkably, we also found prion seeding activity in GIT tissues of inoculated voles. Second passage in bank voles led to a 100% attack rate in voles inoculated with brain, spinal cord and small intestine material from first round animals, with PrPresin immunoblot, prion seeding activity, and PrPresdeposition in the brain. Shortened survival times indicate adaptation in the new host. This also shows that prions detected in GIT tissues are infectious and transmissible. Transmission of brain material from sick voles back to cervidized mice revealed transmission in these mice with a 100% attack rate, and interestingly, with different biochemical signature and distribution in the brain.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including oral one. The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and transgenic mice, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: The National Institutes of Health, USA, and the Alberta Prion Research Institute/Alberta Innovates Canada. Grant number: 1R01NS121016-01; 201,600,023</div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We thank Umberto Agrimi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy, and Michael Beekes, Robert-Koch Institute Berlin, Germany, for providing the bank vole model. We thank the University of Calgary animal facility staff and Dr. Stephanie Anderson for animal care.</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD</div><div><br /></div><div>Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha</div><div><br /></div><div>aDepartment of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; bUniversité Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France; cDepartment of Biological Sciences, Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we aimed to determine the zoonotic potential of CWD using a mouse model for human prion diseases.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: Transgenic mice overexpressing human PrPChomozygous for methionine at codon 129 (tg650) were inoculated intracerebrally with brain homogenates of white-tailed deer infected with Wisc-1/CWD1 or 116AG CWD strains. Mice were monitored for clinical signs and were euthanized at terminal disease. Brains were tested by RT-QuIC, western blot upon PK digestion, and immunohistochemistry; fecal homogenates were analyzed by RT-QuIC. Brain/spinal cord and fecal homogenates of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice were inoculated into tg650 mice or bank voles. Brain homogenates of bank voles inoculated with fecal homogenates of CWD-infected tg650 mice were used for second passage in bank voles.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650 brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to tg650 mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of tg650 mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions.</div><div><br /></div><div>Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and tg650 with fecal homogenates.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: We are grateful for financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the National Institutes of Health, Genome Canada, and the Alberta Prion Research Institute. SG is supported by the Canada Research Chairs program.</div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We thank Dr. Trent Bollinger, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, for providing brain tissue from the WTD-116AG isolate, Dr. Stéphane Haïk, ICM, Paris, France, for providing brain tissue from vCJD and sCJD cases, and Dr. Umberto Agrimi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy, for the bank vole model. We thank animal facility staff for animal care, Dr. Stephanie Anderson for veterinary oversight, and Yo-Ching Cheng for preparing recombinant PrP substrates. Thank you to Dr. Stephanie Booth and Jennifer Myskiw, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada.</div><div><br /></div><div>The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons</div><div><br /></div><div>Eric Cassmanna, Xu Qib, Qingzhong Kongb, and Justin Greenleea</div><div><br /></div><div>aNational Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA bDepartments of Pathology, Neurology, National Center for Regenerative Medicine, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Evaluate the zoonotic potential of the raccoon passaged chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent in humanized transgenic mice in comparison with the North American CWD agent from the original white-tailed deer host.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: Pooled brain material (GG96) from a CWD positive herd was used to oronasally inoculate two white-tailed deer with wild-type prion protein genotype and intracranially inoculate a raccoon. Brain homogenates (10% w/v) from the raccoon and the two white-tailed deer were used to intracranially inoculate separate groups of transgenic mice that express human prion protein with methionine (M) at codon 129 (Tg40h). Brains and spleens were collected from mice at experimental endpoints of clinical disease or approximately 700 days post-inoculation. Tissues were divided and homogenized or fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. Immunohistochemistry, enzyme immunoassay, and western blot were used to detect misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) in tissue.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Humanized transgenic mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent from white-tailed deer exhibited a 100% (12/12) attack rate with an average incubation period of 605 days. PrPScwas detected in brain tissue by enzyme immunoassay with an average optical density of 3.6/4.0 for positive brains. PrPScalso was detected in brain tissue by western blot and immunohistochemistry. No PrPScwas detected in the spleens of mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent. Humanized mice inoculated with the CWD agent from white-tailed deer did not have detectable PrPScusing conventional immunoassay techniques.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: The host range of the CWD agent from white-tailed deer was expanded in our experimental model after one passage through raccoons.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We thank Quazetta Brown, Lexi Frese, Rylie Frese, Kevin Hassall, Leisa Mandell, and Trudy Tatum for providing excellent technical support to this project.</div><div><br /></div><div>Stable and highly zoonotic cervid prion strain is possible</div><div><br /></div><div>Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, and Qingzhong Kong Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in some areas. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies suggest that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: We inoculated a few sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice, which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had hunted or consumed vension from CWD-endemic states. Some of these mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a ‘cervidized’ CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of CJDElkPrPin transgenic mice expressing human PrP (Tg40h). We passaged CJDElkPrPtwo more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrPprions also led to 100% infection in the Tg40h mice. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice, despite that natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrPshare the same elk PrP sequence.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can be stably maintained in cervids and that CWD zoonosis is prion strain-dependent.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: NIH</div><div><br /></div><div>Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532</div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O’Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples, respectively.</div><div><br /></div><div>Adaptation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) prion strains in hosts with different PRNP genotypes</div><div><br /></div><div>Camilo Duque Velasqueza,c, Elizabeth Triscotta,c, Chiye Kima,c, Diana Morenoa,c, Judd Aikenb,c, and Debbie McKenziea,c</div><div><br /></div><div>aDepartment of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada; bDepartment of Agriculture, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada; cCentre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: The contagious nature of CWD epizootics and the PrPCamino acid variation of cervids (and susceptible sympatric species) guarantee the expansion of prion conformational diversity and selective landscapes where new strains can arise. CWD strains can have novel transmission properties including altered host range that may increase zoonotic risk as circulating strains diversify and evolve. We are characterizing the host adaptability of characterized CWD strains as well as CWD isolates from different cervid species in various enzootic regions.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: Characterized CWD strains as well as a number of isolates from hunter-harvested deer were bioassayed in our rodent panel (transgenic mice expressing cervid alleles G96, S96 and H95-PrPC, elk PrPC, bovine PrPC, and both hamsters and non-transgenic laboratory mice). Strain characteristics were compared using computer based scoring of brain pathology (e.g. PrPCWDbrain distribution), western blot and protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Transmission of various isolates resulted in the selection of strain mixtures in hosts expressing similar PrPC, particularly for polymorphic white-tailed deer and for Norwegian reindeer. As of the second passage, transmission of P153 moose prions from Norway has not resulted in emergence of strains with properties similar to any North American CWD strains in our taxonomic collection (Wisc-1, CWD2, H95+and 116AG).</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Our data indicates polymorphic white-tailed deer can favor infection with more than one strain. Similar to transmission studies of Colorado CWD isolates from cervids expressing a single PrPCprimary structure, the isolate from Norway reindeer (V214) represents a strain mixture, suggesting intrinsic strain diversity in the Nordfjella epizootic. The diversity of CWD strains with distinct transmission characteristics represents a threat to wildlife, sympatric domestic animals and public health.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: Genome Canada and Genome Alberta (Alberta Prion Research Institute and Alberta Agriculture & Forestry); NSERC Grant number: #LSARP 10205; NSERC RGPIN-2017-05539</div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We would like to thank Margo Pybus (Alberta Environment and Parks) Trent Bollinger (University of Saskatchewan) for providing us with tissue samples from hunter-harvested deer and Sylvie Benestad for providing moose and reindeer samples.</div><div><br /></div><div>Application of PMCA to understand CWD prion strains, species barrier and zoonotic potential</div><div><br /></div><div>Sandra Pritzkowa, Damian Gorskia, Frank Ramireza, Fei Wanga, Glenn C. Tellingb, Justin J. Greenleec, Sylvie L. Benestadd, and Claudio Sotoa aDepartment of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; bDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; cVirus and Prion Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA; dNorwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference Laboratory for CWD, Ås, Norway</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease affecting various species of cervids that continues to spread uncontrollably across North America and has recently been detected in Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden and Finland). The mechanisms responsible for the natural transmission of CWD are largely unknown. Furthermore, the risk of CWD transmission to other species, including humans, is also unknown and remains a dangerous enigma. In this study, we investigated the potential of CWD prions to infect several other animal species (sheep, cattle, pig, hamster, and mouse) including humans, by examining their capacity to convert the normal prion protein of distinct species in a PMCA reaction. Moreover, we also investigated whether the in vivo passage of CWD through intermediate species alters their capacity for zoonotic transmission, which may represent a major hazard to human health.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: For these studies, we used brain material from CWD-infected white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), elk (Cervus canadensis), and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) as species native to North America. We also used CWD-infected Moose (Alces alces), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) as Norwegian cervids. We also used brains from cattle, sheep and pigs experimentally infected by CWD. To study interspecies-transmission and zoonotic potential, samples were tested via PMCA for the conversion of PrPCinto PrPScusing different combinations of inoculum and host species. Based on these analyses we estimated the spillover and zoonotic potential for different CWD isolates. We define and quantify spillover and zoonotic potential indices as the efficiency by which CWD prions sustain prion generation in vitro at the expense of normal prion proteins from various mammals and human, respectively.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Our results show that prions from some cervid species, especially those found in Northern Europe, have a higher potential to transmit disease characteristics to other animals. Conversely, CWD-infected cervids originated in North America appear to have a greater potential to generate human PrPSc. We also found that in vivo transmission of CWD to cattle, but not to sheep or pigs substantially increases the ability of these prions to convert human PrPCby PMCA.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Our findings support the existence of different CWD prion strains with distinct spillover and zoonotic potentials. We also conclude that transmission of CWD to other animal species may increase the risk for CWD transmission to humans. Our studies may provide a tool to predict the array of animal species that a given CWD prion could affect and may contribute to understanding the risk of CWD for human health.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: National Institute of Health Grant number: P01 AI077774</div><div><br /></div><div>Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div><br /></div><div>Zerui Wanga, Kefeng Qinb, Manuel V. Camachoa, Ignazio Cali a,c, Jue Yuana, Pingping Shena, Tricia Gillilanda, Syed Zahid Ali Shaha, Maria Gerasimenkoa, Michelle Tanga, Sarada Rajamanickama, Anika Yadatia, Lawrence B. Schonbergerd, Justin Greenleee, Qingzhong Konga,c, James A. Mastriannib, and Wen-Quan Zoua,c</div><div><br /></div><div>aDepartment of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; bDepartment of Neurology and Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders, the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; dDivision of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) results from the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the brains of deer and elk. It has been spreading rapidly throughout many regions of North America, exported inadvertently to South Korea, and more recently identified in Europe. Mad cow disease has caused variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and is currently the only known zoonotic prion disease. Whether CWD is transmissible to humans remains uncertain. The aims of our study were not only to confirm whether CWD prion isolates can convert human brain PrPCinto PrPScin vitro by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) but also to determine whether the sPMCA-induced CWD-derived human PrPScis infectious.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: Eight CWD prion isolates from 7 elks and 1 deer were used as the seeds while normal human brain homogenates containing either PrP-129 MM (n = 2) or PrP-129 VV (n = 1) were used as the substrates for sPMCA assay. A normal elk brain tissue sample was used as a negative control seed. Two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing either human PrP-129VV or −129 MM polymorphism were included for transmission studies to determine the infectivity of PMCA-amplified PrPSc. Wester blotting and immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin & eosin staining were used for determining PrPScand neuropathological changes of inoculated animals.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: We report here the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPScusing elk CWD PrPScto initiate conversion of human PrPCfrom normal human brain homogenates with PMCA in vitro. Western blotting with a human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPScwas derived from the human brain PrPCsubstrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrPCwith either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPScpatterns and neuropathological changes in the brain.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSchas the potential to overcome the species barrier and directly convert human PrPCinto infectious PrPScthat can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: CJD Foundation and NIH</div><div><br /></div><div>Mortality surveillance of persons potentially exposed to chronic wasting disease</div><div><br /></div><div>R.A. Maddoxa, R.F. Klosb, L.R. Willb, S.N. Gibbons-Burgenerb, A. Mvilongoa, J.Y. Abramsa, B.S. Applebyc, L.B. Schonbergera, and E.D. Belaya aNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA; bWisconsin Department of Health Services (WDHS), Division of Public Health, Madison, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: It is unknown whether chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, can infect people, but consumption of meat from infected animals would be the most likely route of transmission. Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Division of Public Health (WDHS) personnel maintain a database consisting of information collected from hunters who reported eating, or an intention to eat, venison from CWD-positive cervids. These data, collected since 2003, allow for the evaluation of causes of mortality in individuals potentially exposed to CWD.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: The WDHS database contains the name, date of birth, when available, year of CWD-positive deer harvest, and city and state of residence for each potentially exposed individual. The database also includes information on how the deer was processed (self-processed or by a commercial operator) and when applicable, names of others with whom the venison was shared. Duplicate entries (i.e., those who consumed venison from CWD-positive deer in multiple hunt years) are determined by first name, last name, and date of birth. All names in the database are cross-checked with reported cases of human prion disease in Wisconsin and cases in the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC) diagnostic testing database. Persons with date of birth available are also cross-checked with prion disease decedents identified through restricted-use national multiple cause-of-death data via a data use agreement with the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: The database currently consists of 1561 records for hunt years 2003–2017 and 87 additional records for 2018–2019. Of these, 657 records have accompanying date of birth; 15 entries were removed as duplicates leaving 642 unique individuals. Of these individuals, 278 of 426 (66%) who ate venison from a CWD-positive deer and provided processing information reported self-processing. No matches were found among any persons in the database cross-checked with WDHS human prion disease surveillance data, NPDPSC data (February 2022 update), and NCHS data through 2020.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Because of the linkage of person and CWD-positive animal in the WDHS database, reviewing the cause of mortality in potentially exposed persons is possible. The number of individuals cross-checked so far is likely only a small percentage of those potentially exposed to CWD in Wisconsin, and many more years of vital status tracking are needed given an expected long incubation period should transmission to humans occur. Nevertheless, the findings of this ongoing review are thus far reassuring.</div><div><br /></div><div>Prion disease incidence, United States, 2003–2020</div><div><br /></div><div>R.A. Maddoxa, M.K. Persona, K. Kotobellib, A. Mvilongoa, B.S. Applebyb, L.B. Schonbergera, T.A. Hammetta, J.Y. Abramsa, and E.D. Belaya aNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA; bNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Mortality data, in conjunction with neuropathological and genetic testing results, are used to estimate prion disease incidence in the United States.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: Prion disease decedents for 2003–2020 were identified from restricted-use U.S. national multiple cause-of-death data, via a data use agreement with the National Center for Health Statistics, and from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC) database. NPDPSC decedents with neuropathological or genetic test results positive for prion disease for whom no likely match was found in the NCHS multiple cause-of-death data were added as cases for incidence calculations, while those with negative neuropathology results but with cause-of-death data indicating prion disease were removed. Unmatched cases in the NPDPSC database lacking neuropathological testing but with a positive real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) test result were additionally assessed. Age-specific and age-adjusted average annual incidence rates were calculated from the combined data; the year 2000 as the standard population and the direct method were used for age-adjustment.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: A total of 7,921 decedents were identified as having prion disease during 2003–2020 for an age-adjusted average annual incidence of 1.2 per million population. The age-adjusted incidence between males and females (1.3 and 1.1 per million, respectively) differed significantly (p < 0.0001). The age-specific average annual incidence among those <55 and ≥55 years of age was 0.2 and 4.8 per million, respectively; incidence among those ≥65 was 6.1 per million. Eighteen cases were <30 years of age for an age-specific incidence of 8.0 per billion; only 6 of these very young cases were sporadic (3 sporadic CJD, 3 sporadic fatal insomnia), with the rest being familial (9), variant (2), or iatrogenic (1). The age-adjusted annual incidence for the most recent year of data, 2020, was 1.3 per million. However, assessment of RT-QuIC positive cases lacking neuropathology in the NPDPSC database suggested that approximately 20% more cases may have occurred in that year; the addition of a subset of these cases that had date of death information available (n = 44) increased the 2020 rate to 1.4 per million.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Mortality data supplemented with the results of neuropathological, CSF RT-QuIC, and genetic testing can be used to estimate prion disease incidence. However, the identification in the NPDPSC database of RT-QuIC-positive cases lacking date of death information suggests that this strategy may exclude a number of probable prion disease cases. Prion disease cases <30 years of age, especially those lacking a pathogenic mutation, continue to be very rare.</div><div><br /></div><div>Shedding of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Multiple Excreta Throughout Disease Course in White-tailed Deer</div><div><br /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkersa, Erin E. McNultya, Caitlyn N. Krafta, Amy V. Nallsa, Joseph A. Westricha, Wilfred Goldmannb, Candace K. Mathiasona, and Edward A. Hoovera</div><div><br /></div><div>aPrion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; bDivision of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and the Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) now infects cervids in South Korea, North America, and Scandinavia. CWD is unique in its efficient transmission and shedding of prions in body fluids throughout long course infections. Questions remain as to the magnitude of shedding and the route of prion acquisition. As CWD continues to expand, the need to better understand these facets of disease becomes more pertinent. The purpose of the studies described was to define the longitudinal shedding profile of CWD prions in urine, saliva, and feces throughout the course of infection in white-tailed deer.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: Twelve (12) white-tailed deer were inoculated with either 1 mg or 300ng of CWD. Urine, saliva, and feces were collected every 3-month post-inoculation (MPI) throughout the study duration. Cohorts were established based on PNRP genotype: codon 96 GG (n = 6) and alternate codons 96 GS (n = 5) & 103NT (n = 1). Urine and saliva were analyzed using iron-oxide magnetic extraction (IOME) and real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC)(IQ). Feces were subjected to IOME, followed by 4 rounds protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) with products analyzed by RT-QuIC (IPQ). To determine whether IPQ may be superior to IQ, a subset of urine and saliva were also tested by IPQ. Results were compared with clinical disease status.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Within the 96 GG cohort, positive seeding activity was detected in feces from all deer (100%), in saliva from 5 of 6 (83%), and in urine from 4 of 6 (66%). Shedding in all excreta occurred at, or just after, the first positive tonsil biopsy result. In the 96 GS/103NT cohort, positive seeding activity could be detected in feces from 3 of 6 (50%) deer, saliva in 2 of 6 (33%), and urine in 1 of 6 (16%). Shedding in excreta was detected >5 months after the first tonsil positive result. Four of six 96 GG deer developed clinical signs of CWD, whereas only 2 of the 96 GS/103NT did. Shedding was more frequently detected in deer with clinical disease. The IPQ protocol did not significantly improve detection in saliva or urine samples, however, it significantly augmented detection in feces by eliminating non-specific background commonly experienced with IQ. Negative control samples remained negative in samples tested.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: These studies demonstrate: (a) CWD prion excretion occurs throughout infection; (2) PRNP genotype (GG≫GS/NT) influences the excreta shedding; and (3) detection sensitivity in excreta can vary with different RT-QuIC protocols. These results provide a more complete perspective of prion shedding in deer during the course of CWD infection.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: National Institutes of Health (NIH)</div><div><br /></div><div>Grant number: RO1-NS061902-09 R to EAH, PO1-AI077774 to EAH, and R01-AI112956-06 to CKM</div><div><br /></div><div>Acknowledgement: We abundantly thank Sallie Dahmes at WASCO and David Osborn and Gino D’Angelo at the University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources for their long-standing support of this work through provision of the hand-raised, CWD-free, white-tailed deer used in these studies</div><div><br /></div><div>Large-scale PMCA screening of retropharyngeal lymph nodes and in white-tailed deer and comparisons with ELISA and IHC: the Texas CWD study</div><div><br /></div><div>Rebeca Benaventea, Paulina Sotoa, Mitch Lockwoodb, and Rodrigo Moralesa</div><div><br /></div><div>aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bTexas Park and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that affects various species of cervids, and both free-ranging and captive animals. Until now, CWD has been detected in 3 continents: North America, Europe, and Asia. CWD prevalence in some states may reach 30% of total animals. In Texas, the first case of CWD was reported in a free-range mule deer in Hudspeth and now it has been detected in additional 14 counties. Currently, the gold standard techniques used for CWD screening and detection are ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of obex and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RPLN). Unfortunately, these methods are known for having a low diagnostic sensitivity. Hence, many CWD-infected animals at pre-symptomatic stages may be misdiagnosed. Two promising in vitro prion amplification techniques, including the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) and the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) have been used to diagnose CWD and other prion diseases in several tissues and bodily fluids. Considering the low cost and speed of RT-QuIC, two recent studies have communicated the potential of this technique to diagnose CWD prions in RPLN samples. Unfortunately, the data presented in these articles suggest that identification of CWD positive samples is comparable to the currently used ELISA and IHC protocols. Similar studies using the PMCA technique have not been reported.</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Compare the CWD diagnostic potential of PMCA with ELISA and IHC in RPLN samples from captive and free-range white-tailed deer. Material and Methods: In this study we analyzed 1,003 RPLN from both free-ranging and captive white-tailed deer collected in Texas. Samples were interrogated with the PMCA technique for their content of CWD prions. PMCA data was compared with the results obtained through currently approved techniques.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Our results show a 15-fold increase in CWD detection in free-range deer compared with ELISA. Our results unveil the presence of prion infected animals in Texas counties with no previous history of CWD. In the case of captive deer, we detected a 16% more CWD positive animals when compared with IHC. Interestingly, some of these positive samples displayed differences in their electroforetic mobilities, suggesting the presence of different prion strains within the State of Texas.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: PMCA sensitivity is significantly higher than the current gold standards techniques IHC and ELISA and would be a good tool for rapid CWD screening.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: USDA</div><div><br /></div><div>Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143</div><div><br /></div><div>ATYPRION project: assessing the zoonotic potential of interspecies transmission of CWD isolates to livestock (preliminary results).</div><div><br /></div><div>Enric Vidala,b, Juan Carlos Espinosac, Samanta Gilera,b, Montserrat Ordóñeza,b, Guillermo Canteroa,b, Vincent Béringued, Justin J. Greenleee, and Juan Maria Torresc</div><div><br /></div><div>aUnitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia; bIRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia; cCentro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain; dMolecular Virology and Immunology, French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Since variant Creutzfeldt-Jackob disease was linked to the consumption of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions, the study of the pathobiological features of animal prions, particularly their zoonotic potential, is of great concern to the scientific community and public health authorities. Furthermore, interspecies transmission of prions has been demonstrated as a putative evolutionary mechanism for prions, that can lead to the emergence of new features including the ability to infect humans. For instance, small ruminants’ atypical scrapie prions, when propagated in a bovine or porcine host, can shift to a classical BSE phenotype thus posing a potential risk in case of human exposure. So far, no hard evidence of zoonotic transmission of cervids’ chronic wasting disease (CWD) to humans has been published, however experimental transmission to bovine, ovine and caprine hosts has been achieved. Our goal is to investigate if, once passaged through these domestic species, CWD prions might become infectious to humans.</div><div><br /></div><div>Material and Methods: Different CWD isolates experimentally adapted to cattle, sheep and goat (Hamir et al, 2005, 2006, 2007, Greenlee et al 2012) have been intracerebrally inoculated to transgenic mouse models expressing the human cellular prion protein either homozygous for methionine or valine at codon 129 (Tg340-Met129 and Tg362-Val129). Additionally, inocula obtained from experimental transmission of elk CWD to ovinized (Tg501) and bovinized (BoTg110) transgenic mice, as well as white-tailed deer CWD to BoTg110 mice, are currently being bioassayed in both human PrPCtransgenic models.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results and conclusions: No evidence of transmission has been found on first passage for bovine adapted elk and mule deer CWD to none of the humanized models. The remaining bioassays are ongoing without showing clinical signs yet, as well as second passages for the negative 1stpassages.</div><div><br /></div><div>Funded by: La Marató de TV3 foundation. Grant number: ATYPRION (201,821–30-31-32)</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS and ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic wasting disease detection in environmental and biological samples from a taxidermy site</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Paulina Sotoa,b, J. Hunter Reedc, Mitch Lockwoodc, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bUniversidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile; cTexas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting captive and free-ranging cervids (e.g., mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk, reindeer, and moose). Nowadays, CWD is widely distributed in North America. It is suggested that CWD spreads due to direct animal contact or through exposure to contaminated environments previously inhabited by infected animals. CWD may also be spread through the movement of infected animals and carcasses. Taxidermy practices involve processing deer tissues (or whole animal carcasses). In many cases, the CWD status of processed animals is unknown. This can generate risks of disease spread and transmission. Taxidermy practices include different steps involving physical, chemical, and biological procedures. Without proper tissue handling or disposal practices, taxidermist facilities may become a focus of prion infectivity. Aims: In this study, we evaluated the presence of infectious prions in a taxidermy facility believed to be exposed to CWD. Detection was performed using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique in biological and inert environmental samples. Methods: We collected biological and environmental samples (plants, soils, insects, excreta, and others) from a taxidermy facility, and we tested these samples using the PMCA technique. In addition, we swabbed different surfaces possibly exposed to CWD-infected animals. For the PMCA reaction, we directly used a swab piece or 10 µL of 20% w/v homogenized samples. Results: The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in some of the components of this facility, including insects involved in head processing, soils, and a trash dumpster. Conclusions: Different areas of this property were used for various taxidermy procedures. We were able to detect the presence of prions in i) soils that were in contact with the heads of dead animals, ii) insects involved in the cleaning of skulls, and iii) an empty dumpster where animal carcasses were previously placed. This is the first report demonstrating that swabbing is a helpful method to screen for prion infectivity on surfaces potentially contaminated with CWD. These findings are relevant as this swabbing and amplification strategy may be used to evaluate the disease status of other free-ranging and captive settings where there is a concern for CWD transmissions, such as at feeders and water troughs with CWD-exposed properties. This approach could have substantial implications for free-ranging cervid surveillance as well as in epidemiological investigations of CWD. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Funded by: USDA Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Large-scale PMCA screening of retropharyngeal lymph nodes and in white-tailed deer and comparisons with ELISA and IHC: the Texas CWD study </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Rebeca Benaventea, Paulina Sotoa, Mitch Lockwoodb, and Rodrigo Moralesa aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bTexas Park and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that affects various species of cervids, and both free-ranging and captive animals. Until now, CWD has been detected in 3 continents: North America, Europe, and Asia. CWD prevalence in some states may reach 30% of total animals. In Texas, the first case of CWD was reported in a free-range mule deer in Hudspeth and now it has been detected in additional 14 counties. Currently, the gold standard techniques used for CWD screening and detection are ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of obex and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RPLN). Unfortunately, these methods are known for having a low diagnostic sensitivity. Hence, many CWD-infected animals at pre-symptomatic stages may be misdiagnosed. Two promising in vitro prion amplification techniques, including the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) and the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) have been used to diagnose CWD and other prion diseases in several tissues and bodily fluids. Considering the low cost and speed of RT-QuIC, two recent studies have communicated the potential of this technique to diagnose CWD prions in RPLN samples. Unfortunately, the data presented in these articles suggest that identification of CWD positive samples is comparable to the currently used ELISA and IHC protocols. Similar studies using the PMCA technique have not been reported. Aims: Compare the CWD diagnostic potential of PMCA with ELISA and IHC in RPLN samples from captive and free-range white-tailed deer. Material and Methods: In this study we analyzed 1,003 RPLN from both free-ranging and captive white-tailed deer collected in Texas. Samples were interrogated with the PMCA technique for their content of CWD prions. PMCA data was compared with the results obtained through currently approved techniques. Results: Our results show a 15-fold increase in CWD detection in free-range deer compared with ELISA. Our results unveil the presence of prion infected animals in Texas counties with no previous history of CWD. In the case of captive deer, we detected a 16% more CWD positive animals when compared with IHC. Interestingly, some of these positive samples displayed differences in their electroforetic mobilities, suggesting the presence of different prion strains within the State of Texas. Conclusions: PMCA sensitivity is significantly higher than the current gold standards techniques IHC and ELISA and would be a good tool for rapid CWD screening. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Funded by: USDA Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) as an ultra-sensitive technique for the screening of CWD prions in different sample types </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Francisca Bravo‐Risia,b, Paulina Sotoa,b, Rebeca Benaventea, Hunter Reedc, Mitch Lockwoodc, Tracy Nicholsd, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b aDepartment of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; bCentro Integrativo de Biologia y Quimica Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile; cTexas Park and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA; dVeterinary Services Cervid Health Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease that affects farmed and free-ranging cervids. The infectious agent in CWD is a misfolded form of the prion protein (PrPSc) that promotes conformational changes in the host’s cellular prion protein (PrPC). Currently, definitive CWD status is confirmed in the brain and lymphoid tissues by immunohistochemistry. The limitation of this technique is its poor sensitivity. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT- QuIC) are ultra-sensitive techniques that overcome these issues. PMCA mimics the self- propagation of infectious prions in vitro through multiple incubation/sonication cycles, increasing the number of prion particles present in a given sample. The detection of proteinase K (PK) -resistant PrPScby PMCA has been performed in experimental and natural samples that might harbor subclinical levels of prions. These samples include several tissues, bodily fluids, excreta, and different manmade and natural materials, including mineral licks, soils, and plants. Aims: In this study, we highlight recent advances and contributions that our group has performed in the detection of CWD prions from samples collected in farmed and free-ranging cervids, as well as other specimens involving the environment that contains CWD-infected deer. Material and Methods: A set of diverse samples analyzed in this study were collected by USDA and TPWD personnel in breeding and taxidermy facilities, and deer breeding facilities. These included animal and environmental samples. Additional samples from free-ranging animals were provided by hunters. Results: The diverse range of samples successfully detected for CWD prion infection in this study include blood, semen, feces, obex, retropharyngeal lymph node, fetuses (neural and peripheral tissues) and gestational tissues, parasites, insects, plants, compost/soil mixtures, and swabs from trash containers. Importantly, these results helped to identify seeding-competent prions in places reported to be free of CWD. The levels of prion infectivity in most of these samples are currently being investigated. Conclusions: Our findings contribute to the understanding of the transmission dynamics and prevalence of CWD. In addition, our data have helped to identify CWD in areas previously considered to be free of CWD. We also demonstrate that PMCA is a powerful technique for the screening of biological and environmental samples. Overall, our research suggests that PMCA may be a useful tool to implement for the surveillance and management of CWD. Funded by: NIH/NIAID and USDA Grant number: 1R01AI132695 (NIH) and AP20VSSPRS00C143 (USDA) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Nasal bot: an emerging vector for natural chronic wasting disease transmission </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Paulina Sotoa,b, Francisca Bravo-Risia,b, Carlos Kramma, Nelson Pereza, Rebeca Benaventea, J. Hunter Reedc, Mitch Lockwoodc, Tracy A. Nicholsd, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bUniversidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile; cTexas Park and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA; dVeterinary Services Cervid Health Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects farmed and free-ranging cervids populations. The spread of CWD in cervids is thought to occur through the direct contact between cervids or through the exposure of naïve animals to contaminated environments. Parasites are known vectors of multiple diseases in animals. However, the potential role of parasites in CWD transmission remains unclear. Aims: The main objective of this study was to determine if CWD prions could be detected in the larvae of deer nasal bot flies, a common deer parasite, taken from CWD-infected white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Methods: Bot fly larvae were collected from the nasal cavity of naturally infected CWD- positive or CWD non-detect white-tailed deer. The CWD seeding activity of the larvae was interrogated by PMCA. Prion infectivity was also evaluated in cervidized transgenic mouse bioassay (intra-cerebral administration in Tg1536 mice). Mice inoculated with bot larvae homogenate were sacrificed when they showed established signs of prion disease, or at extended periods after treatment (600 days). All inoculated mouse brains were evaluated for protease resistant prions to confirm clinical or sub-clinical infection. Bot larvae from CWD non-detect deer were used as controls. To further mimic environmental transmission, bot larvae homogenates were mixed with soils and plants were grown on them. Both plants and soils were tested for prion seeding activity. Results: PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in nasal bot larvae from captive and free-ranging white-tailed deer. CWD-contaminated bots efficiently infected transgenic mice, with attack rates and incubation periods suggesting high infectivity titers. Further analyses of treated animals (biochemical characterization of protease resistant prions and immunohistochemistry) confirmed prion infection. Analyses on dissected parts of the bot larvae demonstrate that the infectivity is concentrated in the larvae cuticle (outer part). Nasal bot larvae extracts mixed with</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> soils showed seeding activity by PMCA. Interestingly, plants grown in soil contaminated with the nasal bot larvae extract were found to produce seeding activity by PMCA. Conclusion: In this study we described for the first time that deer nasal bot larvae from CWD-infected deer carry high CWD infectivity titers. We also demonstrate that CWD prions in these parasites can interact with other environmental components relevant for disease transmission. Considering this information, we propose that deer nasal bot larvae could act as vectors for CWD transmission in wild and farming settings. Funded by: NIH/NIAID and USDA/APHIS Grant number: R01AI132695 and AP20VSSPRS00C143 PRION 2022 ABSTRACTS, AND A BIG THANK YOU TO On behalf of the Prion2020/2022 Congress Organizing Committee and the NeuroPrion Association, we heartily invite you to join us for the International Conference Prion2020/2022 from 13.-16. September 2022 in Göttingen.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Shedding of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Multiple Excreta Throughout Disease Course in White-tailed Deer</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Nathaniel D. Denkersa, Erin E. McNultya, Caitlyn N. Krafta, Amy V. Nallsa, Joseph A. Westricha, Wilfred Goldmannb, Candace K. Mathiasona, and Edward A. Hoovera</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">aPrion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; bDivision of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and the Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) now infects cervids in South Korea, North America, and Scandinavia. CWD is unique in its efficient transmission and shedding of prions in body fluids throughout long course infections. Questions remain as to the magnitude of shedding and the route of prion acquisition. As CWD continues to expand, the need to better understand these facets of disease becomes more pertinent. The purpose of the studies described was to define the longitudinal shedding profile of CWD prions in urine, saliva, and feces throughout the course of infection in white-tailed deer.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Material and Methods: Twelve (12) white-tailed deer were inoculated with either 1 mg or 300ng of CWD. Urine, saliva, and feces were collected every 3-month post-inoculation (MPI) throughout the study duration. Cohorts were established based on PNRP genotype: codon 96 GG (n = 6) and alternate codons 96 GS (n = 5) & 103NT (n = 1). Urine and saliva were analyzed using iron-oxide magnetic extraction (IOME) and real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC)(IQ). Feces were subjected to IOME, followed by 4 rounds protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) with products analyzed by RT-QuIC (IPQ). To determine whether IPQ may be superior to IQ, a subset of urine and saliva were also tested by IPQ. Results were compared with clinical disease status.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: Within the 96 GG cohort, positive seeding activity was detected in feces from all deer (100%), in saliva from 5 of 6 (83%), and in urine from 4 of 6 (66%). Shedding in all excreta occurred at, or just after, the first positive tonsil biopsy result. In the 96 GS/103NT cohort, positive seeding activity could be detected in feces from 3 of 6 (50%) deer, saliva in 2 of 6 (33%), and urine in 1 of 6 (16%). Shedding in excreta was detected >5 months after the first tonsil positive result. Four of six 96 GG deer developed clinical signs of CWD, whereas only 2 of the 96 GS/103NT did. Shedding was more frequently detected in deer with clinical disease. The IPQ protocol did not significantly improve detection in saliva or urine samples, however, it significantly augmented detection in feces by eliminating non-specific background commonly experienced with IQ. Negative control samples remained negative in samples tested.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions: These studies demonstrate: (a) CWD prion excretion occurs throughout infection; (2) PRNP genotype (GG≫GS/NT) influences the excreta shedding; and (3) detection sensitivity in excreta can vary with different RT-QuIC protocols. These results provide a more complete perspective of prion shedding in deer during the course of CWD infection.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Funded by: National Institutes of Health (NIH)</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Grant number: RO1-NS061902-09 R to EAH, PO1-AI077774 to EAH, and R01-AI112956-06 to CKM</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Acknowledgement: We abundantly thank Sallie Dahmes at WASCO and David Osborn and Gino D’Angelo at the University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources for their long-standing support of this work through provision of the hand-raised, CWD-free, white-tailed deer used in these studies</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Paulina Sotoa,b, Francisca Bravo-Risia,b, Claudio Sotoa, and Rodrigo Moralesa,b</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bUniversidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion diseases are infectious neurodegenerative disorders afflicting humans and other mammals. These diseases are generated by the misfolding of the cellular prion protein into a disease-causing isoform. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prevalent prion disease affecting cervids (captive and free-range). CWD is thought to be transmitted through direct animal contact or by indirect exposure to contaminated environments. Many studies have shown that infectious prions can enter the environment through saliva, feces, or urine from infected animals and decaying carcasses. However, we do not fully understand the specific contribution of each component to disease transmission events. Plants are logical environmental components to be evaluated since they grow in environments contaminated with CWD prions and are relevant for animal and human nutrition.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Aims: The main objective of this study is to study whether prions are transported to the roots and leaves of carrots, an edible plant commonly used in the human diet and as deer bait.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Methods: We have grown carrot plants in CWD-infected soils. After 90 days, we harvested the carrots and separated them from the leaves. The experiment was controlled by growing plants in soil samples treated with brain extracts from healthy animals. These materials were interrogated for their prion seeding activity using the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technique. Infectivity was evaluated in mouse bioassays (intracerebral injections in Tg1536 mice). The animals were sacrificed when they showed established signs of prion disease. Animals not displaying clinical signs were sacrificed at 600 days post-inoculation.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: The PMCA analysis demonstrated CWD seeding activity in soils contaminated with CWD prions, as well as in carrot plants (leaves and roots) grown on them. Bioassays demonstrated that both leaves and roots contained CWD prions in sufficient quantities to induce disease (92% attack rate). As expected, animals treated with prion-infected soils developed prion disease at shorter incubation periods (and complete attack rates) compared to plant components. Animals treated with soil and plant components exposed with CWD-free brain extracts did not display prion-associated clinical signs or evidence of sub-clinical prion infection.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions: We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts. Our results indicate that plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission. Importantly, plants designated for human consumption represent a risk of introducing CWD prions into the human food chain.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Funded by: NIH</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Grant number: R01AI132695</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Location: Virus and Prion Research</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Title: Transmission of the atypical/nor98 scrapie agent to suffolk sheep with VRQ/ARQ, ARQ/ARQ, and ARQ/ARR genotypes</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Author item Cassmann, Eric item MAMMADOVA, JAJIBA - Orise Fellow item BENESTAD, SYLVIE - Norwegian Veterinary Institute item MOORE, SARA JO - Orise Fellow item Greenlee, Justin</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Submitted to: PLoS ONE Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 1/21/2021 Publication Date: 2/11/2021</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Citation: Cassmann, E.D., Mammadova, J., Benestad, S., Moore, S., Greenlee, J.J. 2021. Transmission of the atypical/nor98 scrapie agent to suffolk sheep with VRQ/ARQ, ARQ/ARQ, and ARQ/ARR genotypes. PLoS ONE. 16(2). Article e0246503. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246503. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246503</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Interpretive Summary: Atypical scrapie is a prion disease that affects sheep. Unlike classical scrapie, atypical scrapie is thought to occur spontaneously, and it is unlikely to transmit between sheep under natural conditions. Another notable distinction between classical and atypical scrapie is the prion protein genotype of afflicted sheep and the locations in the brain where misfolded prions accumulate. Atypical scrapie generally occurs in sheep that are resistant to classical scrapie. Misfolded prions are predominantly found in the cerebellum for atypical scrapie and not in the brainstem as seen with classical scrapie. Atypical scrapie is a relevant disease because of its potential association with other prion diseases. Some research has shown that the atypical scrapie agent can undergo a transformation of disease forms that makes it appear like classical scrapie or classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease). Therefore, atypical scrapie is thought to be a possible source for these prion diseases. We investigated the transmission of the atypical scrapie agent to sheep with three different prion protein genotypes. A diagnosis of atypical scrapie was made in all three genotypes of sheep. Misfolded prion protein was detected earliest in the cerebellum and the retina. This is the first report describing the early accumulation of misfolded prions in the retina of sheep with atypical scrapie. Understanding where misfolded prions accumulate in cases of atypical scrapie can lead to better detection earlier in the disease. Furthermore, the materials derived from this experiment will aid in investigating origins of other prion diseases.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Technical Abstract: Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that occurs in sheep. Atypical/Nor98 scrapie occurs in sheep with that tend to be resistant to classical scrapie and it is thought to occur spontaneously. The purpose of this study was to test the transmission of the Atypical/Nor98 scrapie agent in three genotypes of Suffolk sheep and characterize the distribution of misfolded prion protein (PrPSc). Ten sheep were intracranially inoculated with brain homogenate from a sheep with Atypical/Nor98 scrapie. All sheep with the ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/ARR genotypes developed Atypical/Nor98 scrapie confirmed by immunohistochemistry, and one (1/3) sheep with the VRQ/ARQ genotype had detectable PrPSc consistent with Atypical/Nor98 scrapie at the experimental endpoint of 8 years. Sheep with mild early accumulations of PrPSc in the cerebellum had concomitant retinal PrPSc. Accordingly, large amounts of retinal PrPSc were identified in clinically affected sheep and sheep with dense accumulations of PrPSc in the cerebellum.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=379280" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=379280</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Title: Scrapie in white-tailed deer: a strain of the CWD agent that efficiently transmits to sheep?</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Author item Greenlee, Justin item KOKEMULLER, ROBYN - US Department Of Agriculture (USDA) item MOORE, S - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item WEST GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Submitted to: Meeting Abstract Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/29/2019 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Interpretive Summary:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Technical Abstract: Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of sheep and goats that is associated with widespread accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) in the central nervous and lymphoid tissues. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the natural prion disease of cervid species, and the tissue distribution of PrPSc in affected cervids is similar to scrapie in sheep. There are several lines of evidence that suggest that multiple strains of CWD exist, which may affect the agent’s potential to transmit to hosts of the same or different species. We inoculated white-tailed deer with the scrapie agent from ARQ/ARQ sheep, which resulted in 100% attack rates by either the intracranial or oronasal route of inoculation. When examining tissues from the brainstems or lymphoid tissues by traditional diagnostic methods such as immunohistochemistry or western blots, it is difficult to differentiate tissues from deer infected with scrapie from those infected with CWD. However, there are several important differences between tissues from scrapie-infected white-tailed deer (WTD scrapie) and those infected with CWD (WTD CWD). First, there are different patterns of PrPSc deposition in the brains of infected deer: brain tissues from deer with WTD scrapie had predominantly particulate and stellate immunoreactivity whereas those from deer with WTD-CWD had large aggregates and plaque-like staining. Secondly, the incubation periods of WTD scrapie isolates are longer than CWD isolates in mice expressing cervid prion protein. Most notably, the transmission potential of these two isolates back to sheep is distinctly different. Attempts to transmit various CWD isolates to sheep by the oral or oronasal routes have been unsuccessful despite observation periods of up to 7 years. However, WTD scrapie efficiently transmitted back to sheep by the oronasal route. Upon transmission back to sheep, the WTD scrapie isolate exhibited different phenotypic properties when compared to the sheep receiving the original sheep scrapie inoculum including different genotype susceptibilities, distinct PrPSc deposition patterns, and much more rapid incubation periods in transgenic mice expressing the ovine prion protein. The scrapie agent readily transmits between sheep and deer after oronasal exposure. This could confound the identication of CWD strains in deer and the eradication of scrapie from sheep.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">''The scrapie agent readily transmits between sheep and deer after oronasal exposure. This could confound the identication of CWD strains in deer and the eradication of scrapie from sheep.''</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">RT-QuIC detection of pathological prion protein in subclinical goats following experimental oral transmission of L-type BSE</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Alessandra Favole1* , Maria Mazza1 , Antonio D’Angelo2 , Guerino Lombardi3 , Claudia Palmitessa1 , Luana Dell’Atti1 , Giulia Cagnotti2 , Elena Berrone1 , Marina Gallo1 , Tiziana Avanzato1 , Erika Messana1 , Loretta Masoero1 , Pier Luigi Acutis1 , Daniela Meloni1 , Franco Cardone4 , Maria Caramelli1 , Cristina Casalone1 and Cristiano Corona1*</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Objective: The spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent to small ruminants is still a major issue in the surveillance of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) is an atypical form of BSE with an unknown zoonotic potential that is transmissible to cattle and small ruminants. Our current knowledge of bovine atypical prion strains in sheep and goat relies only on experimental transmission studies by intracranial inoculation. To assess oral susceptibility of goats to L-BSE, we orally inoculated five goats with cattle L-BSE brain homogenates and investigated pathogenic prion protein (PrPsc) distribution by an ultrasensitive in vitro conversion assay known as Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC).</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: Despite a prolonged observation period of 80 months, all these animals and the uninfected controls did not develop clinical signs referable to TSEs and tested negative by standard diagnostics. Otherwise, RT-QuIC analysis showed seeding activity in five out of five examined brain samples. PrPsc accumulation was also detected in spinal cord and lymphoreticular system. These results indicate that caprine species are susceptible to L-BSE by oral transmission and that ultrasensitive prion tests deserve consideration to improve the potential of current surveillance systems against otherwise undetectable forms of animal prion infections.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Discussion and conclusions</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Data here presented indicate that caprine species are susceptible to L-BSE after oral administration and are able to produce very low levels of prions in both lymphatic and central nervous tissues as demonstrated by optimized, high-sensitive, RT-QuIC assay.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">At variance with goats intracerebrally infected with L-BSE [4], in this study, no animal developed clinical signs of disease despite prolonged periods of observation, suggesting a comparatively low efficiency of the oral route versus the intracerebral one in L-BSE, a feature that further distinguish this strain from classical BSE [14, 15].</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Interestingly, all goats tested negative by standard diagnostics for PrPsc performed on brainstem. This finding, associated with the low amount of PrPsc detected in different brain areas, suggests a partial strain-specific transmission barrier. Indeed, inoculation of a prion into a new host species can produce prolonged incubation periods and/or subclinical infection [16, 17]. In addition, the lack of clinical signs suggests that naturally L-BSE-infected goats may be asymptomatic similarly to what proposed by Okada et al. for oral L-BSE in cattle [17].</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In line with previous results [18], RT-QuIC detected lower levels of prions than traditional diagnostic tools. Rapid and confirmatory tests failed to identify any PrPsc in the subclinical animals, while RT-QuIC allowed us to detect misfolded prion protein in multiple brain regions, spinal cord and lymphoreticular system. Studies have established that the rate of fluorescence increase in RTQuIC, while not measuring infectivity, is directly related to the concentration of prions in the sample seeding the reaction [19, 20]. Prolonged lag phases of RT-QuIC reactions indicate relatively low amounts of PrPsc in the examined tissues and may reassure about the possibility of goat to play as silent L-BSE spreaders in natural conditions. However, we believe that prudence must be always adopted when dealing with the risk of prion spread in field conditions as also suggested by recent data by Denkers and colleagues, who showed that the oral route of infection for chronic wasting disease in deer, may be much more efficient than previously thought [21]. Furthermore, although the mere presence of PrPsc is not indicative of a possible infectivity of the tissue, the finding of positivity in the lymphoreticular tissue must alert to the potential distribution of PrPsc in peripheral body regions which may increase the risks for humans. Bioassay of infectivity by inoculation of susceptible animals with brains of these goats may help to clarify this issue.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Based on the results achieved with this prion form and also other animal strains, it would be useful to consider the possibility to enlarge current diagnostic criteria to include, in defined conditions (e.g. very limited amounts of source tissue, or preclinical testing), the application of ultrasensitive diagnostic methods. This will not only improve the sensitivity of our surveillance systems but will also help to protect food chain from accidental spillovers of the agent of L-BSE.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Limitations</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Te primary limitation of this work is that infectivity was not demonstrated by bioassay and the infectious titre was not determined. Terefore, we cannot comment the degree of risk for human.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Despite these limitations, this work specifcally demonstrates prion-seeding activity in tissues of goats orally exposed to L-BSE and provide RT-QuIC as useful method to enhance surveillance of TSEs.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Keywords: Prion, L-BSE, RT-QuIC, Goat, Oral transmission, PrPsc, Ultrasensitive detection</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...see full text;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC8650279&blobtype=pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC8650279&blobtype=pdf</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 16, 2022 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SHEEP BY-PRODUCTS AND WHAT ABOUT Scrapie TSE PrP and Potential Zoonosis? </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/03/sheep-by-products-and-what-about.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/03/sheep-by-products-and-what-about.html</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SO, WHO'S UP FOR SOME MORE TSE PRION POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$ </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SO, ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> All sheep with the ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/ARR genotypes developed Atypical/Nor98 scrapie confirmed by immunohistochemistry, and one sheep with the VRQ/ARQ genotype had detectable PrPSc consistent with Atypical/Nor98 scrapie at the experimental endpoint of 8 years. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmission of the atypical/Nor98 scrapie agent to Suffolk sheep with VRQ/ARQ, ARQ/ARQ, and ARQ/ARR genotypes</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Eric D. Cassmann, Najiba Mammadova, S. Jo Moore, Sylvie Benestad, Justin J. Greenlee </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Published: February 11, 2021</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246503" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246503</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that occurs in sheep. Atypical/Nor98 scrapie occurs in sheep that tend to be resistant to classical scrapie and it is thought to occur spontaneously. The purpose of this study was to test the transmission of the Atypical/Nor98 scrapie agent in three genotypes of Suffolk sheep and characterize the distribution of misfolded prion protein (PrPSc). Ten sheep were intracranially inoculated with brain homogenate from a sheep with Atypical/Nor98 scrapie. All sheep with the ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/ARR genotypes developed Atypical/Nor98 scrapie confirmed by immunohistochemistry, and one sheep with the VRQ/ARQ genotype had detectable PrPSc consistent with Atypical/Nor98 scrapie at the experimental endpoint of 8 years. Sheep with mild early accumulations of PrPSc in the cerebellum had concomitant retinal PrPSc. Accordingly, large amounts of retinal PrPSc were identified in clinically affected sheep and sheep with dense accumulations of PrPSc in the cerebellum.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0246503" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0246503</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> These data confirm that ARR/ARR sheep cannot be considered to be fully resistant to classical scrapie.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Journal of General Virology header logoVolume 98, Issue 8</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Classical scrapie transmission in ARR/ARR genotype sheep Free</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Caroline Lacroux1,†, Hervé Cassard1,†, Hugh Simmons2, Jean Yves Douet1, Fabien Corbière1, Severine Lugan1, Pierette Costes1, Naima Aron1, Alvina Huor1, Cécile Tillier1, Francois Schelcher1, Olivier Andreoletti1</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Published: 01 August 2017 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000861" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000861</a> ;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">ABSTRACT </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The ARR allele is considered to provide a very strong resistance against classical scrapie infection in sheep. In this study, we report the occurrence of clinical transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in ARR/ARR sheep, following their inoculation by the intracerebral route with a classical scrapie isolate. On first passage, the disease displayed an incomplete attack rate transmission, with incubation periods exceeding 6 years. On second passage, the obtained prion did not display better abilities to propagate than the original isolate. These transmission results contrasted with the 100 % attack rate and the short incubation periods observed in ARQ/ARQ sheep challenged with the same isolate. These data confirm that ARR/ARR sheep cannot be considered to be fully resistant to classical scrapie. However, they also support the contention that classical scrapie has a very limited capacity to transmit and adapt to ARR/ARR sheep.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.000861#tab2" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.000861#tab2</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">''These data confirm that ARR/ARR sheep cannot be considered to be fully resistant to classical scrapie. However, they also support the contention that classical scrapie has a very limited capacity to transmit and adapt to ARR/ARR sheep.''</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Aug; 13(8): 1201–1207.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">doi: 10.3201/eid1308.070077</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PMCID: PMC2828083</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PMID: 17953092</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Classic Scrapie in Sheep with the ARR/ARR Prion Genotype in Germany and France</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Martin H. Groschup,corresponding author* 1 Caroline Lacroux,† 1 Anne Buschmann,* Gesine Lühken,‡ Jacinthe Mathey,† Martin Eiden,* Séverine Lugan,† Christine Hoffmann,* Juan Carlos Espinosa,§ Thierry Baron,¶ Juan Maria Torres,§ Georg Erhardt,‡ and Olivier Andreoletti†</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In the past, natural scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infections have essentially not been diagnosed in sheep homozygous for the A136R154R171 haplotype of the prion protein. This genotype was therefore assumed to confer resistance to BSE and classic scrapie under natural exposure conditions. Hence, to exclude prions from the human food chain, massive breeding efforts have been undertaken in the European Union to amplify this gene. We report the identification of 2 natural scrapie cases in ARR/ARR sheep that have biochemical and transmission characteristics similar to cases of classic scrapie, although the abnormally folded prion protein (PrPSc) was associated with a lower proteinase-K resistance. PrPSc was clearly distinct from BSE prions passaged in sheep and from atypical scrapie prions. These findings strongly support the idea that scrapie prions are a mosaic of agents, which harbor different biologic properties, rather than a unique entity.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The discovery of these 2 cases clearly indicates that the genetic resistance of ARR/ARR sheep to the so-called classic scrapie agent is not absolute. It also provides evidence that, rather than being a single entity, scrapie is a mosaic of infectious agents harboring different biologic properties in its natural host. Finally, although many thousands of cases of classic scrapie have been reported in sheep of other PrP genotypes and hundreds of thousands of rapid tests have been performed in Europe since the implementation of active TSE surveillance in small ruminants began in 2001, the discovery of these 2 ARR/ARR cases supports the idea that such infections are extremely rare.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2828083/pdf/07-0077_finalR.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2828083/pdf/07-0077_finalR.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">''The discovery of these 2 cases clearly indicates that the genetic resistance of ARR/ARR sheep to the so-called classic scrapie agent is not absolute.'' </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Here we report that both Nor98 and discordant cases, including three sheep homozygous for the resistant PrPARR allele (A136R154R171), efficiently transmitted the disease to transgenic mice expressing ovine PrP, and that they shared unique biological and biochemical features upon propagation in mice. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** These observations support the view that a truly infectious TSE agent, unrecognized until recently, infects sheep and goat flocks and may have important implications in terms of scrapie control and public health. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">A newly identified type of scrapie agent can naturally infect sheep with resistant PrP genotypes </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> Annick Le Dur*,?, Vincent Béringue*,?, Olivier Andréoletti?, Fabienne Reine*, Thanh Lan Laï*, Thierry Baron§, Bjørn Bratberg¶, Jean-Luc Vilotte?, Pierre Sarradin**, Sylvie L. Benestad¶, and Hubert Laude*,? +Author Affiliations </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires and ?Génétique Biochimique et Cytogénétique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; ?Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, 31066 Toulouse, France; §Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Unité Agents Transmissibles Non Conventionnels, 69364 Lyon, France; **Pathologie Infectieuse et Immunologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France; and ¶Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, 0033 Oslo, Norway </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***Edited by Stanley B. Prusiner, University of California, San Francisco, CA (received for review March 21, 2005) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Scrapie in small ruminants belongs to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, a family of fatal neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans and animals and can transmit within and between species by ingestion or inoculation. Conversion of the host-encoded prion protein (PrP), normal cellular PrP (PrPc), into a misfolded form, abnormal PrP (PrPSc), plays a key role in TSE transmission and pathogenesis. The intensified surveillance of scrapie in the European Union, together with the improvement of PrPSc detection techniques, has led to the discovery of a growing number of so-called atypical scrapie cases. These include clinical Nor98 cases first identified in Norwegian sheep on the basis of unusual pathological and PrPSc molecular features and "cases" that produced discordant responses in the rapid tests currently applied to the large-scale random screening of slaughtered or fallen animals. Worryingly, a substantial proportion of such cases involved sheep with PrP genotypes known until now to confer natural resistance to conventional scrapie. Here we report that both Nor98 and discordant cases, including three sheep homozygous for the resistant PrPARR allele (A136R154R171), efficiently transmitted the disease to transgenic mice expressing ovine PrP, and that they shared unique biological and biochemical features upon propagation in mice. *** These observations support the view that a truly infectious TSE agent, unrecognized until recently, infects sheep and goat flocks and may have important implications in terms of scrapie control and public health. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/102/44/16031.abstract" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.pnas.org/content/102/44/16031.abstract</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">''These observations support the view that a truly infectious TSE agent, unrecognized until recently, infects sheep and goat flocks and may have important implications in terms of scrapie control and public health.''</span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Steve Dealler =============== </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist <a href="mailto:deal@airtime.co.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:deal@airtime.co.uk">deal@airtime.co.uk</a> </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">=============== </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">=============== </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">============== </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019499/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019499/</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Taylor & Francis</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">GAME FARM INDUSTRY WANTS TO COVER UP FINDINGS OF INCREASE RISK TO CJD FROM CERVID</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE INQUIRY</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CJD9/10022</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">October 1994</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Mr R.N. Elmhirst Chairman British Deer Farmers Association Holly Lodge Spencers Lane </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">BerksWell Coventry CV7 7BZ</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Dear Mr Elmhirst,</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD) SURVEILLANCE UNIT REPORT</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Thank you for your recent letter concerning the publication of the third annual report from the CJD Surveillance Unit. I am sorry that you are dissatisfied with the way in which this report was published.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The Surveillance Unit is a completely independant outside body and the Department of Health is committed to publishing their reports as soon as they become available. In the circumstances it is not the practice to circulate the report for comment since the findings of the report would not be amended.. In future we can ensure that the British Deer Farmers Association receives a copy of the report in advance of publication.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The Chief Medical Officer has undertaken to keep the public fully informed of the results of any research in respect of CJD. This report was entirely the work of the unit and was produced completely independantly of the the Department.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The statistical results regarding the consumption of venison was put into perspective in the body of the report and was not mentioned at all in the press release. Media attention regarding this report was low key but gave a realistic presentation of the statistical findings of the Unit. This approach to publication was successful in that consumption of venison was highlighted only once by the media ie. in the News at one television proqramme.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">I believe that a further statement about the report, or indeed statistical links between CJD and consumption of venison, would increase, and quite possibly give damaging credence, to the whole issue. From the low key media reports of which I am aware it seems unlikely that venison consumption will suffer adversely, if at all. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasized by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterize the human dementias"</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the scrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">76/10.12/4.6</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">reference...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">RB3.20</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">1. Kuru and CJD have been successfully transmitted to chimpanzees but scrapie and TME have not.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">2. We cannot say that scrapie will not transmit to chimpanzees. There are several scrapie strains and I am not aware that all have been tried (that would have to be from mouse passaged material). Nor has a wide enough range of field isolates subsequently strain typed in mice been inoculated by the appropriate routes (i/c, ilp and i/v) :</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">3. I believe the proposed experiment to determine transmissibility, if conducted, would only show the susceptibility or resistance of the chimpanzee to infection/disease by the routes used and the result could not be interpreted for the predictability of the susceptibility for man. Proposals for prolonged oral exposure of chimpanzees to milk from cattle were suggested a long while ago and rejected.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">4. In view of Dr Gibbs' probable use of chimpazees Mr Wells' comments (enclosed) are pertinent. I have yet to receive a direct communication from Dr Schellekers but before any collaboration or provision of material we should identify the Gibbs' proposals and objectives.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severely would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">6. A negative result would take a lifetime to determine but that would be a shorter period than might be available for human exposure and it would still not answer the question regarding mans' susceptibility. In the meantime no doubt the negativity would be used defensively. It would however be counterproductive if the experiment finally became positive. We may learn more about public reactions following next Monday' s meeting.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">R. Bradley</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">23 September 1990</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CVO (+Mr Wells' comments)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Dr T W A Little</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Dr B J Shreeve</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">90/9.23/1.1.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">IN CONFIDENCE CHIMPANZEES</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CODE 18-77 Reference RB3.46</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Some further information that may assist in decision making has been gained by discussion with Dr Rosalind Ridley.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">She says that careful study of Gajdusek's work shows no increased susceptibility of chimpanzees over New World Monkeys such as Squirrel Monkeys. She does not think it would tell you anything about the susceptibility to man. Also Gajdusek did not, she believes, challenge chimpanzees with scrapie as severely as we did pigs and we know little of that source of scrapie. Comparisons would be difficult. She also would not expect the Home Office to sanction such experiments here unless there was a very clear and important objective that would be important for human health protection. She doubted such a case could be made. If this is the case she thought it would be unethical to do an experiment abroad because we could not do it in our own country.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Retrospectively she feels they should have put up more marmosets than they did. They all remain healthy. They would normally regard the transmission as negative if no disease resulted in five years.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">We are not being asked for a decision but I think that before we made one we should gain as much knowledge as we can. If we decided to proceed we would have to bear any criticisms for many years if there was an adverse view by scientists or media. This should not be undertaken lightly. There is already some adverse comment here, I gather, on the pig experiment though that will subside.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The Gibbs' (as' distinct from Schellekers') study is somewhat different. We are merely supplying material for comparative studies in a laboratory with the greatest experience of human SEs in the world and it has been sanctioned by USDA (though we do not know for certain yet if chimpanzees specifically will be used). This would keep it at a lower profile than if we conducted such an experiment in the UK or Europe.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">I consider we must have very powerful and defendable objectives to go beyond Gibbs' proposed experiments and should not initiate others just because an offer has been made.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Scientists have a responsibility to seek other methods of investigative research other than animal experimentation. At present no objective has convinced me we need to do research using Chimpanzees - a species in need of protection. Resisting such proposals would enable us to communicate that information to the scientist and the public should the need arise. A line would have been drawn.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CVO cc Dr T Dr B W A Little Dr B J Shreeve</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">R Bradley</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">26 September 1990</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">90/9.26/3.2</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041605/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041605/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">this is tse prion political theater here, i.e. what i call TSE PRION POKER...tss</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031028205208/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/28002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031028205208/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/28002001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822170317/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/11/01005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822170317/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/11/01005001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">PAGE 26</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Transmission Studies</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the respective wildlife research programmes. Despite its subsequent recognition as a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific research funding was forthcoming. The USDA viewed it as a wildlife problem and consequently not their province! ...page 26. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...see;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">PERCEPTIONS OF UNCONVENTIONAL SLOW VIRUS DISEASE OF ANIMALS IN THE USA</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">GAH WELLS</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">REPORT OF A VISIT TO THE USA</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">APRIL-MAY 1989</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2022 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmission of CH1641 in cattle </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Sunday, January 10, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div><br /></div><div>APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div><br /></div><div>Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div><br /></div><div>I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div><br /></div><div>THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div><br /></div><div>Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div><br /></div><div>The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div><br /></div><div>WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div><br /></div><div>WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div><br /></div><div>AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ...</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>PRION 2022 ABSTRACTS, AND A BIG THANK YOU TO </div><div><br /></div><div>On behalf of the Prion2020/2022 Congress Organizing Committee and the NeuroPrion Association, we heartily invite you to join us for the International Conference Prion2020/2022 from 13.-16. September 2022 in Göttingen.</div><div><br /></div><div>Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2022/09/prion-conference-2022-abstracts-cwd-tse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2022/09/prion-conference-2022-abstracts-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><div style="letter-spacing: inherit;">SUNDAY, OCTOBER 16, 2022 </div><div style="letter-spacing: inherit;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="letter-spacing: inherit;">USDA Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Action Plan National Program 103 Animal Health 2022-2027 </div><div style="letter-spacing: inherit;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="letter-spacing: inherit;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/10/usda-transmissible-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/10/usda-transmissible-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="letter-spacing: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: inherit;"><div style="text-align: start;">SATURDAY, OCTOBER 8, 2022 </div><div style="text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: start;">Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation </div><div style="text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: start;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/cattle-with-ek211-prnp-polymorphism-are.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/cattle-with-ek211-prnp-polymorphism-are.html</a></div><div style="text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: start;">MONDAY, AUGUST 29, 2022 </div><div style="text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: start;">Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 2021 Annual Report </div><div style="text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: start;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/08/pathobiology-genetics-and-detection-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/08/pathobiology-genetics-and-detection-of.html</a></div><div style="text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: start;">FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 23, 2022 </div><div style="text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: start;">SPILLOVER CWD TSE PRION INTO DIFFERENT SPECIES, pigs, sheep, cattle, camel, and humans, what if?</div><div style="text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: start;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/09/spillover-cwd-tse-prion-into-different.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/09/spillover-cwd-tse-prion-into-different.html</a></div><div style="text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: start;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-48255151410147117662022-10-16T16:03:00.008-05:002022-10-17T14:21:15.570-05:00USDA Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Action Plan National Program 103 Animal Health 2022-2027<div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Action Plan National Program 103 Animal Health 2022-2027 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA TSE PRION Action Plan National Program 103 Animal Health 2022-2027</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Action Plan National Program 103 Animal Health 2022-2027</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SNIP...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Component 6: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)..................................... 37</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Problem Statement 6A: Determine pathobiology of prion strains...................................... 39</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Problem Statement 6B: Reveal genetics of prion disease susceptibility............................. 40</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Problem Statement 6C: Diagnose, detect, and prevent prion diseases................................ 41</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Appendix 1: Meetings with livestock and government stakeholders that informed the development of this action plan................................................................................................ 44</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Appendix 2: Scientific and government stakeholder input that informed this action plan ..... 45</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Appendix 3: Heatmap of responses across all survey respondents to the 10 most important diseases currently affecting or that have the potential of affecting animal agriculture in the United States (n=413):.............................................................................................................. 46 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SNIP...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Component 6: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) include several fatal diseases of people and animals involving degeneration of the nervous system and brain function. TSEs are caused by agents known as prions, or what appear to be primarily infectious proteins that cause normal protein (cellular-prion protein PrPc ) molecules to convert into an abnormally structured form (disease-prion protein PrPsc) that can include inducement of the formation of proteinaceous deposits and plaques in the brain. TSEs include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), the primary human prion disease; Scrapie of sheep and goats; Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) of deer, elk, and moose; and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), also called “mad cow,” which is the cause of variant CJD (vCJD) in people and the only TSE known to have crossed the species barrier from animals to people.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Our understanding of TSEs continues to evolve with ongoing research efforts. TSEs are progressive but long developing diseases. In humans, for example, incubation periods from</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">38</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">the time of contact with an infectious prion may be decades long. Consequently, completion of research plans in natural hosts may require several years. Improvements have been made with the development of experimental rodent models to shorten the time required to obtain experimental results, but the relevance of any findings in mouse models remains uncertain unless confirmed and validated in natural hosts. In 2004, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies published a report entitled: Advancing Prion Science, Guidance for the National Prion Research Program. Several federal agencies have directed resources to implement recommendations in the report, including HHS-NIH, USDA-ARS, HHS-FDA, HHS-CDC, DoD, and EPA. Although significant scientific advances have been made, the research conducted to date has yet to deliver many of the concrete solutions needed to safeguard people and animals from these devastating diseases. A critical concern is the potential for environmental, genetic, or iatrogenic events to lead to new variant TSEs that are infectious and zoonotic.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Interagency Working Group (IWG) on Prion Science identified the following research priorities to maximize the impact of the National Prion Research Program:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Identification of the nature and origin of prion agents</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Studies on the pathobiology of prion strains</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Research on the determinants of transmissibility and epidemiology</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Development of diagnostics, detection, and surveillance</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">These interrelated priorities represent areas with critical gaps in our knowledge base. They were selected with the aim of establishing strategic collaborations that will produce benefits by aligning core competencies across Federal agencies. Especially notable are the potential benefits to be derived from collaboration between animal health and human-biomedical research.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">All sectors that completed the 2020 ARS Animal Health Stakeholder Survey (government, academia, industry, and livestock and poultry producers) identified research on TSEs a national priority. Importantly, stakeholders identified the following TSEs as one of the 10 most important diseases that have the potential of significantly affecting animal agriculture in the United States: Chronic Wasting Disease (29%), Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (18%), and Scrapie (11%).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Producers that completed the 2020 ARS Animal Health Stakeholder Survey (beef, sheep, goats, and wildlife) also identified TSEs as one of the top five diseases currently affecting their commodity. The following TSEs were ranked by producers as one of the top five diseases, as follows:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic Wasting Disease: Wildlife, including captive cervids (80%), sheep (15%), and beef (4.3%).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: Beef (8.7%).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">39</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Scrapie: Sheep (56%), goats (17%), beef (4.3%).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Although recognized as important, ARS does not currently have resources to implement research for the following priority:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Identification of the nature and origin of prion agents.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Problem Statement 6A: Determine pathobiology of prion strains</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Important gaps remain in our basic understanding of the pathobiology of animal prion diseases. One critical need is understanding the tissue tropism and dissemination of prions and resolving the variations seen in different animal species. Proving especially problematic is that the normal prion protein is widely expressed, particularly on neurons in the brain, and is found on cell surfaces but its function is unclear. Another enigma of TSEs is that different strains are found within the same animal species. Importantly, there is evidence that atypical strains have emerged and there is a need to investigate the transmissibility of atypical Scrapie strains, such as the Nor98-like Scrapie.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Focus:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">It is widely assumed that the oral route of infection is important in the pathogenesis of naturally occurring TSEs of livestock and cervids; however, basic research is needed to understand the mechanisms of transmission of TSE agents from the initial site of entry to the central nervous system. A notable feature of prion diseases is a lack of detectable immune responses and inflammation during the course of a prion infection, even though immune system cells may carry prions to target tissues. To date, research in animals suggests that prion accumulation may be largely influenced by the host species affected rather than the TSE involved. An investment in comparative pathology, which has not received much experimental attention, is needed to advance research programs in epidemiology and diagnostic discovery.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Anticipated Products:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Scientific information on the mechanisms responsible for the development of multiple TSE strains within a host species.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Scientific information on the manner in which prions enter the nervous system from peripheral sites of exposure such as a host’s gastrointestinal tract, nasal mucosa, skin, and eyes.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Scientific information on the mechanisms by which prion spread within the nervous system.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Scientific information on the mechanisms that control prion disease incubation times.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Elucidate the mechanisms of prion neuropathogenesis.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Determine prion distribution in goats infected with Scrapie.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Scientific information on prion distribution in sheep infected with atypical Scrapie.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Potential Benefits:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Understanding the pathobiology of prion disease and tissue distribution in susceptible animal species is paramount to inform the development of detection methods and ability to develop countermeasures to protect against animal prion diseases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">40</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Problem Statement 6B: Reveal genetics of prion disease susceptibility</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion diseases have stimulated intense scientific scrutiny since it was first proposed that the infectious agent was devoid of nucleic acid. Despite this finding, host genetics has played a key role in understanding the pathobiology and clinical aspects of prion diseases through the effects of a series of polymorphisms and mutations in the prion protein gene. The advent of vCJD confirmed a powerful human genetic susceptibility factor, as all patients with clinical disease have an identical genotype at the polymorphic codon 129 of the prion gene. The alternative variant at codon 129 is not protective, however, and abnormal prions have been found in lymphoid tissues of individuals of other prion genotypes after exposure to transfused blood products from patients who later succumbed to the disease. Familial forms of prion diseases are also known to be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. In most cases, an affected person inherits the altered gene from one affected parent. In some people, familial forms of prion disease are caused by a new mutation in the prion gene. Although such people most likely do not have an affected parent, they can pass the genetic change to their children. Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (fCJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome, and fatal familial insomnia (FFI) represent the core phenotypes of genetic prion disease.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Genetic studies in animals have uncovered similar polymorphisms and mutations in the prion protein gene. Genetic information has led to the discovery of genotypes with relative susceptibility and resistance to Scrapie in sheep. Current Scrapie control programs in the United States and Europe are based on the elimination of susceptible genotypes from the breeding pool. However, a significant portion of Scrapie resistance in sheep is not explained by the currently known resistance allele coding R, at codon 171, and codon A at codon 136. Less is known in cervids and CWD. In addition, recent evidence indicates that some forms of BSE may be genetic in nature. The 2006 U.S. H.-type atypical BSE cow had a polymorphism at codon 211 of the bovine prion gene, resulting in a glutamic acid to lysine substitution (E211K). This substitution is analogous to a human polymorphism associated with the most prevalent form of heritable TSE in humans, and it is considered to have caused BSE in 2006 in a U.S. case that was determined to be atypical BSE.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Focus:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The functional genomics of disease resistance are not completely understood, and recent research suggests genetic variations may lead to different clinical outcomes. There is a need to look more broadly at the genome of livestock species to identify markers associated with resistance to Scrapie in sheep and goats and CWD in cervids.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In the case of Scrapie, the sheep genome may help identify other alleles that may explain why some QR and RR sheep genotype are susceptible, allowing these sheep to be classified as susceptible and removed from the farm. This will make genotype testing a more effective control tool. This research area is aimed at utilizing powerful computational biology and bioinformatic approaches, along with traditional animal breeding experiments, to steadily improve our understanding of mechanisms of genetic disease resistance.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Our understanding of Scrapie genetic resistance in goats is not as advanced as sheep Scrapie, and there is a need to identify markers for genetic resistance in goats. This will enable the use</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">41</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">of markers identified to develop resistant lines of high production meat and milk goats in cooperation with industry. The USDA eradication program is increasing its focus on goats and it is critically important to provide other options to goat producers besides whole herd depopulation, with the hope that premises contamination does not result in reinfection. Scrapie eradication in the United States will not be achieved unless it is eradicated from sheep and goats.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Anticipated Products:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Identification of genetic variations associated with disease susceptibility.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Scientific information on the correlation between host genotypes and the phenotypes of prion agents.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Identification of genetic factors controlling susceptibility of goats to Scrapie.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Scientific information to evaluate the effectiveness of disease resistance breeding programs in sheep.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Scientific information to evaluate sheep ARR/ARR genotype for resistance to different TSE strains.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Determine whole genome associations with TSE susceptibility or resistance in sheep, goats, and cervids.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Determine the effects of the PRNP genotype on current diagnostic test assay accuracy in sheep and goats with Scrapie.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Potential Benefits:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• The identification of genetic markers associated with disease susceptibility and resistance.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Ability to develop prion disease control programs by selecting farm animals that are resistant to prion diseases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Ability to enhance surveillance programs for animals known to be genetically susceptible to prion diseases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Problem Statement 6C: Diagnose, detect, and prevent prion diseases</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Important gaps remain in our arsenal of diagnostic tools for early detection and countermeasures to prevent disease outbreaks, transmission, and spread. Current diagnostic tests were validated for use only on post-mortem samples; simple, sensitive, cost-effective ante mortem tests have yet to be developed. Because there is no detectable immune response or inflammation during the course of TSE infection, direct tests are needed to confirm a diagnosis. At present, only highly infected tissues, such as brain material or lymph tissue, are suitable for providing accurate diagnosis.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">There is also a need to determine what level of environmental contamination can lead to infections in animals, and then develop a test for determining if this level of contamination exists on farm premises.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Significant gaps also remain for inactivating TSEs in farm settings. Currently the methods available for prion inactivation are not very effective in soil and other organic material. This is problematic as most contaminated bedding is either buried, left as is, or tilled in the soil relying on exclusion or dilution. Research studies have shown that prions last a very long</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">42</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">time when bound to soils or water and may be taken up by plants. Development of a costeffective method of prion inactivation to non-transmissible levels is needed.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Focus:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Diagnostic approaches currently in use include techniques such as immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). IHC is one of the original tests developed and is considered the gold standard, but it is more labor intensive and time consuming than the other two, whereas the Western blot and particularly ELISA tests are more efficient for the initial screening of large numbers of samples. Another method is the Conformation-Dependent Immunoassay (CDI), currently a research technique that claims to discriminate between normal prion and the abnormal prion on the basis of its shape, but this has yet to be validated as a diagnostic test in animals. New technologies and methods have been described using protein misfolding cyclic amplification techniques (PMCA), similar in concept to gene/DNA amplification, which effectively increases the concentration of prions in normal or pathological conformations. There is a critical need to improve diagnostics methods for surveillance, including the discovery of an ante mortem test for early detection and implementation of intervention strategies. There is also a critical need to develop tools for inactivating TSEs in farm settings, especially the inactivation of TSEs present in organic material.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Anticipated Products:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• TSE diagnostic test capable of detecting low levels of abnormal prions (i.e., key step to enable the development of an ante mortem test that can identify disease during the early stages of incubation).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Improved live animal and post mortem tests for Scrapie.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Develop a sensitive, high-throughput assay suitable for use in veterinary diagnostic laboratories for detection of PrP-Sc in sheep with classical scrapie.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Develop a live animal test for the early detection of CWD in white tail deer.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Validation of existing biopsy-based TSE tests in goats, deer, and elk.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Standardize sampling and assay protocols for screening environments for CWD and Scrapie prions.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Rapid biochemical methods for strain typing.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Determine the suitability of a sensitive, high-throughput assay for detection of PrP-Sc (Nor98) in brain, peripheral tissues, and placentas from Sheep with Nor98.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Validated murine models for strain typing.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Improved diagnostics for TSEs in bodily fluids, including blood and other readily available samples in host species.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Technologies to distinguish infectious prions from normal cellular prion proteins.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• A sensitive, high-throughput assay suitable for use in veterinary diagnostic laboratories for detection of PrP-Sc in sheep with classical scrapie.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Effective chemicals with anti-prion properties that can safely be used in farm environments.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Potential Benefits:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Effective surveillance programs based on early detection of animal prion diseases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Deployment of animal prion disease prevention measures.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">43</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Component 6 Resources:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The following ARS locations have research projects addressing the problem statements</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">identified under Component 7:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Albany, California</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Ames, Iowa</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Pullman, Washington</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SNIP...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/np103/Action%20Plan%20-%20Animal%20Health%202022-2027_final.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/np103/Action%20Plan%20-%20Animal%20Health%202022-2027_final.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Project: Assessing the Potential Transmissibility of Bovine and Cervid Prions with a Human Prion Protein-based Model </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Project Number: 5030-32000-228-019-S</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Project Type: Non-Assistance Cooperative Agreement</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Start Date: Sep 1, 2022 End Date: Aug 31, 2023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Objective:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The objective of this agreement is to develop a model that can experimentally generate CWD- and atypical BSE-derived abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) using the human prion protein. The model will be used to: 1) explore the mechanism of CWD and atypical BSE prion-seeded conversion of human prion protein, and 2) identify molecular biomarkers for monitoring and probing potential emergence of CWD- and atypical BSE-derived cases of human prion disease.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Approach:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">A combination of an in vitro amplification method (protein misfolding cyclic amplification; PMCA) and in vivo animal bioassays will be used to investigate the molecular events of CWD- and atypical BSE-induced conversion of human brain PrPC into PrPSc and to develop molecular biomarkers for monitoring and probing potential CWD- and atypical BSE-derived human prion diseases. Seed from approximately 20 CWD isolates will be used in PMCA assays to assess the role of human codon 129 polymorphisms on prion conversion. PMCA generated seeds from atypical H and L-type BSE cases will be compared to classical cases to compare potential transmission aspects of BSE isolates. All PMCE-induced CWD and BSE transmissions to human prion protein will be bioassayed in mouse models to compare neuropathologic features to those of known phenotypes of human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=442757" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=442757</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Project: Elucidating the Pathobiology and Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Title: Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Author item Greenlee, Justin item Cassmann, Eric item MOORE, SARA JO - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item WEST GREENLEE, HEATHER - Iowa State University</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Submitted to: Meeting Abstract</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Publication Type: Abstract Only</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Publication Acceptance Date: 6/24/2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Publication Date: 9/16/2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Citation: Greenlee, J.J., Cassmann, E.D., Moore, S., West Greenlee, H.M. 2022. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries. 16(1):150. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a>.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Technical Abstract: </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with the H-BSE agent from either the US 2004 case (wild type donor; n=3) or from the US 2006 case with the E211K polymorphism (n=4). Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. When signs were noted, animals were euthanized and necropsied. Cattle were confirmed positive for abnormal BSE prions by enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Idexx HerdChek BSE Ag Test), anti-PrP immunohistochemistry (IHC) on brainstem, and microscopic examination for vacuolation. Three-out-of-four (75%) calves with the EK211 genotype developed clinical signs of H-BSE including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and were euthanized. Two of the positive EK211 steers received H-BSE US 2004 inoculum (Incubation Period (IP): 59.3 and 72.3 months) while the other positive steer received the E211K H-BSE inoculum (IP: 49.7 months). EIA confirmed that abundant misfolded protein (O.D. 2.57-4.0) in the brainstem, and IHC demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. All cattle in the EE211 recipient group remain asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment (approximately 7 years post-inoculation). This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=395351" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=395351</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">''This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.''</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Justin J. Greenleea, Eric D. Cassmanna, S. Jo Moorea,b, and M. Heather West Greenleec</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">aVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA; bOak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, US; cDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, US</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Aims: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Material and Methods: Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with the H-BSE agent from either the US 2004 case (wild type donor; n = 3) or from the US 2006 case with the E211K polymorphism (n = 4). Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. When signs were noted, animals were euthanized and necropsied. Cattle were confirmed positive for abnormal BSE prions by enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Idexx HerdChek BSE Ag Test), anti-PrP immunohistochemistry (IHC) on brainstem, and microscopic examination for vacuolation.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: Three-out-of-four (75%) calves with the EK211 genotype developed clinical signs of H-BSE including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and were euthanized. Two of the positive EK211 steers received H-BSE US 2004 inoculum (Incubation Period (IP): 59.3 and 72.3 months) while the other positive steer received the E211K H-BSE inoculum (IP: 49.7 months). EIA confirmed that abundant misfolded protein (O.D. 2.57–4.0) in the brainstem, and IHC demonstrated PrPScthroughout the brain. All wild type recipient cattle and a single EK211 steer remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment (approximately 7 years post-inoculation) and no abnormal prion protein was detected in these cattle by EIA.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1 g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Funded by: US Department of Agriculture</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Acknowledgement: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This research was supported in part by an appointment to the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Research Participation Program administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). ORISE is managed by ORAU under DOE contract number DE-SC0014664. All opinions expressed in this paper are the author’s and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of USDA, ARS, DOE, or ORAU/ORISE.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 15, 2018 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">reading up on this study from Prion 2018 Conference, very important findings ;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2018 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Experimental Infection of Cattle With a Novel Prion Derived From Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2018 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Experimental Infection of Cattle With a Novel Prion Derived From Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">let's take a closer look at this new prionpathy or prionopathy, and then let's look at the g-h-BSEalabama mad cow.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">This new prionopathy in humans? the genetic makeup is IDENTICAL to the g-h-BSEalabama mad cow, the only _documented_ mad cow in the world to date like this, ......wait, it get's better. this new prionpathy is killing young and old humans, with LONG DURATION from onset of symptoms to death, and the symptoms are very similar to nvCJD victims, OH, and the plaques are very similar in some cases too, bbbut, it's not related to the g-h-BSEalabama cow, WAIT NOW, it gets even better, the new human prionpathy that they claim is a genetic TSE, has no relation to any gene mutation in that family. daaa, ya think it could be related to that mad cow with the same genetic make-up ??? there were literally tons and tons of banned mad cow protein in Alabama in commerce, and none of it transmitted to cows, and the cows to humans there from ??? r i g h t $$$</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">ALABAMA MAD COW g-h-BSEalabama</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In this study, we identified a novel mutation in the bovine prion protein gene (Prnp), called E211K, of a confirmed BSE positive cow from Alabama, United States of America. This mutation is identical to the E200K pathogenic mutation found in humans with a genetic form of CJD. This finding represents the first report of a confirmed case of BSE with a potential pathogenic mutation within the bovine Prnp gene. We hypothesize that the bovine Prnp E211K mutation most likely has caused BSE in "the approximately 10-year-old cow" carrying the E221K mutation.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">her healthy calf also carried the mutation (J. A. Richt and S. M. Hall PLoS Pathog. 4, e1000156; 2008).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">This raises the possibility that the disease could occasionally be genetic in origin. Indeed, the report of the UK BSE Inquiry in 2000 suggested that the UK epidemic had most likely originated from such a mutation and argued against the scrapierelated assumption. Such rare potential pathogenic PRNP mutations could occur in countries at present considered to be free of BSE, such as Australia and New Zealand. So it is important to maintain strict surveillance for BSE in cattle, with rigorous enforcement of the ruminant feed ban (many countries still feed ruminant proteins to pigs). Removal of specified risk material, such as brain and spinal cord, from cattle at slaughter prevents infected material from entering the human food chain. Routine genetic screening of cattle for PRNP mutations, which is now available, could provide additional data on the risk to the public. Because the point mutation identified in the Alabama animals is identical to that responsible for the commonest type of familial (genetic) CJD in humans, it is possible that the resulting infective prion protein might cross the bovine–human species barrier more easily. Patients with vCJD continue to be identified. The fact that this is happening less often should not lead to relaxation of the controls necessary to prevent future outbreaks.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith Cambridge University Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK e-mail: <a href="mailto:maf12@cam.ac.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:maf12@cam.ac.uk">maf12@cam.ac.uk</a> Jürgen A. Richt College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K224B Mosier Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5601, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">NATURE|Vol 457|26 February 2009</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/4571079b.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/4571079b.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/4571079b" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/4571079b</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">> Epidemiological investigations conducted by USDA personnel failed to reveal any evidence of a feed source contaminated with TSE material fed to this animal</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_i%E2%80%8Bssues/bse/downloads/EPI_Final5-2-06.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/bse/downloads/EPI_Final5-2-06.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2525843/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2525843/</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">''This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.''</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">LMAO!</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">BANNED MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE IN ALABAMA </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST PRODUCT</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">REASON</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">DISTRIBUTION AL</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">______________________________</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes,</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Recall # V-120-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete. REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">DISTRIBUTION AL and MS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">______________________________</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PRODUCT</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">###</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST PRODUCT</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 CODE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">###</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">______________________________</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PRODUCT</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">a) Bulk</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">b) None</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">c) Bulk</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">d) Bulk</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">REASON</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">###</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">___________________________________</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PRODUCT</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CODE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">REASON</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">42,090 lbs.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">WI</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">___________________________________</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PRODUCT</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CODE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">REASON</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">9,997,976 lbs.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">ID and NV</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> The U.S. cases were animals born and raised in the U.S. (Texas, Alabama).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SEE HISTORY AT THE BOTTOM...TSS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 18, 2007 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE BASE MAD COW TESTING TEXAS, USA, AND CANADA, A REVIEW OF SORTS </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Saturday, August 14, 2010</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">(see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Saturday, August 14, 2010</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY, what if?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/05/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/05/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 15, 2018 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">THURSDAY, JUNE 25, 2020 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">First Report of the Potential Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)-Related Somatic Mutation E211K of the Prion Protein Gene (PRNP) in Cattle </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/06/first-report-of-potential-bovine.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/06/first-report-of-potential-bovine.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Subject: re-BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2002 10:23:43 -0000</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">From: "Asante, Emmanuel A" <a href="mailto:e.asante@ic.ac.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:e.asante@ic.ac.uk">e.asante@ic.ac.uk</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">To: "'<a href="mailto:flounder@wt.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder@wt.net">flounder@wt.net</a>'" <a href="mailto:flounder@wt.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder@wt.net">flounder@wt.net</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">I have been asked by Professor Collinge to respond to your request. I am a Senior Scientist in the MRC Prion Unit and the lead author on the paper. I have attached a pdf copy of the paper for your attention.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Thank you for your interest in the paper.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In respect of your first question, the simple answer is, ***yes. As you will find in the paper, we have managed to associate the alternate phenotype to type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. It is too early to be able to claim any further sub-classification in respect of Heidenhain variant CJD or Vicky Rimmer's version. It will take further studies, which are on-going, to establish if there are sub-types to our initial finding which we are now reporting. The main point of the paper is that, as well as leading to the expected new variant CJD phenotype, BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype which is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">I hope reading the paper will enlighten you more on the subject. If I can be of any further assistance please to not hesitate to ask. Best wishes.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Emmanuel Asante</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><<Asante et al 2002.pdf>></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">____________________________________</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Dr. Emmanuel A Asante MRC Prion Unit & Neurogenetics Dept. Imperial College School of Medicine (St. Mary's) Norfolk Place, LONDON W2 1PG Tel: +44 (0)20 7594 3794 Fax: +44 (0)20 7706 3272 email: <a href="mailto:e.asante@ic.ac.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:e.asante@ic.ac.uk">e.asante@ic.ac.uk</a> (until 9/12/02) New e-mail: <a href="mailto:e.asante@prion.ucl.ac.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:e.asante@prion.ucl.ac.uk">e.asante@prion.ucl.ac.uk</a> (active from now)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">____________________________________</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">''This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.'' </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Samia Hannaouia, Ginny Chenga, Wiebke Wemheuerb, Walter J. Schulz-Schaefferb, Sabine Gilcha, and Hermann M. Schätzla aDepartment of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; bInstitute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of cervids. Its rapid geographic expansion, shedding of infectivity and persistence in the environment for many years are of concern for humans. Here, we provide the first evidence by transmission experiments to different transgenic mouse models and bank voles that Cynomolgus macaques inoculated via different routes with CWD-positive cervid tissues harbor infectious prions that elicit clinical disease in rodents.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Material and Methods: We used tissue materials from macaques inoculated with CWD to inoculate transgenic mice overexpressing cervid PrPCfollowed by transmission into bank voles. We used RT-QuIC, immunoblot and PET blot analysis to assess brains, spinal cords, and tissues of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for the presence of prions.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: Our results show that of the macaque materials that induced clinical disease in transgenic mice,73% were from the CNS (46% spinal cord and 27% brain), and 27% were from the spleen, although attack rates were low around 20%. Clinical mice did not display PK-resistant PrPSc(PrPres) in immunoblot, but showed low-levels of prion seeding activity. Transmission into bank voles from clinical transgenic mice led to a 100% attack rate with typical PrPressignature in immunoblot, which was different from that of voles inoculated directly with CWD or scrapie prions. High-level prion seeding activity in brain and spinal cord and PrPresdeposition in the brain were present. Remarkably, we also found prion seeding activity in GIT tissues of inoculated voles. Second passage in bank voles led to a 100% attack rate in voles inoculated with brain, spinal cord and small intestine material from first round animals, with PrPresin immunoblot, prion seeding activity, and PrPresdeposition in the brain. Shortened survival times indicate adaptation in the new host. This also shows that prions detected in GIT tissues are infectious and transmissible. Transmission of brain material from sick voles back to cervidized mice revealed transmission in these mice with a 100% attack rate, and interestingly, with different biochemical signature and distribution in the brain.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including oral one. The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and transgenic mice, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Funded by: The National Institutes of Health, USA, and the Alberta Prion Research Institute/Alberta Innovates Canada. Grant number: 1R01NS121016-01; 201,600,023</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Acknowledgement: We thank Umberto Agrimi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy, and Michael Beekes, Robert-Koch Institute Berlin, Germany, for providing the bank vole model. We thank the University of Calgary animal facility staff and Dr. Stephanie Anderson for animal care.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">aDepartment of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; bUniversité Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France; cDepartment of Biological Sciences, Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we aimed to determine the zoonotic potential of CWD using a mouse model for human prion diseases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Material and Methods: Transgenic mice overexpressing human PrPChomozygous for methionine at codon 129 (tg650) were inoculated intracerebrally with brain homogenates of white-tailed deer infected with Wisc-1/CWD1 or 116AG CWD strains. Mice were monitored for clinical signs and were euthanized at terminal disease. Brains were tested by RT-QuIC, western blot upon PK digestion, and immunohistochemistry; fecal homogenates were analyzed by RT-QuIC. Brain/spinal cord and fecal homogenates of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice were inoculated into tg650 mice or bank voles. Brain homogenates of bank voles inoculated with fecal homogenates of CWD-infected tg650 mice were used for second passage in bank voles.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650 brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to tg650 mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of tg650 mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated tg650 mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and tg650 with fecal homogenates.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Funded by: We are grateful for financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the National Institutes of Health, Genome Canada, and the Alberta Prion Research Institute. SG is supported by the Canada Research Chairs program.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Acknowledgement: We thank Dr. Trent Bollinger, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, for providing brain tissue from the WTD-116AG isolate, Dr. Stéphane Haïk, ICM, Paris, France, for providing brain tissue from vCJD and sCJD cases, and Dr. Umberto Agrimi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy, for the bank vole model. We thank animal facility staff for animal care, Dr. Stephanie Anderson for veterinary oversight, and Yo-Ching Cheng for preparing recombinant PrP substrates. Thank you to Dr. Stephanie Booth and Jennifer Myskiw, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Eric Cassmanna, Xu Qib, Qingzhong Kongb, and Justin Greenleea</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">aNational Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA bDepartments of Pathology, Neurology, National Center for Regenerative Medicine, and National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Aims: Evaluate the zoonotic potential of the raccoon passaged chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent in humanized transgenic mice in comparison with the North American CWD agent from the original white-tailed deer host.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Material and Methods: Pooled brain material (GG96) from a CWD positive herd was used to oronasally inoculate two white-tailed deer with wild-type prion protein genotype and intracranially inoculate a raccoon. Brain homogenates (10% w/v) from the raccoon and the two white-tailed deer were used to intracranially inoculate separate groups of transgenic mice that express human prion protein with methionine (M) at codon 129 (Tg40h). Brains and spleens were collected from mice at experimental endpoints of clinical disease or approximately 700 days post-inoculation. Tissues were divided and homogenized or fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. Immunohistochemistry, enzyme immunoassay, and western blot were used to detect misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) in tissue.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: Humanized transgenic mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent from white-tailed deer exhibited a 100% (12/12) attack rate with an average incubation period of 605 days. PrPScwas detected in brain tissue by enzyme immunoassay with an average optical density of 3.6/4.0 for positive brains. PrPScalso was detected in brain tissue by western blot and immunohistochemistry. No PrPScwas detected in the spleens of mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent. Humanized mice inoculated with the CWD agent from white-tailed deer did not have detectable PrPScusing conventional immunoassay techniques.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions: The host range of the CWD agent from white-tailed deer was expanded in our experimental model after one passage through raccoons.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Acknowledgement: We thank Quazetta Brown, Lexi Frese, Rylie Frese, Kevin Hassall, Leisa Mandell, and Trudy Tatum for providing excellent technical support to this project.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Stable and highly zoonotic cervid prion strain is possible</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, and Qingzhong Kong Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in some areas. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies suggest that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Material and Methods: We inoculated a few sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice, which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had hunted or consumed vension from CWD-endemic states. Some of these mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (Tg12) resulted in a ‘cervidized’ CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of CJDElkPrPin transgenic mice expressing human PrP (Tg40h). We passaged CJDElkPrPtwo more times in the Tg12 mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrPprions also led to 100% infection in the Tg40h mice. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice, despite that natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrPshare the same elk PrP sequence.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can be stably maintained in cervids and that CWD zoonosis is prion strain-dependent.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Funded by: NIH</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O’Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples, respectively.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Adaptation of chronic wasting disease (CWD) prion strains in hosts with different PRNP genotypes</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Camilo Duque Velasqueza,c, Elizabeth Triscotta,c, Chiye Kima,c, Diana Morenoa,c, Judd Aikenb,c, and Debbie McKenziea,c</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">aDepartment of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada; bDepartment of Agriculture, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada; cCentre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Aims: The contagious nature of CWD epizootics and the PrPCamino acid variation of cervids (and susceptible sympatric species) guarantee the expansion of prion conformational diversity and selective landscapes where new strains can arise. CWD strains can have novel transmission properties including altered host range that may increase zoonotic risk as circulating strains diversify and evolve. We are characterizing the host adaptability of characterized CWD strains as well as CWD isolates from different cervid species in various enzootic regions.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Material and Methods: Characterized CWD strains as well as a number of isolates from hunter-harvested deer were bioassayed in our rodent panel (transgenic mice expressing cervid alleles G96, S96 and H95-PrPC, elk PrPC, bovine PrPC, and both hamsters and non-transgenic laboratory mice). Strain characteristics were compared using computer based scoring of brain pathology (e.g. PrPCWDbrain distribution), western blot and protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: Transmission of various isolates resulted in the selection of strain mixtures in hosts expressing similar PrPC, particularly for polymorphic white-tailed deer and for Norwegian reindeer. As of the second passage, transmission of P153 moose prions from Norway has not resulted in emergence of strains with properties similar to any North American CWD strains in our taxonomic collection (Wisc-1, CWD2, H95+and 116AG).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions: Our data indicates polymorphic white-tailed deer can favor infection with more than one strain. Similar to transmission studies of Colorado CWD isolates from cervids expressing a single PrPCprimary structure, the isolate from Norway reindeer (V214) represents a strain mixture, suggesting intrinsic strain diversity in the Nordfjella epizootic. The diversity of CWD strains with distinct transmission characteristics represents a threat to wildlife, sympatric domestic animals and public health.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Funded by: Genome Canada and Genome Alberta (Alberta Prion Research Institute and Alberta Agriculture & Forestry); NSERC Grant number: #LSARP 10205; NSERC RGPIN-2017-05539</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank Margo Pybus (Alberta Environment and Parks) Trent Bollinger (University of Saskatchewan) for providing us with tissue samples from hunter-harvested deer and Sylvie Benestad for providing moose and reindeer samples.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Application of PMCA to understand CWD prion strains, species barrier and zoonotic potential</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Sandra Pritzkowa, Damian Gorskia, Frank Ramireza, Fei Wanga, Glenn C. Tellingb, Justin J. Greenleec, Sylvie L. Benestadd, and Claudio Sotoa aDepartment of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; bDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; cVirus and Prion Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA; dNorwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference Laboratory for CWD, Ås, Norway</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease affecting various species of cervids that continues to spread uncontrollably across North America and has recently been detected in Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden and Finland). The mechanisms responsible for the natural transmission of CWD are largely unknown. Furthermore, the risk of CWD transmission to other species, including humans, is also unknown and remains a dangerous enigma. In this study, we investigated the potential of CWD prions to infect several other animal species (sheep, cattle, pig, hamster, and mouse) including humans, by examining their capacity to convert the normal prion protein of distinct species in a PMCA reaction. Moreover, we also investigated whether the in vivo passage of CWD through intermediate species alters their capacity for zoonotic transmission, which may represent a major hazard to human health.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Material and Methods: For these studies, we used brain material from CWD-infected white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), elk (Cervus canadensis), and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) as species native to North America. We also used CWD-infected Moose (Alces alces), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) as Norwegian cervids. We also used brains from cattle, sheep and pigs experimentally infected by CWD. To study interspecies-transmission and zoonotic potential, samples were tested via PMCA for the conversion of PrPCinto PrPScusing different combinations of inoculum and host species. Based on these analyses we estimated the spillover and zoonotic potential for different CWD isolates. We define and quantify spillover and zoonotic potential indices as the efficiency by which CWD prions sustain prion generation in vitro at the expense of normal prion proteins from various mammals and human, respectively.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: Our results show that prions from some cervid species, especially those found in Northern Europe, have a higher potential to transmit disease characteristics to other animals. Conversely, CWD-infected cervids originated in North America appear to have a greater potential to generate human PrPSc. We also found that in vivo transmission of CWD to cattle, but not to sheep or pigs substantially increases the ability of these prions to convert human PrPCby PMCA.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions: Our findings support the existence of different CWD prion strains with distinct spillover and zoonotic potentials. We also conclude that transmission of CWD to other animal species may increase the risk for CWD transmission to humans. Our studies may provide a tool to predict the array of animal species that a given CWD prion could affect and may contribute to understanding the risk of CWD for human health.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Funded by: National Institute of Health Grant number: P01 AI077774</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Zerui Wanga, Kefeng Qinb, Manuel V. Camachoa, Ignazio Cali a,c, Jue Yuana, Pingping Shena, Tricia Gillilanda, Syed Zahid Ali Shaha, Maria Gerasimenkoa, Michelle Tanga, Sarada Rajamanickama, Anika Yadatia, Lawrence B. Schonbergerd, Justin Greenleee, Qingzhong Konga,c, James A. Mastriannib, and Wen-Quan Zoua,c</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">aDepartment of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; bDepartment of Neurology and Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders, the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; dDivision of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) results from the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the brains of deer and elk. It has been spreading rapidly throughout many regions of North America, exported inadvertently to South Korea, and more recently identified in Europe. Mad cow disease has caused variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and is currently the only known zoonotic prion disease. Whether CWD is transmissible to humans remains uncertain. The aims of our study were not only to confirm whether CWD prion isolates can convert human brain PrPCinto PrPScin vitro by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) but also to determine whether the sPMCA-induced CWD-derived human PrPScis infectious.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Material and Methods: Eight CWD prion isolates from 7 elks and 1 deer were used as the seeds while normal human brain homogenates containing either PrP-129 MM (n = 2) or PrP-129 VV (n = 1) were used as the substrates for sPMCA assay. A normal elk brain tissue sample was used as a negative control seed. Two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing either human PrP-129VV or −129 MM polymorphism were included for transmission studies to determine the infectivity of PMCA-amplified PrPSc. Wester blotting and immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin & eosin staining were used for determining PrPScand neuropathological changes of inoculated animals.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: We report here the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPScusing elk CWD PrPScto initiate conversion of human PrPCfrom normal human brain homogenates with PMCA in vitro. Western blotting with a human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPScwas derived from the human brain PrPCsubstrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrPCwith either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPScpatterns and neuropathological changes in the brain.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions: Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSchas the potential to overcome the species barrier and directly convert human PrPCinto infectious PrPScthat can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Funded by: CJD Foundation and NIH</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Mortality surveillance of persons potentially exposed to chronic wasting disease</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">R.A. Maddoxa, R.F. Klosb, L.R. Willb, S.N. Gibbons-Burgenerb, A. Mvilongoa, J.Y. Abramsa, B.S. Applebyc, L.B. Schonbergera, and E.D. Belaya aNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA; bWisconsin Department of Health Services (WDHS), Division of Public Health, Madison, USA; cNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Aims: It is unknown whether chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, can infect people, but consumption of meat from infected animals would be the most likely route of transmission. Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Division of Public Health (WDHS) personnel maintain a database consisting of information collected from hunters who reported eating, or an intention to eat, venison from CWD-positive cervids. These data, collected since 2003, allow for the evaluation of causes of mortality in individuals potentially exposed to CWD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Material and Methods: The WDHS database contains the name, date of birth, when available, year of CWD-positive deer harvest, and city and state of residence for each potentially exposed individual. The database also includes information on how the deer was processed (self-processed or by a commercial operator) and when applicable, names of others with whom the venison was shared. Duplicate entries (i.e., those who consumed venison from CWD-positive deer in multiple hunt years) are determined by first name, last name, and date of birth. All names in the database are cross-checked with reported cases of human prion disease in Wisconsin and cases in the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC) diagnostic testing database. Persons with date of birth available are also cross-checked with prion disease decedents identified through restricted-use national multiple cause-of-death data via a data use agreement with the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: The database currently consists of 1561 records for hunt years 2003–2017 and 87 additional records for 2018–2019. Of these, 657 records have accompanying date of birth; 15 entries were removed as duplicates leaving 642 unique individuals. Of these individuals, 278 of 426 (66%) who ate venison from a CWD-positive deer and provided processing information reported self-processing. No matches were found among any persons in the database cross-checked with WDHS human prion disease surveillance data, NPDPSC data (February 2022 update), and NCHS data through 2020.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions: Because of the linkage of person and CWD-positive animal in the WDHS database, reviewing the cause of mortality in potentially exposed persons is possible. The number of individuals cross-checked so far is likely only a small percentage of those potentially exposed to CWD in Wisconsin, and many more years of vital status tracking are needed given an expected long incubation period should transmission to humans occur. Nevertheless, the findings of this ongoing review are thus far reassuring.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion disease incidence, United States, 2003–2020</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">R.A. Maddoxa, M.K. Persona, K. Kotobellib, A. Mvilongoa, B.S. Applebyb, L.B. Schonbergera, T.A. Hammetta, J.Y. Abramsa, and E.D. Belaya aNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA; bNational Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Aims: Mortality data, in conjunction with neuropathological and genetic testing results, are used to estimate prion disease incidence in the United States.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Material and Methods: Prion disease decedents for 2003–2020 were identified from restricted-use U.S. national multiple cause-of-death data, via a data use agreement with the National Center for Health Statistics, and from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC) database. NPDPSC decedents with neuropathological or genetic test results positive for prion disease for whom no likely match was found in the NCHS multiple cause-of-death data were added as cases for incidence calculations, while those with negative neuropathology results but with cause-of-death data indicating prion disease were removed. Unmatched cases in the NPDPSC database lacking neuropathological testing but with a positive real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) test result were additionally assessed. Age-specific and age-adjusted average annual incidence rates were calculated from the combined data; the year 2000 as the standard population and the direct method were used for age-adjustment.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: A total of 7,921 decedents were identified as having prion disease during 2003–2020 for an age-adjusted average annual incidence of 1.2 per million population. The age-adjusted incidence between males and females (1.3 and 1.1 per million, respectively) differed significantly (p < 0.0001). The age-specific average annual incidence among those <55 and ≥55 years of age was 0.2 and 4.8 per million, respectively; incidence among those ≥65 was 6.1 per million. Eighteen cases were <30 years of age for an age-specific incidence of 8.0 per billion; only 6 of these very young cases were sporadic (3 sporadic CJD, 3 sporadic fatal insomnia), with the rest being familial (9), variant (2), or iatrogenic (1). The age-adjusted annual incidence for the most recent year of data, 2020, was 1.3 per million. However, assessment of RT-QuIC positive cases lacking neuropathology in the NPDPSC database suggested that approximately 20% more cases may have occurred in that year; the addition of a subset of these cases that had date of death information available (n = 44) increased the 2020 rate to 1.4 per million.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions: Mortality data supplemented with the results of neuropathological, CSF RT-QuIC, and genetic testing can be used to estimate prion disease incidence. However, the identification in the NPDPSC database of RT-QuIC-positive cases lacking date of death information suggests that this strategy may exclude a number of probable prion disease cases. Prion disease cases <30 years of age, especially those lacking a pathogenic mutation, continue to be very rare.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Shedding of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Multiple Excreta Throughout Disease Course in White-tailed Deer</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Nathaniel D. Denkersa, Erin E. McNultya, Caitlyn N. Krafta, Amy V. Nallsa, Joseph A. Westricha, Wilfred Goldmannb, Candace K. Mathiasona, and Edward A. Hoovera</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">aPrion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; bDivision of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and the Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) now infects cervids in South Korea, North America, and Scandinavia. CWD is unique in its efficient transmission and shedding of prions in body fluids throughout long course infections. Questions remain as to the magnitude of shedding and the route of prion acquisition. As CWD continues to expand, the need to better understand these facets of disease becomes more pertinent. The purpose of the studies described was to define the longitudinal shedding profile of CWD prions in urine, saliva, and feces throughout the course of infection in white-tailed deer.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Material and Methods: Twelve (12) white-tailed deer were inoculated with either 1 mg or 300ng of CWD. Urine, saliva, and feces were collected every 3-month post-inoculation (MPI) throughout the study duration. Cohorts were established based on PNRP genotype: codon 96 GG (n = 6) and alternate codons 96 GS (n = 5) & 103NT (n = 1). Urine and saliva were analyzed using iron-oxide magnetic extraction (IOME) and real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC)(IQ). Feces were subjected to IOME, followed by 4 rounds protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) with products analyzed by RT-QuIC (IPQ). To determine whether IPQ may be superior to IQ, a subset of urine and saliva were also tested by IPQ. Results were compared with clinical disease status.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: Within the 96 GG cohort, positive seeding activity was detected in feces from all deer (100%), in saliva from 5 of 6 (83%), and in urine from 4 of 6 (66%). Shedding in all excreta occurred at, or just after, the first positive tonsil biopsy result. In the 96 GS/103NT cohort, positive seeding activity could be detected in feces from 3 of 6 (50%) deer, saliva in 2 of 6 (33%), and urine in 1 of 6 (16%). Shedding in excreta was detected >5 months after the first tonsil positive result. Four of six 96 GG deer developed clinical signs of CWD, whereas only 2 of the 96 GS/103NT did. Shedding was more frequently detected in deer with clinical disease. The IPQ protocol did not significantly improve detection in saliva or urine samples, however, it significantly augmented detection in feces by eliminating non-specific background commonly experienced with IQ. Negative control samples remained negative in samples tested.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions: These studies demonstrate: (a) CWD prion excretion occurs throughout infection; (2) PRNP genotype (GG≫GS/NT) influences the excreta shedding; and (3) detection sensitivity in excreta can vary with different RT-QuIC protocols. These results provide a more complete perspective of prion shedding in deer during the course of CWD infection.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Funded by: National Institutes of Health (NIH)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Grant number: RO1-NS061902-09 R to EAH, PO1-AI077774 to EAH, and R01-AI112956-06 to CKM</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Acknowledgement: We abundantly thank Sallie Dahmes at WASCO and David Osborn and Gino D’Angelo at the University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources for their long-standing support of this work through provision of the hand-raised, CWD-free, white-tailed deer used in these studies</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Large-scale PMCA screening of retropharyngeal lymph nodes and in white-tailed deer and comparisons with ELISA and IHC: the Texas CWD study</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Rebeca Benaventea, Paulina Sotoa, Mitch Lockwoodb, and Rodrigo Moralesa</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">aDepartment of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; bTexas Park and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that affects various species of cervids, and both free-ranging and captive animals. Until now, CWD has been detected in 3 continents: North America, Europe, and Asia. CWD prevalence in some states may reach 30% of total animals. In Texas, the first case of CWD was reported in a free-range mule deer in Hudspeth and now it has been detected in additional 14 counties. Currently, the gold standard techniques used for CWD screening and detection are ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of obex and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RPLN). Unfortunately, these methods are known for having a low diagnostic sensitivity. Hence, many CWD-infected animals at pre-symptomatic stages may be misdiagnosed. Two promising in vitro prion amplification techniques, including the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) and the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) have been used to diagnose CWD and other prion diseases in several tissues and bodily fluids. Considering the low cost and speed of RT-QuIC, two recent studies have communicated the potential of this technique to diagnose CWD prions in RPLN samples. Unfortunately, the data presented in these articles suggest that identification of CWD positive samples is comparable to the currently used ELISA and IHC protocols. Similar studies using the PMCA technique have not been reported.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Aims: Compare the CWD diagnostic potential of PMCA with ELISA and IHC in RPLN samples from captive and free-range white-tailed deer. Material and Methods: In this study we analyzed 1,003 RPLN from both free-ranging and captive white-tailed deer collected in Texas. Samples were interrogated with the PMCA technique for their content of CWD prions. PMCA data was compared with the results obtained through currently approved techniques.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: Our results show a 15-fold increase in CWD detection in free-range deer compared with ELISA. Our results unveil the presence of prion infected animals in Texas counties with no previous history of CWD. In the case of captive deer, we detected a 16% more CWD positive animals when compared with IHC. Interestingly, some of these positive samples displayed differences in their electroforetic mobilities, suggesting the presence of different prion strains within the State of Texas.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions: PMCA sensitivity is significantly higher than the current gold standards techniques IHC and ELISA and would be a good tool for rapid CWD screening.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Funded by: USDA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Grant number: AP20VSSPRS00C143</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">ATYPRION project: assessing the zoonotic potential of interspecies transmission of CWD isolates to livestock (preliminary results).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Enric Vidala,b, Juan Carlos Espinosac, Samanta Gilera,b, Montserrat Ordóñeza,b, Guillermo Canteroa,b, Vincent Béringued, Justin J. Greenleee, and Juan Maria Torresc</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">aUnitat mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia; bIRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA). Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Catalonia; cCentro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain; dMolecular Virology and Immunology, French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France; eVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Aims: Since variant Creutzfeldt-Jackob disease was linked to the consumption of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions, the study of the pathobiological features of animal prions, particularly their zoonotic potential, is of great concern to the scientific community and public health authorities. Furthermore, interspecies transmission of prions has been demonstrated as a putative evolutionary mechanism for prions, that can lead to the emergence of new features including the ability to infect humans. For instance, small ruminants’ atypical scrapie prions, when propagated in a bovine or porcine host, can shift to a classical BSE phenotype thus posing a potential risk in case of human exposure. So far, no hard evidence of zoonotic transmission of cervids’ chronic wasting disease (CWD) to humans has been published, however experimental transmission to bovine, ovine and caprine hosts has been achieved. Our goal is to investigate if, once passaged through these domestic species, CWD prions might become infectious to humans.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Material and Methods: Different CWD isolates experimentally adapted to cattle, sheep and goat (Hamir et al, 2005, 2006, 2007, Greenlee et al 2012) have been intracerebrally inoculated to transgenic mouse models expressing the human cellular prion protein either homozygous for methionine or valine at codon 129 (Tg340-Met129 and Tg362-Val129). Additionally, inocula obtained from experimental transmission of elk CWD to ovinized (Tg501) and bovinized (BoTg110) transgenic mice, as well as white-tailed deer CWD to BoTg110 mice, are currently being bioassayed in both human PrPCtransgenic models.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results and conclusions: No evidence of transmission has been found on first passage for bovine adapted elk and mule deer CWD to none of the humanized models. The remaining bioassays are ongoing without showing clinical signs yet, as well as second passages for the negative 1stpassages.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Funded by: La Marató de TV3 foundation. Grant number: ATYPRION (201,821–30-31-32)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PRION 2022 ABSTRACTS, AND A BIG THANK YOU TO On behalf of the Prion2020/2022 Congress Organizing Committee and the NeuroPrion Association, we heartily invite you to join us for the International Conference Prion2020/2022 from 13.-16. September 2022 in Göttingen.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/08/transmission-of-cervid-prions-to.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/08/transmission-of-cervid-prions-to.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Published: 26 September 2021</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html</a>). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">==================</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">====================</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">===============</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Kong, Qingzhong </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # 9037884 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip... </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">=================================</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <<a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net">flounder9@verizon.net</a>> wrote:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">end...tss</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">==============</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="mailto:qxk2@case.edu" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:qxk2@case.edu">qxk2@case.edu</a> </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Background</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Methods</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Background</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Methods</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Background and objective:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Methods:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Discussion:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Aims:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Methods:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">See also poster P103</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Belay ED</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">=====</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. "</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmission Studies</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip.... </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">*** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans”</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">From: TSS </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">From: "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Dear Sir/Madam,</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091). Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">-----Original Message-----</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">From: Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">To: <a href="mailto:rr26k@nih.gov" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:rr26k@nih.gov">rr26k@nih.gov</a>; <a href="mailto:rrace@niaid.nih.gov" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:rrace@niaid.nih.gov">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</a>; <a href="mailto:ebb8@CDC.GOV" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:ebb8@CDC.GOV">ebb8@CDC.GOV</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Thursday, April 03, 2008</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">*** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***,</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip... full text ; </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, did not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">sporadic = 54,983 hits <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ *** </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).*** </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a> </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a> <a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a> </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">From: Steve Dealler </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">To: BSE-L@ References: </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desperately difficult to get back from Government sites.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Steve Dealler =============== </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...see full report ;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist <a href="mailto:deal@airtime.co.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:deal@airtime.co.uk">deal@airtime.co.uk</a> </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> ''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">=============== </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">=============== </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">============== </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019499/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019499/</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Taylor & Francis</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">GAME FARM INDUSTRY WANTS TO COVER UP FINDINGS OF INCREASE RISK TO CJD FROM CERVID</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE INQUIRY</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CJD9/10022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">October 1994</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Mr R.N. Elmhirst Chairman British Deer Farmers Association Holly Lodge Spencers Lane </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">BerksWell Coventry CV7 7BZ</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Dear Mr Elmhirst,</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD) SURVEILLANCE UNIT REPORT</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Thank you for your recent letter concerning the publication of the third annual report from the CJD Surveillance Unit. I am sorry that you are dissatisfied with the way in which this report was published.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The Surveillance Unit is a completely independant outside body and the Department of Health is committed to publishing their reports as soon as they become available. In the circumstances it is not the practice to circulate the report for comment since the findings of the report would not be amended.. In future we can ensure that the British Deer Farmers Association receives a copy of the report in advance of publication.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The Chief Medical Officer has undertaken to keep the public fully informed of the results of any research in respect of CJD. This report was entirely the work of the unit and was produced completely independantly of the the Department.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The statistical results regarding the consumption of venison was put into perspective in the body of the report and was not mentioned at all in the press release. Media attention regarding this report was low key but gave a realistic presentation of the statistical findings of the Unit. This approach to publication was successful in that consumption of venison was highlighted only once by the media ie. in the News at one television proqramme.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">I believe that a further statement about the report, or indeed statistical links between CJD and consumption of venison, would increase, and quite possibly give damaging credence, to the whole issue. From the low key media reports of which I am aware it seems unlikely that venison consumption will suffer adversely, if at all. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasized by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterize the human dementias"</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the scrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">76/10.12/4.6</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">reference...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">RB3.20</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">1. Kuru and CJD have been successfully transmitted to chimpanzees but scrapie and TME have not.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">2. We cannot say that scrapie will not transmit to chimpanzees. There are several scrapie strains and I am not aware that all have been tried (that would have to be from mouse passaged material). Nor has a wide enough range of field isolates subsequently strain typed in mice been inoculated by the appropriate routes (i/c, ilp and i/v) :</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">3. I believe the proposed experiment to determine transmissibility, if conducted, would only show the susceptibility or resistance of the chimpanzee to infection/disease by the routes used and the result could not be interpreted for the predictability of the susceptibility for man. Proposals for prolonged oral exposure of chimpanzees to milk from cattle were suggested a long while ago and rejected.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">4. In view of Dr Gibbs' probable use of chimpazees Mr Wells' comments (enclosed) are pertinent. I have yet to receive a direct communication from Dr Schellekers but before any collaboration or provision of material we should identify the Gibbs' proposals and objectives.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severely would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">6. A negative result would take a lifetime to determine but that would be a shorter period than might be available for human exposure and it would still not answer the question regarding mans' susceptibility. In the meantime no doubt the negativity would be used defensively. It would however be counterproductive if the experiment finally became positive. We may learn more about public reactions following next Monday' s meeting.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">R. Bradley</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">23 September 1990</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CVO (+Mr Wells' comments)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Dr T W A Little</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Dr B J Shreeve</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">90/9.23/1.1.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">IN CONFIDENCE CHIMPANZEES</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CODE 18-77 Reference RB3.46</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Some further information that may assist in decision making has been gained by discussion with Dr Rosalind Ridley.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">She says that careful study of Gajdusek's work shows no increased susceptibility of chimpanzees over New World Monkeys such as Squirrel Monkeys. She does not think it would tell you anything about the susceptibility to man. Also Gajdusek did not, she believes, challenge chimpanzees with scrapie as severely as we did pigs and we know little of that source of scrapie. Comparisons would be difficult. She also would not expect the Home Office to sanction such experiments here unless there was a very clear and important objective that would be important for human health protection. She doubted such a case could be made. If this is the case she thought it would be unethical to do an experiment abroad because we could not do it in our own country.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Retrospectively she feels they should have put up more marmosets than they did. They all remain healthy. They would normally regard the transmission as negative if no disease resulted in five years.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">We are not being asked for a decision but I think that before we made one we should gain as much knowledge as we can. If we decided to proceed we would have to bear any criticisms for many years if there was an adverse view by scientists or media. This should not be undertaken lightly. There is already some adverse comment here, I gather, on the pig experiment though that will subside.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The Gibbs' (as' distinct from Schellekers') study is somewhat different. We are merely supplying material for comparative studies in a laboratory with the greatest experience of human SEs in the world and it has been sanctioned by USDA (though we do not know for certain yet if chimpanzees specifically will be used). This would keep it at a lower profile than if we conducted such an experiment in the UK or Europe.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">I consider we must have very powerful and defendable objectives to go beyond Gibbs' proposed experiments and should not initiate others just because an offer has been made.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Scientists have a responsibility to seek other methods of investigative research other than animal experimentation. At present no objective has convinced me we need to do research using Chimpanzees - a species in need of protection. Resisting such proposals would enable us to communicate that information to the scientist and the public should the need arise. A line would have been drawn.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CVO cc Dr T Dr B W A Little Dr B J Shreeve</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">R Bradley</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">26 September 1990</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">90/9.26/3.2</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041605/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041605/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">this is tse prion political theater here, i.e. what i call TSE PRION POKER...tss</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031028205208/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/28002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031028205208/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/28002001.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822170317/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/11/01005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822170317/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/11/01005001.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PAGE 26</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmission Studies</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the respective wildlife research programmes. Despite its subsequent recognition as a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific research funding was forthcoming. The USDA viewed it as a wildlife problem and consequently not their province! ...page 26. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...see;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PERCEPTIONS OF UNCONVENTIONAL SLOW VIRUS DISEASE OF ANIMALS IN THE USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">GAH WELLS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">REPORT OF A VISIT TO THE USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">APRIL-MAY 1989</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>SATURDAY, OCTOBER 8, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/cattle-with-ek211-prnp-polymorphism-are.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/cattle-with-ek211-prnp-polymorphism-are.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>MONDAY, AUGUST 29, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 2021 Annual Report </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/08/pathobiology-genetics-and-detection-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/08/pathobiology-genetics-and-detection-of.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 23, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>SPILLOVER CWD TSE PRION INTO DIFFERENT SPECIES, pigs, sheep, cattle, camel, and humans, what if?</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/09/spillover-cwd-tse-prion-into-different.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/09/spillover-cwd-tse-prion-into-different.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION IN GAME FARMS GONE WILD!</div><div><br /></div><div>CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CASESCWD - STATUS OF CAPTIVE HERDS Updated May 2022</div><div><br /></div><div>Date of Index Case Confirmation Index Case State County Species Herd Type HCP Enrolled HCP Certified Number of Animals Herd Status</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Voluntary Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program Annual Update, FY2020</div><div><br /></div><div>Last Modified: Feb 9, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div>U.S. Department of Agriculture</div><div><br /></div><div>Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Veterinary Services</div><div><br /></div><div>Annual Update from the Cervid Health Team</div><div><br /></div><div>Voluntary Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program (HCP)</div><div><br /></div><div>The APHIS National CWD Herd Certification Program (HCP) was implemented in 2014. It is a voluntary Federal-State-industry cooperative program administered by APHIS and implemented by participating States. The program provides uniform national herd certification standards that minimize the risk of spreading CWD in farmed cervid populations. Participating States and herd owners must comply with requirements for animal identification, fencing, recordkeeping, inspections/inventories, as well as animal mortality testing and response to any CWD-exposed, suspect, and positive herds. APHIS monitors the Approved State HCPs to ensure consistency with Federal standards through annual reporting by the States.</div><div><br /></div><div>With each year of successful surveillance, herds participating in the HCP will advance in status until reaching five years with no evidence of CWD, at which time herds are certified as being low risk for CWD. Only farmed cervids from enrolled herds certified as low risk for CWD may move interstate. FY 2020 marks the eighth year that Approved States have submitted their CWD HCP annual reports to APHIS.</div><div><br /></div><div>The current Cervid Health Program staff officers are as follows: Dr. Mark Lyons, Dr. Jennifer Siembieda, and Dr. Tracy Nichols</div><div><br /></div><div>Voluntary Herd Certification Participation Summary</div><div><br /></div><div>Currently, 28 States participate in the voluntary CWD Herd Certification Program encompassing 2,145 enrolled herds, of which, 1,723 had the certified status in the program.</div><div><br /></div><div>1,616 enrolled deer herds, of which, 1,297 were certified</div><div><br /></div><div>371 enrolled elk herds, of which, 328 were certified</div><div><br /></div><div>147 enrolled mixed species herds, of which, 98 were certified</div><div><br /></div><div>CWD in Farmed Cervids Summary of CW Detections</div><div><br /></div><div>There were 22 newly identified CWD positive herds in FY20</div><div><br /></div><div>13 of these herds were not participants in the Federal HCP</div><div><br /></div><div>2 herds were considered enrolled in the HCP</div><div><br /></div><div>7 herds were certified in the HCP</div><div><br /></div><div>Half of the herds were located within 20 miles of identified CWD in the wild, half were not CWD Herds by State</div><div><br /></div><div>Pennsylvania: Eight new CWD positive herds</div><div><br /></div><div>Breeding herd of 33 WTD, HCP certified, depopulated with Federal indemnity</div><div><br /></div><div>Breeding herd of 6 WTD, not in HCP, depopulated with Federal indemnity</div><div><br /></div><div>Breeding herd of 15 WTD, not in HCP, depopulated by owner\</div><div><br /></div><div>Hunt preserve of 58 WTD, not in HCP, populated and under quarantine</div><div><br /></div><div>Breeding herd of 75 WTD, not in HCP, populated and under quarantine</div><div><br /></div><div>Breeding herd of WTD, not in HCP, populated and under quarantine</div><div><br /></div><div>Breeding herd of 90 WTD, not in HCP, populated and under quarantine</div><div><br /></div><div>Breeding herd of 4 WTD, not in HCP, populated and under quarantine</div><div><br /></div><div>Iowa: Two new CWD positive herds</div><div><br /></div><div>Breeding herd of 23 WTD, HCP certified, depopulated with Federal indemnity</div><div><br /></div><div>Breeding herd of 13 WTD, HCP certified, depopulated with Federal indemnity</div><div><br /></div><div>Minnesota: Two new CWD positive herds</div><div><br /></div><div>Breeding herd of 3 WTD, enrolled in HCP, not certified, depopulated by owner</div><div><br /></div><div>Breeding herd of 6 WTD, enrolled in HCP, not certified, depopulated with Federal indemnity</div><div><br /></div><div>Colorado: Two new CWD positive herds</div><div><br /></div><div>Breeding herd/hunt preserve of 9 elk, HCP certified, depopulated by owner</div><div><br /></div><div>Breeding herd of 8 elk, HCP certified, populated and under quarantine</div><div><br /></div><div>Utah: Two new CWD positive herds</div><div><br /></div><div>Breeding herd of 465 elk, not in HCP, partial depopulation with Federal indemnity- removed purchased animals, populated-quarantine</div><div><br /></div><div>Breeding herd of 103 elk, not in HCP, partial depopulation with Federal indemnity- removed purchased animals, populated-quarantine</div><div><br /></div><div>Michigan: One new CWD positive herd</div><div><br /></div><div>Hunt preserve of >600 WTD, not in HCP, populated and under quarantine</div><div><br /></div><div>Montana: One new CWD positive herd</div><div><br /></div><div>Breeding herd of 3 elk, not in HCP, populated and under quarantine</div><div><br /></div><div>Texas: one new CWD positive herd</div><div><br /></div><div>Breeding herd of 59 WTD, not in HCP, depopulated with Federal indemnity</div><div><br /></div><div>Kansas: One new CWD positive herd</div><div><br /></div><div>Breeding herd of 20 elk, HCP certified, depopulated with Federal indemnity</div><div><br /></div><div>Ohio: Eight new CWD positive herd</div><div><br /></div><div>Breeding herd of 138 WTD, HCP certified, depopulated with Federal indemnity</div><div><br /></div><div>Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Whole genome study investigating the association of genetics with CWD susceptibility has been published.</div><div><br /></div><div>Blinded validation of the genetic predicative model is almost complete</div><div><br /></div><div>A standardized protocol has been developed, in partnership with ARS, USGS, University of WI, and NIH for tissue sample testing using RT-QuIC</div><div><br /></div><div>A study is starting shortly to determine the sensitivity and specify of RT-QuIC utilizing the standardized protocol</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Voluntary Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program Annual Update, FY2020</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/voluntary-cwd-hcp-annual-update-fy2020" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/voluntary-cwd-hcp-annual-update-fy2020</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Cervids: CWD Voluntary Herd Certification Program</div><div><br /></div><div>Last Modified: Jun 29, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp</a></div><div><br /></div><div>CWD status of captive herds</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>***> TEXAS CWD, To date, 392 captive or free-ranging cervids — including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk — in 16 Texas counties have tested positive </div><div>for CWD. </div><div><br /></div><div>“Regarding the current situation involving CWD in permitted deer breeding facilities, TPWD records indicate that within the last five years, the seven CWD-positive facilities transferred a total of 2,530 deer to 270 locations in 102 counties and eight locations in Mexico (the destinations included 139 deer breeding facilities, 118 release sites, five Deer Management Permit sites, and three nursing facilities).'' ...</div><div><br /></div><div>It is apparent that prior to the recent emergency rules, the CWD detection rules were ineffective at detecting CWD earlier in the deer breeding facilities where it was eventually discovered and had been present for some time; this creates additional concern regarding adequate mitigation of the risk of transferring CWD-positive breeder deer to release sites where released breeder deer come into contact with free-ranging deer...</div><div><br /></div><div>Commission Agenda Item No. 5 Exhibit B</div><div><br /></div><div>DISEASE DETECTION AND RESPONSE RULES</div><div><br /></div><div>PROPOSAL PREAMBLE</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Introduction. </div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div> A third issue is the accuracy of mortality reporting. Department records indicate that for each of the last five years an average of 26 deer breeders have reported a shared total of 159 escapes. Department records for the same time period indicate an average of 31 breeding facilities reported a shared total of 825 missing deer (deer that department records indicate should be present in the facility, but cannot be located or verified). </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2022/1104/agenda/item.phtml?item=5" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2022/1104/agenda/item.phtml?item=5</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Texas Farmed CWD TSE Prion gone wild</div><div><br /></div><div>Counties where CWD Exposed Deer were Released, September 2021</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Number of CWD Exposed Deer Released by County, September 2021</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>First recognized in 1967 in captive mule deer in Colorado, CWD has since been documented in captive and/or free-ranging deer in 30 states and three Canadian provinces. To date, 392 captive or free-ranging cervids — including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk — in 16 Texas counties have tested positive for CWD. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2022/2022-09-23_CWD_LimestoneCo.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2022/2022-09-23_CWD_LimestoneCo.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>“Regarding the current situation involving CWD in permitted deer breeding facilities, TPWD records indicate that within the last five years, the seven CWD-positive facilities transferred a total of 2,530 deer to 270 locations in 102 counties and eight locations in Mexico (the destinations included 139 deer breeding facilities, 118 release sites, five Deer Management Permit sites, and three nursing facilities).'' ...</div><div><br /></div><div>It is apparent that prior to the recent emergency rules, the CWD detection rules were ineffective at detecting CWD earlier in the deer breeding facilities where it was eventually discovered and had been present for some time; this creates additional concern regarding adequate mitigation of the risk of transferring CWD-positive breeder deer to release sites where released breeder deer come into contact with free-ranging deer...</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2022/1104/agenda/item.phtml?item=5" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2022/1104/agenda/item.phtml?item=5</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/tracking/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/tracking/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>TEXAS CWD, To date, 392 captive or free-ranging cervids — including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk — in 16 Texas counties have tested positive for CWD. </div><div><br /></div><div>CWD is a fatal neurological disease found in certain cervids, including deer, elk, moose and other members of the deer family. The disease is highly transmissible and can remain infectious on the landscape for several years. If left unmanaged, CWD can have long-term impacts on the native deer herd and local economies. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, stumbling or tremors with a lack of coordination, excessive thirst, salivation or urination, loss of appetite, teeth grinding, abnormal head posture and/or drooping ears. These signs may not become evident until long after animals have become infected. Therefore, testing remains the best available tool for detecting CWD at an early stage and containing it with appropriate management strategies. </div><div><br /></div><div>To date, there is no evidence that CWD poses a risk to humans or non-cervids. However, as a precaution, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization recommend not to consume meat from infected animals.</div><div><br /></div><div>For more information about CWD, visit the TPWD web site or the TAHC web site. ### The Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) was established in 1893 as the Livestock Sanitary Commission and charged with protecting the state’s domestic animals “from all contagious or infectious diseases of a malignant character.” TAHC remains true to this charge while evolving with the times to protect the health and marketability of all Texas livestock and poultry. Learn more about the TAHC visit <a href="http://www.tahc.texas.gov/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">www.tahc.texas.gov</a>. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2022/2022-09-23_CWD_LimestoneCo.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2022/2022-09-23_CWD_LimestoneCo.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>For Immediate Release September 2, 2022</div><div><br /></div><div>AUSTIN, TX – Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) has been discovered in a deer breeding facility in Gillespie County. </div><div><br /></div><div>The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) and Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) are collaboratively working to determine the source and extent of the first positive detection of the disease in this county.</div><div><br /></div><div>After the mortality of a white-tailed deer on the premises was identified, tissue samples from the one-year-old buck were submitted by the deer breeding facility as part of a required CWD surveillance program. The samples were tested at the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (TVMDL) in College Station on August 17 and indicated the presence of CWD. The National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa confirmed CWD in those tissue samples on August 30.</div><div><br /></div><div>Immediate action has been taken to secure all deer located at the facility and plans to conduct additional CWD investigations are underway. Additionally, other breeding facilities that received deer or shipped deer to this facility, during the last five years, have been identified and placed under movement restrictions.</div><div><br /></div><div>“Response staff are diligently working to conduct epidemiological investigations, but the nature of the disease makes definitive findings difficult to determine,” said Dr. Andy Schwartz, TAHC State Veterinarian. “The incubation period of CWD can span years creating disease detection and management challenges.”</div><div><br /></div><div>Animal health and wildlife officials will investigate to determine the extent of the disease within the facility and mitigate risks to Texas’ CWD susceptible species. Quick detection of CWD can help mitigate the disease’s spread.</div><div><br /></div><div>“The discovery of CWD in this breeding facility is an unfortunate situation that TPWD and TAHC take very seriously,” said John Silovsky, Wildlife Division Director for TPWD. “Both agencies will respond appropriately to this matter to protect the state’s susceptible species from further disease exposure.”</div><div><br /></div><div>First recognized in 1967 in captive mule deer in Colorado, CWD has since been documented in captive and/or free-ranging deer in 30 states and three Canadian provinces. To date, 376 captive or free-ranging cervids — including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk — in 15 Texas counties have tested positive for CWD. </div><div><br /></div><div>For more information on previous detections visit the CWD page on the TPWD website. Chronic Wasting Disease Discovered at a Deer Breeding Facility in Gillespie County</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2022/2022-09-02_CWD-GillespieCo.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2022/2022-09-02_CWD-GillespieCo.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>For Immediate Release September 12, 2022</div><div><br /></div><div>TAHC Commissioners Adopt Rule Amendments Chronic Wasting Disease and Cattle Entry Requirements</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2022/2022-09-12_413thCommissionMeeting_RuleAdoptions.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/news/2022/2022-09-12_413thCommissionMeeting_RuleAdoptions.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 02, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Texas Chronic Wasting Disease Discovered at a Deer Breeding Facility in Gillespie County </div><div><br /></div><div>To date, 376 captive or free-ranging cervids — including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk — in 15 Texas counties have tested positive for CWD. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/09/texas-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/09/texas-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>THURSDAY, AUGUST 04, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Texas Proposed Amendments to CWD Zone Rules Singeltary Submission</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/08/texas-proposed-amendments-to-cwd-zone.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/08/texas-proposed-amendments-to-cwd-zone.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>FRIDAY, JULY 15, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Texas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Positives Increase By 8 to 369 TOTAL Confirmed To Date </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/07/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/07/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Wisconsin CWD Farmed gone wild</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://datcp.wi.gov/Documents/FRDCWDWebData.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://datcp.wi.gov/Documents/FRDCWDWebData.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://datcp.wi.gov/Documents/DeerFarmCWDMapWeb.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://datcp.wi.gov/Documents/DeerFarmCWDMapWeb.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/FarmRaisedDeer.aspx" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/FarmRaisedDeer.aspx</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Pennsylvania Farmed CWD gone wild</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Pages/CWD-Dashboard.aspx" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Pages/CWD-Dashboard.aspx</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Pages/default.aspx" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Pages/default.aspx</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Pennsylvania has the second largest captive cervid industry in the country with over 750 facilities including breeding operations, hunting preserves, urine collection facilities and hobby farms. Products produced on deer farms include breeding stock, trophy bucks, semen, embryos, urine products, antlers and velvet.</div><div><br /></div><div>According to the state’s Department of Agriculture, as of October 2020, 24 deer farms have reported CWD positive cases. Of these, 15 no longer have live deer, and three have culled high-risk animals. All farms are quarantined for five years after a positive detection and must adhere to strict limitations on movements of animals on and off the farm.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Documents/CWD-in-Pennsylvania.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/Animals/AHDServices/diseases/Chronic%20Wasting%20Disease%20Program/Documents/CWD-in-Pennsylvania.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 28, 2022</div><div><br /></div><div>Pennsylvania STATEWIDE BAN ON URINE-BASED DEER ATTRACTANTS FAILS TO ADVANCE</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/09/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prp-statewide-ban.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/09/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prp-statewide-ban.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 05, 2022</div><div><br /></div><div>Wisconsin Vernon County Deer Farm Confirmed With CWD </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/10/wisconsin-vernon-county-deer-farm.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/10/wisconsin-vernon-county-deer-farm.html</a></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SEE CWD ZOONOSIS INFORMATION FROM PRION CONFERENCES 2019, 2018, 2017, AND OTHER CWD STUDIES...terry</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 2022 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-prion-infectivity-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-prion-infectivity-from.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Wednesday, September 14, 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PRION CONFERENCE 2022 ABSTRACTS CWD TSE PrP ZOONOSIS</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2022/09/prion-conference-2022-abstracts-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2022/09/prion-conference-2022-abstracts-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">RE-Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CPISPR-Cas9</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">TERRY S. SINGELTARY SR. retired Mr.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">seems that the USA feed ban for ruminant protein is still a serious problem, so there seems to still be a risk factor for pigs and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion disease. now with the updated science showing that pigs are susceptible to the Chronic Wasting Disease TSE Prion ORALLY, and cwd running rampant in the USA, any use of porcine organs should be tested for the CWD TSE Prion...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease Author item Moore, Sarah item Kunkle, Robert item Kondru, Naveen item Manne, Sireesha item Smith, Jodi item Kanthasamy, Anumantha item West Greenlee, M item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2017 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Technical Abstract: Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. We previously demonstrated that disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) can be detected in the brain and retina from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent. In that study, neurological signs consistent with prion disease were observed only in one pig: an intracranially challenged pig that was euthanized at 64 months post-challenge. The purpose of this study was to use an antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (QuIC) to determine whether PrPSc is present in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the CWD agent.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Methods: At two months of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 month challenge groups). The remaining pigs (>6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). The retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) was screened for the presence of PrPSc by EIA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The RPLN, palatine tonsil, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) from 6-7 pigs per challenge group were also tested using EIA and QuIC.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). Conclusions:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...see much more here ;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">OIE Bulletin</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Camel prion disease: a possible emerging disease in dromedary camel populations?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The identification of a new prion disease in dromedary camels in Algeria and Tunisia, called camel prion disease (CPD), extends the spectrum of animal species naturally susceptible to prion diseases and opens up new research areas for investigation.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Camel prion disease was identified in 2018 in adult camels showing clinical signs at the ante mortem inspection at slaughterhouses in the region of Ouargla (Algeria), and in 2019 in the region of Tataouine (Tunisia). It adds to the group of existing animal prion diseases, including scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids and BSE (mainly in bovines). The detection of a new prion disease in the dromedary population requires attention and investigation needs to be carried out to assess the risks of this disease to animal and public health. As of today, very limited epidemiological information is available to assess the prevalence, geographical distribution and dynamic of the transmission of the disease.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Based on the clinical signs suggesting prion disease, CPD seems to have occurred in 3.1% of the dromedaries brought to the abattoir in Ouargla. Pathognomonic neurodegeneration and disease specific prion protein (PrPSc) were detected in brain tissue from three symptomatic animals (source:</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CDC article <a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In May 2019, the OIE received a report from Tunisia on a single case of a 12-year-old slaughtered dromedary camel showing neurological signs confirmed as CPD by the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) based in Italy.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">©B. Babelhadj/University Kasdi Merbah, Algeria</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.oiebulletin.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">www.oiebulletin.com</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">2</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Is camel prion disease transmissible in natural conditions?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The involvement of lymphoid tissue in prion replication, observed both in the Algeria and Tunisia cases, is suggestive of a peripheral pathogenesis, which is thought to be a prerequisite for prion shedding into the environment. As with other animal prion diseases, such as scrapie and CWD, in which lymphoid tissues are extensively involved and horizontal transmission occurs efficiently under natural conditions, the detection of prion proteins in lymph nodes is suggestive of the infectious nature of CPD and concurs to hypothesise the potential impact of CPD on animal health. No evidence is currently available with which to argue for the relevance of CPD for human health. However, no absolute species barrier exists in prion diseases and minimising the exposure of humans to prion-infected animal products is an essential aspect of public health protection. As for the relationship between CPD and other animal prion diseases, preliminary analyses suggest that CPD prions have a different molecular signature from scrapie and BSE.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Actions on the follow up of CPD</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Since the first description of CPD, the OIE promoted discussions on the impact of this new disease through the OIE Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases (Scientific Commission). The Scientific Commission consulted two OIE ad hoc Groups, one on BSE risk status evaluation of Members and the other on camelids. It analysed the information available from the Algeria and Tunisia cases to evaluate if CPD should be considered an ‘emerging disease’ based on the criteria listed in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code1 . </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The OIE Scientific Commission noted that limited surveillance data were available on the prevalence of CPD and that the evidence was not sufficient to measure, at that time, the impact of the disease on animal or public health. Therefore, it was concluded that, with the current knowledge, CPD did not currently meet the criteria to be considered an emerging disease. Nonetheless, it was emphasised that CPD should be considered as a new disease not to be overlooked and called for the collection of further scientific evidence through research and surveillance in the affected countries and in countries with dromedary camel populations to measure the impact of the disease. As new scientific evidence becomes available, the OIE Scientific Commission will reassess whether this disease should be considered as an emerging disease.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The worldwide camel population is ~35 million head (FAO, 2019), 88% of which is found in Africa. The camel farming system is evolving rapidly, and these animals represent vital sources of meat, milk and transportation for millions of people living in the most arid regions of the world. This makes it necessary to assess the risk for animal and human health and to develop evidence-based policies to control and limit the spread of the disease in animals, and to minimise human exposure. As a first step, the awareness of Veterinary Services about CPD and its diagnostic capacity needs to be improved in all countries where dromedaries are part of the domestic livestock.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">At the regional level, CPD was first discussed in the 18th Joint Permanent Committee of the Mediterranean Animal Health Network (REMESA) held in Cairo, Egypt, in June 2019 where an expert 1 a new occurrence in an animal of a disease, infection or infestation, causing a significant impact on animal or public health resulting from a) a change of a known pathogenic agent or its spread to a new geographic area or species, or b) a previously unrecognised pathogenic agent or disease diagnosed for the first time <a href="http://www.oiebulletin.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">www.oiebulletin.com</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">3</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">from ISS, Italy, shared the knowledge available on the new disease with the 15 REMESA Member Countries. The discussion highlighted the need to strengthen surveillance systems in order to collect epidemiological data to inform the risk assessments. The results of these risk assessments will support the implementation of evidence-based policies to manage the risks in both animals and humans.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CPD was recently discussed atthe 15thConference of the OIE Regional Commission for the Middle East in November. During this conference, the CAMENET (Camel Middle East Network) launched a wide ranging proposal for training, coordinated surveillance and research on CPD. In addition, the ERFAN (Enhancing Research for Africa Network), a platform aimed at enhancing scientific cooperation between Africa and Italy, during its 2nd ERFAN meeting for North Africa, presented a project on CPD with the objective of increasing CPD coordinated surveillance in North Africa.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The OIE, through its Reference Laboratories for prion diseases, and by involving the above scientific initiatives, is keeping a close watch on the evolution of the disease to gather scientific evidence and to allow a proper and more thorough assessment of the risk associated with this novel disease.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">◼ December 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20210711171316/https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20210711171316/https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Tuesday, April 27, 2021 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Working Document on Camel Prion Disease (CPrD) 14/09/2020</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/working-document-on-camel-prion-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/working-document-on-camel-prion-disease.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Nathaniel D. Denkers ,Clare E. Hoover ,Kristen A. Davenport,Davin M. Henderson,Erin E. McNulty,Amy V. Nalls,Candace K. Mathiason,Edward A. Hoover </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Published: August 20, 2020</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">WE know now, and we knew decades ago, that 5.5 grams of suspect feed in TEXAS was enough to kill 100 cows.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE bovine brain inoculum</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PrPres biochemical detection</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Published online January 27, 2005</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">It is clear that the designing scientists must</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">also have shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the dose</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley’s answer (that it would take less than say 100</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate"</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">infection. The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. It is clear that the designing</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> cattle, pigs, sheep, cwd, tse, prion, oh my! </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Sheep and cattle may be exposed to CWD via common grazing areas with affected deer but so far, appear to be poorly susceptible to mule deer CWD (Sigurdson, 2008). In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008), however the risk appetite for a public health threat may still find this level unacceptable. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16423572/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16423572/</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">DEFRA </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip..... </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip..... </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. snip..... The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip..... </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip..... </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip..... </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip..... </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/03/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/03/</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">TUESDAY, MAY 31, 2022 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">USA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE: description of typical and atypical cases </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 2022 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE pathogenesis in the ileal Peyer’s patches and the central and peripheral nervous system of young cattle 8 months post oral BSE challenge</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PLOS ONE Journal </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 2022 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">589.2001 BSE TSE regulations which prohibits the use of high-risk cattle material in feed for all animal species 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2022 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmission of CH1641 in cattle </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">FRIDAY, APRIL 1, 2022 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA TAKES THE C OUT OF COOL, what's up with that?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, JUNE 6, 2022 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">APHIS USDA History Highlight: APHIS Combats Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Published Jun 1, 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–2009–0095] RIN 0579–AD10 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SUNDAY, MARCH 21, 2021 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Investigation Results of Texas Cow That Tested Positive for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Aug. 30, 2005 Singeltary's Regiew 2021 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 23, 2020</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA Consolidates Regulations for NAHLN Laboratory Testing USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">sent this bulletin at 01/23/2020 02:15 PM EST</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Saturday, July 23, 2016</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Monday, June 20, 2016</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Tuesday, April 19, 2016</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">17 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Monday, October 26, 2015 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE October 2015 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Tuesday, December 23, 2014 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">16 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 2013 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Saturday, August 29, 2009</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> Friday, September 4, 2009</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Thursday, March 19, 2009</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF POUNDS OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA WITH ONGOING 12 YEARS OF DENIAL NOW, WHY IN THE WORLD DO WE TO TALK ABOUT THIS ANYMORE $$$</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">To the Editor: </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">TUESDAY, APRIL 05, 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">2022 American Academy of Neurology Emerging Sciences Abstract Website Incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the United States 1993-2014</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SUNDAY, MAY 08, 2022 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">USA National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Surveillance Update April 11th, 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-national-prion-disease-pathology.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SUNDAY, MAY 08, 2022 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">USA National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Surveillance Update April 11th, 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-national-prion-disease-pathology.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">TUESDAY, MAY 24, 2022 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Texas Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD TSE Prion Update Singeltary FOIA Request Received May 23, 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2022/05/texas-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2022/05/texas-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">TUESDAY, MAY 10, 2022 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Concordance of CSF RT-QuIC across the European Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease surveillance network</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/concordance-of-csf-rt-quic-across.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/concordance-of-csf-rt-quic-across.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">TUESDAY, APRIL 05, 2022 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the United States 1993-2014</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, JANUARY 31, 2022 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Validation of Revised International Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Network Diagnostic Criteria for Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/01/validation-of-revised-international.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/01/validation-of-revised-international.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 01, 2020 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease sCJD and Human TSE Prion Annual Report December 14, 2020 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/12/sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-scjd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/12/sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-scjd.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">TUESDAY, JUNE 07, 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Clinical and prognostic features of Heidenhain variant of Creutzfeldt−Jakob disease: A retrospective case series study</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Of a total of 85 CJD cases, 20 (24%) Heidenhain cases (11 women [55%]; median age, 64 years [range, 44–72 years]) were identified. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">WOW!</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/06/clinical-and-prognostic-features-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/06/clinical-and-prognostic-features-of.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Alzheimer's disease, iatrogenic transmission, what if?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">let's not forget the elephant in the room. curing Alzheimer's would be a great and wonderful thing, but for starters, why not start with the obvious, lets prove the cause or causes, and then start to stop that. think iatrogenic, friendly fire, or the pass it forward mode of transmission. think medical, surgical, dental, tissue, blood, related transmission. think transmissible spongiform encephalopathy aka tse prion disease aka mad cow type disease... </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Commentary: Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111492" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111492</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00005/full" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00005/full</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Self-Propagative Replication of Ab Oligomers Suggests Potential Transmissibility in Alzheimer Disease </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">*** Singeltary comment PLoS *** </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ? </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Posted by flounder on 05 Nov 2014 at 21:27 GMT </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ? </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Posted by flounder on 05 Nov 2014 at 21:27 GMT Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Background</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy disease have both been around a long time, and was discovered in or around the same time frame, early 1900’s. Both diseases are incurable and debilitating brain disease, that are in the end, 100% fatal, with the incubation/clinical period of the Alzheimer’s disease being longer (most of the time) than the TSE prion disease. Symptoms are very similar, and pathology is very similar.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Methods</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Through years of research, as a layperson, of peer review journals, transmission studies, and observations of loved ones and friends that have died from both Alzheimer’s and the TSE prion disease i.e. Heidenhain Variant Creutzfelt Jakob Disease CJD.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">I propose that Alzheimer’s is a TSE disease of low dose, slow, and long incubation disease, and that Alzheimer’s is Transmissible, and is a threat to the public via the many Iatrogenic routes and sources. It was said long ago that the only thing that disputes this, is Alzheimer’s disease transmissibility, or the lack of. The likelihood of many victims of Alzheimer’s disease from the many different Iatrogenic routes and modes of transmission as with the TSE prion disease.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">There should be a Global Congressional Science round table event set up immediately to address these concerns from the many potential routes and sources of the TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s disease, and a emergency global doctrine put into effect to help combat the spread of Alzheimer’s disease via the medical, surgical, dental, tissue, and blood arena’s. All human and animal TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s should be made reportable in every state, and Internationally, WITH NO age restrictions. Until a proven method of decontamination and autoclaving is proven, and put forth in use universally, in all hospitals and medical, surgical arena’s, or the TSE prion agent will continue to spread. IF we wait until science and corporate politicians wait until politics lets science _prove_ this once and for all, and set forth regulations there from, we will all be exposed to the TSE Prion agents, if that has not happened already.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2021/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2021/</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">5 NOVEMBER 1992</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">TRANSMISSION OF ALZHEIMER TYPE PLAQUES TO PRIMATES</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">[9. Whilst this matter is not at the moment directly concerned with the iatrogenic CJD cases from hgH, there remains a possibility of litigation here, and this presents an added complication. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">There are also results to be made available shortly </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">(1) concerning a farmer with CJD who had BSE animals, </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">(2) on the possible transmissibility of Alzheimer’s and </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">(3) a CMO letter on prevention of iatrogenic CJD transmission in neurosurgery, all of which will serve to increase media interest.]</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126060344/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102232842/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/11/04001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170126060344/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102232842/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/11/04001001.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">re-Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Nature 525, 247?250 (10 September 2015) doi:10.1038/nature15369 Received 26 April 2015 Accepted 14 August 2015 Published online 09 September 2015 Updated online 11 September 2015 Erratum (October, 2015)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature15369" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/nature15369</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Singeltary Comment at very bottom of this Nature publishing;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">re-Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">I would kindly like to comment on the Nature Paper, the Lancet reply, and the newspaper articles.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">First, I applaud Nature, the Scientist and Authors of the Nature paper, for bringing this important finding to the attention of the public domain, and the media for printing said findings.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Secondly, it seems once again, politics is getting in the way possibly of more important Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion scientific findings. findings that could have great implications for human health, and great implications for the medical surgical arena. but apparently, the government peer review process, of the peer review science, tries to intervene again to water down said disturbing findings.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">where have we all heard this before? it's been well documented via the BSE Inquiry. have they not learned a lesson from the last time?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">we have seen this time and time again in England (and other Country's) with the BSE mad cow TSE Prion debacle.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">That 'anonymous' Lancet editorial was disgraceful. The editor, Dick Horton is not a scientist.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The pituitary cadavers were very likely elderly and among them some were on their way to CJD or Alzheimer's. Not a bit unusual. Then the recipients ? </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">who got pooled extracts injected from thousands of cadavers ? were 100% certain to have been injected with both seeds. No surprise that they got both diseases going after thirty year incubations.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">That the UK has a "system in place to assist science journalists" to squash embargoed science reports they find 'alarming' is pathetic.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Sounds like the journalists had it right in the first place: 'Alzheimer's may be a transmissible infection' in The Independent to 'You can catch Alzheimer's' in The Daily Mirror or 'Alzheimer's bombshell' in The Daily Express</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">if not for the journalist, the layperson would not know about these important findings.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">where would we be today with sound science, from where we were 30 years ago, if not for the cloak of secrecy and save the industry at all cost mentality?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">when you have a peer review system for science, from which a government constantly circumvents, then you have a problem with science, and humans die.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">to date, as far as documented body bag count, with all TSE prion named to date, that count is still relatively low (one was too many in my case, Mom hvCJD), however that changes drastically once the TSE Prion link is made with Alzheimer's, the price of poker goes up drastically.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">so, who makes that final decision, and how many more decades do we have to wait?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">the iatrogenic mode of transmission of TSE prion, the many routes there from, load factor, threshold from said load factor to sub-clinical disease, to clinical disease, to death, much time is there to spread a TSE Prion to anywhere, but whom, by whom, and when, do we make that final decision to do something about it globally? how many documented body bags does it take? how many more decades do we wait? how many names can we make up for one disease, TSE prion?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Professor Collinge et al, and others, have had troubles in the past with the Government meddling in scientific findings, that might in some way involve industry, never mind human and or animal health.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">FOR any government to continue to circumvent science for monetary gain, fear factor, or any reason, shame, shame on you.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">in my opinion, it's one of the reasons we are at where we are at to date, with regards to the TSE Prion disease science i.e. money, industry, politics, then comes science, in that order.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">greed, corporate, lobbyist there from, and government, must be removed from the peer review process of sound science, it's bad enough having them in the pharmaceutical aspect of healthcare policy making, in my opinion.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">my mother died from confirmed hvCJD, and her brother (my uncle) Alzheimer's of some type (no autopsy?). just made a promise, never forget, and never let them forget, before I do.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">I kindly wish to remind the public of the past, and a possible future we all hopes never happens again. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">[9. Whilst this matter is not at the moment directly concerned with the iatrogenic CJD cases from hgH, there remains a possibility of litigation here, and this presents an added complication. There are also results to be made available shortly (1) concerning a farmer with CJD who had BSE animals, (2) on the possible transmissibility of Alzheimer's and (3) a CMO letter on prevention of iatrogenic CJD transmission in neurosurgery, all of which will serve to increase media interest.]</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Singeltary Comment at very bottom of this Nature publishing;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature15369" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/nature15369</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 7, 2019 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In Alzheimer's Mice, Decades-Old Human Cadaveric Pituitary Growth Hormone Samples Can Transmit and Seed Amyloid-Beta Pathology</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2019/02/in-alzheimers-mice-decades-old-human.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2019/02/in-alzheimers-mice-decades-old-human.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Friday, January 29, 2016</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Synucleinopathies: Past, Present and Future, iatrogenic, what if?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://synucleinopathies.blogspot.com/2016/01/synucleinopathies-past-present-and.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://synucleinopathies.blogspot.com/2016/01/synucleinopathies-past-present-and.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://synucleinopathies.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://synucleinopathies.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Friday, February 4, 2022 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Different α-synuclein prion strains cause dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy, iatrogenic transmission, what if?</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://alpha-synuclein.blogspot.com/2022/02/different-synuclein-prion-strains-cause.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://alpha-synuclein.blogspot.com/2022/02/different-synuclein-prion-strains-cause.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 15, 2018 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with Amyloid-β pathology: an international study</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/iatrogenic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/02/iatrogenic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">vpspr, sgss, sffi, TSE, an iatrogenic by-product of gss, ffi, familial type prion disease, what if ???</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Greetings Friends, Neighbors, and Colleagues,</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/01/vpspr-sgss-sffi-tse-iatrogenic-by.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/01/vpspr-sgss-sffi-tse-iatrogenic-by.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Thursday, July 29, 2021 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">TSE PRION OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE VIA ANIMAL OR HUMAN, iatrogenic transmission, nvCJD or sCJD, what if? </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/07/tse-prion-occupational-exposure-via.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/07/tse-prion-occupational-exposure-via.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 22, 2022 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Aged Cattle Brain Displays Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology and Promotes Brain Amyloidosis in a Transgenic Animal Model</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2022/02/aged-cattle-brain-displays-alzheimers.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2022/02/aged-cattle-brain-displays-alzheimers.html</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Any man can make mistakes, but only an idiot persists in his error. </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">All men make mistakes, but only wise men learn from their mistakes.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA Galveston Bay, on the bottom <<a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net">flounder9@verizon.net</a>> </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-60284531430336823872022-09-24T12:55:00.003-05:002022-09-24T12:55:42.052-05:00Transmission of CH1641 in cattle<p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">Transmission of CH1641 in cattle</span></p><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;">Jemma K. Thorne, Janet Hills, M. Carmen Garcia-Pelayo, Timm Konold, and John Spiropoulos</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;">Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><b>Aims</b>: Classical BSE (C-BSE) was first identified in UK in the 1980s and is the only TSE that has proven zoonotic potential. The emergence of C-BSE was associated with a change in rendering practices implying that prions were able to escape inactivation. However, the exact origin of C-BSE remains unknown to this date although several theories have been proposed. CH1641 is a type of scrapie that biochemically is most akin to BSE. In addition CH1641 is the only scrapie type that can transmit as efficiently as C-BSE to bovinised mice (tg110) suggesting that the agent can propagate with ease on a bovine PrP background in contrast to other scrapie strains. This study was designed to investigate the transmissibility of CH1641 into cattle and characterise the resulting phenotype.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><b>Material and Methods</b>: To examine the ability of CH1641 to transmit to cattle, 5 animals were inoculated intracerebrally with an ovine CH1641 source. The clinical status of the animals was monitored and when they developed neurological signs they were euthanised on welfare grounds. Another 5 cattle were inoculated intracerebrally with saline solution to serve as negative, age-matched controls. Disease status was confirmed postmortem by statutory testing (Immunohistochemistry and Western blot).</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><b>Results</b>: All CH1641 inoculated animals succumbed to clinical TSE with incubation periods 609–654 days post inoculation (dpi). One negative control died at 37 dpi and was excluded from the analysis as an intercurrent death. The remaining negative controls were killed at predetermined points to age match the CH1641 challenged cattle; they all were TSE negative. Western blot analysis revealed that in some animals the agent retained a CH1641 signature whilst in others the molecular profile acquired properties resembling C-BSE. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a similar phenotypic spectrum.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><b>Conclusions</b>: These preliminary data suggest that transmission of CH1641 in cattle is efficient and it results in a variable disease phenotype. Further studies are currently ongoing and include inoculation of bovinised and ovinised mice to identify if the CH1641 agent changed biological properties upon transmission to cattle. Secondary passages in cattle to investigate if intraspecies transmission can alter further the properties of the agent forcing it to converge towards C-BSE are also under consideration.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><b>Funded by</b>: Defra</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><b>Grant number</b>: SE1962</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><b>Acknowledgement</b>: Pathology and Animal Science Department staff members for technical excellence</div><h2 class="yiv5802807768date-header" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="background-color: transparent; margin: inherit; padding: inherit;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PRION 2022 ABSTRACTS, AND A BIG THANK YOU TO;</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: inherit;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: inherit;">On behalf of the Prion2020/2022 Congress Organizing Committee and the NeuroPrion Association, we heartily invite you to join us for the International Conference Prion2020/2022 from 13.-16. September 2022 in Göttingen.<br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: inherit;">Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries<br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: inherit;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">***> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) and the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> <***</span><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: inherit;"><br /></div><div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;">Title: ASSESSMENT OF THE GENETIC RISK AND IMPACT OF LATERAL TRANSMISSION IN A VALINE-ASSOCIATED SCRAPIE OUTBREAK IN SHEEP</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;">Author item EVONIUK, J item STOLTENOW, C item O'Rourke, Katherine item MOORE, B item REDMER, D</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;">Submitted to: American Journal of Veterinary Research</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;">Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;">Publication Acceptance Date: 6/8/2005</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;">Publication Date: 8/1/2005</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;">Citation: Evoniuk, J.M., Stoltenow, C.L., O'Rourke, K.I., Moore, B.L., Redmer, D.A. 2005. Assessment of the genetic risk and impact of lateral transmission in a valine-associated scrapie outbreak in sheep. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 66(8):1-6.</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;">Interpretive Summary: Scrapie is a fatal neurologic disease of sheep, endemic in the US but the subject of a vigorous eradication program. Scrapie is associated with accumulation of a misfolded form of the sheep prion protein. Control measures in an infected flock include removal of all genetically susceptible sheep. Susceptibility is controlled by naturally occurring differences in the prion protein, designated 171Q (susceptible) or 171R (generally resistant). The resistance of sheep with the 171R form of the gene occurs with one scrapie strain, the most US strain, but these sheep are not protected from the alternative strain, identified as valine associated scrapie. Anecdotal reports have shown that the strain probably occurs in the US but is relatively rare. In this publication, the presence of the valine associated strain was demonstrated through epidemiology and genetic analysis of a large flock of sheep. The study demonstrated that this scrapie strain can infect sheep as adults and is spread efficiently among related and unrelated sheep housed together during lambing seasons. The results suggest that the outbreak was due to the relatively high number of sheep with the susceptible form of the gene, probably introduced through the use of highly prolific rams carrying the gene. Further, transmission of the disease among adults, the prolonged incubation time, the unsuitability of some susceptible sheep to live animal testing, and susceptibility of sheep with the 171R gene suggest that removal of sheep with the genotype AVQR from infected flocks would be prudent.</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;">Technical Abstract: Scrapie is a member of the heterogenous family of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Although these disorders appear to be related to misfolding of a host protein rather than an exogenous organism, two distinct disease phenotypes or strains are noted in sheep. Characterization of the scrapie strains in experimental and field settings in the United Kingdom and Europe have included differences in incubation time, survival rates, lateral transmission efficiency and most importantly, genetic susceptibility. Sheep of the prototype strain SSPB/1 are susceptible only if the PRNP (prion protein precursor gene) encodes valine (V) at codon 136; a polymorphism (encoding glutamine to arginine) at codon 171 apparently reduces disease prevalence but increases incubation time and limits tissue distribution to the brain. Sheep with the prototype valine-independent strain CH1641 are susceptible only if homozygous for glutamine (Q) at codon 171. In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) and the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641. The only genotype useful for strain discrimination is the relatively rare 136AV/171QR. In this study, a flock of sheep with a large number of infected sheep was analyzed. The presence of at least one V136 allele was identified in all but 2 sheep in the study, incubation times were very short in V136 homozygous sheep, probable lateral transmission was demonstrated in 15 sheep, and at least one AVQR sheep was identified. Therefore, this outbreak was probably due to a valine-associated (SSBP/1-like) strain and this report is the first full description of the epidemiology of this strain in US sheep. The high rate of lateral transmission and the susceptibility of 136AV/171QR sheep to scrapie suggest that genotyping for codon 136 may assist management decisions following a scrapie diagnosis and that it may be prudent to remove sheep of the 136AV/171QR genotype from infected flocks.</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=182469" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=182469</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #29303b;">OPII-1</span></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #29303b;">Disease incidence and incubation period of BSE and CH1641 in sheep is associated with PrP gene polymorphisms.</span></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #29303b;">Goldman W., Hunter N., Benson G., Foster J. and Hope J. | F 4 5 AFRC&MRC Neuropathogenesis Unit, Institute for Animal Health, - CO West Mains Rd. Edinburgh EH9 3JF, U.K.</span></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #29303b;">The relative survival periods of mice with different Sinc genotype have long been used for scrapie strain typing. The PrP protein, a key molecule in the pathogenesis of scrapie and related diseases, is a product of the Sinc locus and homologous proteins are also linked to disease-incidence loci in sheep and man. In sheep alleles of this locus (Sip) encode several PrP protein variants, of which one has been associated with short incubation periods of Cheviot sheep infected with SSBP/1 scrapie. Other isolates, i.e. BSE or CH1641, cause a different pattern of incubation periods and a lower disease incidence in the same flock of Cheviot sheep. Using transmission to sheep of known PrP genotype as our criterion for agent strain typing, we have found a link between BSE and CH1641, a C-group strain of scrapie. Disease susceptibility of sheep to these isolates is associated with different PrP genotypes compared to SSBP/1 scrapie.</span></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #29303b;">OPII-2</span></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #29303b;">Transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in sheep, goats and mice.</span></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #29303b;">Foster J., Hope J., McConnell I. and Fraser H.</span></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #29303b;">Institute for Animal Health, AFRC and MRC Neuropathogenesis Unit, Kings Buildings, West - Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JF</span></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #29303b;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) has been transmitted in two lines of genetically selected sheep {differing in their susceptibilities to the SSBP/1 source of scrapie}, and to goats by intracerebral injection and by oral dosing. Incubation periods in sheep for both routes of challenge ranged from 440-994 days. In goats this range was 506-1508 days. Both routes of infection in sheep and goats were almost equally efficient. In mice, primary transmission of BSE identified a sinc-independant genetic control of incubation period. Also, intermediate passage of BSE in sheep or goats did not alter these primary transmission properties. Hamsters were susceptible to BSE only after intervening passage through mice. </span></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506001316/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab11.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506001316/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab11.pdf</a></span></div></div></div><div style="color: #222222; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: inherit;"><br /></div></span></h2><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle. </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) and the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641.</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469</a></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle. </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">P-088 Transmission of experimental CH1641-like scrapie to bovine PrP overexpression mice</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Kohtaro Miyazawa1, Kentaro Masujin1, Hiroyuki Okada1, Yuichi Matsuura1, Takashi Yokoyama2</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">1Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Japan; 2Department of Planning and General Administration, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Introduction: Scrapie is a prion disease in sheep and goats. CH1641-lke scrapie is characterized by a lower molecular mass of the unglycosylated form of abnormal prion protein (PrpSc) compared to that of classical scrapie. It is worthy of attention because of the biochemical similarities of the Prpsc from CH1641-like and BSE affected sheep. We have reported that experimental CH1641-like scrapie is transmissible to bovine PrP overexpression (TgBoPrP) mice (Yokoyama et al. 2010). We report here the further details of this transmission study and compare the biological and biochemical properties to those of classical scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice.</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Methods: The details of sheep brain homogenates used in this study are described in our previous report (Yokoyama et al. 2010). TgBoPrP mice were intracerebrally inoculated with a 10% brain homogenate of each scrapie strain. The brains of mice were subjected to histopathological and biochemical analyses.</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: Prpsc banding pattern of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was similar to that of classical scrapie affected mice. Mean survival period of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was 170 days at the 3rd passage and it was significantly shorter than that of classical scrapie affected mice (439 days). Lesion profiles and Prpsc distributions in the brains also differed between CH1641-like and classical scrapie affected mice.</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusion: We succeeded in stable transmission of CH1641-like scrapie to TgBoPrP mice. Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle.</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip... </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) and the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641.</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469</a></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">CH1641</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2019/11/review-update-on-classical-and-atypical.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2019/11/review-update-on-classical-and-atypical.html</a></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/04/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/04/</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/01/selection-of-distinct-strain-phenotypes.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/01/selection-of-distinct-strain-phenotypes.html</a></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Thursday, July 14, 2011</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Histopathological Studies of "CH1641-Like" Scrapie Sources Versus Classical Scrapie and BSE Transmitted to Ovine Transgenic Mice (TgOvPrP4)</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/histopathological-studies-of-ch1641.html" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/histopathological-studies-of-ch1641.html</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></span><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">SHEEP AND BSE</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">A. The experimental transmission of BSE to sheep.</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Studies have shown that the ''negative'' line NPU flock of Cheviots can be experimentally infected with BSE by intracerebral (ic) or oral challenge (the latter being equivalent to 0.5 gram of a pool of four cow brains from animals confirmed to have BSE).</span><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506010048/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac33/tab02.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506010048/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac33/tab02.pdf</a><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">RISK OF BSE TO SHEEP VIA FEED</span><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010614054402/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/02/07002001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20010614054402/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/02/07002001.pdf</a><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506005812/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac24/tab03.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506005812/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac24/tab03.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF BSE TO SHEEP</span><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506010200/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac25/tab05.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506010200/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac25/tab05.pdf</a><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PERSONAL AND CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">SHEEP AND BSE</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">PERSONAL AND CONFIDENTIAL</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">SHEEP AND BSE</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">A. The experimental transmission of BSE to sheep.</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Studies have shown that the ''negative'' line NPU flock of Cheviots can be experimentally infected with BSE by intracerebral (ic) or oral challenge (the latter being equivalent to 0.5 gram of a pool of four cow brains from animals confirmed to have BSE).</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506010048/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac33/tab02.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506010048/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/seac33/tab02.pdf</a></span></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE-TRANSMISSION STUDIES 1991</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090505211426/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac06/tab06.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090505211426/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac06/tab06.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041605/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041605/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031028205208/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/28002001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20031028205208/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/28002001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506035759/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/11/01005001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506035759/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/11/01005001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-confidence-scrapie-transmission-to.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-confidence-scrapie-transmission-to.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">snip...</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">PMID: 6997404</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">12/10/76 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL REPORT OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTE ON SCRAPIE Office Note CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR PETER WILDY</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">snip...</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">A The Present Position with respect to Scrapie A] The Problem Scrapie is a natural disease of sheep and goats. It is a slow and inexorably progressive degenerative disorder of the nervous system and it ia fatal. It is enzootic in the United Kingdom but not in all countries. The field problem has been reviewed by a MAFF working group (ARC 35/77). It is difficult to assess the incidence in Britain for a variety of reasons but the disease causes serious financial loss; it is estimated that it cost Swaledale breeders alone $l.7 M during the five years 1971-1975. A further inestimable loss arises from the closure of certain export markets, in particular those of the United States, to British sheep. It is clear that scrapie in sheep is important commercially and for that reason alone effective measures to control it should be devised as quickly as possible. Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates.</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias" Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">snip...</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">76/10.12/4.6</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC. Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">Epidemiology of Scrapie in the United States 1977</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;">http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf</a><br style="font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: small;" /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Monday, March 21, 2011</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Sheep and Goat BSE Propagate More Efficiently than Cattle BSE in Human PrP Transgenic Mice</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">snip...</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">On the other hand, this component would not be distinguishable from bovine-passaged BSE prions due to the current limits of the standard biological methods and/or the molecular tools employed here to characterize prion strains. Whatever the mechanism, the notion that a passage through an intermediate species can profoundly alter prion virulence for the human species has important public-health issues, regarding emerging and/or expanding TSEs, like atypical scrapie or CWD.</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">snip...</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Taken all together, our results suggest that the possibility of a small ruminant BSE prion as vCJD causal agent could not be ruled out, which has important implications on public and animal health policies. On one hand, although the exact magnitude and characteristic of the vCJD epidemic is still unclear, its link with cattle BSE is supported by strong epidemiological ground and several experimental data. On the other hand, the molecular typing performed in our studies, indicates that the biochemical characteristics of the PrPres detected in brains of our sheep and goat BSE-inoculated mice seem to be indistinguishable from that observed in vCJD. Considering the similarity in clinical manifestation of BSE- and scrapie-affected sheep [48], a masker effect of scrapie over BSE, as well as a potential adaptation of the BSE agent through subsequent passages, could not be ruled out. As BSE infected sheep PrPSc have been detected in many peripheral organs, small ruminant-passaged BSE prions might be a more widespread source of BSE infectivity compared to cattle [19], [49], [50]. This fact is even more worrying since our transmission studies suggest that apparently Met129 human PrP favours a BSE agent with ovine rather than a bovine sequence. Finally, it is evident that, although few natural cases have been described and so far we cannot draw any definitive conclusion about the origin of vCJD, we can not underestimate the risk of a potential goat and/or sheep BSE agent.</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">snip...</span><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2011/03/sheep-and-goat-bse-propagate-more.html" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2011/03/sheep-and-goat-bse-propagate-more.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">reference...</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">RB3.20</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">1. Kuru and CJD have been successfully transmitted to chimpanzees but scrapie and TME have not.</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">2. We cannot say that scrapie will not transmit to chimpanzees. There are several scrapie strains and I am not aware that all have been tried (that would have to be from mouse passaged material). Nor has a wide enough range of field isolates subsequently strain typed in mice been inoculated by the appropriate routes (i/c, ilp and i/v) :</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">3. I believe the proposed experiment to determine transmissibility, if conducted, would only show the susceptibility or resistance of the chimpanzee to infection/disease by the routes used and the result could not be interpreted for the predictability of the susceptibility for man. Proposals for prolonged oral exposure of chimpanzees to milk from cattle were suggested a long while ago and rejected.</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">4. In view of Dr Gibbs' probable use of chimpazees Mr Wells' comments (enclosed) are pertinent. I have yet to receive a direct communication from Dr Schellekers but before any collaboration or provision of material we should identify the Gibbs' proposals and objectives.</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severely would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">6. A negative result would take a lifetime to determine but that would be a shorter period than might be available for human exposure and it would still not answer the question regarding mans' susceptibility. In the meantime no doubt the negativity would be used defensively. It would however be counterproductive if the experiment finally became positive. We may learn more about public reactions following next Monday' s meeting.</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">R. Bradley</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">23 September 1990</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CVO (+Mr Wells' comments)</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Dr T W A Little</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Dr B J Shreeve</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">90/9.23/1.1.</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE CHIMPANZEES</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CODE 18-77 Reference RB3.46</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Some further information that may assist in decision making has been gained by discussion with Dr Rosalind Ridley.</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">She says that careful study of Gajdusek's work shows no increased susceptibility of chimpanzees over New World Monkeys such as Squirrel Monkeys. She does not think it would tell you anything about the susceptibility to man. Also Gajdusek did not, she believes, challenge chimpanzees with scrapie as severely as we did pigs and we know little of that source of scrapie. Comparisons would be difficult. She also would not expect the Home Office to sanction such experiments here unless there was a very clear and important objective that would be important for human health protection. She doubted such a case could be made. If this is the case she thought it would be unethical to do an experiment abroad because we could not do it in our own country.</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Retrospectively she feels they should have put up more marmosets than they did. They all remain healthy. They would normally regard the transmission as negative if no disease resulted in five years.</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">We are not being asked for a decision but I think that before we made one we should gain as much knowledge as we can. If we decided to proceed we would have to bear any criticisms for many years if there was an adverse view by scientists or media. This should not be undertaken lightly. There is already some adverse comment here, I gather, on the pig experiment though that will subside.</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The Gibbs' (as' distinct from Schellekers') study is somewhat different. We are merely supplying material for comparative studies in a laboratory with the greatest experience of human SEs in the world and it has been sanctioned by USDA (though we do not know for certain yet if chimpanzees specifically will be used). This would keep it at a lower profile than if we conducted such an experiment in the UK or Europe.</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">I consider we must have very powerful and defendable objectives to go beyond Gibbs' proposed experiments and should not initiate others just because an offer has been made.</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Scientists have a responsibility to seek other methods of investigative research other than animal experimentation. At present no objective has convinced me we need to do research using Chimpanzees - a species in need of protection. Resisting such proposals would enable us to communicate that information to the scientist and the public should the need arise. A line would have been drawn.</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CVO cc Dr T Dr B W A Little Dr B J Shreeve</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">R Bradley</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">26 September 1990</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">90/9.26/3.2</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041605/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041605/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">this is tse prion political theater here, i.e. what i call TSE PRION POKER...tss</span><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031028205208/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/28002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031028205208/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/28002001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822170317/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/11/01005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822170317/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/11/01005001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs.</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">snip...</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">PAGE 26</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Transmission Studies</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the respective wildlife research programmes. Despite its subsequent recognition as a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific research funding was forthcoming. The USDA viewed it as a wildlife problem and consequently not their province! ...page 26. </span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">snip...see;</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">PERCEPTIONS OF UNCONVENTIONAL SLOW VIRUS DISEASE OF ANIMALS IN THE USA</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">GAH WELLS</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">REPORT OF A VISIT TO THE USA</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">APRIL-MAY 1989</span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $</div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. </div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">***> I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. </div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">***> Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">snip...</div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div></div></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv2690191610aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div><div><br /></div><div>PLOS ONE Journal </div><div><br /></div><div>IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div><div><br /></div><div>***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</div><div><br /></div><div>*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/5adef4ac-a7e4-46a4-8806-c8533d5c862c" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/5adef4ac-a7e4-46a4-8806-c8533d5c862c</a></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 23, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis IBNC BSE TSE Prion a Review 2020</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/12/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/12/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="background-color: white; color: black;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 2022 </div><div style="background-color: white; color: black;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: black;">589.2001 BSE TSE regulations which prohibits the use of high-risk cattle material in feed for all animal species 2022<br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: black;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: black;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html</a></div></div><div style="background-color: white; color: black;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;">FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 23, 2022 </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">SPILLOVER CWD TSE PRION INTO DIFFERENT SPECIES, pigs, sheep, cattle, camel, and humans, what if?<br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/09/spillover-cwd-tse-prion-into-different.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/09/spillover-cwd-tse-prion-into-different.html</a></div></div><div style="background-color: white; color: black;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: black;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-55027649510693853312022-08-29T14:43:00.003-05:002022-08-29T14:43:48.604-05:00Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 2021 Annual Report<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">2021 Annual Report</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Objectives</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Objective 1: Investigate the mechanisms of protein misfolding in prion disease, including the genetic determinants of misfolding of the prion protein, environmental influences on abnormal prion conversion, and environmental influences on protein misfolding as it relates to prion diseases. Objective 2: Investigate the pathobiology of prion strains in natural hosts, including the influence of prion source genotype on interspecies transmission and the pathobiology of atypical transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) and the presence of CWD prion strains in natural hosts by processing field samples through a strain identification program. Subobjective 2.A: Investigate the pathobiology of atypical TSEs. Subobjective 2.B: Investigate the influence of prion source genotype on interspecies transmission. Objective 3: Investigate sampling methodologies for antemortem detection of prion disease, including the utility of blood sampling as a means to assess prion disease status of affected animals and the utility of environmental sampling for monitoring herd prion disease status. Subobjective 3.A: Investigate the utility of blood sampling as a means to assess prion disease status of affected animals. Subobjective 3.B: Investigate the utility of environmental sampling for monitoring herd prion disease status. Objective 4: Determine the association of disease susceptibility or resistance with naturally occurring prion protein genotypes not yet associated with positive cases on infected premises, including genotype associated differences in prion accumulation and excretion, and develop a logic-based decision tree for CWD strain determination. Objective 5: Develop improved live animal test for the detection of CWD-affected cervids, including a sensitive live animal test to detect CWD prions in individual animals, a sensitive live animal screening test for the purpose of determining a herd’s CWD status, and a sensitive deployable CWD test for use by State diagnostic labs.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Approach</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The studies will focus on three animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents found in the United States: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE); scrapie of sheep and goats; and chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer, elk, and moose. The research will address sites of protein folding and misfolding as it relates to prion disease, accumulation of misfolded protein in the host, routes of infection, and ante mortem diagnostics with an emphasis on controlled conditions and natural routes of infection. Techniques used will include spectroscopic monitoring of protein folding/misfolding, clinical exams, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical analysis of proteins. The enhanced knowledge gained from this work will help understand the underlying mechanisms of prion disease and mitigate the potential for unrecognized epidemic expansions of these diseases in populations of animals that could either directly or indirectly affect food animals.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Progress Report</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">This will be the final report for project 5030-32000-114-00D terminating September 30, 2021. Four of the six project plan milestones for FY20 were fully met with two not met. Research efforts directed toward meeting Objective 1 of our project plan originally centered around the production and use of recombinant prion protein from either bacteria or mammalian tissue culture systems and collection of data on the folding and misfolding of the recombinant prion protein produced. The amount of expressed protein from mammalian expression systems was inherently too low to fully accomplish all aspects of the proposed work. Due to this the approach used to address the research goals were altered to exclusively utilize bacterially produced protein and we were still fully able to accomplish the end goal of understanding the influence of metal ions on prion disease using an alternative approach. Similarly, by utilizing amino acid substitutions in the bacterially expressed bovine prion protein we were able to address themodynamic influences on genetic prion disease with the results published. For Objective 2, much of the research extends beyond the five-year project plan cycle, however, all project milestones have been met and the research will continue to allow full reporting in the literature. All studies have been initiated and animals are under observation for the development of clinical signs. The animal studies for this objective are long term and will continue until onset of clinical signs. For some studies the end point is 8 years post-inoculation, while others will extend to the full natural, humane lifetime of the cattle in question or to the point of unequivocal clinical signs of a TSE. In vitro studies planned in parallel to the animal's studies have been completed with data analysis ongoing. Objective 3 of the project plan focuses on the detection of disease associated prion protein in body fluids and feces collected from a time course study of chronic wasting disease inoculated animals. At this time sample collection is complete and preliminary methods have been established. Detection of prion disease using fecal samples has proven exceedingly successful and a manuscript reporting these results has been published. Blood, the primary bodily fluid under investigation has been shown to be unfeasible from a diagnostic standpoint. This is likely due to inhibitory components found in blood rather than a lack of amplifiable material. Objectives 4 and 5 were recently added to the project and work on both is still in the preliminary stages with much of the research intended to be conducted by not yet hired category 1 scientists. Collectively this progress leaves the current and future staff well prepared to address the objectives of the next five-year project plan cycle.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Accomplishments</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">1. Real Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) to detect CWD using fecal samples and bank vole prion protein substrate. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) that is fatal to free-range and captive cervids. CWD has been reported in the United States, Canada, South Korea, Norway, Finland, and Sweden, and the case numbers in both wild and farmed cervids are increasing rapidly. Studies indicate that lateral transmission of cervids likely occurs through the shedding of infectious prions in saliva, feces, urine, and blood into the environment. Therefore, the detection of CWD early in the incubation time is advantageous for disease management. ARS researchers in Ames, Iowa, developed a method that detects CWD using fecal samples as much as 30 months prior to the onset of clinical signs with all samples tested between 6 and 30 months post-inoculation showing RT-QuIC positivity. The combination of a highly sensitive detection tool paired with a sample type such as feces, which can be collected non-invasively allows a useful tool to support CWD surveillance in wild and captive cervids.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">2. Rectal biopsy to identify goats naturally infected with scrapie. Scrapie is a prion disease that can infect sheep and goats, leading to irreversible brain damage and death. While natural scrapie in sheep has been widely described, less is known about naturally acquired goat scrapie. Additionally, animals infected with scrapie are generally not diagnosed until the onset of obvious clinical signs, therefore a reliable method to screen asymptomatic animals may aid in diagnosis. Changes in retinal thickness have been reported in asymptomatic cattle infected with prion disease, and antemortem rectal biopsy has been previously described to be effective in identifying sheep and deer naturally infected with prion disease. ARS scientists in Ames, Iowa, evaluated the efficacy of antemortem assessment of retinal thickness, and analysis of recto-anal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (RAMALT) biopsies as a pre-clinical test to detect asymptomatic goats positive for the classical scrapie agent. Our results showed that rectal biopsy was 78% effective in identifying goats naturally infected with scrapie. We also found no detectable changes in retinal thickness over the course of the observation period. Early identification of goats infected with scrapie is important to goat herders and regulators with roles in scrapie diagnosis for the purpose of eradicating scrapie.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">3. Early accumulation of misfolded prions in the retina of sheep with atypical scrapie. The reason for this experiment was to better understand the pathology of atypical scrapie in sheep. Atypical scrapie is a prion disease that affects sheep. Unlike classical scrapie, atypical scrapie is thought to occur spontaneously, and it is unlikely to transmit between sheep under natural conditions. In addition, atypical scrapie generally occurs in sheep that are genetically resistant to classical scrapie. Atypical scrapie does not have lymphoid involvement like classical scrapie, so antemortem diagnostics that work for classical scrapie like rectal biopsy of lymphoid tissue are not applicable for the antemortem detection of atypical scrapie. Misfolded prions are predominantly found in the cerebellum for atypical scrapie and not in the brainstem as seen with classical scrapie. Atypical scrapie is also a relevant disease because of its potential association with other prion diseases. Atypical scrapie is thought to be a possible cause of classical scrapie or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). ARS scientists in Ames, Iowa, investigated the transmission of the atypical scrapie agent to sheep with three different prion protein genotypes. A diagnosis of atypical scrapie was made in all three genotypes of sheep. ARS scientists identified that misfolded prion protein was detected earliest in the cerebellum and the retina. The early accumulation prion protein in the retina of sheep with atypical scrapie was previously unknown. Understanding where misfolded prions accumulate in cases of atypical scrapie can lead to earlier disease detection through new antemortem detection methods such as Optical Coherence Tomography. Furthermore, the materials derived from this experiment will aid in investigating origins of other prion diseases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">4. Passing Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy (TME) prions from cattle to sheep changed the ability of the prions to infect mice. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, are fatal brain diseases that affect livestock species. Prion diseases have been shown to jump species as exhibited when classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infected cattle products were consumed by humans resulting in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Another example of cross-species transmission results in a disease of farmed mink known as transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME), the origins of which were not previously understood; however, one possible source is L- BSE from cattle. The present study was designed to determine the effect of cross-species transmission of TSEs in livestock on the ability to infect mice expressing the cattle prion protein. We found that passing cattle adapted TME (TME that was previously passaged in cattle) to sheep changed the ability of the prions to infect bovinized mice in a laboratory inoculation. These results were compared to atypical BSE (L-BSE type) and Classical BSE in bovinized mice. Depending on the genotype of sheep used, the disease in mice appeared similar by histologic and western blot analysis to either L-BSE or C-BSE. These results indicate a shift in the disease presentation based on transmission through sheep with different genotypes. This information gives insight into origins and development of new prion strains. Because disease in one of the groups of mice resembled the L-BSE phenotype, it supports the hypothesis that TME can originate from feeding mink protein from cattle afflicted with L-BSE.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Review Publications</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2021" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2021</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies </div><div><br /></div><div>Location: Virus and Prion Research </div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Scrapie in white-tailed deer: a strain of the CWD agent that efficiently transmits to sheep?</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item Greenlee, Justin item KOKEMULLER, ROBYN - US Department Of Agriculture (USDA) item MOORE, S - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item WEST GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University</div><div><br /></div><div>Submitted to: Meeting Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Type: Abstract Only</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 3/29/2019</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Date: N/A</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: N/A</div><div><br /></div><div>Interpretive Summary:</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of sheep and goats that is associated with widespread accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) in the central nervous and lymphoid tissues. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the natural prion disease of cervid species, and the tissue distribution of PrPSc in affected cervids is similar to scrapie in sheep. There are several lines of evidence that suggest that multiple strains of CWD exist, which may affect the agent’s potential to transmit to hosts of the same or different species. We inoculated white-tailed deer with the scrapie agent from ARQ/ARQ sheep, which resulted in 100% attack rates by either the intracranial or oronasal route of inoculation. When examining tissues from the brainstems or lymphoid tissues by traditional diagnostic methods such as immunohistochemistry or western blots, it is difficult to differentiate tissues from deer infected with scrapie from those infected with CWD. However, there are several important differences between tissues from scrapie-infected white-tailed deer (WTD scrapie) and those infected with CWD (WTD CWD). First, there are different patterns of PrPSc deposition in the brains of infected deer: brain tissues from deer with WTD scrapie had predominantly particulate and stellate immunoreactivity whereas those from deer with WTD-CWD had large aggregates and plaque-like staining. Secondly, the incubation periods of WTD scrapie isolates are longer than CWD isolates in mice expressing cervid prion protein. Most notably, the transmission potential of these two isolates back to sheep is distinctly different. Attempts to transmit various CWD isolates to sheep by the oral or oronasal routes have been unsuccessful despite observation periods of up to 7 years. However, WTD scrapie efficiently transmitted back to sheep by the oronasal route. Upon transmission back to sheep, the WTD scrapie isolate exhibited different phenotypic properties when compared to the sheep receiving the original sheep scrapie inoculum including different genotype susceptibilities, distinct PrPSc deposition patterns, and much more rapid incubation periods in transgenic mice expressing the ovine prion protein. The scrapie agent readily transmits between sheep and deer after oronasal exposure. This could confound the identication of CWD strains in deer and the eradication of scrapie from sheep.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032</a></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>THURSDAY, JULY 8, 2021</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>EFSA Scientific report on the analysis of the 2‐year compulsory intensified monitoring of atypical scrapie</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div class="yiv2189010440SubmissionTitle" id="yiv2189010440ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA?, what if?</div><div><br /></div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation and have evidence of infectivity in lymphoid tissues</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item CASSMANN, ERIC - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item MOORE, SARA - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item SMITH, JODI - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin </div><div><br /></div><div>Submitted to: Frontiers in Veterinary Science Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 11/14/2019 Publication Date: 11/29/2019 Citation: Cassmann, E.D., Moore, S.J., Smith, J.D., Greenlee, J.J. 2019. </div><div><br /></div><div>Sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation and have evidence of infectivity in lymphoid tissues. </div><div><br /></div><div>Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 6:430. <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430</a>. DOI: <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430%C2%A0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430 </a>;</div><div><br /></div><div>Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are protein misfolding diseases that are transmissible between animals. The outcome of prion infection is irreversible brain damage and death. Transmission can occur between animals of the same or different species, however, transmission between different species is usually less efficient due to the species barrier, which results from differences in the amino acid sequence of the prion protein between the donor and recipient species. The present work evaluated whether transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) can infect sheep. Our results demonstrate that sheep are susceptible to the TME agent and that the TME agent has similar properties to the agent of L-type atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE). This work supports the ideas that L-BSE is a possible source for TME in mink and that the practice of feeding cattle with neurologic disease to mink should be avoided. This information is important to farmers who raise cattle, sheep, or mink.</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) is a food borne prion disease. Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests similarities between the agent of TME and L-BSE. This experiment demonstrates the susceptibility of four different genotypes of sheep to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation. The four genotypes of sheep used in this experiment had polymorphisms corresponding to codons 136 and 171 of the prion gene: VV136QQ171, AV136QQ171, AA136QQ171, and AA136QR171. All intracranially inoculated sheep without comorbidities (15/15) developed clinical scrapie and had detectable PrPSc by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The mean incubation periods in TME infected sheep correlated with their relative genotypic susceptibility. There was peripheral distribution of PrPSc in the trigeminal ganglion and neuromuscular spindles; however, unlike classical scrapie and C-BSE in sheep, ovine TME did not accumulate in the lymphoid tissue. To rule out the presence of infectious, but proteinase K susceptible PrPSc, the lymph nodes of two sheep genotypes, VV136QQ171 and AA136QQ171, were bioassayed in transgenic ovinized mice. None of the mice (0/32) inoculated by the intraperitoneal route had detectable PrPSc by EIA. Interestingly, mice intracranially inoculated with RPLN tissue from a VV136QQ171 sheep were EIA positive (3/17) indicating that sheep inoculated with TME harbor infectivity in their lymph nodes. Western blot analysis demonstrated similarities in the migration patterns between ovine TME and the bovine TME inoculum. Overall, these results demonstrate that sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME, and that the tissue distribution of PrPSc in TME infected sheep is distinct from classical scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=363305" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=363305</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=360665" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=360665</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=373668" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=373668</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Previous work has shown that the Stetsonville, WI outbreak of TME could have been precipitated by feeding mink a downer cow with atypical BSE; therefore, it very well may have originated from a cow with L-BSE. The agent of TME appears to remain stable, and it has a high transmission efficiency after a sequence of interspecies transmission events. Although C-BSE is the archetypal foodborne TSE, our findings indicate that L-BSE and bTME have greater transmission efficiencies in bovinized mice. Previous work has demonstrated that L-BSE also is more virulent than C-BSE in mice expressing the human prion protein [46, 55]. Although the documented incidence of L-BSE is low, the propensity of L-BSE and the TME agent to cross species barriers support the continued monitoring for atypical BSE.<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02611-0" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02611-0</a></div><div><br /></div><div>***>This work supports the ideas that L-BSE is a possible source for TME in mink and that the practice of feeding cattle with neurologic disease to mink should be avoided. This information is important to farmers who raise cattle, sheep, or mink.<***</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">1985</span><br /></div><div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME. </div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">snip... </div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle... </div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf</a></div></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">57 The experiment which might have determined whether BSE and scrapie were caused by the same agent (ie, the feeding of natural scrapie to cattle) was never undertaken in the UK. </div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">It was, however, performed in the USA in 1979, when it was shown that cattle inoculated with the scrapie agent endemic in the flock of Suffolk sheep at the United States Department of Agriculture in Mission, Texas, developed a TSE quite unlike BSE. 32 </div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">The findings of the initial transmission, though not of the clinical or neurohistological examination, were communicated in October 1988 to Dr Watson, Director of the CVL, following a visit by Dr Wrathall, one of the project leaders in the Pathology Department of the CVL, to the United States Department of Agriculture. 33 </div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">The results were not published at this point, since the attempted transmission to mice from the experimental cow brain had been inconclusive. </div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">The results of the clinical and histological differences between scrapie-affected sheep and cattle were published in 1995. </div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Similar studies in which cattle were inoculated intracerebrally with scrapie inocula derived from a number of scrapie-affected sheep of different breeds and from different States, were carried out at the US National Animal Disease Centre. 34 </div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">The results, published in 1994, showed that this source of scrapie agent, though pathogenic for cattle, did not produce the same clinical signs of brain lesions characteristic of BSE..</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">32 Clark, W., Hourrigan, J. and Hadlow, W. (1995) Encephalopathy in Cattle Experimentally Infected with the Scrapie Agent, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 56, 606-12</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">33 YB88/10.00/1.1 </div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040823105233/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20040823105233/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Technical Abstract:</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Prion strains may vary in their ability to transmit to humans and animals. Few experimental studies have been done to provide evidence of differences between U.S. strains of scrapie, which can be distinguished by incubation times in inbred mice, microscopic lesions, immunoreactivity to various antibodies, or molecular profile (electrophoretic mobility and glycoform ratio). Recent work on two U.S. isolates of sheep scrapie supports that at least two distinct strains exist based on differences in incubation time and genotype of sheep affected. One isolate (No. 13-7) inoculated intracerebrally caused scrapie in sheep AA at codon 136 (AA136) and QQ at codon 171 (QQ171) of the prion protein in an average of 19 months post-inoculation (PI) whereas a second isolate (No. x124) caused disease in less than 12 months after oral inoculation in AV136/QQ171 sheep. Striking differences were evident when further strain analysis was done in R111, VM, C57Bl6, and C57Bl6xVM (F1) mice. No. 13-7 did not induce disease in any mouse strain at any time post-inoculation (PI) nor were brain tissues positive by western blot (WB). Positive WB results were obtained from mice inoculated with isolate No. x124 starting at day 380 PI. Incubation times averaged 508, 559, 601, and 633 days PI for RIII, C57Bl6, VM, and F1 mice, respectively. Further passage will be required to characterize these scrapie strains in mice. </div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">***>This work provides evidence that multiple scrapie strains exist in U.S. sheep. </div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=227516" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=227516</a><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">One of these isolates (TR316211) behaved like the CH1641 isolate, with PrPres features in mice similar to those in the sheep brain. From two other isolates (O100 and O104), two distinct PrPres phenotypes were identified in mouse brains, with either high (h-type) or low (l-type) apparent molecular masses of unglycosylated PrPres, the latter being similar to that observed with CH1641, TR316211, or BSE. Both phenotypes could be found in variable proportions in the brains of the individual mice. In contrast with BSE, l-type PrPres from "CH1641-like" isolates showed lower levels of diglycosylated PrPres. From one of these cases (O104), a second passage in mice was performed for two mice with distinct PrPres profiles. This showed a partial selection of the l-type phenotype in mice infected with a mouse brain with predominant l-type PrPres, and it was accompanied by a significant increase in the proportions of the diglycosylated band. These results are discussed in relation to the diversity of scrapie and BSE strains. </div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/81/13/7230?view=long&pmid=17442721" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/81/13/7230?view=long&pmid=17442721</a><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"> In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) and the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641. </div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469</a><br /></span></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">- 59-</span><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">P-088 Transmission of experimental CH1641-like scrapie to bovine PrP overexpression mice</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Kohtaro Miyazawa1, Kentaro Masujin1, Hiroyuki Okada1, Yuichi Matsuura1, Takashi Yokoyama2</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">1Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Japan; 2Department of Planning and General Administration, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Introduction: Scrapie is a prion disease in sheep and goats. CH1641-lke scrapie is characterized by a lower molecular mass of the unglycosylated form of abnormal prion protein (PrpSc) compared to that of classical scrapie. It is worthy of attention because of the biochemical similarities of the Prpsc from CH1641-like and BSE affected sheep. We have reported that experimental CH1641-like scrapie is transmissible to bovine PrP overexpression (TgBoPrP) mice (Yokoyama et al. 2010). We report here the further details of this transmission study and compare the biological and biochemical properties to those of classical scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice.</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Methods: The details of sheep brain homogenates used in this study are described in our previous report (Yokoyama et al. 2010). TgBoPrP mice were intracerebrally inoculated with a 10% brain homogenate of each scrapie strain. The brains of mice were subjected to histopathological and biochemical analyses.</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Results: Prpsc banding pattern of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was similar to that of classical scrapie affected mice. Mean survival period of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was 170 days at the 3rd passage and it was significantly shorter than that of classical scrapie affected mice (439 days). Lesion profiles and Prpsc distributions in the brains also differed between CH1641-like and classical scrapie affected mice.</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Conclusion: We succeeded in stable transmission of CH1641-like scrapie to TgBoPrP mice. Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle.</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Prion 2016 Conference</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7043318/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7043318/</a><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Title: Comparison of two US sheep scrapie isolates supports identification as separate strains</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Authors</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">item Moore, Sarah - item Smith, Jodi item West Greenlee, Mary - item Nicholson, Eric item Richt, Juergen item Greenlee, Justin</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Submitted to: Veterinary Pathology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: December 22, 2015 Publication Date: N/A</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Interpretive Summary: Scrapie is a fatal disease of sheep and goats that causes damaging changes in the brain. The infectious agent is an abnormal protein called a prion that has misfolded from its normal state. Whether or not a sheep will get scrapie is determined primarily by their genetics. Furthermore, different scrapie strains exist that may result in a different expression of disease such as shorter incubation periods, unusual clinical signs, or unique patterns of lesions within the brain. This study evaluated two U.S. scrapie isolates in groups of sheep with varying susceptibilities to scrapie. Our data indicates that there are differences in incubation periods, sheep genotype susceptibilities, and lesion profiles that support designating these scrapie isolates as unique strains. The identification of a new scrapie strain in the United States means that control measures, methods of decontamination, and the potential for transmission to other species may need to be reevaluated. This information is useful to sheep farmers and breeders that are selectively breeding animals with genotypes resistant to the most prevalent strain of scrapie and could impact future regulations for the control of scrapie in the United States. Technical Abstract: Scrapie is a naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of sheep and goats. There are different strains of sheep scrapie that are associated with unique molecular, transmission, and phenotype characteristics, but very little is known about the potential presence of scrapie strains within sheep in the US. Scrapie strain and PRNP genotype could both affect susceptibility, potential for transmission, incubation period, and control measures required for eliminating scrapie from a flock. Here we evaluate two US scrapie isolates, No. 13-7 and x124, after intranasal inoculation to compare clinical signs, incubation periods (IP), spongiform lesions, and patterns of PrPSc deposition in sheep with scrapie-susceptible PRNP genotypes (QQ171). After inoculation with x124, susceptibility and IP were associated with valine at codon 136 (V136) of the prion protein: VV136 had short IPs (6.9 months), AV136 sheep were 11.9 months, and AA136 sheep did not develop scrapie. All No.13-7 inoculated sheep developed scrapie with IP’s of 20.1 months for AA136 sheep, 22.8 months for AV136 sheep, and 26.7 months for VV136 sheep. Patterns of immunoreactivity in the brain were influenced by challenge isolate and host genotype. Differences in PrPSc profiles versus isolate were most striking when examining brains from sheep with the VV136 genotype. In summary, intranasal inoculation with isolates x124 and No. 13-7 resulted in differences in IP, sheep genotype susceptibility, and PrPSc profile that support designation as separate strains.</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Last Modified: 6/6/2016</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=315505" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=315505</a><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">31</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Appendix I VISIT TO USA - OR A E WRATHALL — INFO ON BSE AND SCRAPIE</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Dr Clark lately of the scrapie Research Unit, Mission Texas has</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">successfully transmitted ovine and caprine scrapie to cattle. The</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">experimental results have not been published but there are plans to do</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">this. This work was initiated in 1978. A summary of it is:-</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Expt A 6 Her x Jer calves born in 1978 were inoculated as follows with</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">a 2nd Suffolk scrapie passage:-</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">i/c 1ml; i/m, 5ml; s/c 5ml; oral 30ml.</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">1/6 went down after 48 months with a scrapie/BSE-like disease.</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Expt B 6 Her or Jer or HxJ calves were inoculated with angora Goat</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">virus 2/6 went down similarly after 36 months.</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Expt C Mice inoculated from brains of calves/cattle in expts A & B were resistant, only 1/20 going down with scrapie and this was the reason given for not publishing.</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Diagnosis in A, B, C was by histopath. No reports on SAF were given.</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Dr Warren Foote indicated success so far in eliminating scrapie in offspring from experimentally— (and naturally) infected sheep by ET. He had found difficulty in obtaining embryos from naturally infected sheep (cf SPA).</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Prof. A Robertson gave a brief accout of BSE. The us approach was to</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">32</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr A Thiermann showed the picture in the "Independent" with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs.</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">BSE was not reported in USA.</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">4. Scrapie incidents (ie affected flocks) have shown a dramatic increase since 1978. In 1953 when the National Control scheme was started there were 10-14 incidents, in 1978 - 1 and in 1988 so far 60.</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">5. Scrapie agent was reported to have been isolated from a solitary fetus.</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">6. A western blotting diagnostic technique (? on PrP) shows some promise.</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">7. Results of a questionnaire sent to 33 states on the subject of the national sheep scrapie programme survey indicated</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">17/33 wished to drop it</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">6/33 wished to develop it</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">8/33 had few sheep and were neutral</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Information obtained from Dr Wrathall‘s notes of a meeting of the u.s.</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Animal Health Association at Little Rock, Arkansas Nov. 1988.</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">33</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">In Confidence - Perceptions of unconventional slow virus diseases of animals in the USA - APRIL-MAY 1989 - G A H Wells</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs. ...</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">also see hand written notes ;</div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071019203707/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071019203707/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div>Scrapie Field Trial Experiments Mission, Texas, The Moore Air Force Base Scrapie Experiment 1964 </div><div><br /></div><div>How Did CWD Get Way Down In Medina County, Texas? </div><div><br /></div><div>Confucius ponders... </div><div><br /></div><div>Could the Scrapie experiments back around 1964 at Moore Air Force near Mission, Texas, could this area have been ground zero for CWD TSE Prion (besides the CWD cases that have waltzed across the Texas, New Mexico border near WSMR Trans Pecos region since around 2001)? </div><div><br /></div><div>Epidemiology of Scrapie in the United States 1977 </div><div><br /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br /></div><div>Scrapie Field Trial Experiments Mission, Texas A Scrapie Field Trial was developed at Mission, Texas, to provide additional information for the eradication program on the epidemiology of natural scrapie. The Mission Field Trial Station is located on 450 acres of pastureland, part of the former Moore Air Force Base, near Mission, Texas. </div><div><br /></div><div>It was designed to bring previously exposed, and later also unexposed, sheep or goats to the Station and maintain and breed them under close observation for extended periods to determine which animals would develop scrapie and define more closely the natural spread and other epidemiological aspects of the disease. </div><div><br /></div><div>The 547 previously exposed sheep brought to the Mission Station beginning in 1964 were of the Cheviot, Hampshire, Montadale, or Suffolk breeds. </div><div><br /></div><div>They were purchased as field outbreaks occurred, and represented 21 bloodlines in which scrapie had been diagnosed. </div><div><br /></div><div>Upon arrival at the Station, the sheep were maintained on pasture, with supplemental feeding as necessary. </div><div><br /></div><div>The station was divided into 2 areas: </div><div><br /></div><div>(1) a series of pastures and-pens occupied by male animals only, and </div><div><br /></div><div>(2) a series of pastures and pens occupied by females and young progeny of both sexes. </div><div><br /></div><div>... snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>see full text ; </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://we.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf</a></div></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv5062820125aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div>OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>3. Atypical BSE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>REFERENCES</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>SNIP...END SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Atypical L-type BSE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Feb; 23(2): 284–287. doi: 10.3201/eid2302.161416 PMCID: PMC5324790 PMID: 28098532</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Our study clearly confirms, experimentally, the potential risk for interspecies oral transmission of the agent of L-BSE. In our model, this risk appears higher than that for the agent of classical BSE, which could only be transmitted to mouse lemurs after a first passage in macaques (14). We report oral transmission of the L-BSE agent in young and adult primates. Transmission by the IC route has also been reported in young macaques (6,7). A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div> In most cases of naturally occurring atypical BSE identified so far, the animals were >8 years of age, except for 3 cases: 1 H-BSE and 1 L-BSE in Spain (1) and 1 H-BSE in Germany (12). Therefore, we cannot exclude the possibility that L-BSE developed sporadically/spontaneously.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/pdf/16-1416.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/pdf/16-1416.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Atypical H-type BSE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Research Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Author item Greenlee, Justin item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Submitted to: Prion</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Publication Type: Abstract Only</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 5/14/2018</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Publication Date: 5/22/2018</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Citation: Greenlee, J.J., Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H. 2018. The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge. Prion 2018, May 22-25, 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Paper No. P98, page 116. Interpretive Summary:</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Technical Abstract: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with either H-type BSE from the 2004 US H-type BSE case (n=3) or from the 2006 US H-type case associated with the E211K polymorphism (n=4) using 10% w/v brain homogenat<span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">es. Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. At approximately 50 months post-inoculation, one steer (EK211 inoculated with E211K associated H-BSE) developed clinical signs including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and was euthanized. Enzyme immunoassay confirmed that abundant misfolded protein was present in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. Western blot analysis of brain tissue from the clinically affected steer was consistent with the E211K H-type BSE inoculum. With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>PRION CONFERENCE 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Published: 23 June 2011</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Experimental H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy characterized by plaques and glial- and stellate-type prion protein deposits</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The present study demonstrated successful intraspecies transmission of H-type BSE to cattle and the distribution and immunolabeling patterns of PrPSc in the brain of the H-type BSE-challenged cattle. TSE agent virulence can be minimally defined by oral transmission of different TSE agents (C-type, L-type, and H-type BSE agents) [59]. Oral transmission studies with H-type BSE-infected cattle have been initiated and are underway to provide information regarding the extent of similarity in the immunohistochemical and molecular features before and after transmission. In addition, the present data will support risk assessments in some peripheral tissues derived from cattle affected with H-type BSE.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>References...END</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="yiv2189010440SubmissionTitle" id="yiv2189010440ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">TUESDAY, MAY 31, 2022 </div><div class="yiv2189010440SubmissionTitle" id="yiv2189010440ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">USA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE: description of typical and atypical cases </div><div class="yiv2189010440SubmissionTitle" id="yiv2189010440ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div><div class="yiv2189010440SubmissionTitle" id="yiv2189010440ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</span><br /></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="yiv2189010440SubmissionTitle" id="yiv2189010440ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FRIDAY, OCTOBER 1, 2021 </div><div class="yiv2189010440SubmissionTitle" id="yiv2189010440ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin, USA, what if?</span></div><div class="yiv2189010440SubmissionTitle" id="yiv2189010440ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div class="yiv2189010440cxmmr5t8 yiv2189010440oygrvhab yiv2189010440hcukyx3x yiv2189010440c1et5uql yiv2189010440o9v6fnle" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div>MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">MONDAY, JUNE 28, 2021 </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE can propagate in sheep co‑infected or pre‑infected with scrapie<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bse-can-propagate-in-sheep-coinfected.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bse-can-propagate-in-sheep-coinfected.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 31, 2020 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Autoclave treatment of the classical scrapie agent US No. 13-7 and experimental inoculation to susceptible VRQ/ARQ sheep via the oral route results in decreased transmission efficiency<br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2020/12/autoclave-treatment-of-classical.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2020/12/autoclave-treatment-of-classical.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, MAY 29, 2019 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Incomplete inactivation of atypical scrapie following recommended autoclave decontamination procedures </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA HERE'S YOUR SIGN!</span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2019/05/incomplete-inactivation-of-atypical.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2019/05/incomplete-inactivation-of-atypical.html</a> </span></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div>2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div><br /></div><div>PLEASE NOTE;</div><div><br /></div><div>2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strainsNo</div><div><br /></div><div>Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author: ‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).</div><div><br /></div><div>In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE. </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">''In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE.'' <br /></div><div class="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PMID: 6997404</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">76/10.12/4.6</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021 </div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: transparent; color: #105289; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>America BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, BSE SURVEILLANCE, BSE TESTING, and CJD TSE Prion</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>so far, we have been lucky. to date, with the science at hand, no cwd transmitted to cattle, that has been documented, TO DATE, WITH THE SCIENCE AT HAND, it's not to say it has not already happened, just like with zoonosis of cwd i.e. molecular transmission studies have shown that cwd transmission to humans would look like sporadic cjd, NOT nvCJD or what they call now vCJD. the other thing is virulence and or horizontal transmission. this is very concerning with the recent fact of what seems to be a large outbreak of a new tse prion disease in camels in Africa. there is much concern now with hay, straw, grains, and such, with the cwd tse prion endemic countries USA, Canada. what is of greatest concern is the different strains of cwd, and the virulence there from? this thing (cwd) keeps mutating to different strains, and to different species, the bigger the chance of one of these strains that WILL TRANSMIT TO CATTLE OR HUMANS, and that it is documented (i believe both has already occured imo with scienct to date). with that said, a few things to ponder, and i am still very concerned with, the animal feed. we now know from transmission studies that cwd and scrapie will transmit to pigs by oral routes. the atypical bse strains will transmit by oral routes. i don't mean to keep kicking a mad cow, just look at the science; </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> cattle, pigs, sheep, cwd, tse, prion, oh my! </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Sheep and cattle may be exposed to CWD via common grazing areas with affected deer but so far, appear to be poorly susceptible to mule deer CWD (Sigurdson, 2008). In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008), however the risk appetite for a public health threat may still find this level unacceptable. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Title: Limited amplification of chronic wasting disease prions in the peripheral tissues of intracerebrally inoculated cattle</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Author item HALEY, NICHOLAS - Kansas State University item SIEPKER, CHRISTOPHER - Kansas State University item Greenlee, Justin item RICHT, JÜRGEN - Kansas State University Submitted to: Journal of General Virology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 3/30/2016 Publication Date: 1/7/2016</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Citation: Haley, N.J., Siepker, C., Greenlee, J.J., Richt, J.A. 2016. Limited amplification of chronic wasting disease prions in the peripheral tissues of intracerebrally inoculated cattle. Journal of General Virology. 97:1720-1724.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Interpretive Summary: Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), a fatal neurodegenerative disease that occurs in farmed and wild cervids (deer and elk) of North America, is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). TSEs are caused by infectious proteins called prions that are resistant to various methods of decontamination and environmental degradation. Cattle could be exposed to chronic wasting disease (CWD) by contact with infected farmed or free-ranging cervids. The purpose of this study was to use an in vitro amplification method called real time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) to assess tissues from cattle inoculated with CWD for low levels of prions not detected by traditional diagnostic methods such as western blot and immunohistochemistry. This study reports that prions were identified by RT-QuIC only in cattle that were confirmed positive by traditional methods. However, prions were rarely identified in some peripheral tissues such as mesenteric lymph node, tonsil, or nasal turbinate that were not considered positive by traditional methods. These results suggest that cattle experimentally inoculated with CWD may have some limited amount of prion infectivity outside of the brain and spinal cord that may represent a previously unrecognized risk for transmission. This information could have an impact on regulatory officials developing plans to reduce or eliminate TSEs and farmers with concerns about ranging cattle on areas where CWD may be present.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, classified as a prion disease or transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) similar to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Cervids affected by CWD accumulate an abnormal protease resistant prion protein throughout the central nervous system (CNS), as well as in both lymphatic and excretory tissues – an aspect of prion disease pathogenesis not observed in cattle with BSE. Using seeded amplification through real time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC), we investigated whether the bovine host or prion agent was responsible for this aspect of TSE pathogenesis. We blindly examined numerous central and peripheral tissues from cattle inoculated with CWD for prion seeding activity. Seeded amplification was readily detected in the CNS, though rarely observed in peripheral tissues, with a limited distribution similar to that of BSE prions in cattle. This seems to indicate that prion peripheralization in cattle is a host-driven characteristic of TSE infection. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=325925" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=325925</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Title: Experimental transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (scrapie, chronic wasting disease, transmissible mink encephalopathy) to cattle and their differentiation from bovine spongiform encephalopathy</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Author item Hamir, Amirali item CUTLIP, RANDALL item MILLER, JANICE item Kunkle, Robert item Richt, Juergen item Greenlee, Justin item Nicholson, Eric item Kehrli Jr, Marcus Submitted to: World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Publication Type: Proceedings</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 8/10/2007 Publication Date: 11/11/2007</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Citation: Hamir, A.N., Cutlip, R.C., Miller, J.M., Kunkle, R.A., Richt, J.A., Greenlee, J.J., Nicholson, E.M., Kehrli, Jr., M.E. 2007. Experimental transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (scrapie, chronic wasting disease, transmissible mink encephalopathy) to cattle and their differentiation from bovine spongiform encephalopathy. In: Proceedings of the World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians 13th International Symposium, November 11-14, 2007, Melbourne, Australia. p. 29. Interpretive Summary:</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Technical Abstract: Introduction: Experimental cross-species transmission of TSE agents provides valuable information for identification of potential host ranges of known TSEs. This report provides a synopsis of TSE (scrapie, CWD, TME) transmission studies that have been conducted in cattle and compares these findings to those seen in animals with BSE. Materials & Methods: Generally 6-month-old bull calves were obtained and assigned to inoculated and control groups. Inoculated calves were housed in a Biosafety Level 2 isolation barn at the National Animal Disease Center (NADC), Ames, Iowa. Calves were inoculated intracerebrally with 1 ml of a 10% TSE brain inoculum. Results: Results of various TSE cattle experiments with intracerebral inoculation of scrapie, CWD and TME are shown in tabular form (Table 1). Table 1. Comparison of experimental scrapie, chronic wasting disease (CWD) and transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) in cattle inoculated by the intracerebral route during first passage of the inocula. Abnormal CNS signs: Scrapie. Anorexia, weight loss, leg and back stiffness. Some showed incoordination and posterior weakness. Eventual severe lethargy. CWD. Anorexia, weight loss, occasional aimless circling, listlessness and excited by loud noises. TME. Variable hyperexcitability with occasional falling to the ground. Some showing circling and aggressive behavior. Incubation (survival) time: Scrapie. 14 – 18 months. CWD. 23 – 63 months. TME. 13 – 16 months. Attack rate: Scrapie. 100%. CWD. CWD from mule deer: 38%. CWD from elk: 86%. TME. 100% Histopatholgic lesions: Scrapie. Some vacuolation and central of chromatolysis of neurons. CWD. Isolated vacuolated neurons, a few degenerate axons, and a mild astrocytosis. TME. Extensive vacuolation of neuronal perikarya and neuropil. Presence of mild multifocal gliosis. Western blot (brainstem): Scrapie. All three isoforms of PrP**res present. CWD. All three isoforms of PrP**res seen. TME. All three isoforms of PrP**res seen. Immunohistochemistry: PrP**res in lymphoreticular tissues: Scrapie. Not present. CWD. Not present. TME. Not present. PrP**res in CNS: Scrapie. Present within perikaryon and processes of neurons. CWD. Multifocal distribution with labeling primarily in glial cells (astrocytes). TME. Diffusely present and usually evenly distributed in neuropil. Conclusions: 1. All three TSEs agents (scrapie, CWD and TME) are capable of propagating in cattle tissues when administered intracerebrally. 2. All three TSEs can be distinguished from each other and from BSE when inoculated intracerebrally by histopathology, immunohistochemistry and Western blot techniques.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=212439" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=212439</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Title: EXPERIMENTAL SECOND PASSAGE OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE (CWD(MULE DEER)) AGENT TO CATTLE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Author item Hamir, Amirali item Kunkle, Robert item MILLER, JANICE item Greenlee, Justin item Richt, Juergen</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Submitted to: Journal of Comparative Pathology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 7/25/2005 Publication Date: 1/1/2006</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Citation: Hamir, A.N., Kunkle, R.A., Miller, J.M., Greenlee, J.J., Richt, J.A. 2006. Experimental second passage of chronic wasting disease (CWD(mule deer)) agent to cattle. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 134(1):63-69.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Interpretive Summary: To compare the findings of experimental first and second passage of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cattle, 6 calves were inoculated into the brain with CWD-mule deer agent previously (first) passaged in cattle. Two other uninoculated calves served as controls. Beginning 10-12 months post inoculation (PI), all inoculates lost appetite and weight. Five animals subsequently developed clinical signs of central nervous system (CNS) abnormality. By 16.5 months PI, all cattle had been euthanized because of poor prognosis. None of the animals showed microscopic lesions of spongiform encephalopathy (SE) but the CWD agent was detected in their CNS tissues by 2 laboratory techniques (IHC and WB). These findings demonstrate that inoculated cattle amplify CWD agent but also develop clinical CNS signs without manifestation of microscopic lesions of SE. This situation has also been shown to occur following inoculation of cattle with another TSE agent, namely, sheep scrapie. The current study confirms previous work that indicates that the diagnostic tests currently used for confirmation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the U.S. would detect CWD in cattle, should it occur naturally. Furthermore, it raises the possibility of distinguishing CWD from BSE in cattle due to the absence of microscopic lesions and a unique multifocal distribution of PrPres, as demonstrated by IHC, which in this study, appears to be more sensitive than the WB.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Technical Abstract: To compare clinicopathological findings of first and second passage of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cattle, a group of calves (n=6) were intracerebrally inoculated with CWD-mule deer agent previously (first) passaged in cattle. Two other uninoculated calves served as controls. Beginning 10-12 months post inoculation (PI), all inoculates lost appetite and lost weight. Five animals subsequently developed clinical signs of central nervous system (CNS) abnormality. By 16.5 months PI, all cattle had been euthanized because of poor prognosis. None of the animals showed microscopic lesions of spongiform encephalopathy (SE) but PrPres was detected in their CNS tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot (WB) techniques. These findings demonstrate that intracerebrally inoculated cattle not only amplify CWD PrPres but also develop clinical CNS signs without manifestation of morphologic lesions of SE. This situation has also been shown to occur following inoculation of cattle with another TSE agent, scrapie. The current study confirms previous work that indicates the diagnostic techniques currently used for confirmation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the U.S. would detect CWD in cattle, should it occur naturally. Furthermore, it raises the possibility of distinguishing CWD from BSE in cattle due to the absence of neuropathologic lesions and a unique multifocal distribution of PrPres, as demonstrated by IHC, which in this study, appears to be more sensitive than the WB.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=178318" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=178318</a></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>FRIDAY, AUGUST 27, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/cattle-are-highly-susceptible-to-white.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/cattle-are-highly-susceptible-to-white.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. snip..... The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. snip..... In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">nip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">***> READ THIS VERY, VERY, CAREFULLY, AUGUST 1997 MAD COW FEED BAN WAS A SHAM, AS I HAVE STATED SINCE 1997! 3 FAILSAFES THE FDA ET AL PREACHED AS IF IT WERE THE GOSPEL, IN TERMS OF MAD COW BSE DISEASE IN USA, AND WHY IT IS/WAS/NOT A PROBLEM FOR THE USA, and those are; </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE TESTING (failed terribly and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE SURVEILLANCE (failed terribly and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS (another colossal failure, and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">these are facts folks. trump et al just admitted it with the feed ban. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">see; </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">John Maday </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">August 30, 2019 09:46 AM VFD-Form 007 (640x427) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach. ( John Maday ) Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach to help feed mills, veterinarians and producers understand and comply with the requirements. Since then, FDA has gradually increased the number of VFD inspections and initiated enforcement actions when necessary. On August 29, FDA released its first report on inspection and compliance activities. The report, titled “Summary Assessment of Veterinary Feed Directive Compliance Activities Conducted in Fiscal Years 2016 – 2018,” is available online.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>FDA Reports on VFD Compliance</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>John Maday</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>August 30, 2019 09:46 AM VFD-Form 007 (640x427)</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach. ( John Maday )</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach to help feed mills, veterinarians and producers understand and comply with the requirements. Since then, FDA has gradually increased the number of VFD inspections and initiated enforcement actions when necessary.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>On August 29, FDA released its first report on inspection and compliance activities. The report, titled “Summary Assessment of Veterinary Feed Directive Compliance Activities Conducted in Fiscal Years 2016 – 2018,” is available online.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Overall, the FDA reports a high level of compliance across the affected livestock-industry sectors.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>In fiscal year 2016, FDA began a small, three-part pilot inspection program that began with inspectors visiting feed distributors to review randomly selected VFD documents. The inspectors then selected one VFD at the distributor and conducted further inspections of the veterinarian and producer (client) named on that VFD.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>In fiscal years 2017 and 2018, FDA continued those three-part inspections and expanded the program to include state feed regulatory partners. In fiscal year 2017, state personnel inspected VFD distributors and reviewed selected VFDs for compliance with the requirements. In 2018, those state inspectors began conducting three-part inspections, similar to those conducted by the FDA investigators. With state inspectors contributing, the number of VFD inspections increased from 57 in 2016 to 130 in 2017 and 269 during 2018.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Of the 269 inspections during 2018, 230 required no action, 38 indicated voluntary action and just one indicated official enforcement action.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Key findings in the report include:</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Distributors (2018)</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Distributor had notified FDA of their intent to distribute VFD feeds -- 94.8%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Distributors who distributed a VFD feed that complied with the terms of the VFD -- 91.5%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Distributors who manufacture VFD feed: Drug inventory or production records showed the correct amount of drug was added to the feed for the VFD reviewed -- 96.7%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Distributors who manufacture VFD feed: Labels and formulas matched the VFD reviewed -- 91.0%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Distributor’s VFD feed labels contained the VFD caution statement -- 77.2%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Veterinarians</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Veterinarians had an active license in the state where the VFD feed authorized on the VFD order(s) is being fed -- 100%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>VFDs included veterinarians’ electronic or written signature -- 98.6%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>VFDs included the withdrawal time, special instructions, and/or cautionary statements -- 95.3%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Producers</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Client did not feed VFD feed beyond the expiration date on the VFD -- 100%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Client fed VFD feed to the animals authorized on the VFD (number, species, and/or production class) -- 100%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Client fed VFD feed for the duration identified on the VFD -- 100%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Client complied with the special instructions on the VFD -- 100%</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>FDA issued just one warning letter following inspections during fiscal year 2018, for a feed mill that “adulterated and misbranded VFD feed by distributing VFD feed to other distributors without first receiving an acknowledgment letter, in addition to adulterating and misbranding medicated and non-medicated feed for other reasons.”</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>In its report, FDA reminds stakeholders that VFD medicated feeds must be used in according to the approved conditions of use and must be under the oversight of a licensed veterinarian and consistent with a lawful VFD order. The agency intends to continue monitoring compliance, and to provide education, but FDA will also use enforcement strategies when voluntary compliance with the VFD final rule requirements is not achieved.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>See the full summary report from FDA.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>For more on the VFD rules and compliance, see these articles from <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovinevetonline.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">BovineVetOnline.com</a>.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>VFD Audits: What to Expect</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/vfd-audits-what-expect-0" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/vfd-audits-what-expect-0</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>VFD Audits: Start with the Feed Distributor</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/vfd-audits-start-feed-distributor" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/vfd-audits-start-feed-distributor</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>FDA Draft Guidance Updates VFD Q&A</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/fda-draft-guidance-updates-vfd-qa" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/fda-draft-guidance-updates-vfd-qa</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/fda-reports-vfd-compliance?fbclid=IwAR3ejswwNoiWH7sVww_gEwiFcyoG7MzI2iZUMPU9wHK3OJKXpdy4di5A4dk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/fda-reports-vfd-compliance?fbclid=IwAR3ejswwNoiWH7sVww_gEwiFcyoG7MzI2iZUMPU9wHK3OJKXpdy4di5A4dk</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20201222181302/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20201222181302/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20190912060441/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20190912060441/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20191217045515/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20191217045515/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a></div></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 2019 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">***> FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">***> EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP *** </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2019 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Veterinary Biologics Guideline 3.32E: Guideline for minimising the risk of introducing transmissible spongiform encephalopathy prions and other infectious agents through veterinary biologics<br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/veterinary-biologics-guideline-332e.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/veterinary-biologics-guideline-332e.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">U.S.A. 50 STATE BSE MAD COW CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Subject: BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">To: <a href="mailto:BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de">BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[host Richard Barns] and now a question from Terry S. Singeltary of CJD Watch.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[TSS] yes, thank you, U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[no answer, you could hear in the back ground, mumbling and 'we can't. have him ask the question again.]</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[host Richard] could you repeat the question?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[TSS] U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[not sure whom ask this] what group are you with?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[TSS] CJD Watch, my Mom died from hvCJD and we are tracking CJD world-wide.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[not sure who is speaking] could you please disconnect Mr. Singeltary</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[TSS] you are not going to answer my question?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[not sure whom speaking] NO</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">snip...see full archive and more of this;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://protect2.fireeye.com/v1/url?k=56309245-0a71f6f2-56325e8f-002590f4ce32-f388444e395b325d&q=1&e=eaae77dc-9ea7-4996-b8cd-e6a0b004c974&u=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.proofpoint.com%2Fv2%2Furl%3Fu%3Dhttp-3A__tseac.blogspot.com_2011_02_usa-2D50-2Dstate-2Dbse-2Dmad-2Dcow-2Dconference.html%26d%3DDwMFaQ%26c%3DGSntNbUav5AC0JJIyPOufmfQT3u3zI7UKdoVzPd-7og%26r%3DWUkrqFfyTINKdEKan1fw3ykVVZIC_CPt4oXXzPtT-cw%26m%3DPZ-nUcomhuQHG7d2Ik9AWSDfvzWvkaGQjLOa4gBnbo4%26s%3Dx2cnB1oAu0wlCoSkJw2E9RyLDr40LMuYR6jLH3CFP7M%26e%3D" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">3.2.1.2 Non‐cervid domestic species</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">The remarkably high rate of natural CWD transmission in the ongoing NA epidemics raises the question of the risk to livestock grazing on CWD‐contaminated shared rangeland and subsequently developing a novel CWD‐related prion disease. This issue has been investigated by transmitting CWD via experimental challenge to cattle, sheep and pigs and to tg mouse lines expressing the relevant species PrP.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">For cattle challenged with CWD, PrPSc was detected in approximately 40% of intracerebrally inoculated animals (Hamir et al., 2005, 2006a, 2007). Tg mice expressing bovine PrP have also been challenged with CWD and while published studies have negative outcomes (Tamguney et al., 2009b), unpublished data provided for the purposes of this Opinion indicate that some transmission of individual isolates to bovinised mice is possible (Table 1).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">In small ruminant recipients, a low rate of transmission was reported between 35 and 72 months post‐infection (mpi) in ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/VRQ sheep intracerebrally challenged with mule deer CWD (Hamir et al., 2006b), while two out of two ARQ/ARQ sheep intracerebrally inoculated with elk CWD developed clinical disease after 28 mpi (Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). However, tg mice expressing ARQ sheep PrP were resistant (Tamguney et al., 2006) and tg mice expressing the VRQ PrP allele were poorly susceptible to clinical disease (Beringue et al., 2012; Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). In contrast, tg mice expressing VRQ sheep PrP challenged with CWD have resulted in highly efficient, life‐long asymptomatic replication of these prions in the spleen tissue (Beringue et al., 2012).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">A recent study investigated the potential for swine to serve as hosts of the CWD agent(s) by intracerebral or oral challenge of crossbred piglets (Moore et al., 2016b, 2017). Pigs sacrificed at 6 mpi, approximately the age at which pigs reach market weight, were clinically healthy and negative by diagnostic tests, although low‐level CWD agent replication could be detected in the CNS by bioassay in tg cervinised mice. Among pigs that were incubated for up to 73 mpi, some gave diagnostic evidence of CWD replication in the brain between 42 and 72 mpi. Importantly, this was observed also in one orally challenged pig at 64 mpi and the presence of low‐level CWD replication was confirmed by mouse bioassay. The authors of this study argued that pigs can support low‐level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high and that the detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs with a mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div>TUESDAY, JUNE 8, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on attack rate and incubation period in cattle<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-effect.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-effect.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">SATURDAY, AUGUST 16, 2008</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors in the United States February 13, 2000 at 3:37 pm PST (BSE red book)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2008/08/qualitative-analysis-of-bse-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2008/08/qualitative-analysis-of-bse-risk.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 <br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 2, 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">EFSA Evaluation of public and animal health risks in case of a delayed post-mortem inspection in ungulates EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) ADOPTED: 21 October 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">i wonder if a 7 month delay on a suspect BSE case in Texas is too long, on a 48 hour turnaround, asking for a friend???</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/12/efsa-evaluation-of-public-and-animal.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/12/efsa-evaluation-of-public-and-animal.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div>MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><h2 class="yiv0110042900date-header" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 23, 2020</span></span></h2><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0110042900date-posts"><div class="yiv0110042900post-outer"><div class="yiv0110042900post yiv0110042900hentry yiv0110042900uncustomized-post-template" style="margin: 8px 0px 24px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a name="3781343997501907466" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: underline;"></a></span></span><h3 class="yiv0110042900post-title yiv0110042900entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5</span></span></h3></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***>As a result, using more sensitive diagnostic assays, we were able to diagnose BSE positive cattle from the years 1997-1999 inclusive that were originally negative by vacuolation. From these data we have estimated that approximately 3% of the total suspect cases submitted up until the year 1999 were mis-diagnosed. <br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">YOU know, Confucius is confused again LOL, i seem to have remembered something in line with this here in the USA...</span></div></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html</a></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">No competing interests declared.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><em style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: inherit;"><br clear="none" /></em></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><em style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: inherit;">PLOS ONE Journal </em><br clear="none" /></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div id="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_231efb16-bece-4be2-9555-8828489cb794"><div class="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_076c3e68-3f1c-492a-b84c-fa586eb49e44"><div class="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_314a32af-6aac-473d-8dc2-78ba9131e347"><div class="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_162e08c0-024f-424d-bebb-66f89d627450"><div class="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_55d0d5c6-e95d-4ef2-81fc-d72be9f7a63c"><div class="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_268b3d40-d03f-4bd8-817c-0b0a21454b9b"><div class="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" />***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" />*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>THURSDAY, AUGUST 19, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>TME to cattle equal atypical L-type BSE USA, madcow origin, what if?<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/tme-to-cattle-equal-atypical-l-type-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/tme-to-cattle-equal-atypical-l-type-bse.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 14, 2010</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">(see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS)</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">***> Wednesday, January 23, 2019 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">***> CFIA SFCR Guidance on Specified risk material (SRM) came into force on January 15, 2019 <***</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 5, 2021 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Exploration of genetic factors resulting in abnormal disease in cattle experimentally challenged with bovine spongiform encephalopathy<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/exploration-of-genetic-factors.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/exploration-of-genetic-factors.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div class="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv0110042900aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="background-color: #fefefe;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 12, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Transmission of the atypical/Nor98 scrapie agent to Suffolk sheep with VRQ/ARQ, ARQ/ARQ, and ARQ/ARR genotypes<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/02/transmission-of-atypicalnor98-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/02/transmission-of-atypicalnor98-scrapie.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 03, 2021 <div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Scrapie TSE Prion United States of America a Review February 2021 Singeltary et al</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 2021 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Guidance for reporting 2021 surveillance data on Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">APPROVED: 1 February 2021</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/02/guidance-for-reporting-2021.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/02/guidance-for-reporting-2021.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 2021 <div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Recognition of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Risk Status of Members Adapted Procedure, May 2020</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/09/recognition-of-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/09/recognition-of-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Saturday, July 23, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Monday, June 20, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ... </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><div class="yiv6512294156aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv6512294156aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv6512294156aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Tuesday, May 31, 2022 </span></div><div class="yiv6512294156aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv6512294156aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">89th General Session of the World Assembly of OIE Delegates image for WOAH General Summit 2022 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Discussions and Concerns<br /></span></div><div class="yiv6512294156aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv6512294156aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2022/05/89th-general-session-of-world-assembly.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2022/05/89th-general-session-of-world-assembly.html</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="yiv6512294156aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv6512294156aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv6512294156aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div>Published: 06 September 2021</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021)</span> </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: Arial;">Saturday, June 13, 2009</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial;">SEE;</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial;">re-Human Prion Diseases in the United States Posted by flounder on 01 Jan 2010 at 18:11 GMT I kindly disagree with your synopsis for the following reasons ;<br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://cjdusa.blogspot.com/2009/06/monitoring-occurrence-of-emerging-forms.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cjdusa.blogspot.com/2009/06/monitoring-occurrence-of-emerging-forms.html</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv6512294156yqt7077496878" id="yiv6512294156yqt49805"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div class="yiv6512294156yqt8383327890" id="yiv6512294156yqtfd11579"><div>Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Singeltary, Sr et al. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex 1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">January 28, 2003; 60 (2) VIEWS & REVIEWS</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Published March 26, 2003</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">26 March 2003</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) CJD WATCH</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__n.neurology.org_content_re-2Dmonitoring-2Doccurrence-2Demerging-2Dforms-2Dcreutzfeldt-2Djakob-2Ddisease-2Dunited-2Dstates&d=DwMFaQ&c=sWW_bEwW_mLyN3Kx2v57Q8e-CRbmiT9yOhqES_g_wVY&r=M3R_1RzzxXIy_rKL8kDj5qTTqScMTmeKM6Fs0ETE5PE&m=thrEXb7xk2rpY5-BuWGCTz1FDueo0HVG1cSa01pIEkI&s=ECfK2rPX1divioKVJUTJ5GW5aj4ljYeco_KjpL0nJQc&e=" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div>Reply to Singletary 26 March 2003</div><div><br /></div><div>Ryan A. Maddox, MPH</div><div><br /></div><div>Mr. Singletary raises several issues related to current Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease (CJD) surveillance activities. Although CJD is not a notifiable disease in most states, its unique characteristics, particularly its invariably fatal outcome within usually a year of onset, make routine mortality surveillance a useful surrogate for ongoing CJD surveillance.[1] In addition, because CJD is least accurately diagnosed early in the course of illness, notifiable-disease surveillance could be less accurate than, if not duplicative of, current mortality surveillance.[1] However, in states where making CJD officially notifiable would meaningfully facilitate the collection of data to monitor for variant CJD (vCJD) or other emerging prion diseases, CDC encourages the designation of CJD as a notifiable disease.[1] Moreover, CDC encourages physicians to report any diagnosed or suspected CJD cases that may be of special public health importance (e.g., vCJD, iatrogenic CJD, unusual CJD clusters).</div><div><br /></div><div>As noted in our article, strong evidence is lacking for a causal link between chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer and elk and human disease,[2] but only limited data seeking such evidence exist. Overall, the previously published case-control studies that have evaluated environmental sources of infection for sporadic CJD have not consistently identified strong evidence for a common risk factor.[3] However, the power of a case-control study to detect a rare cause of CJD is limited, particularly given the relatively small number of subjects generally involved and its long incubation period, which may last for decades. Because only a very small proportion of the US population has been exposed to CWD, a targeted surveillance and investigation of unusual cases or case clusters of prion diseases among persons at increased risk of exposure to CWD is a more efficient approach to detecting the possible transmission of CWD to humans. In collaboration with appropriate local and state health departments and the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, CDC is facilitating or conducting such surveillance and case- investigations, including related laboratory studies to characterize CJD and CWD prions.</div><div><br /></div><div>Mr. Singletary also expresses concern over a recent publication by Asante and colleagues indicating the possibility that some sporadic CJD cases may be attributable to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).[4] The authors reported that transgenic mice expressing human prion protein homozygous for methionine at codon 129, when inoculated with BSE prions, developed a molecular phenotype consistent with a subtype of sporadic CJD. Although the authors implied that BSE might cause a sporadic CJD-like illness among persons homozygous for methionine, the results of their research with mice do not necessarily directly apply to the transmission of BSE to humans. If BSE causes a sporadic CJD-like illness in humans, an increase in sporadic CJD cases would be expected to first occur in the United Kingdom, where the vast majority of vCJD cases have been reported. In the United Kingdom during 1997 through 2002, however, the overall average annual mortality rate for sporadic CJD was not elevated; it was about 1 case per million population per year. In addition, during this most recent 6-year period following the first published description of vCJD in 1996, there was no increasing trend in the reported annual number of UK sporadic CJD deaths.[3, 5] Furthermore, surveillance in the UK has shown no increase in the proportion of sporadic CJD cases that are homozygous for methionine (Will RG, National CJD Surveillance Unit, United Kingdom, 2003; personal communication).</div><div><br /></div><div>References</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Diagnosis and reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. JAMA 2001;285:733-734.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Belay ED, Maddox RA, Gambetti P, Schonberger LB. Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States. Neurology 2003;60:176-181.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Belay ED. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in humans. Annu Rev Microbiol 1999;53:283-314.</div><div><br /></div><div>4. Asante EA, Linehan JM, Desbruslais M, et al. BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD-like prion strains in transgenic mice expressing human prion protein. EMBO J 2002;21:6358-6366.</div><div><br /></div><div>5. The UK Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit. CJD statistics. Available at: <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/figures.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/figures.htm</a>. Accessed February 18, 2003.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.neurology.org/cgi/eletters/60/2/176" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.neurology.org/cgi/eletters/60/2/176</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://n.neurology.org/content/reply-singletary" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://n.neurology.org/content/reply-singletary</a><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">SPORADIC CJD LAYING ODDS</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__link.springer.com_chapter_10.1007_0-2D387-2D21755-2DX-5F14&d=DwMFaQ&c=sWW_bEwW_mLyN3Kx2v57Q8e-CRbmiT9yOhqES_g_wVY&r=M3R_1RzzxXIy_rKL8kDj5qTTqScMTmeKM6Fs0ETE5PE&m=thrEXb7xk2rpY5-BuWGCTz1FDueo0HVG1cSa01pIEkI&s=fdQMAfzTITgiscukZ18P3Lp1PVZrhPzOlOutdue0HQw&e=" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-387-21755-X_14</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">In brief</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">BMJ 2000; 320 doi: <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__doi.org_10.1136_bmj.320.7226.8_b&d=DwMFaQ&c=sWW_bEwW_mLyN3Kx2v57Q8e-CRbmiT9yOhqES_g_wVY&r=M3R_1RzzxXIy_rKL8kDj5qTTqScMTmeKM6Fs0ETE5PE&m=thrEXb7xk2rpY5-BuWGCTz1FDueo0HVG1cSa01pIEkI&s=CG6Uqj4XnTqguGARMNrue37vAQNLowSj8pu-TYdqmzM&e=" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7226.8/b</a> (Published 01 January 2000)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Cite this as: BMJ 2000;320:8</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Rapid Response:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">02 January 2000</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Terry S Singeltary</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">retired</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as well... In reading your short article about 'Scientist warn of CJD epidemic' news in brief Jan. 1, 2000. I find the findings in the PNAS old news, made famous again. Why is the U.S. still sitting on their butts, ignoring the facts? We have the beginning of a CJD epidemic in the U.S., and the U.S. Gov. is doing everything in it's power to conceal it.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The exact same recipe for B.S.E. existed in the U.S. for years and years. In reading over the Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors-1, this is a 25 page report by the USDA:APHIS:VS. It could have been done in one page. The first page, fourth paragraph says it all;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">"Similarities exist in the two countries usage of continuous rendering technology and the lack of usage of solvents, however, large differences still remain with other risk factors which greatly reduce the potential risk at the national level."</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Then, the next 24 pages tries to down-play the high risks of B.S.E. in the U.S., with nothing more than the cattle to sheep ratio count, and the geographical locations of herds and flocks. That's all the evidence they can come up with, in the next 24 pages.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Something else I find odd, page 16;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">"In the United Kingdom there is much concern for a specific continuous rendering technology which uses lower temperatures and accounts for 25 percent of total output. This technology was _originally_ designed and imported from the United States. However, the specific application in the production process is _believed_ to be different in the two countries."</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">A few more factors to consider, page 15;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">"Figure 26 compares animal protein production for the two countries. The calculations are based on slaughter numbers, fallen stock estimates, and product yield coefficients. This approach is used due to variation of up to 80 percent from different reported sources. At 3.6 million tons, the United States produces 8 times more animal rendered product than the United Kingdom."</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">"The risk of introducing the BSE agent through sheep meat and bone meal is more acute in both relative and absolute terms in the United Kingdom (Figures 27 and 28). Note that sheep meat and bone meal accounts for 14 percent, or 61 thousand tons, in the United Kingdom versus 0.6 percent or 22 thousand tons in the United States. For sheep greater than 1 year, this is less than one-tenth of one percent of the United States supply."</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">"The potential risk of amplification of the BSE agent through cattle meat and bone meal is much greater in the United States where it accounts for 59 percent of total product or almost 5 times more than the total amount of rendered product in the United Kingdom."</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Considering, it would only take _one_ scrapie infected sheep to contaminate the feed. Considering Scrapie has run rampant in the U.S. for years, as of Aug. 1999, 950 scrapie infected flocks. Also, Considering only one quarter spoonful of scrapie infected material is lethal to a cow.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Considering all this, the sheep to cow ration is meaningless. As I said, it's 24 pages of B.S.e.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">To be continued...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Bacliff, Texas USA</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Competing interests: No competing interests</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.bmj.com_rapid-2Dresponse_2011_10_28_us-2Dscientist-2Dshould-2Dbe-2Dconcerned-2Dcjd-2Depidemic-2Dus-2Dwell&d=DwMFaQ&c=sWW_bEwW_mLyN3Kx2v57Q8e-CRbmiT9yOhqES_g_wVY&r=M3R_1RzzxXIy_rKL8kDj5qTTqScMTmeKM6Fs0ETE5PE&m=thrEXb7xk2rpY5-BuWGCTz1FDueo0HVG1cSa01pIEkI&s=k3wyeAUSTVpHnEdPHz2rnY9iHIYSwEXRH9Tf_fTXuaM&e=" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Rapid response to:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">US scientists develop a possible test for BSE</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">15 November 1999</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Terry S Singeltary</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">NA</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">BMJ 1999; 319 doi: <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__doi.org_10.1136_bmj.319.7220.1312b&d=DwMFaQ&c=sWW_bEwW_mLyN3Kx2v57Q8e-CRbmiT9yOhqES_g_wVY&r=M3R_1RzzxXIy_rKL8kDj5qTTqScMTmeKM6Fs0ETE5PE&m=thrEXb7xk2rpY5-BuWGCTz1FDueo0HVG1cSa01pIEkI&s=vqaEZ1owbqYs2wPin07coqHCdoVNtYDthshnZ6dWji4&e=" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7220.1312b</a> (Published 13 November 1999)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Cite this as: BMJ 1999;319:1312</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Article Related content Article metrics </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Rapid responses </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Response Rapid Response: Re: vCJD in the USA * BSE in U.S. In reading the recent article in the BMJ about the potential BSE tests being developed in the U.S. and Bart Van Everbroeck reply. It does not surprize me, that the U.S. has been concealing vCJD. There have been people dying from CJD, with all the symptoms and pathological findings that resemble U.K. vCJD for some time. It just seems that when there is one found, they seem to change the clerical classification of the disease, to fit their agenda. I have several autopsies, stating kuru type amyloid plaques, one of the victims was 41 years of age. Also, my Mom died a most hideous death, Heidenhain Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease. Her symptoms resemble that of all the U.K. vCJD victims. She would jerk so bad at times, it would take 3 of us to hold her down, while she screamed "God, what's wrong with me, why can't I stop this." 1st of symptoms to death, 10 weeks, she went blind in the first few weeks. But, then they told me that this was just another strain of sporadic CJD. They can call it what ever they want, but I know what I saw, and what she went through. Sporadic, simply means, they do not know. My neighbors Mom also died from CJD. She had been taking a nutritional supplement which contained the following; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. As I said, this woman taking these nutritional supplements, died from CJD. The particular batch of pills that was located, in which she was taking, was tested. From what I have heard, they came up negative, for the prion protein. But, in the same breath, they said their testing, may not have been strong enough to pick up the infectivity. Plus, she had been taking these type pills for years, so, could it have come from another batch?</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CWD is just a small piece of a very big puzzle. I have seen while deer hunting, deer, squirrels and birds, eating from cattle feed troughs where they feed cattle, the high protein cattle by products, at least up until Aug. 4, 1997.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">So why would it be so hard to believe that this is how they might become infected with a TSE. Or, even by potentially infected land. It's been well documented that it could be possible, from scrapie. Cats becoming infected with a TSE. Have you ever read the ingredients on the labels of cat and dog food? But, they do not put these tissues from these animals in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutritional supplements, hGH, hPG, blood products, heart valves, and the many more products that come from bovine, ovine, or porcine tissues and organs. So, as I said, this CWD would be a small piece of a very big puzzle. But, it is here, and it most likely has killed. You see, greed is what caused this catastrophe, rendering and feeding practices. But, once Pandora's box was opened, the potential routes of infection became endless.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">No BSE in the U.S.A.? I would not be so sure of that considering that since 1990;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Since 1990 the U.S. has raised 1,250,880,700 cattle;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Since 1990 the U.S. has ONLY checked 8,881 cattle brains for BSE, as of Oct. 4, 1999;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">There are apprx. 100,000 DOWNER cattle annually in the U.S., that up until Aug. 4, 1997 went to the renders for feed;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Scrapie running rampant for years in the U.S., 950 infected FLOCKS, as of Aug. 1999;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Our feeding and rendering practices have mirrored that of the U.K. for years, some say it was worse. Everything from the downer cattle, to those scrapie infected sheep, to any roadkill, including the city police horse and the circus elephant went to the renders for feed and other products for consumption. Then they only implemented a partial feed ban on Aug. 4, 1997, but pigs, chickens, dogs, and cats, and humans were exempt from that ban. So they can still feed pigs and chickens those potentially TSE tainted by-products, and then they can still feed those by-products back to the cows. I believe it was Dr. Joe Gibbs, that said, the prion protein, can survive the digestional track. So you have stopped nothing. It was proven in Oprah Winfrey's trial, that Cactus Cattle feeders, sent neurologically ill cattle, some with encephalopathy stamped on the dead slips, were picked up and sent to the renders, along with sheep carcasses. Speaking of autopsies, I have a stack of them, from CJD victims. You would be surprised of the number of them, who ate cow brains, elk brains, deer brains, or hog brains.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">I believe all these TSE's are going to be related, and originally caused by the same greedy Industries, and they will be many. Not just the Renders, but you now see, that they are re-using medical devices that were meant for disposal. Some medical institutions do not follow proper auto-claving procedures (even Olympus has put out a medical warning on their endoscopes about CJD, and the fact you cannot properly clean these instruments from TSE's), and this is just one product. Another route of infection.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Regardless what the Federal Government in the U.S. says. It's here, I have seen it, and the longer they keep sweeping it under the rug and denying the fact that we have a serious problem, one that could surpass aids (not now, but in the years to come, due to the incubation period), they will be responsible for the continued spreading of this deadly disease.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">It's their move, it's CHECK, but once CHECKMATE has been called, how many thousands or millions, will be at risk or infected or even dead. You can't play around with these TSE's. I cannot stress that enough. They are only looking at body bags, and the fact the count is so low. But, then you have to look at the fact it is not a reportable disease in most states, mis-diagnosis, no autopsies performed. The fact that their one-in-a- million theory is a crude survey done about 5 years ago, that's a joke, under the above circumstances. A bad joke indeed...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The truth will come, but how many more have to die such a hideous death. It's the Government's call, and they need to make a serious move, soon. This problem, potential epidemic, is not going away, by itself.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Bacliff, Texas 77518 USA</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="mailto:flounder@wt.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder@wt.net">flounder@wt.net</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Competing interests: No competing interests</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.bmj.com_content_319_7220_1312.3&d=DwMFaQ&c=sWW_bEwW_mLyN3Kx2v57Q8e-CRbmiT9yOhqES_g_wVY&r=M3R_1RzzxXIy_rKL8kDj5qTTqScMTmeKM6Fs0ETE5PE&m=thrEXb7xk2rpY5-BuWGCTz1FDueo0HVG1cSa01pIEkI&s=m7x_o-c64k7GWvvqHAUxkJXsN9sOrgLZdQBb8wNpCn0&e=" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/content/319/7220/1312.3</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00715-1 Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Newsdesk</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Available online 29 July 2003. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2003, Page 463 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">“My name is Terry S Singeltary Sr, and I live in Bacliff, Texas. I lost my mom to hvCJD (Heidenhain variant CJD) and have been searching for answers ever since. What I have found is that we have not been told the truth. CWD in deer and elk is a small portion of a much bigger problem..” </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.thelancet.com_journals_laninf_article_PIIS1473309903007151_fulltext&d=DwMFaQ&c=sWW_bEwW_mLyN3Kx2v57Q8e-CRbmiT9yOhqES_g_wVY&r=M3R_1RzzxXIy_rKL8kDj5qTTqScMTmeKM6Fs0ETE5PE&m=thrEXb7xk2rpY5-BuWGCTz1FDueo0HVG1cSa01pIEkI&s=K9KDEZmNQ6xGUNwEZcGFBDm_k3Es_TVMHFFCUw6nTgw&e=" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__download.thelancet..com_pdfs_journals_1473-2D3099_PIIS1473309903007151.pdf&d=DwMFaQ&c=sWW_bEwW_mLyN3Kx2v57Q8e-CRbmiT9yOhqES_g_wVY&r=M3R_1RzzxXIy_rKL8kDj5qTTqScMTmeKM6Fs0ETE5PE&m=thrEXb7xk2rpY5-BuWGCTz1FDueo0HVG1cSa01pIEkI&s=VHsWFHLvFzcPgXM6UyvRvVfLjKKyv1IWKNDgOKXtQP4&e=" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://download.thelancet..com/pdfs/journals/1473-3099/PIIS1473309903007151.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div>Scientific Advisors and Consultants Staff 2001 Advisory Committee TSE PRION Singeltary Submission </div><div><br /></div><div>Freas Monday, January 08,2001 3:03 PM </div><div><br /></div><div>FDA Singeltary submission 2001 </div><div><br /></div><div>Greetings again Dr. Freas and Committee Members, </div><div><br /></div><div>I wish to submit the following information to the Scientific Advisors and Consultants Staff 2001 Advisory Committee (short version). I understand the reason of having to shorten my submission, but only hope that you add it to a copy of the long version, for members to take and read at their pleasure, (if cost is problem, bill me, address below). So when they realize some time in the near future of the 'real' risks i speak of from human/animal TSEs and blood/surgical products. I cannot explain the 'real' risk of this in 5 or 10 minutes at some meeting, or on 2 or 3 pages, but will attempt here: </div><div><br /></div><div>snip...see full text ; </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: Prion Scientific Advisors and Consultants Staff Meeting Singeltary Submission Freas Monday, January 08,2001 3:03 PM</div><div><br /></div><div>PLEASE be aware, my submission here has now been removed from the www, or changed to a different url that no one knows now, and does not come up in search engines anymore, after 17 years...wonder why that could be, i guess the truth just hurt to much$$$ </div><div><br /></div><div>Freas, William</div><div><br /></div><div>From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [<a href="mailto:flounder@wt.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder@wt.net">flounder@wt.net</a>]</div><div><br /></div><div>Sent: Monday, January 08,2001 3:03 PM</div><div><br /></div><div>TO: <a href="mailto:freas@CBS5055530.CBER.FDA.GOV" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:freas@CBS5055530.CBER.FDA.GOV">freas@CBS5055530.CBER.FDA.GOV</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: CJD/BSE (aka madcow) Human/Animal TSE’s--U.S.--Submission To Scientific Advisors and Consultants Staff January 2001 Meeting (short version)</div><div><br /></div><div>CJD/BSE (aka madcow) Human/Animal TSE’s--U.S.--Submission To Scientific Advisors and Consultants Staff January 2001 Meeting (short version)</div><div><br /></div><div>Greetings again Dr. Freas and Committee Members,</div><div><br /></div><div>I wish to submit the following information to the Scientific Advisors and Consultants Staff 2001 Advisory Committee (short version).</div><div><br /></div><div>I understand the reason of having to shorten my submission, but only hope that you add it to a copy of the long version, for members to take and read at their pleasure, (if cost is problem, bill me, address below). So when they realize some time in the near future of the 'real' risks i speak of from human/animal TSEs and blood/surgical products. I cannot explain the 'real' risk of this in 5 or 10 minutes at some meeting, or on 2 or 3 pages, but will attempt here:</div><div><br /></div><div>remember AIDS/HIV, 'no problem to heterosexuals in the U.S.? no need to go into that, you know of this blunder:</div><div><br /></div><div>DO NOT make these same stupid mistakes again with human/animal TSE's aka MADCOW DISEASE. I lost my Mom to hvCJD, and my neighbor lost his Mother to sCJD as well (both cases confirmed). I have seen many deaths, from many diseases. I have never seen anything as CJD, I still see my Mom laying helpless, jerking tremendously, and screaming "God, what's wrong with me, why can't I stop this". I still see this, and will never forget. Approximately 10 weeks from 1st of symptoms to death. This is what drives me. I have learned more in 3 years about not only human/animal TSE's but the cattle/rendering/feeding industry/government than i ever wished to.</div><div><br /></div><div>I think you are all aware of CJD vs vCJD, but i don't think you all know the facts of human/animal TSE's as a whole, they are all very very similar, and are all tied to the same thing, GREED and MAN.</div><div><br /></div><div>I am beginning to think that the endless attempt to track down and ban, potential victims from known BSE Countries from giving blood will be futile. You would have to ban everyone on the Globe eventually? AS well, I think we MUST ACT SWIFTLY to find blood test for TSE's, whether it be blood test, urine test, .eyelid test, anything at whatever cost, we need a test FAST.</div><div><br /></div><div>DO NOT let the incubation time period of these TSEs fool you.</div><div><br /></div><div>To think of Scrapie as the prime agent to compare CJD, but yet overlook the Louping-ill vaccine event in 1930's of which 1000's of sheep where infected by scrapie from a vaccine made of scrapie infected sheep brains, would be foolish. I acquired this full text version of the event which was recorded in the Annual Congress of 1946 National Vet. Med. Ass. of Great Britain and Ireland. from the BVA and the URL is posted in my (long version).</div><div><br /></div><div>U.S.A. should make all human/animal TSE's notifiable at all ages, with requirements for a thorough surveillance and post-mortem examinations free of charge, if you are serious about eradicating this horrible disease in man and animal.</div><div><br /></div><div>There is histopathology reports describing o florid plaques" in CJD victims in the USA and some of these victims are getting younger. I have copies of such autopsies, there has to be more. PLUS, sub-clinical human TSE's will most definitely be a problem.</div><div><br /></div><div>THEN think of vaccineCJD in children and the bovine tissues used in the manufacturing process, think of the FACT that this agent surviving 6OO*C. PNAS -- Brown et al. 97 (7): 3418 scrapie agent live at 600*C</div><div><br /></div><div>Then think of the CONFIDENTIAL documents of what was known of human/animal TSE and vaccines in the mid to late 80s, it was all about depletion of stock, to hell with the kids, BUT yet they knew. To think of the recall and worry of TSE's from the polio vaccine, (one taken orally i think?), but yet neglect to act on the other potential TSE vaccines (inoculations, the most effective mode to transmit TSEs) of which thousands of doses were kept and used, to deplete stockpile, again would be foolish.</div><div><br /></div><div>--Oral polio; up to 1988, foetal calf serum was used from UK and New Zealand (pooled); since 1988 foetal calf serum only from New Zealand. Large stocks are held.</div><div><br /></div><div>--Rubella; bulk was made before 1979 from foetal calf serum from UK and New Zealand. None has been made as there are some 15 years stock.</div><div><br /></div><div>--Diphtheria; UK bovine beef muscle and ox heart is used but since the end of 1988 this has been sourced from Eire. There are 1,250 litres of stock.</div><div><br /></div><div>--Tetanus; this involves bovine material from the UK mainly Scottish. There are 21,000 litres of stock.</div><div><br /></div><div>--Pertussis; uses bovine material from the UK. There are 63,000 litres of stock. --They consider that to switch to a non-UK source will take a minimum of 6-18 months and to switch to a non-bovine source will take a minimum of five years.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. XXXXXXXXXXX have measles, mumps, MMR, rubella vaccines. These are sourced from the USA and the company believes that US material only is used.</div><div><br /></div><div>89/2.14/2.1</div><div><br /></div><div>============</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE3/1 0251</div><div><br /></div><div>4. XXXXXXXXXXX have a measles vaccine using bovine serum from the UK. there are 440,000 units of stock. They have also got MMR using bovine serum from the UK.</div><div><br /></div><div>5. XXXXXXXXXXX have influenza, rubella, measles,' MMR vaccines likely to be used in children. Of those they think that only MMR contains bovine material which is probably a French origin.</div><div><br /></div><div>6. XXXXXXXXXXX have diphtheria/tetanus and potasses on clinical trial. hese use veal material, some of which has come from the UK and has been ade by XXXXXXXXXXX (see above).</div><div><br /></div><div>I have documents of imports from known BSE Countries, of ferments, whole blood, antiallergenic preparations,</div><div><br /></div><div>2 </div><div><br /></div><div>human blood plasma, normal human blood sera, human immune blood sera, fetal bovine serum, and other blood fractions not elsewhere specified or included, imported glands, catgut, vaccines for both human/animal, as late as 1998. Let us not forget about PITUITARY EXTRACT. This was used to help COWS super ovulate. This tissue was considered to be of greatest risk of containing BSE and consequently transmitting the disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>ANNEX 6</div><div><br /></div><div>MEETING HELD ON 8 JUNE 1988 TO DISCUSS THE IMPLICATIONS OF BSE TO BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS CONTAINING BOVINE - EXTRACTED MATERIAL</div><div><br /></div><div>How much of this was used in the U.S.?</div><div><br /></div><div>Please do not keep making the same mistakes; 'Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence'.</div><div><br /></div><div>What are the U.S. rules for importing and manufacturing vaccines, medicines and medical devices?</div><div><br /></div><div>Does the U.S.A. allow sourcing of raw material of ruminants from the U.S.A.?</div><div><br /></div><div>U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds? <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">The U.S. rendering system would easily amplify T.S.E.'s:</span></div><div><br /></div><div>Have we increased the stability of the system (improved heat treatments) since the EU SSC report on the U.S.A. was published in july 2000?</div><div><br /></div><div>What is done to avoid cross-contaminations in the U.S.A.?</div><div><br /></div><div>How can the U.S. control absence of cross-contaminations of animal TSE's when pig and horse MBM and even deer and elk are allowed in ruminant feed, as well as bovine blood? I sadly think of the rendering and feeding policy before the Aug. 4, 1997 'partial' feed ban, where anything went, from the city police horse, to the circus elephant, i will not mention all the scrapie infected sheep. I am surprised that we have not included man 'aka soyent green'. It is a disgusting industry and nothing more than greed fuels it.</div><div><br /></div><div>When will the U.S.. start real surveillance of the U.S. bovine population (not passive, this will not work)?</div><div><br /></div><div>When will U.S. start removing SRMs?</div><div><br /></div><div>Have they stopped the use of pneumatic stunners in the U.S.?</div><div><br /></div><div>If so, will we stop it in all U.S. abattoirs or only in those abattoirs exporting to Europe?</div><div><br /></div><div>If not, WHY NOT?</div><div><br /></div><div>same questions for removal of SRM in the U.S.A., or just for export?</div><div><br /></div><div>If not, WHY NOT?</div><div><br /></div><div>How do we now sterilize surgical/dental instruments in the U.S.A.?</div><div><br /></div><div>Where have we been sourcing surgical catgut?</div><div><br /></div><div>(i have copies of imports to U.S., and it would floor you) hen will re-usable surgical instruments be banned?</div><div><br /></div><div>'Unregulated "foods" such as 'nutritional supplements' containing various extracts from ruminants, whether imported or derived from</div><div><br /></div><div>3 </div><div><br /></div><div>US cattle/sheep/cervids ("antler velvet" extracts!) should be forbidden or at least very seriously regulated. (neighbors Mom, whom also died from CJD, had been taking bovine based supplement, which contained brain, eye, and many other bovine/ovine tissues for years, 'IPLEX').</div><div><br /></div><div>What is the use of banning blood or tissue donors from Germany, France, etc... when the U.S.A. continues exposing cattle, sheep and people to SRM, refuses to have a serious feed ban, refuses to do systematic BSE-surveillance?</div><div><br /></div><div>The FDA should feel responsible for the safety of what people eat, prohibit the most dangerous foods, not only prohibit a few more donors - the FDA should be responsible for the safe sourcing of medical devices, not only rely on banning donors "from Europe", The 'real' risks are here in the U.S. as well, and nave been for some time.</div><div><br /></div><div>We must not forget the studies that have proven infectivity in blood from TSE's.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Lancet, November 9, 1985</div><div><br /></div><div>Sir, --Professor Manuelidis and his colleagues (Oct 19, p896) report transmission to animals of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) from the buffy coat from two patients. We also transmitted the disease from, whole blood samples of a patient (and of mice) infected with CJD.l Brain, Cornea, and urine from this patient were also infectious, and the clinicopathological findings2 are summarised as follows.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Samples,were taken aseptically at necropsy. 10% crude homogenates of brain and cornea in saline, whole blood (after crushing a clot), and untreated CSF and urine were innoculated intracerebrally into CFl strain mice (20 ul per animal). Some mice showed emaciation, bradykinesia, rigidity of the body and tail, and sometimes tremor after long incubation periods. Tissues obtained after the animal died (or was killed) were studied histologically (table). Animals infected by various inocula showed common pathological changes, consisting of severe spongiform changes, glial proliferation, and a moderate loss of nerve cells. A few mice inoculated with brain tissue or urine had the same amyloid plaques found in patients and animals with CJD.3</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Department of Neuropathology,. Neurological Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka812, Japan JUN TATEISHI</div><div><br /></div><div>(full text-long version)</div><div><br /></div><div>and</div><div><br /></div><div>CWD and transmission to man will be no different than other TSE's.</div><div><br /></div><div>"Clearly, it is premature to draw firm conclusions about CWD passing naturally into humans, cattle and sheep, but the present results suggest that CWD transmissions to humans would be as limited by PrP incompatibility as transmissions of BSE or sheep scrapie to humans. Although there is no evidence that sheep scrapie has affected humans, it is likely that BSE has</div><div><br /></div><div>4</div><div><br /></div><div>caused variant CJD in 74 people (definite and probable variant CJD cases to date according to the UK CJD Surveillance Unit). Given the presumably large number of people exposed to BSE infectivity, the susceptibility of humans may still be very low compared with cattle, which would be consistent with the relatively inefficient conversion of human PrP-sen by PrPBSE. Nonetheless, since humans have apparently been infected by BSE, it would seem prudent to take reasonable measures to limit exposure of humans (as well as sheep and cattle) to CWD infectivity as has been recommended for other animal TSEs,"</div><div><br /></div><div>G.J. Raymond1, A. Bossers2, L.D. Raymond1, K.I. O'Rourke3, L.E. McHolland4, P.K. Bryant III4, M.W. Miller5, E.S. Williams6, M. Smits2 and B. Caughey1,7</div><div><br /></div><div>or more recently transmission of BSE to sheep via whole blood Research letters Volume 356, Number 9234 16 September 2000</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of BSE by blood transfusion in sheep</div><div><br /></div><div>Lancet 2000; 356: 999 – 1000</div><div><br /></div><div>F Houston, J D Foster, Angela Chong, N Hunter, C J Bostock</div><div><br /></div><div>See Commentary</div><div><br /></div><div>"We have shown that it is possible to transmit bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) to a sheep by transfusion with whole blood taken from another sheep during the symptom-free phase of an experimental BSE infection. BSE and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in human beings are caused by the same infectious agent, and the sheep-BSE experimental model has a similar pathogenesis to that of human vCJD. Although UK blood transfusions are leucodepleted--a possible protective measure against any risk from blood transmission-- this report suggests that blood donated by symptom-free vCJD-infected human beings may represent a risk of spread of vCJD infection among the human population of the UK."</div><div><br /></div><div>"The demonstration that the new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is caused by the same agent that causes bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle1 has raised concerns that blood from human beings in the symptom-free stages of vCJD could transmit infection to recipients of blood transfusions (full text long version)"</div><div><br /></div><div>and...</div><div><br /></div><div>"The large number of cases (1040), temporal clustering of the outbreaks (15 in the first 6 months of 1997), the high in-flock incidence, and the exceptional involvement of goats (390 cases), suggested an accidental infection. The source of the epidemic might have been TSE-contaminated meat and bonemeal, but eight flocks had never been fed any commercial feedstuff. Infection might have risen from the use of a formol-inactivated vaccine against contagious agalactia prepared by a single laboratory with brain and mammary gland homogenates of sheep infected with Mycoplasma agalactiae. Although clinical signs of TSE in the donor sheep have not been found, it is possible that one or more of them were harbouring the</div><div><br /></div><div>5</div><div><br /></div><div>infectious agent. Between 1995 and 1996, this vaccine was given subcutaneously to 15 of the affected flocks (to one flock in 1994) ; in these animals the disease appeared between 23 and 35 months after vaccination. No information is available for herd 13 because it was made up of stolen animals. Sheep from the remaining three flocks (1-3, figure) did not receive the vaccine, thus suggesting a naturally occurring disease.’’ (again, full text long version).</div><div><br /></div><div>IN SHORT, please do under estimate this data and or human/animal TSE's including CWD in the U.S.A.</div><div><br /></div><div>A few last words, please.</div><div><br /></div><div>The cattle industry would love to have us turn our focus to CWD and forget about our own home grown TSE in Bovines. This would be easy to do. Marsh's work was from downer cattle feed, NOT downer deer/elk feed. This has been proven.</div><div><br /></div><div>DO NOT MAKE THAT MISTAKE.</div><div><br /></div><div>There should be NO LESS THAN 1,000,000 tests for BSE/TSE ' in 2001 for U.S.A. French are testing 20,000 a week. The tests are available. Why wait until we stumble across a case from passive surveillance, by then it is to late. IF we want the truth, this is a must???</div><div><br /></div><div>United States Total ,Bovine Brain Submissions by State,</div><div><br /></div><div>May 10 ,1990 thru October 31, 2000</div><div><br /></div><div>Total 11,700</div><div><br /></div><div>FROM 1.5 BILLION HEAD OF CATTLE since 1990 ???</div><div><br /></div><div>with same feeding and rendering practices as that of U.K. for years and years, same scrapie infected sheep used in feed, for years and years, 950 scrapie infect FLOCKS in the U.S. and over 20 different strains of scrapie known to date. (hmmm, i am thinking why there is not a variant scrapie, that is totally different than all the rest)? just being sarcastic.</div><div><br /></div><div>with only PARTIAL FEED BAN implemented on Aug. 4, 1997??? (you really need to reconsider that blood meal etc. 'TOTAL BAN')</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/bse/bsesurv,ey.html#charts" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/bse/bsesurv,ey.html#charts</a></div><div><br /></div><div>AND PLEASE FOR GODS SAKE, STOP saying vCJD victims are the only ones tied to this environmental death sentence. "PROVE IT". It's just not true. The 'CHOSEN ONES' are not the only ones dying because of this man-made death sentence. When making regulations for human health from human/animal TSEs, you had better include ALL human TSE's, not just vCJD. Do NOT underestimate sporadic CJD with the 'prehistoric' testing available to date. This could be a deadly mistake. Remember, sCJD kills much faster from 1st onset of symptoms to death, and hvCJD is the fastest. Could it just be a higher titre of infectivity, or route or source, or all three?</div><div><br /></div><div>Last, but not least. The illegal/legal harvesting of body parts and tissues will come back to haunt you. Maybe not morally, but due to NO background checks and human TSEs, again it will continue to spread.</div><div><br /></div><div>Stupidity, Ignorance and Greed is what fuels this disease. You must stop all of this, and ACT AT ONCE...</div><div><br /></div><div>Sent: Monday, January 08,2001 3:03 PM</div><div><br /></div><div>TO: <a href="mailto:freas@CBS5055530.CBER.FDA.GOV" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:freas@CBS5055530.CBER.FDA.GOV">freas@CBS5055530.CBER.FDA.GOV</a></div><div><br /></div><div>FDA CJD BSE TSE Prion Scientific Advisors and Consultants Staff January 2001 Meeting Singeltary Submission</div><div><br /></div><div>2001 FDA CJD TSE Prion Singeltary Submission</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</a></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>archived here;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070225205146/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20070225205146/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div id="yiv6512294156isPasted" style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;">HOW MANY IN TEXAS CONSUMED THOSE CERVID, AND THEN WENT ON TO HAVE SURGERY, THAT WERE EXPOSED TO THE CWD TSE PRP?</div><div id="yiv6512294156isPasted" style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div id="yiv6512294156isPasted" style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">PRICE OF CWD TSE PRP POKER GOES UP, WHO'S ALL IN$$$</span></div><div id="yiv6512294156isPasted" style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div id="yiv6512294156isPasted" style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">just out!</span></div><div id="yiv6512294156isPasted" style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><br /></div><div id="yiv6512294156isPasted" style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;">Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;">© The Author(s) 2022</div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;">Abstract</div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;">Prions cause infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of cervids, spreads efficiently among wild and farmed animals. Potential transmission to humans of CWD is a growing concern due to its increasing prevalence. Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model. Inoculation of these mice with deer CWD isolates resulted in atypical clinical manifestation with prion seeding activity and efficient transmissible infectivity in the brain and, remarkably, in feces, but without classical neuropathological or Western blot appearances of prion diseases. Intriguingly, the protease-resistant PrP in the brain resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon second passage. Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;">Keywords Chronic wasting disease · CWD · Zoonotic potential · Prion strains · Zoonotic prions</div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;">================================</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;">In this study, we evaluated the zoonotic potential of CWD using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human M129-PrPC (tg650 [12]). We inoculated tg650 mice intracerebrally with two deer CWD isolates, Wisc-1 and 116AG [22, 23, 27, 29]. We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions. Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage. Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute. The fact that its signature was not typical raises the questions whether CWD would manifest in humans as a subclinical infection, whether it would arise through direct or indirect transmission including an intermediate host, or a silent to uncovered human-to-human transmission, and whether current detection techniques will be suff</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">i</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;">cient to unveil its presence.</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;">Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defined by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profile and the N-terminal cleavage site.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;">CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div id="yiv6512294156isPasted"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">***> </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</span></div><div id="yiv6512294156isPasted" style="font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div id="yiv6512294156isPasted"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">***> </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;">These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.<br /></span></div></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif;">=================================</div></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><div>Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #105289; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div><br /></div><div>snip...see full text;</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #105289; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #105289; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; text-align: start;"><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">First published: 17 January 2018 <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #105289; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">also, see; </div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #105289; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div id="yiv6512294156isPasted" style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations</div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: transparent; color: #105289; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a> </div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease </div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: transparent; color: #105289; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a> </div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Research Paper</div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer</div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Anthony Ness, Aradhana Jacob, Kelsey Saboraki, Alicia Otero, Danielle Gushue, Diana Martinez Moreno, Melanie de Peña, Xinli Tang, Judd Aiken, Susan Lingle & Debbie McKenzieORCID Icon show less</div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Pages 40-57 | Received 03 Feb 2022, Accepted 13 May 2022, Published online: 29 May 2022</div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Download citation</div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #105289; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting species of the cervidae family. CWD has an expanding geographic range and complex, poorly understood transmission mechanics. CWD is disproportionately prevalent in wild male mule deer and male white-tailed deer. Sex and species influences on CWD prevalence have been hypothesized to be related to animal behaviours that involve deer facial and body exocrine glands. Understanding CWD transmission potential requires a foundational knowledge of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in glands associated with cervid behaviours. In this study, we characterized the presence and distribution of PrPC in six integumentary and two non-integumentary tissues of hunter-harvested mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). We report that white-tailed deer expressed significantly more PrPC than their mule deer in the parotid, metatarsal, and interdigital glands. Females expressed more PrPC than males in the forehead and preorbital glands. The distribution of PrPC within the integumentary exocrine glands of the face and legs were localized to glandular cells, hair follicles, epidermis, and immune cell infiltrates. All tissues examined expressed sufficient quantities of PrPC to serve as possible sites of prion initial infection, propagation, and shedding.</div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #105289; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2079888</a></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv6512294156isPasted" style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">TUESDAY, AUGUST 23, 2022 </div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #105289; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #105289; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</span><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/08/transmission-of-cervid-prions-to.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #105289; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/08/transmission-of-cervid-prions-to.html</a></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Thursday, October 28, 2021 </span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) TSE Prion Zoonosis, friendly fire, iatrogenic transmission, blood products, sporadic CJD, what if?</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/10/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/10/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>you can see here which farmed herd is depopulated or quarantined, and remember, a quarantined cwd infected herd is just a powder keg ready to go off, and will.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" style="color: black;" /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">POTENTIAL CWD RELEASE SITES IN TEXAS;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Counties where CWD Exposed Deer were Released, September 2021</div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Number of CWD Exposed Deer Released by County, September 2021</div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div>FRIDAY, JULY 15, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Texas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Positives Increase By 8 to 369 TOTAL Confirmed To Date </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/07/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/07/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">SUNDAY, MAY 08, 2022 </span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">USA National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Surveillance Update April 11th, 2022</span><br /></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-national-prion-disease-pathology.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 <a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">flounder9@verizon.net</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-38922868206883126062022-07-22T15:52:00.000-05:002022-07-22T15:52:06.481-05:00Novel Polymorphisms and Genetic Characteristics of the Prion Protein Gene in Pheasants<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">ORIGINAL RESEARCH article</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Front. Vet. Sci., 12 July 2022</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Sec. Livestock Genomics</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.935476</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Novel Polymorphisms and Genetic Characteristics of the Prion Protein Gene in Pheasants</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Kyung Han Kim1,2†, Yong-Chan Kim1,2† and Byung-Hoon Jeong1,2*</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">1Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea 2Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) also known as prion diseases, are fatal neurodegenerative diseases. Prion diseases are caused by abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) derived from normal prion protein (PrPC), which is encoded by the prion protein gene (PRNP). Prion diseases have been reported in several mammals. Notably, chickens, one species of bird, have not been reported to develop prion diseases and showed resistance to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infection. However, genetic polymorphisms of the PRNP gene and protein structure of the prion protein (PrP) related to vulnerability to prion diseases have not been investigated in pheasants, another species of bird. We performed amplicon sequencing of the pheasant PRNP gene to identify genetic polymorphisms in 148 pheasants. We analyzed the genotype, allele and haplotype frequencies of the pheasant PRNP polymorphisms. In addition, we evaluated the effect of genetic polymorphisms of the pheasant PRNP gene on pheasant PrP by the AMYCO, PROVEAN, PolyPhen-2 and PANTHER softwares. Furthermore, we compared the amino acid sequences of tandem repeat domains and secondary and tertiary structures of prion proteins (PrPs) among several animals. Finally, we investigated the impact of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on hydrogen bonds and tertiary structures of pheasant PrP by Swiss PDB viewer software. We identified 34 novel genetic polymorphisms of the pheasant PRNP gene including 8 non-synonymous SNPs and 6 insertion/deletion polymorphisms. Among the non-synonymous SNPs, the L23F, G33C and R177Q SNPs showed that they could have a deleterious effect on pheasant PrP. In addition, the R177Q SNP was predicted to show an increase in amyloid propensity and a reduction in hydrogen bonds of pheasant PrP. Among the insertion/deletion polymorphisms, c.163_180delAACCCGGGGTATCCCCAC showed that it could have a detrimental effect on pheasant PrP. Furthermore, secondary and tertiary structures of pheasant PrP were predicted to have structures similar to those of chicken PrP. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on genetic polymorphisms of the pheasant PRNP gene.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Discussion In this study, we found a total of 34 novel polymorphisms of the pheasant PRNP gene including 8 non-synonymous SNPs and 6 insertion/deletion polymorphisms (Figure 1, Table 1). Except for c.750C>G (I250M) and c.766G>A (D256N), all genetic polymorphisms were in HWE (Table 1). Since c.750C>G (I250M) and c.766G>A (D256N) are non-synonymous SNPs, functional alteration caused by the non-synonymous SNPs may be related to genetic selection and induced the HWE violation. Among the 8 non-synonymous SNPs, 2 SNPs including G33C and R177Q were predicted to have deleterious effects on pheasant PrP by in silico analyses (Table 4). In addition, L23F was predicted to have damaging effect on pheasant PrP by PANTHER. Since the L23F and G33C SNPs, which are located in the interspecies-conserved signal peptide of PrP, were predicted to have a deleterious effect on pheasant PrP, further analysis of the signal peptide of pheasant PrP according to the allele of the pheasant PRNP gene is highly desirable. The R177Q SNP, which is located in the structured region of pheasant PrP, confers an increase in amyloid propensity (Table 4). Although R177Q has a higher AMYCO score than other polymorphisms, it does not exceed the threshold with a low amyloid propensity. It indicates that genetic polymorphisms of the pheasant PRNP gene may be induced low amyloid propensity and pheasant PrP has a relatively stable protein structure. In addition, pheasant PrP with Q177 showed a reduction in the number of hydrogen bonds compared to pheasant PrP with R177. Since hydrogen bonds play a pivotal role in the stability of PrP and the stability of PrP confers resistance to the conformational changes in PrP (28), the R177Q SNP was thought to be a potential risk factor for prion diseases. Further investigation of the in vitro and/or in vivo evaluation of the amyloid propensity of pheasant PrP with the R177 allele and Q177 allele is needed in the future. However, although several genetic polymorphisms have strong genetic linkages, the effect of each SNP and insertion/deletion were only evaluated individually due to the internal setting of the software. Further evaluation of sequence variations of the pheasant PRNP gene according to haplotypes is highly desirable in the future.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">We identified a highly polymorphic tandem repeat region of the pheasant PRNP gene (Figures 1, 3). The tandem repeat region of PrP is related to the activity of copper-related enzymes via the binding of copper ions in mammals (histidine) and birds (histidine, tyrosine) (29, 30). Since pheasant has additional copper binding sites, the insertion/deletion polymorphisms of the pheasant PRNP gene would not cause critical dysfunction of the copper-related activity of pheasant PrP and genetic polymorphisms of the pheasant tandem repeat region seem to be more frequently observed than in mammals. Previous studies have reported that insertion/deletion polymorphisms in the octapeptide repeat region of the PRNP gene are associated with vulnerability to CJD (31). Since insertion/deletion polymorphisms are a potent risk factor for prion disease, further analysis on relationship between insertion/deletion polymorphisms of the pheasant PRNP gene and susceptibility to prion disease is needed in the future.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">We also found that the secondary and tertiary structures of the pheasant PrP have two β-sheets and three α-helices, similar to chicken PrP. Conversely, the pheasant PrP showed different secondary and tertiary structures from those of Pekin duck, which has 4 β-sheets and 5 α-helices. Since chickens showed resistance to BSE infection and pheasant PrP has a PrP structure similar to that of chicken PrP, pheasant PrP is predicted to have a relatively prion-resistant structure. Further validation is needed in the future using transgenic mice carrying pheasant PrP.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusion</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In the present study, we identified 34 novel genetic polymorphisms of the pheasant PRNP gene including 8 non-synonymous SNPs and 6 insertion/deletion polymorphisms in 148 pheasants. Among the 8 non-synonymous SNPs, the L23F, G33C and R177Q SNPs were predicted to have a deleterious effect on pheasant PrP. In addition, the R177Q SNP induced an increase in amyloid propensity and a reduction in hydrogen bonds. Among the 6 insertion/deletion polymorphisms, the c.163_180delAACCCGGGGTATCCCCAC polymorphism was predicted to have a deleterious effect on pheasant PrP. Furthermore, the secondary and tertiary structures of the pheasant PrP are very similar to those of chicken PrP. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on genetic polymorphisms of the pheasant PRNP gene.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.935476/full" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.935476/full</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>WITH THE RECENT FINDINGS that CWD and Scrapie TSE PrP will transmit to pigs by oral routes, and the failure of the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, your playing with fire with relations to feed and TSE PrP in the USA feed system.</span><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">IT IS PARAMOUNT THAT THE </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">589.2000 Animal proteins prohibited in ruminant feed be readdressed ASAP, IMMEDIATELY, to be enhanced not to include cervid, pigs, sheep, goats, camels, fowl, Pheasants, ostrich, birds...terry</span></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div class="yiv5889859788article-header-container" style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><div class="yiv5889859788header-bar-one" style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><h2 style="color: #020202; font-family: MuseoSans, Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;">ORIGINAL RESEARCH article</h2><div><br /></div></div><div class="yiv5889859788header-bar-three" style="color: #020202; font-family: MuseoSans, Georgia, "New Times", serif; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px 0px 8px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;">Front. Vet. Sci., 17 June 2022 | <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.904305" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #d54449; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.904305</a></div></div><div class="yiv5889859788JournalAbstract" style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><a class="yiv5889859788reset-hash-position" id="yiv5889859788h1" name="h1" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; clear: both; color: inherit; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: underline; visibility: hidden;"></a><h1 style="color: #020202; font-family: MuseoSans, Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 40px; line-height: 1.15em; margin: 30px 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;">The First Report of Polymorphisms and Genetic Characteristics of the Shadow of Prion Protein (<i style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;">SPRN</i>) in Prion Disease-Resistant Animal, Chickens</h1><div class="yiv5889859788authors" style="color: #020202; font-family: MuseoSans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><img class="yiv5889859788pr5" fg_scanned="1" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Ff96a1a95aaa960e01625-a34624e694c43cdf8b40aa048a644ca4.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com%2FDesign%2FImages%2Fnewprofile_default_profileimage_new.jpg&t=1658518603&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a001101ad00&sig=tr_0Tp9DOVxhL0xyjGBIDQ--~D" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 7px 3px 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; visibility: visible;" />Yong-Chan Kim<span style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: 300 !important; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">1,2</span>, <img class="yiv5889859788pr5" fg_scanned="1" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Ff96a1a95aaa960e01625-a34624e694c43cdf8b40aa048a644ca4.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com%2FDesign%2FImages%2Fnewprofile_default_profileimage_new.jpg&t=1658518603&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a001101ad00&sig=tr_0Tp9DOVxhL0xyjGBIDQ--~D" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 7px 3px 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; visibility: visible;" />Hyeon-Ho Kim<span style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: 300 !important; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">1,2</span> and <a class="yiv5889859788user-id-616618" fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/people/u/616618" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(184, 184, 184); color: #020202; cursor: pointer; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank"><img class="yiv5889859788pr5" fg_scanned="1" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Floop.frontiersin.org%2Fimages%2Fprofile%2F616618%2F24&t=1658518603&ymreqid=408614a1-e348-f2d1-2f2c-5a001101ad00&sig=D308ahgQTP9npeiUVjbpFw--~D" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 7px 3px 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; visibility: visible;" />Byung-Hoon Jeong</a><span style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: 300 !important; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">1,2</span><span style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: 300 !important; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">*</span></div><ul class="yiv5889859788notes" style="color: rgb(2, 2, 2) !important; font-family: MuseoSans, Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px !important; list-style-type: none; margin: 12px 0px 30px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.25px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">1</span></span>Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea</li><li style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 11.25px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span>Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea</li></ul><div style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;">Prion diseases are irreversible neurodegenerative disorders caused by the aggregated form of prion protein (PrP<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Sc</span>) derived from the normal form of prion protein (PrP<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">C</span>). Previous studies have reported that shadow of prion protein (Sho) interacts with prion protein (PrP) and accelerates the conversion of PrP<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">C</span> to PrP<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Sc</span>. In addition, genetic polymorphisms of the shadow of the prion protein gene (<i style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;">SPRN</i>) are related to the vulnerability of prion diseases in various hosts. However, to date, polymorphisms and genetic features of the <i style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;">SPRN</i> gene have not been investigated in chickens, which are prion disease-resistant animals. We investigated genetic polymorphisms of the <i style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;">SPRN</i> gene in 2 breeds of chickens, i.e., Dekalb White and Ross, using amplicon sequencing. We analyzed genotype, allele and haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibrium (LD) among the genetic polymorphisms. In addition, we compared the amino acid sequences of Sho among several prion-related species to identify the unique genetic features of chicken Sho using ClustalW. Furthermore, we evaluated the N-terminal signal peptide and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor using SignalP and PredGPI, respectively. Finally, we compared the number of <i style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;">SPRN</i> polymorphisms between prion disease-resistant and prion disease-susceptible animals. We identified 7 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including 1 synonymous SNP in the open reading frame (ORF) of the chicken <i style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;">SPRN</i> gene. We also found significantly different genotypes, allele frequencies and haplotypes between the 2 chicken breeds. In addition, we found that the interaction regions between Sho and PrP and the NXT glycosylation motif were conserved among all species. Notably, sequence similarity was extremely low in the N-terminal and C-terminal regions between mammals and chickens. Furthermore, we found that chicken Sho was the longest N-terminal signal peptide, and the amino acids of the cutting site of chicken are different from those of mammals. Last, unlike other species investigated, omega-site and signal sequences of the GPI-anchor were not found in chickens. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of genetic polymorphisms of the <i style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;">SPRN</i> gene in chickens.</div><div style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><br /></div><div style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;">SNIP...</div><h2 style="clear: both; color: #020202; font-family: MuseoSans, Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 35px 0px 18px;">Discussion</h2><div class="yiv5889859788mb15" style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;">In the present study, we found only one synonymous SNP, c.183G>A (Ala61Ala), in the ORF of the chicken <i style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;">SPRN</i> gene in 2 chicken breeds, Dekalb White and Ross (<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.904305/full#T1" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(213, 68, 73) !important; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">Table 1</a>). Although significant differences in the distributions of the genotype and allele frequencies of this SNP have been observed between these two breeds, the impact of SNP on chicken Sho is expected to be non-significant because the SNP is synonymous, which does not affect the structure of chicken Sho. Notably, previous studies have reported that only 3 synonymous SNPs that do not affect the structure of equine Sho were found in horses, a prion disease-resistant animal (<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.904305/full#B13" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(213, 68, 73) !important; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">13</a>, <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.904305/full#B14" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(213, 68, 73) !important; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">14</a>). The absence of genetic polymorphisms in the ORF of the <i style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;">SPRN</i> gene, which affects protein structure and expression level, seems to be a unique characteristic of prion disease-resistant animals, including horses and chickens. Further studies are needed to investigate whether these characteristics of prion-resistant animals are also observed in dogs, another prion-resistant animal. Except for the synonymous SNPs in the ORF of the chicken <i style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;">SPRN</i> gene, we also found 6 SNPs in the adjacent region of the <i style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;">SPRN</i> gene (<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.904305/full#T1" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(213, 68, 73) !important; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">Table 1</a>). However, the exon structure of the chicken <i style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;">SPRN</i> gene has not been confirmed thus far. Thus, further unknown region analysis of the exon structure of the chicken <i style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;">SPRN</i> gene using 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) is highly desirable to investigate the impact of the SNPs on the chicken <i style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;">SPRN</i> gene in the future.</div><div class="yiv5889859788mb0" style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;">Although the interspecies conserved PrP interaction domain and glycosylation motif were conserved in chicken Sho, significant heterogeneity was identified in the N- and C-terminal regions of chicken Sho compared to prion disease-related animals (<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.904305/full#F2" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(213, 68, 73) !important; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>). Since the N- and C-terminal regions are related to the signal peptide of trafficking and GPI-anchor, respectively (<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.904305/full#B19" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(213, 68, 73) !important; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">19</a>, <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.904305/full#B20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(213, 68, 73) !important; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">20</a>), we analyzed the signal peptide of trafficking and GPI-anchor (<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.904305/full#F3" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(213, 68, 73) !important; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">Figure 3</a> and <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.904305/full#T4" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(213, 68, 73) !important; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">Table 4</a>). Notably, the N-terminal signal peptide of chicken Sho was the longest among several species investigated, and the amino acid of the cutting site was threonine, unlike the interspecies-conserved amino acid of the cutting site, alanine (<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.904305/full#F3" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(213, 68, 73) !important; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">Figure 3</a>). In addition, the signal peptide of the GPI-anchor was not predicted in chicken Sho (<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.904305/full#T4" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(213, 68, 73) !important; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">Table 4</a>). These results indicate that chicken Sho may show different localization compared to prion-related animals. Previous studies have reported that PrP is located on lipid rafts and that experimental mislocalization and anchorless PrP disturbed the conversion process of PrP<span style="font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Sc</span> (<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.904305/full#B21" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(213, 68, 73) !important; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">21</a>, <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.904305/full#B22" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(213, 68, 73) !important; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" target="_blank">22</a>). Since the conversion process of PrP<span style="font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Sc</span> occurs on lipid rafts, different localizations of chicken Sho may affect the conversion process of PrP<span style="font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Sc</span>. Further investigation of the difference in localization of chicken Sho compared to other species is needed in the future.</div><div style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><a class="yiv5889859788reset-hash-position" id="yiv5889859788h6" name="h6" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: underline; visibility: hidden;"></a></div><h2 style="clear: both; color: #020202; font-family: MuseoSans, Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 35px 0px 18px;">Conclusion</h2><div class="yiv5889859788mb0" style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;">In summary, we found 7 novel SNPs, including 1 synonymous SNP in the ORF of the chicken <i style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;">SPRN</i> gene. We found significantly different genotype, allele, and haplotype frequencies between Dekalb White and Ross chickens. We found that the interaction regions between Sho and PrP and the NXT glycosylation motif were conserved among all species; however, sequence similarity was extremely low in the N- and C-terminal regions between mammals and chickens. We found that chicken Sho has the longest N-terminal signal peptide, and the amino acids of the cutting site of chicken Sho are different from those of mammals. In addition, omega-site and signal sequences of the GPI-anchor were not predicted in only chickens. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of genetic polymorphisms of the chicken <i style="margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 0px;">SPRN</i> gene.</div><div style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><a class="yiv5889859788reset-hash-position" id="yiv5889859788h7" name="h7" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="clear: both; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: underline; visibility: hidden;"></a></div><h2 style="clear: both; color: #020202; font-family: MuseoSans, Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 25px; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px !important; padding: 35px 0px 18px;">Data Availability Statement</h2><div class="yiv5889859788mb0" style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;">The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.</div><div style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.904305/full" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.904305/full</a></div><div style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><br /></div><div style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Harash Narang's book THE LINK (i believe he went to work for NIH on TSEs, not sure if he is still there) there is a part about BSE IN HENS (page 135), that a farmer in kent in Nov. 1996 noticed that one of his 20 free range hens the oldest, aged about 30 months, was having difficulty entering its den and appeared frightened and tended to lose its balance when excited. Having previously experiencing BSE cattle on his farm, he took particular notice of the bird and continued to observe it over the following weeks. It lost weight, its balance deteriorated and characteristic tremors developed which were closely associated with the muscles required for standing (Fig. 15). In its attempts to maintain its balance it would claw the ground more than usual and the ataxia progressively developed in the wings and legs, later taking a typical form of paralysis with a clumsy involuntary jerky motion. Violent tremors of the entire body, particularly the legs, similar to those seen in BSE, became common sparked off by the slightest provocation. Three other farmers from the UK are known to have reported having hens with similar symptoms...</span></div><div style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">with this agent, i would not rule out anything or any species...TSS</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">From: TSS</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Subject: TRANSMISSION STUDIES OF DOMESTIC FOWL AND OSTRICH......</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Date: May 9, 2002 at 7:36 am PST</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Greetings List Members,</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">just reading over a few old documents, i am pondering a few things out loud here, hope some find them interesting...TSS</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">snip...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">SE1806</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">TRANSMISSION STUDIES OF BSE TO DOMESTIC FOWL BY ORAL EXPOSURE TO BRAIN HOMOGENATE</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">1 challenged cock bird was necropsied (41 months p.i.) following a period of ataxia, tremor, limb abduction and other neurological signs. Histopathological examination failed to reveal any significant lesions of the central or peripheral nervous systems...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">snip...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">94/01.19/7.1 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><a href="http://www.bse.org.uk/files/yb/1994/01/19007001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.bse.org.uk/files/yb/1994/01/19007001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102125526mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/01/19007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102125526mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/01/19007001.pdf</a><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">also,</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">TRANSLATION</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">F437/91</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">A CONTRIBUTION TO THE NEUROPATHOLOGY OF THE RED-NECKED OSTRICH (STRUTHIO CAMELUS) - SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY -</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">* The Red-Neck Ostrich 'THE AUTOPSY' & TSEs</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">THE AUTOPSY</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Date: Mon, 11 Jun 2001 16:24:51 -0700</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Sender: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." Subject: The Red-Neck Ostrich & TSEs 'THE AUTOPSY'</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">######## BSE #########</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">TRANSLATION</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">F437/91</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">A CONTRIBUTION TO THE NEUROPATHOLOGY OF THE RED-NECKED OSTRICH (STRUTHIO CAMELUS) - SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY -</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">H A Schoon, Doris Brunckhorst and J Pohienz Institute of Pathology, Veterinary University of Hannover</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Introduction</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Since the first appearance of BSE in Great Britain in l985 {review in TRUYEN & KAADEN, l990), research into the incidence, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and epidemiology of spongiform encephalopathies in humans and animals has been a focus of medical and public interest. In view of the growing number of reports of "new" spontaneously or experimentally susceptible species (cats: WYATT et al, l990; pigs: DAWSON et al, 1990), and of the associated questions with regard to the causal agent and in particular its transmissibility, it seems essential that agnopathogenetic individual cases should also be described. We therefore report below the preliminary findings of morphological examinations of three red-necked ostriches in 1986, 1988 and 1989, taking account of differential diagnostic factors.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">History/subjects</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">The three ostriches (Flock A: Ostrich 1, female, adult, 150 kg; Flock B: Ostrich 2, female, adult, 80 kg; Ostrich 3: male, juvenile, 60 kg) came from two zoos in North West Germany and were euthenised because of their hopeless prognosis. Preliminary reports indicated that all three birds had presented protracted central nervous symptoms with ataxia, disturbance of balance and discoordinated feeding behaviour. Ostrich 2 had also exhibited pronounced lameness of the left lower limbs and the juvenile bird was suffering from perosis. The birds were fed on vegetable material, supplemented by commercial compound poultry feed and ''raw meat'', some of which was ''obtained from local small emergency slaughterers''. Comparable clinical pictures with fatal outcome in individual birds had occurred in both flocks: in a male bird at the same time (Flock A) and in several ostriches over recent years (Flock B).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Methods</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Autopsy was followed in all three cases by histopathological examination of the following tissues: heart (several locations including coronary arteries and aorta), right and left pulmonary lobes, liver, kidneys, limb musculature, peripheral nerves (brachial plexus, sciatic nerve, in each case both left and right) and brain (left and right cerebral hemispheres, two samples each from the cranial/caudal third, two sagittal sections of the cerebellum, two cross-sections of the brain stem at the level of the optical lobes, four cross-sections from the medulla oblongata). The tissue material was fixed in formalin and embedded in Paraplast by the conventional method and the sections were evaluated using the following staining techniques and histochemical reactions: all organs: haematoxylin eosin staining; brain: PAS reaction (McManus), Ziehl/Neelsen staining (mod. Pearse), iron method (Lillie) for detection of neuromelanin, Turnbull's reaction (Bancroft & Stevens), alkaline Congo red method (Puchtler) (of SCOON & SCHINKEL, 1986), myelin sheath staining (Spielmeyer) (ROMEIS, 1968). In addition, unstained sections were examined by fluorescence microscopy (to detect autofluorescing lipofuscin granula) and the following lipid stains were applied to cryostat sections of liver, and of heart and skeletal musculature: Sudan III, Sudan black, oil red.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Findings</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Ostrich 1</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Brain: whilst only middle grade oedematisation of the neuropil was noted in the cerebral and cerebellar region, major changes were detected in the brain stem and medulla oblongata (Figures 1-3): in addition to pronounced vacuolation of the grey matter, optically vacant, ovoid to spherical vacuoles of differing sizes occurred bilaterally symmetrically in numerous neurons of the brain centres nucleus ruber, vestibular nucleus and reticular formation, in certain cases compressing the Nissl substance into a narrow fringe. In addition, fine granular pigments were found in the perikaryon of the neurons (with and without vacuoles), which showed a golden brown coloration in the haematoxylin eosin specimen, gave positive reactions to both PAS and Ziehl-Neelsen and also exhibited a yellowish-green spontaneous autofluorescence. Lillie staining to detect neuromelanin gave a negative result. The pigments thus exhibited the characteristics of lipofuscin (SCHOON & SCHINKEL, 1986). Ferruginous pigments and histochemically detectable amyloids were absent. Mild gliosis, isolated necrotic neurons and neuronophagia were observed only in the cranial locations of the brain stem.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Other findinqs: The ostrich exhibited marked adiposity and multiple pressure sores of both lower limbs. Moderate steatosis was found in the heart and skeletal musculature and in the liver. Multifocal arteriosclerotic plaques were also noted in the coronary and limb arteries.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Ostrich 2</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Brain: Histopathological changes in the brain of this ostrich were limited to the medulla oblongata and were qualitatively consistent with those found in Ostrich 1, although confined, bilaterally symmetrically, to small localised areas and affecting only individual neurons. Gliosis reaction was almost entirely absent.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Other findinqs: The carcase was moderately well nourished and exhibited multifocal dermal and muscular necroses on both lower limbs in conjunction with lateral chronically destructive tarsitis and coxitis. In the internal organs, parenchymatous degeneration of the liver and kidneys and multifocal arteriosclerotic plaques in the coronary arteries were noted.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Ostrich 3</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Brain: Whilst no histopathological changes were found in the cerebrum and cerebellum of this ostrich, a high grade spongious dispersion of the neuropil existed in all locations examined in the brain stem and medulla oblongata (status spongiosus, Figure 4). Individual neurons contained optically vacant vacuoles of varying size, whilst numerous nerve cells exhibited clear signs of nuclear degeneration, in particular in the form of nuclear pyknosis. Low grade gliosis was also noted in all locations.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Other findinqs: The left lower limb of this bird exhibited defective positioning of the tarsal joint resulting from axial distortion of the long bones with applanation of the lateral [Rollkamm - word not found] and resultant instability of the tendons and inward turning of the tarsus.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Discussion</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Although ostriches are widely kept in zoos, there are virtually no detailed descriptions of central nervous disorders with associated locomotor disfunction in this species. Neurological symptoms have been reported in connection with an outbreak of Newcastle Disease (KLOPPEL, 1969) and bacterial meningitis has been described (GRZIMEK, 1953), whilst other, sporadic cases have remained etiologically unexplained (ZUKOWSKY, 1959; LANDOWSKI, 1965). Disfunctions of the locomotor system of extracerebral origin occur predominantly in juvenile ostriches, emus and rheas in connection with muscular disease, perosis and trauma (FROIKA, 1982, 1983; MIHALIK & SRANK, 1982; SCHRODER & SEIDEL0 1989). One of the ostriches we examined was suffering from perosis, another from unilateral tarsitis and coxitis. All three, however, exhibited neuropathological findings consisting of a gradual, bilaterally symmetrical, spongiform encephalopathy of varying degree in the brain stem and medulla oblongata. No descriptions of such findings in this species appear in any of the literature we have been able to obtain.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">These histopathologically confirmed brain changes are not consistent either with those caused by the classic viral infections in domesticated and wild birds or with those described by GRATZL & KOHLER (1957) and CHEVILLE (1966) as typical of Vitamin E deficiency-related encephalopathy in chicks. Instead, at the light microscopy level, both in qualitative terms and in the pattern of distribution in the central nervous system, there is a high degree of coincidence with findings which occur in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in mammals (scrapie, BSE, transmissible mink encephalopathy, chronic wasting disease of captive mule deer and elk) (HADLOW, 1961; BURGER & HARTSOUGH, 1965; HARTSOUGH & BURGER, 1965; WILLIAMS & YOUNG, 1980; WELLS et al, 1987, 1989).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">The sporadic occurrence of vacuoles in individual neurons of the nucleus ruber in cattle was interpreted species-specifically as an artefact by FRANKHAUSER et al (1972). We are unable to judge whether a similar conclusion is also appropriate in the case of the ostrich, since our experience is based on only a small number of neuropathologically investigated cases. However, examination of the brains of twelve other ostriches which came to autopsy after death from extracerebral causes did not reveal any such findings. FRANKENHAUSER et al (1972) also emphasise that none were observed by them either in small ruminants or in the horse or the dog.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">It is not possible at this time to determine whether and to what extent our neuropathological findings in an omnivorous bird, the ostrich, are etiopathogenetically consistent with those of the spongiform encephatopathies of mammals. There are no indications whatever in the relevant literature of even a hypothetical susceptibility in birds, although it must be said by way of qualification that clinical manifestations would be most unlikely in short-lived farm poultry, given the long incubation period. Moreover, Germany was officially free of scrapie and BSE at the time the condition appeared in the ostriches. The question of possible contamination of carcase meal is discussed in the work of TRUYEN & KAADEN (1990).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Conclusive diagnosis, especially in these cases, and in spite of the certainty ascribed by WELLS et al (1989) to histopathological diagnosis in cattle, also requires electron microscopic detection of so-called scrapie-associated fibrils (SCOTT et al, 1987; HOPE et al, 1988) and attempts, by inoculation of suspect brain material, to transmit the disease to the mouse (TRUYEN & KAADEN, 1990). Both of these procedures are normally carried out using fresh material, whereas we now have only tissue fixed in formalin and embedded in Paraplast.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Etiological consideration must also be given retrospectively to unidentified toxic influences, unknown species-specific deficiency diseases and unexplained predisposing metabolic conditions.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">The etiologically unexplained neuropathological findings reported here, together with the multitude of unanswered questions in this connection, underline the need for further, systematic, standardised studies in this species, based on a larger sample of birds.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Summary and Literature</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">[Not translated]</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Figures</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Figure 1: Spongiform encephalopathy with oedematisation and vacuolation of the neuropil and "ballooning" degeneration of virtually all neurons in this area of the brain - brain stem. (H,-E.-Frgb., magnification x 120)</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Figure 2: Detail of Figure 1. In 'addition to oedematisation of the neuropil, numerous, optically vacant vacuoles in the neurons, with partial displacement of the Nissl substance - brain stem. (H.-E.-Frgb., magnification x 480)</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Figure 3: Medulla oblongara with high grade spongiform dissociation of the neuropil. (H.-E.-Frgb., magnification x 300)</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Figure 4: Medulla oblongata. Status spongiosus with neuron degeneration. (H.-E.-Frgb., magnification x 300).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">-----------------------------------------------------</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">even the late great Dr. Gibbs once told me personally that even if the Chicken did not contract a TSE, IF the chicken had been fed the TSE tainted feed and then slaughtered, the agent survives the digestinal tract to pass on to other species through feed...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">TSS</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Date: Tue, 27 May 2003 08:07:58 -0500 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Sender: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">Subject: FDA BSE Update - Pet Food from Canadian Manufacturer & MAD DOG DATA</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">######## Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">A CONTRIBUTION TO THE NEUROPATHOLOGY OF THE RED-NECKED OSTRICH (STRUTHIO CAMELUS) - SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac10/tab06.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac10/tab06.pdf</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090505211737/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac10/tab06.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090505211737/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac10/tab06.pdf</a><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">OPINION on : NECROPHAGOUS BIRDS AS POSSIBLE TRANSMITTERS OF TSE/BSE ADOPTED BY THE SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE AT ITS MEETING OF 7-8 NOVEMBER 2002</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">OPINION</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">1. Necrophagous birds as possible transmitters of BSE. The SSC considers that the evaluation of necrophagous birds as possible transmitters of BSE, should theoretically be approached from a broader perspective of mammals and birds which prey on, or are carrion eaters (scavengers) of mammalian species. Thus, carnivorous and omnivorous mammals, birds of prey (vultures, falcons, eagles, hawks etc.), carrion eating birds (crows, magpies etc.) in general could be considered possible vectors of transmission and/or spread of TSE infectivity in the environment. In view also of the occurrence of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in various deer species it should not be accepted that domestic cattle and sheep are necessarily the only source of TSE agent exposure for carnivorous species. While some information is available on the susceptibility of wild/exotic/zoo animals to natural or experimental infection with certain TSE agents, nothing is known of the possibility of occurrence of TSE in wild animal populations, other than among the species of deer affected by CWD in the USA.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">1 The carrion birds are animals whose diet regularly or occasionally includes the consumption of carcasses, including possibly TSE infected ruminant carcasses.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;">C:\WINNT\Profiles\bredagi.000\Desktop\Necrophagous_OPINION_0209_FINAL.doc</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/ssc/out295_en.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/ssc/out295_en.pdf</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px;"><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/food/system/files/2020-12/sci-com_ssc_out295_en.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://ec.europa.eu/food/system/files/2020-12/sci-com_ssc_out295_en.pdf</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;">SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 01, 2009 </div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and potential spreading of CWD through feces of digested infectious carcases</span><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/11/american-crows-corvus-brachyrhynchos.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/11/american-crows-corvus-brachyrhynchos.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><div><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-E/part-589/subpart-B/section-589.2000" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-E/part-589/subpart-B/section-589.2000</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-E/part-589/subpart-B/section-589.2001" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-E/part-589/subpart-B/section-589.2001</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><p class="" data-page="22725" id="p-96" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(Comment 20) One comment noted that species which appear to be resistant may in fact be unapparent carriers and over time could become sources of the BSE agent. Another comment added that failure to detect infectivity in tissues of experimentally infected pigs and chickens might be due to insufficiently sensitive bioassay techniques. Another <span class="printed-page-wrapper unprinted-element-wrapper" style="top: 6px;"><span class="unprinted-element-border"></span></span>comment suggested that because swine and poultry may be silent carriers, materials derived from swine and poultry should not be fed to cattle.</p><p class="" data-page="22725" id="p-96" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><p class="citation-hover-present" data-page="22726" id="p-97" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></p><div class="citation-target-icon cj-fancy-tooltip" data-short-url="https://www.federalregister.gov/d/08-1180" data-tooltip="Click to copy a short url for this paragraph" original-title=""><span class="icon-fr2 icon-fr2-bookmark "></span></div>(Response) These concerns were first addressed in the 1997 ruminant feed rule (<a class="fr-reference" data-reference="62 FR 30936" fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/62-FR-30936" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">62 FR 30936</a> at 30939). The agency has received no new information that would lead us to conclude that the additional measures suggested by these comments are needed to protect against BSE at this time.<p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></p></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2008/04/25/08-1180/substances-prohibited-from-use-in-animal-food-or-feed" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2008/04/25/08-1180/substances-prohibited-from-use-in-animal-food-or-feed</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div><span style="background-color: #efeee8; color: #27282a; font-family: Sohne-Buch, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">WOAH Designated ADAFSA’s Veterinary Labs as First Collaborating Centre for Camel Diseases in Middle East</span><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://rr-middleeast.woah.org/en/news/adafsa-collaborating-centre/?fbclid=IwAR1NAjIXAOU1bPnMfEyQqpQdIShtQCYw4K44lZNGe6mCYrx9qIqZfnTobsw" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://rr-middleeast.woah.org/en/news/adafsa-collaborating-centre/</a></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv3058337971yqt8344611523" id="yiv3058337971yqt77959"><div class="yiv3058337971ydpf9326f9fyiv4911639131yqt1056267076" id="yiv3058337971ydpf9326f9fyiv4911639131yqt59389"><div class="yiv3058337971ydpf9326f9fyiv4911639131ydp82909806yahoo_quoted" id="yiv3058337971ydpf9326f9fyiv4911639131ydp82909806yahoo_quoted_8630430394"><div style="color: #26282a; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><div><b>Subject:</b> OIE Camel Prion Disease</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div id="yiv3058337971ydpf9326f9fyiv4911639131ydp82909806yiv7070586675"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div>OIE Bulletin</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Camel prion disease: a possible emerging disease in dromedary camel populations?</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The identification of a new prion disease in dromedary camels in Algeria and Tunisia, called camel prion disease (CPD), extends the spectrum of animal species naturally susceptible to prion diseases and opens up new research areas for investigation.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Camel prion disease was identified in 2018 in adult camels showing clinical signs at the ante mortem inspection at slaughterhouses in the region of Ouargla (Algeria), and in 2019 in the region of Tataouine (Tunisia). It adds to the group of existing animal prion diseases, including scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids and BSE (mainly in bovines). The detection of a new prion disease in the dromedary population requires attention and investigation needs to be carried out to assess the risks of this disease to animal and public health. As of today, very limited epidemiological information is available to assess the prevalence, geographical distribution and dynamic of the transmission of the disease.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Based on the clinical signs suggesting prion disease, CPD seems to have occurred in 3.1% of the dromedaries brought to the abattoir in Ouargla. Pathognomonic neurodegeneration and disease specific prion protein (PrPSc) were detected in brain tissue from three symptomatic animals (source:</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>CDC article <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article</a> </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>In May 2019, the OIE received a report from Tunisia on a single case of a 12-year-old slaughtered dromedary camel showing neurological signs confirmed as CPD by the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) based in Italy.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>©B. Babelhadj/University Kasdi Merbah, Algeria</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.oiebulletin.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">www.oiebulletin.com</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Is camel prion disease transmissible in natural conditions?</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The involvement of lymphoid tissue in prion replication, observed both in the Algeria and Tunisia cases, is suggestive of a peripheral pathogenesis, which is thought to be a prerequisite for prion shedding into the environment. As with other animal prion diseases, such as scrapie and CWD, in which lymphoid tissues are extensively involved and horizontal transmission occurs efficiently under natural conditions, the detection of prion proteins in lymph nodes is suggestive of the infectious nature of CPD and concurs to hypothesise the potential impact of CPD on animal health. No evidence is currently available with which to argue for the relevance of CPD for human health. However, no absolute species barrier exists in prion diseases and minimising the exposure of humans to prion-infected animal products is an essential aspect of public health protection. As for the relationship between CPD and other animal prion diseases, preliminary analyses suggest that CPD prions have a different molecular signature from scrapie and BSE.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Actions on the follow up of CPD</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Since the first description of CPD, the OIE promoted discussions on the impact of this new disease through the OIE Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases (Scientific Commission). The Scientific Commission consulted two OIE ad hoc Groups, one on BSE risk status evaluation of Members and the other on camelids. It analysed the information available from the Algeria and Tunisia cases to evaluate if CPD should be considered an ‘emerging disease’ based on the criteria listed in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code1 . </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The OIE Scientific Commission noted that limited surveillance data were available on the prevalence of CPD and that the evidence was not sufficient to measure, at that time, the impact of the disease on animal or public health. Therefore, it was concluded that, with the current knowledge, CPD did not currently meet the criteria to be considered an emerging disease. Nonetheless, it was emphasised that CPD should be considered as a new disease not to be overlooked and called for the collection of further scientific evidence through research and surveillance in the affected countries and in countries with dromedary camel populations to measure the impact of the disease. As new scientific evidence becomes available, the OIE Scientific Commission will reassess whether this disease should be considered as an emerging disease.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The worldwide camel population is ~35 million head (FAO, 2019), 88% of which is found in Africa. The camel farming system is evolving rapidly, and these animals represent vital sources of meat, milk and transportation for millions of people living in the most arid regions of the world. This makes it necessary to assess the risk for animal and human health and to develop evidence-based policies to control and limit the spread of the disease in animals, and to minimise human exposure. As a first step, the awareness of Veterinary Services about CPD and its diagnostic capacity needs to be improved in all countries where dromedaries are part of the domestic livestock.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>At the regional level, CPD was first discussed in the 18th Joint Permanent Committee of the Mediterranean Animal Health Network (REMESA) held in Cairo, Egypt, in June 2019 where an expert 1 a new occurrence in an animal of a disease, infection or infestation, causing a significant impact on animal or public health resulting from a) a change of a known pathogenic agent or its spread to a new geographic area or species, or b) a previously unrecognised pathogenic agent or disease diagnosed for the first time <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.oiebulletin.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">www.oiebulletin.com</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>3</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>from ISS, Italy, shared the knowledge available on the new disease with the 15 REMESA Member Countries. The discussion highlighted the need to strengthen surveillance systems in order to collect epidemiological data to inform the risk assessments. The results of these risk assessments will support the implementation of evidence-based policies to manage the risks in both animals and humans.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>CPD was recently discussed atthe 15thConference of the OIE Regional Commission for the Middle East in November. During this conference, the CAMENET (Camel Middle East Network) launched a wide ranging proposal for training, coordinated surveillance and research on CPD. In addition, the ERFAN (Enhancing Research for Africa Network), a platform aimed at enhancing scientific cooperation between Africa and Italy, during its 2nd ERFAN meeting for North Africa, presented a project on CPD with the objective of increasing CPD coordinated surveillance in North Africa.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The OIE, through its Reference Laboratories for prion diseases, and by involving the above scientific initiatives, is keeping a close watch on the evolution of the disease to gather scientific evidence and to allow a proper and more thorough assessment of the risk associated with this novel disease.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>◼ December 2019</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20210711171316/https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20210711171316/https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Published: 06 September 2021</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.52em; margin-bottom: 10px; outline: 0px !important;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021)</span> </div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: arial;"><div>Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkers ,Clare E. Hoover ,Kristen A. Davenport,Davin M. Henderson,Erin E. McNulty,Amy V. Nalls,Candace K. Mathiason,Edward A. Hoover </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Published: August 20, 2020</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease </div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Title: The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP </div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kokemuller, Robyn item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item BALKEMA-BUSCHMANN, ANNE - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item GROSCHUP, MARTIN - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 5/10/2018 Publication Date: 5/22/2018 Citation: Moore, S.J., Kokemuller, R.D., West-Greenlee, M.H., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Groschup, M.H., Greenlee, J.J. 2018. The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP. Prion 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 22-25, 2018. Paper No. WA15, page 44.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> The successful transmission of pig-passaged CWD to Tg40 mice reported here suggests that passage of the CWD agent through pigs results in a change of the transmission characteristics which reduces the transmission barrier of Tg40 mice to the CWD agent. If this biological behavior is recapitulated in the original host species, passage of the CWD agent through pigs could potentially lead to increased pathogenicity of the CWD agent in humans.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>LINE TO TAKE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div class="yiv8226416783eletters-comment__info"><h6 class="yiv8226416783eletters-comment__title yiv8226416783text-md yiv8226416783letter-spacing-default yiv8226416783mb-2" style="color: #262626; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px;">RE: Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CRISPR-Cas9</h6><h6 class="yiv8226416783eletters-comment__title yiv8226416783text-md yiv8226416783letter-spacing-default yiv8226416783mb-2" style="color: #262626; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="yiv8226416783eletters-comment__user yiv8226416783text-reset yiv8226416783font-weight-bold yiv8226416783text-uppercase yiv8226416783mr-2" style="background-color: transparent; color: inherit !important; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase !important;">TERRY S. SINGELTARY SR.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #757575; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span><ul class="yiv8226416783eletters-comment__user-data yiv8226416783list-inline yiv8226416783comma-separated yiv8226416783d-inline" style="background-color: transparent; color: #757575; display: inline !important; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px;" title="user data"><li class="yiv8226416783list-inline-item" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0.25em;">retired</li> <li class="yiv8226416783list-inline-item" style="display: inline-block;">Mr.</li></ul></h6></div><div class="yiv8226416783eletters-comment__description yiv8226416783serif yiv8226416783text-ellipses yiv8226416783truncated yiv8226416783collapse yiv8226416783show" id="yiv8226416783x697946" style="color: #262626; font-size: 16px;"><div style="font-family: serif;">seems that the USA feed ban for ruminant protein is still a serious problem, so there seems to still be a risk factor for pigs and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion disease. now with the updated science showing that pigs are susceptible to the Chronic Wasting Disease TSE Prion ORALLY, and cwd running rampant in the USA, any use of porcine organs should be tested for the CWD TSE Prion...</div><div style="font-family: serif;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: serif;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/</a></div><div style="font-family: serif;"><br /></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #ca2015; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">See what DEFRA says;</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">However, given that non-ruminant feed produced in the USA may contain deer and elk PAP, it is theoretically possible that wild deer may be exposed to deer protein in legally imported non-ruminant feed. For this to occur, wild deer would need to access nonruminant feed (e.g. pig, fish and chicken feed) on farms near their habitat. Alternatively, wild deer may be exposed to CWD prion in the faeces of pets that have consumed and digested imported, contaminated pet feed. The frequency in which these routes may occur is unknown and is considered to be a greater than negligible risk with associated uncertainty. <br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20130908115835/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20130908115835/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/</a></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">GAME FARM INDUSTRY WANTS TO COVER UP FINDINGS OF INCREASE RISK TO CJD FROM CERVID</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">BSE INQUIRY</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CJD9/10022</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">October 1994</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Mr R.N. Elmhirst Chairman British Deer Farmers Association Holly Lodge Spencers Lane </span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">BerksWell Coventry CV7 7BZ</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Dear Mr Elmhirst,</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD) SURVEILLANCE UNIT REPORT</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Thank you for your recent letter concerning the publication of the third annual report from the CJD Surveillance Unit. I am sorry that you are dissatisfied with the way in which this report was published.</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The Surveillance Unit is a completely independant outside body and the Department of Health is committed to publishing their reports as soon as they become available. In the circumstances it is not the practice to circulate the report for comment since the findings of the report would not be amended.. In future we can ensure that the British Deer Farmers Association receives a copy of the report in advance of publication.</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The Chief Medical Officer has undertaken to keep the public fully informed of the results of any research in respect of CJD. This report was entirely the work of the unit and was produced completely independantly of the the Department.</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The statistical results regarding the consumption of venison was put into perspective in the body of the report and was not mentioned at all in the press release. Media attention regarding this report was low key but gave a realistic presentation of the statistical findings of the Unit. This approach to publication was successful in that consumption of venison was highlighted only once by the media ie. in the News at one television proqramme.</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">I believe that a further statement about the report, or indeed statistical links between CJD and consumption of venison, would increase, and quite possibly give damaging credence, to the whole issue. From the low key media reports of which I am aware it seems unlikely that venison consumption will suffer adversely, if at all. </span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasized by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterize the human dementias"</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the scrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">snip...</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">76/10.12/4.6</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">reference...</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">RB3.20</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">1. Kuru and CJD have been successfully transmitted to chimpanzees but scrapie and TME have not.</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">2. We cannot say that scrapie will not transmit to chimpanzees. There are several scrapie strains and I am not aware that all have been tried (that would have to be from mouse passaged material). Nor has a wide enough range of field isolates subsequently strain typed in mice been inoculated by the appropriate routes (i/c, ilp and i/v) :</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">3. I believe the proposed experiment to determine transmissibility, if conducted, would only show the susceptibility or resistance of the chimpanzee to infection/disease by the routes used and the result could not be interpreted for the predictability of the susceptibility for man. Proposals for prolonged oral exposure of chimpanzees to milk from cattle were suggested a long while ago and rejected.</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">4. In view of Dr Gibbs' probable use of chimpazees Mr Wells' comments (enclosed) are pertinent. I have yet to receive a direct communication from Dr Schellekers but before any collaboration or provision of material we should identify the Gibbs' proposals and objectives.</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severely would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">6. A negative result would take a lifetime to determine but that would be a shorter period than might be available for human exposure and it would still not answer the question regarding mans' susceptibility. In the meantime no doubt the negativity would be used defensively. It would however be counterproductive if the experiment finally became positive. We may learn more about public reactions following next Monday' s meeting.</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">R. Bradley</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">23 September 1990</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CVO (+Mr Wells' comments)</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Dr T W A Little</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Dr B J Shreeve</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">90/9.23/1.1.</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE CHIMPANZEES</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CODE 18-77 Reference RB3.46</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Some further information that may assist in decision making has been gained by discussion with Dr Rosalind Ridley.</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">She says that careful study of Gajdusek's work shows no increased susceptibility of chimpanzees over New World Monkeys such as Squirrel Monkeys. She does not think it would tell you anything about the susceptibility to man. Also Gajdusek did not, she believes, challenge chimpanzees with scrapie as severely as we did pigs and we know little of that source of scrapie. Comparisons would be difficult. She also would not expect the Home Office to sanction such experiments here unless there was a very clear and important objective that would be important for human health protection. She doubted such a case could be made. If this is the case she thought it would be unethical to do an experiment abroad because we could not do it in our own country.</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Retrospectively she feels they should have put up more marmosets than they did. They all remain healthy. They would normally regard the transmission as negative if no disease resulted in five years.</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">We are not being asked for a decision but I think that before we made one we should gain as much knowledge as we can. If we decided to proceed we would have to bear any criticisms for many years if there was an adverse view by scientists or media. This should not be undertaken lightly. There is already some adverse comment here, I gather, on the pig experiment though that will subside.</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The Gibbs' (as' distinct from Schellekers') study is somewhat different. We are merely supplying material for comparative studies in a laboratory with the greatest experience of human SEs in the world and it has been sanctioned by USDA (though we do not know for certain yet if chimpanzees specifically will be used). This would keep it at a lower profile than if we conducted such an experiment in the UK or Europe.</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">I consider we must have very powerful and defendable objectives to go beyond Gibbs' proposed experiments and should not initiate others just because an offer has been made.</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Scientists have a responsibility to seek other methods of investigative research other than animal experimentation. At present no objective has convinced me we need to do research using Chimpanzees - a species in need of protection. Resisting such proposals would enable us to communicate that information to the scientist and the public should the need arise. A line would have been drawn.</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CVO cc Dr T Dr B W A Little Dr B J Shreeve</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">R Bradley</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">26 September 1990</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">90/9.26/3.2</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041605/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041605/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">this is tse prion political theater here, i.e. what i call TSE PRION POKER...tss</span><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031028205208/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/28002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031028205208/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/28002001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822170317/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/11/01005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822170317/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/11/01005001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs.</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">snip...</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">PAGE 26</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Transmission Studies</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the respective wildlife research programmes. Despite its subsequent recognition as a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific research funding was forthcoming. The USDA viewed it as a wildlife problem and consequently not their province! ...page 26. </span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">snip...see;</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">PERCEPTIONS OF UNCONVENTIONAL SLOW VIRUS DISEASE OF ANIMALS IN THE USA</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">GAH WELLS</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">REPORT OF A VISIT TO THE USA</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">APRIL-MAY 1989</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $</div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. </div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">***> I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. </div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">***> Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">snip...</div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</span><br clear="none" /></div></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></span></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv8226416783aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">PLOS ONE Journal </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><div>MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ... </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: arial;"><div>Sunday, February 14, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>[Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)</div><div><br /></div><div> <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">snip...SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><span style="background-color: #fff3db; font-size: 13px;">BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</span><br /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div class="yiv8226416783cxmmr5t8 yiv8226416783oygrvhab yiv8226416783hcukyx3x yiv8226416783c1et5uql yiv8226416783o9v6fnle" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;"><div style="font-family: inherit;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="color: #050505; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA?</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</span><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div class="yiv8226416783eletters-comment__description yiv8226416783serif yiv8226416783text-ellipses yiv8226416783truncated yiv8226416783collapse yiv8226416783show" id="yiv8226416783x697946"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–2009–0095] RIN 0579–AD10 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SUNDAY, MARCH 21, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Investigation Results of Texas Cow That Tested Positive for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Aug. 30, 2005 Singeltary's Regiew 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>***> The U.S. cases were animals born and raised in the U.S. (Texas, Alabama).<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SEE HISTORY AT THE BOTTOM...TSS</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 14, 2010 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">(see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS) </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">FRIDAY, APRIL 1, 2022 </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">USDA TAKES THE C OUT OF COOL, what's up with that?</span><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><div class="yiv8226416783SubmissionTitle" id="yiv8226416783ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">MONDAY, JUNE 6, 2022 </div><div class="yiv8226416783SubmissionTitle" id="yiv8226416783ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">APHIS USDA History Highlight: APHIS Combats Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Published Jun 1, 2022<br /></div><div class="yiv8226416783SubmissionTitle" id="yiv8226416783ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html</a></div><div class="yiv8226416783SubmissionTitle" id="yiv8226416783ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div class="yiv8226416783SubmissionTitle" id="yiv8226416783ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Roboto Condensed", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.8125rem; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.25; margin: 20px auto 1rem; max-width: 45rem;">Guidance Documents</h2><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Times; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px auto 1rem; max-width: 45rem;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8e558669-7fef-4a97-b0dd-f61c929442ef" fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/cvm-gfi-67-small-entities-compliance-guide-renderers" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007cba; cursor: pointer;" title="CVM GFI #67 Small Entities Compliance Guide for Renderers">CVM GFI #67 Small Entities Compliance Guide for Renderers</a></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0.5rem;"><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="90a87be9-30f2-4e83-ae49-939c34d857fa" fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/cvm-gfi-68-small-entities-compliance-guide-protein-blenders-feed-manufacturers-and-distributors" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007cba; cursor: pointer;" title="CVM GFI #68 Small Entities Compliance Guide for Protein Blenders, Feed Manufacturers, and Distributors">CVM GFI #68 Small Entities Compliance Guide for Protein Blenders, Feed Manufacturers, and Distributors</a></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0.5rem;"><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="794387b9-fe82-4f70-a0c1-0a6bede9a837" fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/cvm-gfi-69-small-entities-compliance-guide-feeders-ruminant-animals-farm-feed-mixing-operations" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007cba; cursor: pointer;" title="CVM GFI #69 Small Entities Compliance Guide for Feeders of Ruminant Animals with On-Farm Feed Mixing Operations">CVM GFI #69 Small Entities Compliance Guide for Feeders of Ruminant Animals with On-Farm Feed Mixing Operations</a></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0.5rem;"><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="b9b7f341-5b01-45f2-b7c9-a04e56bf94ed" fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/cvm-gfi-70-small-entities-compliance-guide-feeders-ruminant-animals-without-farm-feed-mixing" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007cba; cursor: pointer;" title="CVM GFI #70 Small Entities Compliance Guide for Feeders of Ruminant Animals Without On-Farm Feed Mixing Operations">CVM GFI #70 Small Entities Compliance Guide for Feeders of Ruminant Animals Without On-Farm Feed Mixing Operations</a></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0.5rem;"><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8b417e90-02e0-4e28-b498-57aa3783e145" fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/cvm-gfi-76-questions-and-answers-bse-feed-regulations" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007cba; cursor: pointer;" title="CVM GFI #76 Questions and Answers BSE Feed Regulations">CVM GFI #76 Questions and Answers BSE Feed Regulations</a></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0.5rem;"><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="0737c154-fac9-4731-8457-5269202fb1c4" fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/cvm-gfi-158-use-material-deer-and-elk-animal-feed" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007cba; cursor: pointer;" title="CVM GFI #158 Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed">CVM GFI #158 Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed</a></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0.5rem;"><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="d14047a2-02c2-45c4-bf10-f4927cd5735e" fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/cvm-gfi-195-small-entities-compliance-guide-renderers-substances-prohibited-use-animal-food-or-feed" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007cba; cursor: pointer;" title="CVM GFI #195 Small Entities Compliance Guide For Renderers—Substances Prohibited From Use In Animal Food Or Feed">CVM GFI #195 Small Entities Compliance Guide For Renderers—Substances Prohibited From Use In Animal Food Or Feed</a></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0.5rem;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy/feed-ban-enhancement-implementation-questions-and-answers" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007cba; cursor: pointer;" target="">Feed Ban Enhancement: Implementation Questions and Answers</a></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0.5rem;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://archive.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/web/html/cattle.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #007cba; cursor: pointer; outline-offset: -2px; outline: -webkit-focus-ring-color auto 5px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Management of Certain Cattle Origin Material Pursuant to the Substances Prohibited from Use in Animal Food and Feed Final Rule (EPA)</a></li></ul><div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Times;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/compliance-enforcement/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/compliance-enforcement/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy</a><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Times;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Inspection conclusions are reported as Official Action Indicated (OAI), Voluntary Action Indicated (VAI), or No Action Indicated (NAI).</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">An OAI inspection classification occurs when significant objectionable conditions or practices were found and regulatory sanctions are warranted in order to address the establishment's lack of compliance with the regulation. An example of an OAI inspection classification would be findings of manufacturing procedures insufficient to ensure that ruminant feed is not contaminated with prohibited material. Inspections classified as OAI will be promptly re‐ inspected following the regulatory sanctions, in order to determine whether adequate corrective actions have been implemented.</div></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">A VAI inspection classification occurs when objectionable conditions or practices were found that do not meet the threshold of regulatory significance, but do warrant advisory actions to inform the establishment of findings that should be voluntarily corrected. Inspections classified as VAI usually occur as a result of more technical violations of the Ruminant Feed Ban. Examples could include things such as minor recordkeeping lapses and conditions involving non‐ruminant feeds.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report Official Action Indicated OAI</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Data reported as of: 10/30/2021 Search by: Firm Type = AF; Decision = OAI; Sort by: HOME_DISTRICT, STATE, NAME Perform new search</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Displaying records 1 to 1 of 1 records</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FDA District Firm Id (FEI) Firm Name Street Address City State Zip Code Opr. Status Firm Type(s) Prgm Risk Last BSE Insp Date Last BSE Dist. Dcsn** Handles Feed for Rum. Animals?</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">CIN-DO 3010039727 Magnus International Group 679 Hardy Rd Painesville OH 44077-4574 OPR AF, DR, OT, RE HP 04/23/2018 OAI Y</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/view/bse_results.cfm</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">=====</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Data reported as of: 10/30/2021 Search by: Firm Type = DR; Decision = OAI; Sort by: HOME_DISTRICT, STATE, NAME Perform new search</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Displaying records 1 to 3 of 3 records</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FDA District Firm Id (FEI) Firm Name Street Address City State Zip Code Opr. Status Firm Type(s) Prgm Risk Last BSE Insp Date Last BSE Dist. Dcsn** Handles Feed for Rum. Animals?</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">CIN-DO 3010039727 Magnus International Group 679 Hardy Rd Painesville OH 44077-4574 OPR AF, DR, OT, RE HP 04/23/2018 OAI Y</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PHI-DO 2516585 Erie Crawford Coop Assn 515 Erie Street Saegertown PA 16433 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 11/08/2018 OAI Y</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PHI-DO 2520300 Musguire Milling & Feed Company 101 Colfax Street Enon Valley PA 16120 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 08/19/2016 OAI Y</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/view/bse_results.cfm</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">=====</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Data reported as of: 10/30/2021 Search by: Firm Type = NL; Decision = OAI; Sort by: HOME_DISTRICT, STATE, NAME Perform new search</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Displaying records 1 to 2 of 2 records</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FDA District Firm Id (FEI) Firm Name Street Address City State Zip Code Opr. Status Firm Type(s) Prgm Risk Last BSE Insp Date Last BSE Dist. Dcsn** Handles Feed for Rum. Animals?</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PHI-DO 2516585 Erie Crawford Coop Assn 515 Erie Street Saegertown PA 16433 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 11/08/2018 OAI Y</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PHI-DO 2520300 Musguire Milling & Feed Company 101 Colfax Street Enon Valley PA 16120 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 08/19/2016 OAI Y</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/view/bse_results.cfm</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">=====</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Data reported as of: 10/30/2021 Search by: Firm Type = OT; Decision = OAI; Sort by: HOME_DISTRICT, STATE, NAME Perform new search</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Displaying records 1 to 1 of 1 records</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FDA District Firm Id (FEI) Firm Name Street Address City State Zip Code Opr. Status Firm Type(s) Prgm Risk Last BSE Insp Date Last BSE Dist. Dcsn** Handles Feed for Rum. Animals?</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">CIN-DO 3010039727 Magnus International Group 679 Hardy Rd Painesville OH 44077-4574 OPR AF, DR, OT, RE HP 04/23/2018 OAI Y</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/view/bse_results.cfm</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">=====</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Data reported as of: 10/30/2021 Search by: Firm Type = RE; Decision = OAI; Sort by: HOME_DISTRICT, STATE, NAME Perform new search</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Displaying records 1 to 1 of 1 records</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FDA District Firm Id (FEI) Firm Name Street Address City State Zip Code Opr. Status Firm Type(s) Prgm Risk Last BSE Insp Date Last BSE Dist. Dcsn** Handles Feed for Rum. Animals?</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">CIN-DO 3010039727 Magnus International Group 679 Hardy Rd Painesville OH 44077-4574 OPR AF, DR, OT, RE HP 04/23/2018 OAI Y</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/view/bse_results.cfm</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">===== </div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Data reported as of: 10/30/2021 Search by: Firm Type = TH; Decision = OAI; Sort by: HOME_DISTRICT, STATE, NAME Perform new search</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Displaying records 1 to 2 of 2 records</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FDA District Firm Id (FEI) Firm Name Street Address City State Zip Code Opr. Status Firm Type(s) Prgm Risk Last BSE Insp Date Last BSE Dist. Dcsn** Handles Feed for Rum. Animals?</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PHI-DO 2516585 Erie Crawford Coop Assn 515 Erie Street Saegertown PA 16433 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 11/08/2018 OAI Y</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PHI-DO 2520300 Musguire Milling & Feed Company 101 Colfax Street Enon Valley PA 16120 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 08/19/2016 OAI Y</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/view/bse_results.cfm" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/view/bse_results.cfm</a><br /></span></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">===== </span><br /></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/view/bse_results.cfm" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/view/bse_results.cfm</a></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">VOLUNTARY ACTION INDICATED VAI</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">there are to many BSE VAI to list, from my count, there were 359 VAI, so for anyone interested, go to excel;</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/bseinspections.csv" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/bseinspections.csv</a></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">ONE DECADE POST MAD COW FEED BAN OF AUGUST 1997...2007</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PLEASE SEE THE ARCHIVED URL LINKS I PUT UP TO THE OLD LINKS, WILL WORK FOR A WHILE, SO DOWNLOAD FOR ANYONE SAVING THE TONNAGE OF BANNED SUSPECT MAD COW PROTEIN IN COMMERCE SINCE THE FAMOUS VOLUNTARY CALL IN 1997, BECAUSE APPARENTLY, SOMEONE DID NOT GET THE MESSAGE...terry</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">2007</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">10,000,000 POUNDS REASON Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">2007</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II PRODUCT</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007 CODE Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush,</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">REASON Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 42,090 lbs. DISTRIBUTION WI</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">___________________________________</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">PRODUCT Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">CODE The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Firm initiated recall is complete.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">REASON Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 9,997,976 lbs. DISTRIBUTION ID and NV</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">PAGE NOT FOUND</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a></div></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">see archived page url link;</span></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090809164654/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090809164654/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">ALABAMA MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE 2006</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">______________________________ </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PRODUCT</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">e) "Big Jim’s" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">CODE</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">REASON</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">125 tons</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">AL and FL </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">______________________________</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PRODUCT</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Bulk custom dairy feds manufactured from concentrates, Recall # V-113-6</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">CODE</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">All dairy feeds produced between 2/1/05 and 6/16/06 and containing H. J. Baker recalled feed products.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Vita Plus Corp., Gagetown, MI, by visit beginning on June 21, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">REASON</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">The feed was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">27,694,240 lbs</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">MI </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">______________________________</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PRODUCT</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-114-6</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">CODE</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">None</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Burkmann Feeds LLC, Glasgow, KY, by letter on July 14, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">REASON</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak, which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">?????</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">KY</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">###</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://data.nber.org/fda/enforcement-report/2006/ucm120413.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://data.nber.org/fda/enforcement-report/2006/ucm120413.htm</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">see archived url link here;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20220309072330/http://data.nber.org/fda/enforcement-report/2006/ucm120413.htm" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20220309072330/http://data.nber.org/fda/enforcement-report/2006/ucm120413.htm</a><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">=====</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PRODUCT </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">CODE</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">No code or lot number.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Mars Petcare US, Clinton, OK, by telephone on May 21, 2009. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">REASON</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Product may have contained prohibited materials without cautionary statement on the label.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">208,820 pounds</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">TX</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 26, 2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">###</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm180348.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm180348.htm</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">see archived url link;</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090826222241/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm180348.htm" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090826222241/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm180348.htm</a><br /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL KY VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE ????? </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:19 pm PST </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PRODUCT Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-114-6 </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">CODE None </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Burkmann Feeds LLC, Glasgow, KY, by letter on July 14, 2006. </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing. REASON Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak, which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal. </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE ????? </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">DISTRIBUTION KY </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">### </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">archived url link here;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/https://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/https://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67 </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________ </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PRODUCT a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">CODE a) Bulk b) None c) Bulk d) Bulk </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"> REASON Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.. </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">###</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">archived url link here;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060810102943/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20060810102943/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Subject: MAD COW FEED BAN WARNING LETTER ISSUED MAY 17, 2006 </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Date: June 27, 2006 at 7:42 am PST Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">New Orleans District 297 Plus Park Blvd. Nashville, TN 37217</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Telephone: 615-781-5380 Fax: 615-781-5391</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">May 17, 2006</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">WARNING LETTER NO.. 2006-NOL-06</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FEDERAL EXPRESS OVERNIGHT DELIVERY</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Mr. William Shirley, Jr., Owner Louisiana.DBA Riegel By-Products 2621 State Street Dallas, Texas 75204</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Dear Mr. Shirley:</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">On February 12, 17, 21, and 22, 2006, a U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) investigator inspected your rendering plant, located at 509 Fortson Street, Shreveport, Louisiana. The inspection revealed significant deviations from the requirements set forth in Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 589.2000 [21 CFR 589.2000], Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed. This regulation is intended to prevent the establishment and amplification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). You failed to follow the requirements of this regulation; products being manufactured and distributed by your facility are misbranded within the meaning of Section 403(a)(1) [21 USC 343(a)(1)] of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act).</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Our investigation found you failed to provide measures, including sufficient written procedures, to prevent commingling or cross-contamination and to maintain sufficient written procedures [21 CFR 589.2000(e)] because:</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">You failed to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues into animal protein or feeds which may be used for ruminants. For example, your facility uses the same equipment to process mammalian and poultry tissues. However, you use only hot water to clean the cookers between processing tissues from each species. You do not clean the auger, hammer mill, grinder, and spouts after processing mammalian tissues.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">You failed to maintain written procedures specifying the clean-out procedures or other means to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues into feeds which may be used for ruminants.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">As a result . the poultry meal you manufacture may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues prohibited in ruminant feed. Pursuant to 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1)(i), any products containing or may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues must be labeled, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Since you failed to label a product which may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues with the required cautionary statement. the poultry meal is misbranded under Section 403(a)(1) [21 USC 343(a)(1)] of the Act.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">This letter is not intended as an all-inclusive list of violations at your facility. As a manufacturer of materials intended for animal feed use, you are responsible for ensuring your overall operation and the products you manufacture and distribute are in compliance with the law. You should take prompt action to correct these violations, and you should establish a system whereby violations do not recur. Failure to promptly correct these violations may result in regulatory action, such as seizure and/or injunction, without further notice.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">You should notify this office in writing within 15 working days of receiving this letter, outlining the specific steps you have taken to bring your firm into compliance with the law. Your response should include an explanation of each step taken to correct the violations and prevent their recurrence. If corrective action cannot be completed within 15 working days, state the reason for the delay and the date by which the corrections will be completed. Include copies of any available documentation demonstrating corrections have been made.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Your reply should be directed to Mark W. Rivero, Compliance Officer, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2424 Edenborn Avenue, Suite 410, Metairie, Louisiana 70001. If you have questions regarding any issue in this letter, please contact Mr. Rivero at (504) 219-8818, extension 103.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Sincerely,</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">/S</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Carol S. Sanchez Acting District Director New Orleans District </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g5883d.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g5883d.htm</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">archived url link here;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061002100951/http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g5883d.htm" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20061002100951/http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g5883d.htm</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PLEASE NOTE, THE FDA URLS FOR OLD WARNING LETTERS ARE OBSOLETE AND DO NOT WORK IN MOST CASES.. I LOOKED UP THE OLD ONE ABOVE AND FOUND IT, BUT HAVE NOT DONE THAT FOR THE OTHERS TO FOLLOW. THE DATA IS VALID THOUGH! </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Subject: MAD COW PROTEIN IN COMMERCE USA 2006 RECALL UPDATE </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <[log in to unmask]> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Reply-To: SAFETY <[log in to unmask]> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Date: Mon, 9 Oct 2006 14:10:37 -0500 </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL USA SEPT 6, 2006 1961.72 TONS </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">IN COMMERCE AL, TN, AND WV </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PRODUCT a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6; b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6; c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6; d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6. CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">REASON Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">DISTRIBUTION AL</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">______________________________</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">snip...</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">archived url link here;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061008072115/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20061008072115/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"> Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALLS ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006 KY, LA, MS, AL, GA, AND TN 11,000+ TONS </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Date: August 16, 2006 at 9:19 am PST RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE - CLASS II</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">______________________________</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">snip...</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">______________________________</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes, Recall # V-120-6 </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">CODE None </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal..</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons DISTRIBUTION AL and MS</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">______________________________</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PRODUCT </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6 </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">###</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">see archived url link here;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070116231939/https://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20070116231939/https://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"> Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PRODUCT </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6; d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">CODE </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">###</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">see archived url link here;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/https://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/https://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"> MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248..128.67</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">______________________________</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PRODUCT </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">CODE a) Bulk b) None c) Bulk d) Bulk </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">REASON Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">###</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">see archived url link here;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195901/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195901/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Details</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Description:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">CalDensity Black Label, CalDensity White Label with HA, packaged in white plastic 5, 15, 25, 40, 60 lb pails with plastic liner and white plastic lid. Reason for Recall:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">During an FDA inspection it was found that the CalDensity Black label and CalDensity White Label with HA product containers did not include the precautionary statement DO NOT FEED TO CATTLE OR OTHER RUMINANTS</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Quantity: 50,935 lbs</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Recall Number: V-209-2012</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Code Information: 042009, 051009, 061209, 071509, 091009, 011510, 030310, 031610, 052610, 092410, 120110, 011211, 020111, 030911, 050111, 071111 & 090111. Classification: Class II Event Details</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Event ID: 61880</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Voluntary / Mandated:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Voluntary: Firm Initiated</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Type:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Veterinary</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Initial Firm Notification of Consignee or Public:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">E-Mail</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Status:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Terminated</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Distribution Pattern:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Nationwide distribution: AL, AR, AZ, CA, CO, FL, GA, IA, ID, IL, KY, LA, MD, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, NE, NJ, NM, NY, OH, OK, PA, SC, TX, UT, VA, WA & WV. No shipments were made to foreign countries including Canada.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Recalling Firm:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Process Managers LLC</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">485 Gawthrope Dr </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Winchester, KY 40391-8910</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">United States</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Recall Initiation Date:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">1/6/2012</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Center Classification Date:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">9/7/2012</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Date Terminated:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">1/24/2014</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ires/index.cfm#tabNav_advancedSearch" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ires/index.cfm#tabNav_advancedSearch </a></div></div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Details</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Description:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Regular Chicken 50# Ingredients: Corn, Wheat, Oats, Oyster shells, Medium Grit, CCC, ADS, Plant Protein Products, Animal Protein Products, Processed Grain By-Products, Roughage Products, Animal Fat procession with DHA, etc</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Reason for Recall:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">During an FDA sample collection, the firms 50# Regular Chicken Feed was found to contain mammalian protein. The label does not contain the warning statement.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Quantity:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">5400lbs (50lb bags)</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Recall Number:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">V-137-2013</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Code Information:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">8/6/2012</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Classification:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Class III</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Event Details</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Event ID:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">63743</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Voluntary / Mandated:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Voluntary: Firm Initiated</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Type:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Veterinary</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Initial Firm Notification of Consignee or Public:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Other</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Status:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Terminated</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Distribution Pattern:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Midland MI area only.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Recalling Firm:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Cohoons Elevator Inc.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">802 Townsend St </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Midland, MI 48640-5362</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">United States</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Recall Initiation Date:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">11/21/2012</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Center Classification Date:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">2/8/2013</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Date Terminated:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">2/12/2013</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ires/index.cfm#tabNav_advancedSearch" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ires/index.cfm#tabNav_advancedSearch</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">V. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD </div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FDA continues to consider materials from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD to be acceptable for use in NON-RUMINANT animal feeds in accordance with current agency regulations, 21 CFR 589.2000. </div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Deer and elk not considered at high risk include: </div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">(1) deer and elk from areas not declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and </div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">(2) deer and elk that were not at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://www.fda.gov/downloads/animalveterinary/guidancecomplianceenforcement/guidanceforindustry/ucm052506.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/downloads/animalveterinary/guidancecomplianceenforcement/guidanceforindustry/ucm052506.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div><span style="color: #484138;"><br /></span></div><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">NAI = NO ACTION INDICATED</span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">OAI = OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED</span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">VAI = VOLUNTARY ACTION INDICATED</span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">RTS = REFERRED TO STATE</span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">OAI (Official Action Indicated) when inspectors find significant objectionable conditions or practices and believe that regulatory sanctions are warranted to address the establishment’s lack of compliance with the regulation. An example of an OAI classification would be findings of manufacturing procedures insufficient to ensure that ruminant feed is not contaminated with prohibited material. Inspectors will promptly re-inspect facilities classified OAI after regulatory sanctions have been applied to determine whether the corrective actions are adequate to address the objectionable conditions...end...TSS</span></span></h1></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP ***</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 17, 2017 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE 2016 to 2017 BSE TSE PRION</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/01/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/01/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FY 2016 Inspectional Observation Summaries</div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 2</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 1</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/ucm531890.htm#Veterinary%20Medicine" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/ucm531890.htm#Veterinary Medicine</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2015 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 2</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm481432.htm#Veterinary%20Medicine" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm481432.htm#Veterinary Medicine</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2014 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, *** 2</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 1</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 1</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, *** 1</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/iceci/inspections/ucm424098.htm#Veterinary%20Medicine" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/iceci/inspections/ucm424098.htm#Veterinary Medicine</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2013 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 5 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 5 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2012 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 5 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 4 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm326984.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm326984.htm</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2011 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 5 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants."Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 4 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants."Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm327135.htm#vet" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm327135.htm#vet</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2010 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 3 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 3 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255532.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255532.htm</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2009 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 10 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 4 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 3 Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255534.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255534.htm</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2008 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 7 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, *** 4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255535.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255535.htm</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2007 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 3 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 3 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 2 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255536.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255536.htm</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2006 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 6 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants."Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 5 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 4 Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 2 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255537.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255537.htm </a></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Saturday, July 23, 2016</span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Monday, June 20, 2016</span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Tuesday, April 19, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">17 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Monday, October 26, 2015 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE October 2015 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Tuesday, December 23, 2014 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">16 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Saturday, August 29, 2009</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"> Friday, September 4, 2009</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Thursday, March 19, 2009</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF POUNDS OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA WITH ONGOING 12 YEARS OF DENIAL NOW, WHY IN THE WORLD DO WE TO TALK ABOUT THIS ANYMORE $$$</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">MONDAY, OCTOBER 25, 2021 </div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Prion Infectivity and PrPBSE in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System of Cattle 8 Months Post Oral BSE Challenge<br /></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/prion-infectivity-and-prpbse-in.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/prion-infectivity-and-prpbse-in.html</a></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Working Document on Camel Prion Disease (CPrD) 14/09/2020</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Content: I. Introduction II. Camel prion disease III. Case definition IV. Epidemiological surveillance V. Biosafety VI. Capacity building VII. Early warning and response VIII. Risk factors IX. Knowledge Gaps X. References</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">I. Introduction</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Camel prion disease (CPrD) is the last disease described in the family of prion diseases [1]. To date, it has been recognized only in Middle East of Algeria and in the neighboring region of Tunisia [2]. However, there are no known other initiatives of prion diseases surveillance in camels worldwide. CPrD might actually be limited to the already known geographic area in North Africa or spread undetected in other Countries, as a consequence of the movements of dromedaries along trans-Saharan commercial routes, the import/export trade flows of living animals and the traditional extensive and nomadic rearing systems.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">According to the discussions in recent meetings of REMESA and OIE which indicated the need to extend the knowledge on CPrD spread in Countries where camels are extensively reared and considered as a part of the domestic livestock [3], and according to the initiative from CAMENET member countries to assess the risk in the CAMENET region, this working document aims to provide countries with the main technical and scientific knowledge necessary to implement surveillance programs on camel prion disease in its own territory. Basic information contained in this document may also be helpful for the possible design of contingency plans.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">The present working document is an 'alive' document. It should be regularly reviewed and updated as further information becomes available.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">II. Camel prion disease1</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Camel prion disease (CPrD) was diagnosed in 2018 in three adult camels showing clinical signs at the ante-mortem inspection at an abattoir in the region of Ouargla (Algeria) [1]. According to the published report symptoms suggesting prion disease occurred in 3.1% of dromedaries brought for slaughter to the Ouargla abattoir in 2015–2016. More recently, in 2019, the same disease was reported in the region of Tataouine (Tunisia) [2]. CPrD adds to the group of animal prion diseases, </div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">1 Modified from the OIE Bulletin: <a href="https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-NewsDecember-2019-Camel-priondisease.pdf?utm_source=World+Organisation+for+Animal+Health+%E2%80%93+OIE+Bulletin&utm_c%20ampaign=388d499799-%20EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_12_05_09_06&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_7694a173d1-%20388d499799-54758659" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-NewsDecember-2019-Camel-priondisease.pdf?utm_source=World+Organisation+for+Animal+Health+%E2%80%93+OIE+Bulletin&utm_c ampaign=388d499799- EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_12_05_09_06&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_7694a173d1- 388d499799-54758659</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">including scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids and Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle. As of today, very limited epidemiological information is available about the prevalence, geographical distribution and mode of transmission of the disease.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">The involvement of lymphoid tissue in prion replication, observed both in the Algerian and Tunisian cases [1,2], is suggestive of a peripheral pathogenesis, which is thought to be a prerequisite for prion shedding into the environment. As with other animal prion diseases, such as scrapie and CWD, in which lymphoid tissues are extensively involved and horizontal transmission occurs efficiently under natural conditions, the detection of prion proteins in lymph nodes is suggestive of the infectious nature of CPrD and concurs to hypothesize the potential impact of CPrD on animal health. No evidence is currently available with which to argue for the relevance of CPrD for human health. However, no absolute species barrier exists in prion diseases and minimizing the exposure of humans to prion-infected animal products is an essential aspect of public health protection.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">The worldwide camel population is ~35 million head, 88% of which is found in Africa [4]. The camel farming system is evolving rapidly, and these animals represent vital sources of meat, milk and transportation for millions of people living in the most arid regions of the world. This makes it necessary to assess the risk for animal and human health and to develop evidence-based policies to control and limit the spread of the disease in animals, and to minimize human exposure. As a first step, the awareness of Veterinary Services about CPrD and its diagnostic capacity needs to be improved in all countries where dromedaries are part of the domestic livestock.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Since the first description of CPrD, the OIE promoted discussions on the impact of this new disease through the OIE Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases (Scientific Commission). It evaluated if CPrD should be considered an ‘emerging disease’ based on the criteria listed in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code. The OIE Scientific Commission noted that limited surveillance data were available on the prevalence of CPrD and that the evidence was not enough to measure, at that time, the impact of the disease on animal or public health. Therefore, it was concluded that, with the current knowledge, CPrD did not currently meet the criteria to be considered an emerging disease.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Nonetheless, it was emphasized that CPrD should be considered as a new disease not to be overlooked and called for the collection of further scientific evidence through research and surveillance in the affected countries and in countries with dromedary camel populations to measure the impact of the disease. As new scientific evidence becomes available, the OIE Scientific Commission will reassess whether this disease should be considered as an emerging disease. At the regional level, CPrD was first discussed in the 18th Joint Permanent Committee of the Mediterranean Animal Health Network (REMESA) held in Cairo, Egypt, in June 2019 and at the 15th Conference of the OIE Regional Commission for the Middle East in November. During this conference, the CAMENET launched a wide-ranging proposal for training, coordinated surveillance and research on CPrD. In addition, the ERFAN (Enhancing Research for Africa Network), a platform aimed at enhancing scientific cooperation between Africa and Italy, during its 2nd ERFAN meeting for North Africa, presented a project on CPrD with the objective of increasing CPrD coordinated surveillance in North Africa.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">The OIE, through its Reference Laboratories for prion diseases, and by involving the above scientific initiatives, is keeping a close watch on the evolution of the disease to gather scientific evidence and to allow a proper and more thorough assessment of the risk associated with this novel disease.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">III. Case definition</div></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">snip...see;</div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Tuesday, April 27, 2021 </div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Working Document on Camel Prion Disease (CPrD) 14/09/2020<br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/working-document-on-camel-prion-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/working-document-on-camel-prion-disease.html</a></div></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">TUESDAY, JUNE 8, 2021 </div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">***> Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on attack rate and incubation period in cattle<br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-effect.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-effect.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><br /></div></div></div></div><div class="yiv8226416783SubmissionTitle" id="yiv8226416783ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-67996584772903675142022-03-16T13:06:00.004-05:002022-03-16T13:06:49.594-05:00SHEEP BY-PRODUCTS AND WHAT ABOUT Scrapie TSE PrP and Potential Zoonosis?<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">SHEEP BY-PRODUCTS AND WHAT ABOUT Scrapie TSE PrP and Potential Zoonosis?</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">While providing a continued supply of red meat to the</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">tables of American consumers, sheep also provide significant</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">by-products used by a number of American industries. These</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">by-products are used in the manufacturing of many items which</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">are enjoyed by and contribute to the health and convenience of</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">people from all walks of life.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">5/2020</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Pelt & Wool</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Lanolin</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Clothing</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Drum heads</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Yarns</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Artists’ brushes</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Sports equipment</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Fabrics</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Pelt products</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Rouge base</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Insulation</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Rug pads</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Asphalt binder</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Textiles</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Ointment base</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Tennis balls</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Worsted fabric</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Felt, carpet</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Footwear</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Woolen goods</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Baseballs</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Upholstery</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Pelt glue</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Paint and plaster binder</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Fats & Fatty Acids</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Explosives</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Solvents</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Chewing gum</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Paints</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Makeup</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Ceramics</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Medicines</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Shoe crème</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Dish soap</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Tires</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Paraffin</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Chicken feed</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Biodegradable</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> detergents</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Rennet for cheese</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Industrial oils</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Industrial lubricants</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Stearic acid</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Cosmetics</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Antifreeze</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Crayons</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Floor wax</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Tallow for tanning</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Chemicals</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Rubber product</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Insecticides</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Candles</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Dog food</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Protein dog food</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Mink oil</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Oleo</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Margarine</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Oleo shortening</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Herbicides</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Shaving cream</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Protein hair conditioner</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Protein hair shampoo</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Creams and lotion</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Intestines</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Sausage casings • Instrument strings • Surgical sutures • Tennis racquet strings</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Manure</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Nitrogen fertilizer • Potash • Phosphorus • Minor minerals</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Bones, Horns & Hooves</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Syringes</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Gelatin desserts</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Rose food</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Piano keys</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Marshmallows</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Potted meats</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Pet food ingredients</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Bandage strips</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Bone charcoal pencils</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Gelatin capsules</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Adhesives/adhesive tape</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Phonograph records</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Combs and toothbrushes</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Buttons</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Bone jewelry</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Bone meal</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Emery boards and cloth</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Ice cream</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Laminated wood products</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Horn and bone handles</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Collagen/bone for</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> plastic surgery</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Bone china</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Wallpaper/wallpaper paste</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Dog biscuits</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Steel ball bearings</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Malts and shakes</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Bone charcoal for</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> highgrade steel</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Plywood and paneling</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Shampoo and conditioner</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Dice</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Collagen cold cream</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Crochet needles</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Cellophane wrap and tape</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Glycerin</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Photographic film</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Fertilizer</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Neatsfoot oil</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">• Abrasives</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.sheepusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Fast-Facts-2020-By-Products.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.sheepusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Fast-Facts-2020-By-Products.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv4181202902aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv4181202902aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv4181202902aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv4181202902aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv4181202902aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PMID: 6997404</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">76/10.12/4.6</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">2. Determined that pigs naturally exposed to chronic wasting disease (CWD) may act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Chronic wasting disease is a naturally occurring, fatal, neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of CWD disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation. Pigs were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: intracranially inoculated; orally inoculated; or non-inoculated. At market weight age, half of the pigs in each group were tested ('market weight' groups). The remaining pigs ('aged' groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) by multiple diagnostic methods. Brain samples from selected pigs were bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Some pigs from each inoculated group were positive by one or more tests. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed. Although only small amounts of PrPSc were detected using sensitive methods, this study demonstrates that pigs can serve as hosts for CWD. Detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Currently, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from deer or elk. In addition, feral swine could be exposed to infected carcasses in areas where CWD is present in wildlife populations. The current feed ban in the U.S. is based exclusively on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from entering animal feeds. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to CWD, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a><br /></div></div></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: small;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>LINE TO TAKE</div><div><br /></div><div>3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div><br /></div><div> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div><br /></div><div>DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">(x.) There was concern over the exemption for sausage casings/sutures;[13]</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2017/08/dfa-15-monitoring-and-enforcement-of.html</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/sep00_news.html#hhh" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/sep00_news.html#hhh</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Other US BSE risks: the imported products picture 24 Jul 00 Trade Statistics: UK to US Compiled by Terry S.Singeltary Sr of Bacliff, Texas [Opinion (webmaster): The US has focused for years on tracing, containing, and eradicating live animal imports from the UK or other countries with acknowledged BSE like Belgium, including some 499 cattle and the Vermont sheep. This strategy does not acknowledge imports of rendered bovine products from England during the BSE period nor secondary products such as surgical catgut, which is to say surgical cowgut, or dairy cattle embryos, vaccines for veterinarian and human medicines. What has become of these? Mr. Singeltary, who lost his mother to CJD of unexplained origin a few years back and went on to became a well-known TSE activist, has tracked down voluminous pertinent import data through correspondence with UK officials and searches of government web sites. Imports of such products are frequently cited by Europeans in rating BSE risks in the US and in shutting out US exports.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Many people's eyes glaze over when reviewing reams of sometimes older trade statistics. There is no proof that any of the imported products was contaminated with BSE nor if so, any evidence that any BSE product lead to infection in US livestock, surgical patients, or what not. Nonetheless, the data obtained by Mr. Singeltary establish that an appalling variety and tonnage of products that were imported by the US from the UK and othr BSE-affected countries during the peak of the BSE epidemic years.]</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">10 January 1990 COMMERCIAL IN CONFIDENCE</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">NOT FOR PUBLICATION</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">COMMITTEE ON SAFETY OF MEDICINES</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">WORKING PARTY ON BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">SURGICAL CATGUT SUTURES</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">2.1 At the first meeting of the Working Party on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy on 6 September 1989, detailed consideration was given to XXXXX Surgical Catgut. This arose from the Company's response to the Letter to Licence Holders, indicating that the bovine small intestine source material was derived from UK cattle, unlike 8 other licenced catgut sutures. In contrast XXXXX Surgical Catgut was stated to hold over 90% share of the market for catgut sutures, and to constitute approximately 83% of all sutures used in U.K.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">IMPORTS OF SUTURES FROM THE KNOWN BSE COUNTRY;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">3006.10.0000: STERILE SURGICAL CATGUT, SIMILAR STERILE SUTURE MATERIALS AND STERILETISSUE ADHESIVES FOR SURGICAL WOUND CLOSURE; AND SIMILAR STERILE MATERIAL </span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">U.S. Imports for Consumption: December 1998 and 1998 Year-to-Date</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Customs Value, in Thousands of Dollars) (Units of Quantity: Kilograms) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...see;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/jul00_dont_eat_sheep.html#hhh" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/jul00_dont_eat_sheep.html#hhh</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>see original bse inquiry link;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/01/10008001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/01/10008001.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>suture concerns;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2017/08/bse-inquiry-dfa-17-medicines-and.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2017/08/bse-inquiry-dfa-17-medicines-and.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>CATTLE BY-PRODUCTS AND BSE</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102185236mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/07/03004001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102185236mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/07/03004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Small Intestines - Sutures (I thought the source was ovine, but you are checking on this)</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102185236mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/07/03004001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102185236mp_/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1989/07/03004001.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b;">TUESDAY, AUGUST 1, 2017</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b;">BSE INQUIRY DFA 17 Medicines and medical devices</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2017/08/bse-inquiry-dfa-17-medicines-and.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2017/08/bse-inquiry-dfa-17-medicines-and.html</a></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b;">Sunday, May 18, 2008<br /><br />MAD COW DISEASE BSE CJD CHILDREN VACCINES</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2008/05/mad-cow-disease-bse-cjd-children.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2008/05/mad-cow-disease-bse-cjd-children.html</a></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2018/06/vaccines-tse-prion-risk-factors.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2018/06/vaccines-tse-prion-risk-factors.html</a></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b;">MONDAY, MAY 19, 2008</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b;">SPORADIC CJD IN FARMERS, FARMERS WIVES, FROM FARMS WITH BSE HERD AND ABATTOIRS</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2008/05/sporadic-cjd-in-farmers-farmers-wives.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2008/05/sporadic-cjd-in-farmers-farmers-wives.html</a></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b;"><a href="http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021 </div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: transparent; color: #105289; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #141414; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>THURSDAY, JULY 8, 2021</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>EFSA Scientific report on the analysis of the 2‐year compulsory intensified monitoring of atypical scrapie</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">MONDAY, JUNE 28, 2021 </span><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>BSE can propagate in sheep co‑infected or pre‑infected with scrapie<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bse-can-propagate-in-sheep-coinfected.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bse-can-propagate-in-sheep-coinfected.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>FRIDAY, DECEMBER 10, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>USDA APHIS National Scrapie Eradication Program October 2021 Monthly Report Fiscal Year 2022<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/usda-aphis-national-scrapie-eradication.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/usda-aphis-national-scrapie-eradication.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–2009–0095] RIN 0579–AD10</div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 31, 2020 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Autoclave treatment of the classical scrapie agent US No. 13-7 and experimental inoculation to susceptible VRQ/ARQ sheep via the oral route results in decreased transmission efficiency<br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2020/12/autoclave-treatment-of-classical.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2020/12/autoclave-treatment-of-classical.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, MAY 29, 2019 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Incomplete inactivation of atypical scrapie following recommended autoclave decontamination procedures </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA HERE'S YOUR SIGN!</span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2019/05/incomplete-inactivation-of-atypical.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2019/05/incomplete-inactivation-of-atypical.html</a> </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 10, 2021 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA APHIS National Scrapie Eradication Program October 2021 Monthly Report Fiscal Year 2022<br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/usda-aphis-national-scrapie-eradication.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/usda-aphis-national-scrapie-eradication.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>223. Scrapie in white-tailed deer: a strain of the CWD agent that efficiently transmits to sheep?</div><div><br /></div><div>Justin J. Greenleea, Robyn D. Kokemullera, S. Jo Moorea and Heather West Greenleeb</div><div><br /></div><div>aVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA; bDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA</div><div><br /></div><div>CONTACT Justin J. Greenlee <a href="mailto:Justin.Greenlee@ars.usda.gov" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:Justin.Greenlee@ars.usda.gov">Justin.Greenlee@ars.usda.gov</a></div><div><br /></div><div>ABSTRACT</div><div><br /></div><div>Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of sheep and goats that is associated with widespread accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) in the central nervous and lymphoid tissues. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the natural prion disease of cervid species, and the tissue distribution of PrPSc in affected cervids is similar to scrapie in sheep. There are several lines of evidence that suggest that multiple strains of CWD exist, which may affect the agent’s potential to transmit to hosts of the same or different species. We inoculated white-tailed deer with the scrapie agent from ARQ/ARQ sheep, which resulted in 100% attack rates by either the intracranial or oronasal route of inoculation. When examining tissues from the brainstems or lymphoid tissues by traditional diagnostic methods such as immunohistochemistry or western blots, it is difficult to differentiate tissues from deer infected with scrapie from those infected with CWD. However, there are several important differences between tissues from scrapie-infected white-tailed deer (WTD scrapie) and those infected with CWD (WTD CWD). First, there are different patterns of PrPSc deposition in the brains of infected deer: brain tissues from deer with WTD scrapie had predominantly particulate and stellate immunoreactivity whereas those from deer with WTD-CWD had large aggregates and plaque-like deposits. Secondly, the incubation periods of WTD scrapie isolates are longer than CWD isolates in mice expressing cervid prion protein. Most notably, the transmission potential of these two isolates back to sheep is distinctly different. Attempts to transmit various CWD isolates to sheep by the oral or oronasal routes have been unsuccessful despite observation periods of up to 7 years. However, WTD scrapie efficiently transmitted back to sheep by the oronasal route. Upon transmission back to sheep, the WTD scrapie isolate exhibited different phenotypic properties when compared to the sheep receiving the original sheep scrapie inoculum including different genotype susceptibilities, distinct PrPSc deposition patterns, and much more rapid incubation periods in transgenic mice expressing the ovine prion protein. The scrapie agent readily transmits between sheep and deer after oronasal exposure. This could confound the identification of CWD strains in deer and the eradication of scrapie from sheep.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 23, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>***> BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div><br /></div><div>**> see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div>***> Several experiments have demonstrated the ability of the AS agent to transmit within the natural host after intracranial inoculation [14–16]. </div><div><br /></div><div>***> One study found that the AS agent could transmit after a high oral dose of AS brain homogenate [17]. <br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div><br /></div><div>DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div><br /></div><div>snip..... </div><div><br /></div><div>In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div><div><br /></div><div>1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </div><div><br /></div><div>2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div><br /></div><div>Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </div><div><br /></div><div>The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. </div><div><br /></div><div>It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div><div><br /></div><div>Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </div><div><br /></div><div>There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products. </div><div><br /></div><div>snip..... </div><div><br /></div><div>36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. snip..... The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div><br /></div><div>snip..... </div><div><br /></div><div>In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. snip..... In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div><br /></div><div>snip..... </div><div><br /></div><div>Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div><br /></div><div>snip..... </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>***> READ THIS VERY, VERY, CAREFULLY, AUGUST 1997 MAD COW FEED BAN WAS A SHAM, AS I HAVE STATED SINCE 1997! 3 FAILSAFES THE FDA ET AL PREACHED AS IF IT WERE THE GOSPEL, IN TERMS OF MAD COW BSE DISEASE IN USA, AND WHY IT IS/WAS/NOT A PROBLEM FOR THE USA, and those are; </div><div><br /></div><div>BSE TESTING (failed terribly and proven to be a sham) </div><div><br /></div><div>BSE SURVEILLANCE (failed terribly and proven to be a sham) </div><div><br /></div><div>BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS (another colossal failure, and proven to be a sham) </div><div><br /></div><div>these are facts folks. trump et al just admitted it with the feed ban. </div><div><br /></div><div>see; </div><div><br /></div><div>FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </div><div><br /></div><div>John Maday </div><div><br /></div><div>August 30, 2019 09:46 AM VFD-Form 007 (640x427) </div><div><br /></div><div>Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach. ( John Maday ) Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach to help feed mills, veterinarians and producers understand and comply with the requirements. Since then, FDA has gradually increased the number of VFD inspections and initiated enforcement actions when necessary. On August 29, FDA released its first report on inspection and compliance activities. The report, titled “Summary Assessment of Veterinary Feed Directive Compliance Activities Conducted in Fiscal Years 2016 – 2018,” is available online.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 2019 </div><div><br /></div><div>***> FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </div><div><br /></div><div>*** EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP *** </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html</a><br /></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div><div><br /></div><div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><em style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;">PLOS ONE Journal </em></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div id="yiv1457923300aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_231efb16-bece-4be2-9555-8828489cb794" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv1457923300aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div id="yiv1457923300aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_076c3e68-3f1c-492a-b84c-fa586eb49e44" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv1457923300aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div id="yiv1457923300aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_314a32af-6aac-473d-8dc2-78ba9131e347" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv1457923300aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div id="yiv1457923300aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_162e08c0-024f-424d-bebb-66f89d627450" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv1457923300aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div id="yiv1457923300aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_55d0d5c6-e95d-4ef2-81fc-d72be9f7a63c" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv1457923300aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div id="yiv1457923300aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_268b3d40-d03f-4bd8-817c-0b0a21454b9b" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv1457923300aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" />***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" />*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***<br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/5adef4ac-a7e4-46a4-8806-c8533d5c862c" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/5adef4ac-a7e4-46a4-8806-c8533d5c862c</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 23, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis IBNC BSE TSE Prion a Review 2020</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/12/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/12/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>***> Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle. </div><div><br /></div><div>In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) and the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>***> Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle. </div><div><br /></div><div>P-088 Transmission of experimental CH1641-like scrapie to bovine PrP overexpression mice</div><div><br /></div><div>Kohtaro Miyazawa1, Kentaro Masujin1, Hiroyuki Okada1, Yuichi Matsuura1, Takashi Yokoyama2</div><div><br /></div><div>1Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Japan; 2Department of Planning and General Administration, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO</div><div><br /></div><div>Introduction: Scrapie is a prion disease in sheep and goats. CH1641-lke scrapie is characterized by a lower molecular mass of the unglycosylated form of abnormal prion protein (PrpSc) compared to that of classical scrapie. It is worthy of attention because of the biochemical similarities of the Prpsc from CH1641-like and BSE affected sheep. We have reported that experimental CH1641-like scrapie is transmissible to bovine PrP overexpression (TgBoPrP) mice (Yokoyama et al. 2010). We report here the further details of this transmission study and compare the biological and biochemical properties to those of classical scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods: The details of sheep brain homogenates used in this study are described in our previous report (Yokoyama et al. 2010). TgBoPrP mice were intracerebrally inoculated with a 10% brain homogenate of each scrapie strain. The brains of mice were subjected to histopathological and biochemical analyses.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Prpsc banding pattern of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was similar to that of classical scrapie affected mice. Mean survival period of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was 170 days at the 3rd passage and it was significantly shorter than that of classical scrapie affected mice (439 days). Lesion profiles and Prpsc distributions in the brains also differed between CH1641-like and classical scrapie affected mice.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusion: We succeeded in stable transmission of CH1641-like scrapie to TgBoPrP mice. Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br /></div><div>In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) and the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>CH1641</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2019/11/review-update-on-classical-and-atypical.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2019/11/review-update-on-classical-and-atypical.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">WEDNESDAY, JULY 31, 2019</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The agent of transmissible mink encephalopathy passaged in sheep is similar to BSE-L</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">49. The agent of transmissible mink encephalopathy passaged in sheep is similar to BSE-L</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">E. D. Cassmanna,b, S. J. Moorea,b, R. D. Kokemullera, A. Balkema-Buschmannc, M. H. Groschupcand J. J. Greenleea</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">aVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA (EDC, SJM, RDK, JJG); bOak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). ORISE is managed by ORAU under DOE contract number DE-SC0014664. (EDC, SJM), Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA (JDS); cInstitute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald – Isle of Riems, Germany (ABB, MHG)</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">CONTACT E. D. Cassmann <a href="mailto:eric.cassmann@usda.gov" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:eric.cassmann@usda.gov">eric.cassmann@usda.gov</a></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">ABSTRACT</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Introduction: Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) is a fatal neurologic prion disease of farmed mink. Epidemiologic and experimental evidence following a Wisconsin outbreak in 1985 has linked TME to low-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE-L). Evidence suggests that farmed mink were likely exposed through feeding of BSE-L infected downer cattle. The interspecies transmission of TME to cattle has been documented. Recently, we demonstrated the susceptibility of sheep to cattle passaged TME by intracranial inoculation. The aim of the present study was to compare ovine passaged cattle TME to other prion diseases of food-producing animals. Using a bovine transgenic mouse model, we compared the disease phenotype of sheep TME to BSE-C and BSE-L.</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Materials and Methods: Separate inoculants of sheep passaged TME were derived from animals with the VRQ/VRQ (VV136) and ARQ/VRQ (AV136) prion protein genotype. Transgenic bovinized mice (TgBovXV) were intracranially inoculated with 20 µl of 1% w/v brain homogenate. The disease phenotypes were characterized by comparing the attack rates, incubation periods, and vacuolation profiles in TgBovXV mice.</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Results: The attack rate for BSE-C (13/13), BSE-L (18/18), and TMEVV (21/21) was 100%; whereas, the TMEAV group (15/19) had an incomplete attack rate. The average incubation periods were 299, 280, 310, and 541 days, respectively. The vacuolation profiles of BSE-L and TMEVV were most similar with mild differences observed in the thalamus and medulla. Vacuolation profiles from the BSE-C and TMEAV experimental groups were different than TMEVVand BSE-L.</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Conclusion: Overall the phenotype of disease in TME inoculated transgenic mice was dependent on the sheep donor genotype (VV vs AV). The results of the present study indicate that TME isolated from VRQ/VRQ sheep is similar to BSE-L with regards to incubation period, attack rate, and vacuolation profile. Our findings are in agreement with previous research that found phenotypic similarities between BSE-L and cattle passaged TME in an ovine transgenic rodent model. In this study, the similarities between ovine TME and BSE-L are maintained after multiple interspecies passages.</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Prion2019 Conference</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2007</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2876762/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2876762/</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>WEDNESDAY, JULY 31, 2019 </div><div><br /></div><div>The agent of transmissible mink encephalopathy passaged in sheep is similar to BSE-L</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-agent-of-transmissible-mink.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-agent-of-transmissible-mink.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">(b) the epidemiological and laboratory studies in the USA suggest the possibility of an occurrence of BSE infection in cattle as the origin of outbreaks of TME.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">{c) there is also evidence from two experiments conducted in the USA that cattle, though susceptible to scrapie inocula prepared from sheep, express a pathology quite different from that of BSE and not convincingly diagnostic of an SE by histopathological criteria. Furthermore, neither of these studies can be regarded as a basis for extrapolation to the situation in the UK because the inocula used were either experimentally passaged or natural scrapie originating from Suffolk sheep; a minority breed in this country.</span></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080102191344/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/09/21002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080102191344/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/09/21002001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">August 1988</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results From Feeding Infected Cattle</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME. </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">snip... </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle... </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">NOW, in 1979, it was proven that indeed U.S. scrapie strain that was transmitted to U.S. cattle, did NOT produce a Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) like the U.K. B.S.E., but a TSE unlike the U.K. B.S.E. SO what does all this tell us? it tells me that there is a possibility that a strain of mad cow disease was circulating in the U.S.A. long, long, before originally thought, only left to be ignored, while incubating and spreading. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">3.57 The experiment which might have determined whether BSE and scrapie were caused by the same agent (ie, the feeding of natural scrapie to cattle) was never undertaken in the UK. It was, however, performed in the USA in 1979, when it was shown that cattle inoculated with the scrapie agent endemic in the flock of Suffolk sheep at the United States Department of Agriculture in Mission, Texas, developed a TSE quite unlike BSE.339 The findings of the initial transmission, though not of the clinical or neurohistological examination, were communicated in October 1988 to Dr Watson, Director of the CVL, following a visit by Dr Wrathall, one of the project leaders in the Pathology Department of the CVL, to the United States Department of Agriculture.340 The results were not published at this point, since the attempted transmission to mice from the experimental cow brain had been inconclusive. The results of the clinical and histological differences between scrapie-affected sheep and cattle were published in 1995. Similar studies in which cattle were inoculated intracerebrally with scrapie inocula derived from a number of scrapie-affected sheep of different breeds and from different States, were carried out at the US National Animal Disease Centre.341 The results, published in 1994, showed that this source of scrapie agent, though pathogenic for cattle, did not produce the same clinical signs of brain lesions characteristic of BSE.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">3.58 There are several possible reasons why the experiment was not performed in the UK. It had been recommended by Sir Richard Southwood (Chairman of the Working Party on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) in his letter to the Permanent Secretary of MAFF, Mr (now Sir) Derek Andrews, on 21 June 1988,342 though it was not specifically recommended in the Working Party Report or indeed in the Tyrrell Committee Report (details of the Southwood Working Party and the Tyrell Committee can be found in vol. 4: The Southwood Working Party, 1988–89 and vol. 11: Scientists after Southwood respectively). The direct inoculation of scrapie into calves was given low priority, because of its high cost and because it was known that it had already taken place in the USA.343 It was also felt that the results of such an experiment would be hard to interpret. While a negative result would be informative, a positive result would need to demonstrate that when scrapie was transmitted to cattle, the disease which developed in cattle was the same as BSE.344 Given the large number of strains of scrapie and the possibility that BSE was one of them, it would be necessary to transmit every scrapie strain to cattle separately, to test the hypothesis properly. Such an experiment would be expensive. Secondly, as measures to control the epidemic took hold, the need for the experiment from the policy viewpoint was not considered so urgent. It was felt that the results would be mainly of academic interest.345</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">3.59 Nevertheless, from the first demonstration of transmissibility of BSE in 1988, the possibility of differences in the transmission properties of BSE and scrapie was clear. Scrapie was transmissible to hamsters, but by 1988 attempts to transmit BSE to hamsters had failed. Subsequent findings increased that possibility. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">337 Fraser, H., Bruce, M., Chree, A., McConnell, I. and Wells, G. (1992) Transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Scrapie to Mice, Journal of General Virology, 73, 1891–7; Bruce, M., Chree, A., McConnell, I., Foster, J., Pearson, G. and Fraser, H. (1994) Transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Scrapie to Mice: Strain Variation and the Species Barrier, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 343, 405–11 338 Bruce, M., Will, R., Ironside, J., McConell, I., Drummond, D., Suttie, A., McCordie, L., Chree, A., Hope, J., Birkett, C., Cousens, S., Fraser, H. and Bostock, C. (1997) Transmissions to Mice Indicate that ‘New Variant’ CJD is Caused by the BSE Agent, Nature, 389, 498–501 339 Clark, W., Hourrigan, J. and Hadlow, W. (1995) Encephalopathy in Cattle Experimentally Infected with the Scrapie Agent, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 56, 606–12 340 YB88/10.00/1.1 341 Cutlip, R., Miller, J., Race, R., Jenny, A., Katz, J., Lehmkuhl, H., Debey, B. and Robinson, M. (1994) Intracerebral Transmission of Scrapie to Cattle, Journal of Infectious Diseases, 169, 814–20 342 YB88/6.21/1.2 343 YB88/11.17/2.4</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505200149/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/pdf/volume2/Chapter3.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505200149/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/pdf/volume2/Chapter3.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/08/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-mad.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/08/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-mad.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>31</div><div><br /></div><div>Appendix I VISIT TO USA - OR A E WRATHALL — INFO ON BSE AND SCRAPIE</div><div><br /></div><div>Dr Clark lately of the scrapie Research Unit, Mission Texas has</div><div><br /></div><div>successfully transmitted ovine and caprine scrapie to cattle. The</div><div><br /></div><div>experimental results have not been published but there are plans to do</div><div><br /></div><div>this. This work was initiated in 1978. A summary of it is:-</div><div><br /></div><div>Expt A 6 Her x Jer calves born in 1978 were inoculated as follows with</div><div><br /></div><div>a 2nd Suffolk scrapie passage:-</div><div><br /></div><div>i/c 1ml; i/m, 5ml; s/c 5ml; oral 30ml.</div><div><br /></div><div>1/6 went down after 48 months with a scrapie/BSE-like disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>Expt B 6 Her or Jer or HxJ calves were inoculated with angora Goat</div><div><br /></div><div>virus 2/6 went down similarly after 36 months.</div><div><br /></div><div>Expt C Mice inoculated from brains of calves/cattle in expts A & B were resistant, only 1/20 going down with scrapie and this was the reason given for not publishing.</div><div><br /></div><div>Diagnosis in A, B, C was by histopath. No reports on SAF were given.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dr Warren Foote indicated success so far in eliminating scrapie in offspring from experimentally— (and naturally) infected sheep by ET. He had found difficulty in obtaining embryos from naturally infected sheep (cf SPA).</div><div><br /></div><div>Prof. A Robertson gave a brief accout of BSE. The us approach was to</div><div><br /></div><div>32</div><div><br /></div><div>accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr A Thiermann showed the picture in the "Independent" with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs.</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE was not reported in USA.</div><div><br /></div><div>4. Scrapie incidents (ie affected flocks) have shown a dramatic increase since 1978. In 1953 when the National Control scheme was started there were 10-14 incidents, in 1978 - 1 and in 1988 so far 60.</div><div><br /></div><div>5. Scrapie agent was reported to have been isolated from a solitary fetus.</div><div><br /></div><div>6. A western blotting diagnostic technique (? on PrP) shows some promise.</div><div><br /></div><div>7. Results of a questionnaire sent to 33 states on the subject of the national sheep scrapie programme survey indicated</div><div><br /></div><div>17/33 wished to drop it</div><div><br /></div><div>6/33 wished to develop it</div><div><br /></div><div>8/33 had few sheep and were neutral</div><div><br /></div><div>Information obtained from Dr Wrathall‘s notes of a meeting of the u.s.</div><div><br /></div><div>Animal Health Association at Little Rock, Arkansas Nov. 1988.</div><div><br /></div><div>33</div><div><br /></div><div>In Confidence - Perceptions of unconventional slow virus diseases of animals in the USA - APRIL-MAY 1989 - G A H Wells</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs. ...</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">VISIT TO USA - DR AE WRATHALL - INFO ON BSE AND SCRAPIE</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">1. Dr. Clark lately of the Scrapie Research Unit, Mission Texas has successfully transmitted ovine & caprine Scrapie to cattle. The experimental results have not been published but there are plans to do this. This work was initiated in 1978. A summary of it is;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...see handwritten notes from this here;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505234344/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505234344/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;">Perceptions of an unconventional slow virus diseases of animals in the U.S.A. G A H Wells</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;">Report of a Visit to the USA April-May 1989</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-size: small;" target="_blank">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2018/</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>Thursday, June 09, 2016 </div><div><br /></div><div>Scrapie Field Trial Experiments Mission, Texas, The Moore Air Force Base Scrapie Experiment 1964 </div><div><br /></div><div>How Did CWD Get Way Down In Medina County, Texas? </div><div><br /></div><div>Confucius ponders... </div><div><br /></div><div>Could the Scrapie experiments back around 1964 at Moore Air Force near Mission, Texas, could this area have been ground zero for CWD TSE Prion (besides the CWD cases that have waltzed across the Texas, New Mexico border near WSMR Trans Pecos region since around 2001)? </div><div><br /></div><div>Epidemiology of Scrapie in the United States 1977 </div><div><br /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br /></div><div>Scrapie Field Trial Experiments Mission, Texas A Scrapie Field Trial was developed at Mission, Texas, to provide additional information for the eradication program on the epidemiology of natural scrapie. The Mission Field Trial Station is located on 450 acres of pastureland, part of the former Moore Air Force Base, near Mission, Texas. </div><div><br /></div><div>It was designed to bring previously exposed, and later also unexposed, sheep or goats to the Station and maintain and breed them under close observation for extended periods to determine which animals would develop scrapie and define more closely the natural spread and other epidemiological aspects of the disease. </div><div><br /></div><div>The 547 previously exposed sheep brought to the Mission Station beginning in 1964 were of the Cheviot, Hampshire, Montadale, or Suffolk breeds. </div><div><br /></div><div>They were purchased as field outbreaks occurred, and represented 21 bloodlines in which scrapie had been diagnosed. </div><div><br /></div><div>Upon arrival at the Station, the sheep were maintained on pasture, with supplemental feeding as necessary. </div><div><br /></div><div>The station was divided into 2 areas: </div><div><br /></div><div>(1) a series of pastures and-pens occupied by male animals only, and </div><div><br /></div><div>(2) a series of pastures and pens occupied by females and young progeny of both sexes. </div><div><br /></div><div>... snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>see full text ; </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf</a> </div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>Thursday, June 09, 2016 </div><div><br /></div><div>Scrapie Field Trial Experiments Mission, Texas, The Moore Air Force Base Scrapie TSE Prion Experiment 1964 How Did CWD Get Way Down In Medina County, Texas? </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/06/how-did-cwd-get-way-down-in-medina.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/06/how-did-cwd-get-way-down-in-medina.html</a> </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/06/scrapie-field-trial-experiments-mission.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/06/scrapie-field-trial-experiments-mission.html</a> </div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">doi:10.1016/S0021-9975(97)80022-9 Copyright © 1997 Published by Elsevier Ltd.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Second passage of a US scrapie agent in cattle</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">R.C. Cutlip, J.M. Miller and H.D. Lehmkuhl</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Received 10 September 1996; accepted 31 July 1997. Available online 25 May 2006.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Summary</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy are similar chronic neurodegenerative diseases of sheep and cattle. An earlier study showed that, on first passage in cattle, a US scrapie agent caused an encephalopathy that was distinct from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The present report describes a second passage in cattle, carried out because diseases caused by the spongiform encephalopathy agents often change in character with additional passages in abnormal hosts. For this work, young calves were inoculated intracerebrally with a pooled suspension of brain from cattle that had died of encephalopathy after experimental inoculation with brain from scrapie-affected sheep. The second passage disease was essentially identical with the first passage disease, as judged by clinical signs, histopathological findings and distribution of "prion protein scrapie" (PrPsc). This represents additional evidence to suggest that the US sheep scrapie agent tested is incapable of causing BSE in cattle.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WHW-4K1V3NT-9&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=01b6b1aef2a83ea797b17fc4305a4752" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WHW-4K1V3NT-9&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=01b6b1aef2a83ea797b17fc4305a4752</a> </div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div dir="ltr"><div id="yiv1457923300"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div class="yiv1457923300yqt4915609498" id="yiv1457923300yqt32956"><div id="yiv1457923300"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div class="yiv1457923300aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv1457923300aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="background-color: #fefefe;"><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">SEE HADLOW AND SCRAPIE !</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2015/08/doctor-william-j-hadlow.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2015/08/doctor-william-j-hadlow.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/04/scrapie-ws-01-prion-diseases-in-animals.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/04/scrapie-ws-01-prion-diseases-in-animals.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div>P03.141 </div><div><br /></div><div> Aspects of the Cerebellar Neuropathology in Nor98 </div><div><br /></div><div> Gavier-Widén, D1; Benestad, SL2; Ottander, L1; Westergren, E1 1National Veterinary Insitute, Sweden; 2National Veterinary Institute, </div><div><br /></div><div> Norway Nor98 is a prion disease of old sheep and goats. This atypical form of scrapie was first described in Norway in 1998. Several features of Nor98 were shown to be different from classical scrapie including the distribution of disease associated prion protein (PrPd) accumulation in the brain. The cerebellum is generally the most affected brain area in Nor98. The study here presented aimed at adding information on the neuropathology in the cerebellum of Nor98 naturally affected sheep of various genotypes in Sweden and Norway. A panel of histochemical and immunohistochemical (IHC) stainings such as IHC for PrPd, synaptophysin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, amyloid, and cell markers for phagocytic cells were conducted. The type of histological lesions and tissue reactions were evaluated. The types of PrPd deposition were characterized. The cerebellar cortex was regularly affected, even though there was a variation in the severity of the lesions from case to case. Neuropil vacuolation was more marked in the molecular layer, but affected also the granular cell layer. There was a loss of granule cells. Punctate deposition of PrPd was characteristic. It was morphologically and in distribution identical with that of synaptophysin, suggesting that PrPd accumulates in the synaptic structures. PrPd was also observed in the granule cell layer and in the white matter. The pathology features of Nor98 in the cerebellum of the affected sheep showed similarities with those of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. </div><div><br /></div><div> ***The pathology features of Nor98 in the cerebellum of the affected sheep showed similarities with those of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://%20http//www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http:// http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">PR-26 </span></div><div><br /></div><div> NOR98 SHOWS MOLECULAR FEATURES REMINISCENT OF GSS </div><div><br /></div><div> R. Nonno1, E. Esposito1, G. Vaccari1, E. Bandino2, M. Conte1, B. Chiappini1, S. Marcon1, M. Di Bari1, S.L. Benestad3, U. Agrimi1 1 Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Rome, Italy (<a href="mailto:romolo.nonno@iss.it" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:romolo.nonno@iss.it">romolo.nonno@iss.it</a>); 2 Istituto Zooprofilattico della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy; 3 National Veterinary Institute, Department of Pathology, Oslo, Norway </div><div><br /></div><div> Molecular variants of PrPSc are being increasingly investigated in sheep scrapie and are generally referred to as "atypical" scrapie, as opposed to "classical scrapie". Among the atypical group, Nor98 seems to be the best identified. We studied the molecular properties of Italian and Norwegian Nor98 samples by WB analysis of brain homogenates, either untreated, digested with different concentrations of proteinase K, or subjected to enzymatic deglycosylation. The identity of PrP fragments was inferred by means of antibodies spanning the full PrP sequence. We found that undigested brain homogenates contain a Nor98-specific PrP fragment migrating at 11 kDa (PrP11), truncated at both the C-terminus and the N-terminus, and not N-glycosylated. After mild PK digestion, Nor98 displayed full-length PrP (FL-PrP) and N-glycosylated C-terminal fragments (CTF), along with increased levels of PrP11. Proteinase K digestion curves (0,006-6,4 mg/ml) showed that FL-PrP and CTF are mainly digested above 0,01 mg/ml, while PrP11 is not entirely digested even at the highest concentrations, similarly to PrP27-30 associated with classical scrapie. Above 0,2 mg/ml PK, most Nor98 samples showed only PrP11 and a fragment of 17 kDa with the same properties of PrP11, that was tentatively identified as a dimer of PrP11. Detergent solubility studies showed that PrP11 is insoluble in 2% sodium laurylsorcosine and is mainly produced from detergentsoluble, full-length PrPSc. Furthermore, among Italian scrapie isolates, we found that a sample with molecular and pathological properties consistent with Nor98 showed plaque-like deposits of PrPSc in the thalamus when the brain was analysed by PrPSc immunohistochemistry. Taken together, our results show that the distinctive pathological feature of Nor98 is a PrP fragment spanning amino acids ~ 90-155. This fragment is produced by successive N-terminal and C-terminal cleavages from a full-length and largely detergent-soluble PrPSc, is produced in vivo and is extremely resistant to PK digestion. </div><div><br /></div><div> *** Intriguingly, these conclusions suggest that some pathological features of Nor98 are reminiscent of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease. </div><div><br /></div><div> 119 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2006/abstract_book.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2006/abstract_book.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">A newly identified type of scrapie agent can naturally infect sheep with resistant PrP genotypes </span></div><div><br /></div><div> Annick Le Dur*,?, Vincent Béringue*,?, Olivier Andréoletti?, Fabienne Reine*, Thanh Lan Laï*, Thierry Baron§, Bjørn Bratberg¶, Jean-Luc Vilotte?, Pierre Sarradin**, Sylvie L. Benestad¶, and Hubert Laude*,? +Author Affiliations </div><div><br /></div><div>*Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires and ?Génétique Biochimique et Cytogénétique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; ?Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, 31066 Toulouse, France; §Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Unité Agents Transmissibles Non Conventionnels, 69364 Lyon, France; **Pathologie Infectieuse et Immunologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France; and ¶Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, 0033 Oslo, Norway </div><div><br /></div><div>***Edited by Stanley B. Prusiner, University of California, San Francisco, CA (received for review March 21, 2005) </div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract Scrapie in small ruminants belongs to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, a family of fatal neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans and animals and can transmit within and between species by ingestion or inoculation. Conversion of the host-encoded prion protein (PrP), normal cellular PrP (PrPc), into a misfolded form, abnormal PrP (PrPSc), plays a key role in TSE transmission and pathogenesis. The intensified surveillance of scrapie in the European Union, together with the improvement of PrPSc detection techniques, has led to the discovery of a growing number of so-called atypical scrapie cases. These include clinical Nor98 cases first identified in Norwegian sheep on the basis of unusual pathological and PrPSc molecular features and "cases" that produced discordant responses in the rapid tests currently applied to the large-scale random screening of slaughtered or fallen animals. Worryingly, a substantial proportion of such cases involved sheep with PrP genotypes known until now to confer natural resistance to conventional scrapie. Here we report that both Nor98 and discordant cases, including three sheep homozygous for the resistant PrPARR allele (A136R154R171), efficiently transmitted the disease to transgenic mice expressing ovine PrP, and that they shared unique biological and biochemical features upon propagation in mice. *** These observations support the view that a truly infectious TSE agent, unrecognized until recently, infects sheep and goat flocks and may have important implications in terms of scrapie control and public health. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/102/44/16031.abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/102/44/16031.abstract</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>Monday, December 1, 2008 </div><div><br /></div><div> When Atypical Scrapie cross species barriers </div><div><br /></div><div> Authors </div><div><br /></div><div> Andreoletti O., Herva M. H., Cassard H., Espinosa J. C., Lacroux C., Simon S., Padilla D., Benestad S. L., Lantier F., Schelcher F., Grassi J., Torres, J. M., UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Toulouse.France; ICISA-INlA, Madrid, Spain; CEA, IBiTec-5, DSV, CEA/Saclay, Gif sur Yvette cedex, France; National Veterinary Institute, Postboks 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway, INRA IASP, Centre INRA de Tours, 3738O Nouzilly, France. </div><div><br /></div><div> Content </div><div><br /></div><div> Atypical scrapie is a TSE occurring in small ruminants and harbouring peculiar clinical, epidemiological and biochemical properties. Currently this form of disease is identified in a large number of countries. In this study we report the transmission of an atypical scrapie isolate through different species barriers as modeled by transgenic mice (Tg) expressing different species PRP sequence.</div><div><br /></div><div>The donor isolate was collected in 1995 in a French commercial sheep flock. inoculation into AHQ/AHQ sheep induced a disease which had all neuro-pathological and biochemical characteristics of atypical scrapie. Transmitted into Transgenic mice expressing either ovine or PrPc, the isolate retained all the described characteristics of atypical scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div>Surprisingly the TSE agent characteristics were dramatically different v/hen passaged into Tg bovine mice. The recovered TSE agent had biological and biochemical characteristics similar to those of atypical BSE L in the same mouse model. Moreover, whereas no other TSE agent than BSE were shown to transmit into Tg porcine mice, atypical scrapie was able to develop into this model, albeit with low attack rate on first passage.</div><div><br /></div><div>Furthermore, after adaptation in the porcine mouse model this prion showed similar biological and biochemical characteristics than BSE adapted to this porcine mouse model. Altogether these data indicate.</div><div><br /></div><div>(i) the unsuspected potential abilities of atypical scrapie to cross species barriers</div><div><br /></div><div>(ii) the possible capacity of this agent to acquire new characteristics when crossing species barrier</div><div><br /></div><div>These findings raise some interrogation on the concept of TSE strain and on the origin of the diversity of the TSE agents and could have consequences on field TSE control measures.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2008/abstract-book-prion2008.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2008/abstract-book-prion2008.pdf</a><br /></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, JUNE 10, 2020 </span><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Atypical BSE prions showed a modification in their zoonotic ability after adaptation to sheep-PrP producing agents able to infect TgMet129 and TgVal129, bearing features that make them indistinguishable of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">our results clearly indicate that atypical BSE adaptation to an ovine-PrP sequence could modify the prion agent to potentially infect humans, showing strain features indistinguishable from those of classic sCJD prions, even though they might or might not be different agents.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">However, the expanding range of TSE agents displaying the capacity to transmit in human-PrP–expressing hosts warrants the continuation of the ban on meat and bone meal recycling and underscores the ongoing need for active surveillance</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7258450/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7258450/</a></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">FRIDAY, OCTOBER 23, 2020 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Scrapie TSE Prion Zoonosis Zoonotic, what if?</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/10/scrapie-tse-prion-zoonosis-zoonotic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/10/scrapie-tse-prion-zoonosis-zoonotic.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ... </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019<br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://oieusdabseprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://oieusdabseprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Why didn’t USDA continue to test animals at the enhanced surveillance level? </span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">USDA's 2004-2006 enhanced surveillance program was initiated in response to the first detection of BSE in the United States and was designed to detect the overall prevalence of the disease in this country. This required a very intensive effort and it allowed us to estimate extremely low prevalence levels of disease. Once that prevalence level was determined, USDA modified its testing levels to monitor any changes in the level of disease. Our current testing of approximately 25,000 targeted animals a year allows USDA to detect BSE at the very low level of less than 1 case per million adult cattle, assess any change in the BSE status of U.S. cattle, and identify any rise in BSE prevalence in this country.</span><br /></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://www.usda.gov/topics/animals/bse-surveillance-information-center" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.usda.gov/topics/animals/bse-surveillance-information-center</a><br /></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">i remember what a biologist from the UK told me long ago, still holds true today, and i quote;</div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">''Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currently then you wont find any!''</span><br /></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">From: Steve Dealler </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">To: BSE-L@ References: <3daf5023 .4080804="" <a href="http://wt.net/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">wt.net</a>=""></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">Dear Terry,</span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desparately difficult to get back from Government sites.</span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currently then you wont find any!</span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">Steve Dealler =============== </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''<br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">snip...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">snip...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">snip...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">snip...see full report ;</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="background-color: #fef9f5; color: #121212; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.22em;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist</span><span style="background-color: #fef9f5; color: #121212; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></span><span style="color: #121212; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.22em;"> <a href="mailto:deal@airtime.co.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:deal@airtime.co.uk">deal@airtime.co.uk</a> </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #121212; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">snip...see full text;</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://bseinquiry..blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div>FRIDAY, OCTOBER 1, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin, USA, what if?<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>SATURDAY, DECEMBER 04, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div>Final rule on the Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants (APHIS-2009-0095) Scrapie, BSE, CWD, TSE Prion</div><div><br /></div><div>This is an incredibly bad idea, based on trade, not science, imo...terry</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/final-rule-on-importation-of-sheep.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/final-rule-on-importation-of-sheep.html</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–2009–0095] RIN 0579–AD10<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Friday, March 11, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Prevalence of Surgical Procedures at Symptomatic Onset of Prion Disease<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2022/03/prevalence-of-surgical-procedures-at.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2022/03/prevalence-of-surgical-procedures-at.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-13314189220121613142022-02-14T14:45:00.002-06:002022-02-16T14:56:55.894-06:00Atypical Nor98 Scrapie, Atypical BSE, CWD, Can Emerge As Different TSE PrP In Cross Species Transmission, A Volatile Situation For Human and Animal Health<p><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px;">Atypical Nor98 Scrapie, Atypical BSE, CWD, Can Emerge As Different TSE PrP In Cross Species Transmission, A Volatile Situation For Human and Animal Health</span></p><p>Research Project: Genetic Impact and Improved Diagnostics for Sheep and Goat Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Animal Disease Research</p><p>Title: PrP-res in placental tissue following experimental transmission of atypical scrapie in ARR/ARR sheep is not infectious by Tg338 mouse bioassay</p><p>Author item Piel Iii, Robert item MCELLIOTT, VALERIE - University Of Georgia item STANTON, JAMES - University Of Georgia item ZHUANG, DONGYUE - Retired ARS Employee item MADSEN-BOUTERSE, SALLY - Washington State University item Hamburg, Linda item HARRINGTON, ROBERT - Retired ARS Employee item Schneider, David Submitted to: PLoS ONE Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 1/4/2022 Publication Date: 1/21/2022 Citation: Piel Iii, R., Mcelliott, V.R., Stanton, J.B., Zhuang, D., Madsen-Bouterse, S.A., Hamburg, L.K., Harrington, R.D., Schneider, D.A. 2022. PrP-res in placental tissue following experimental transmission of atypical scrapie in ARR/ARR sheep is not infectious by Tg338 mouse bioassay. PLoS ONE. PLoS ONE 17(1): e0262766. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262766. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262766 Interpretive Summary: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion diseases in sheep and goats are classified into two main categories: classical scrapie and Nor98-like/atypical scrapie. Classical scrapie is naturally transmissible and, along with surveillance and depopulation, breeding programs selecting for genetic resistance have been a major strategy for the control of classical scrapie in domestic ruminants. Nor98-like scrapie is generally considered non-transmissible in natural conditions and is currently exempt from control measures. Genotypes that confer resistance to classical scrapie remain susceptible to Nor98-like scrapie. ARR/ARR is a primary genotype target for resistance breeding programs and represents an increasing proportion of domestic sheep in the US. This study reports the experimental transmission of Nor98-like scrapie between ARR/ARR sheep, examines the pattern of disease in the recipient animals, and evaluates the potential for natural transmission from the recipient ewes to lambs. Inoculation of breeding ewes with Nor98-like scrapie was successful. Surprisingly, some protein with characteristics similar to prions was observed to accumulate in the placentas as recipient ewes aged; however, this material was determined to be non-infectious in a transgenic mouse model susceptible to scrapie.</p><p>Technical Abstract: Nor98-like atypical scrapie, isolated from a US sheep with the classical scrapie resistant ARR/ARR genotype, was transmitted to four ARR/ARR ewes via intracerebral inoculation of brain homogenate. These ewes were followed and observed to 8 years of age, remained non-clinical but exhibited progression of infection broadly consistent with Nor98-like scrapie, including characteristic patterns of PrP-Sc accumulation in the brain and a lack of accumulation in peripheral lymphoid tissues as detected by conventional methods. Immunoblots of placental tissues from the infected ewes revealed accumulation of a distinct conformation of PrP-res, particularly as the animals aged. These tissues showed no infectivity when analyzed via ovinized mouse bioassay. Taken together, these results support a low risk for natural transmission of Nor98-like scrapie in ARR/ARR sheep.</p><p>https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=388184</p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Title: Passage of the CWD agent through meadow voles results in increased attack rates and decreased incubation periods in raccoons</span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Author item MOORE, SARA JO - Orise Fellow item CARLSON, CHRISTINA - Us Geological Survey (USGS) item SCHNEIDER, JAY - Us Geological Survey (USGS) item JOHNSON, CHRISTOPHER - Us Geological Survey (USGS) item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Emerging Infectious Diseases Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 12/13/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive </span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Summary: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of fatal diseases caused by the accumulation of misfolded prion protein in the brain. Several livestock species including cattle, sheep, deer, and elk are afflicted by prion diseases. In sheep the disease is called scrapie. In deer and elk, the disease is called chronic wasting disease (CWD). Due to the human consumption of cervid meat products and intermingling of various livestock species with wild cervid populations, there is significant interest in characterizing the possible host range of CWD. This study reports the successful transmission of the CWD agent to raccoons, a ubiquitous omnivore present throughout North America. In addition, passage of the CWD agent from deer through meadow voles, a scavenger present in much of the range where CWD occurs, results in changes in the biological behavior of the CWD agent when that material is used to inoculate raccoons. This research is of interest to regulatory officials or anyone interested in controlling CWD in wildlife or captive cervid herds.</span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring neurodegenerative disease of cervids. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) have previously been shown to be susceptible to CWD and their scavenging habits could expose them to environmental CWD infectivity. To investigate the potential for transmission of the agent of CWD from white-tailed deer to voles and subsequently to raccoons, we intracranially inoculated raccoons with brain homogenate from a CWD-affected white-tailed deer (CWDWtd), or derivatives of this isolate after it had been passaged through voles one or five times. We found that passage of the CWDWtd isolate through voles led to a change in the biological behavior of the CWD agent, including increased attack rates and decreased incubation periods in raccoons. A better understanding of the dynamics of cross-species transmission of CWD prions will help us to better manage and control the spread of CWD in free-ranging and farmed cervid populations.</span></div></div><div><span face="apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=380582" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=380582</a><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">''We found that passage of the CWDWtd isolate through voles led to a change in the biological behavior of the CWD agent, including increased attack rates and decreased incubation periods in raccoons.''</span><br /></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;">Disturbing...terry</span></div></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div>Volume 26, Number 6—June 2020</div><div><br /></div><div>Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice</div><div><br /></div><div>Alba Marín-Moreno1, Alvina Huor1, Juan Carlos Espinosa, Jean Yves Douet, Patricia Aguilar-Calvo2, Naima Aron, Juan Píquer, Sévérine Lugan, Patricia Lorenzo, Cecile Tillier, Hervé Cassard, Olivier Andreoletti, and Juan María TorresComments to Author Author affiliations: Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Madrid, Spain (A. Marín-Moreno, J.C. Espinosa, P. Aguilar-Calvo, J. Píquer, P. Lorenzo, J.M. Torres); Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène–École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (A. Huor, J.Y. Douet, N. Aron, S. Lugan, C. Tiller, H. Cassard, O. Andreoletti)</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is the only zoonotic prion disease described to date. Although the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE prions have been partially studied, an extensive analysis is still needed. We conducted a systematic study by inoculating atypical BSE isolates from different countries in Europe into transgenic mice overexpressing human prion protein (PrP): TgMet129, TgMet/Val129, and TgVal129. L-type BSE showed a higher zoonotic potential in TgMet129 mice than classical BSE, whereas Val129-PrP variant was a strong molecular protector against L-type BSE prions, even in heterozygosis. H-type BSE could not be transmitted to any of the mice. We also adapted 1 H- and 1 L-type BSE isolate to sheep-PrP transgenic mice and inoculated them into human-PrP transgenic mice. Atypical BSE prions showed a modification in their zoonotic ability after adaptation to sheep-PrP producing agents able to infect TgMet129 and TgVal129, bearing features that make them indistinguishable of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions.</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP... </div><div><br /></div><div>Our results and those provided by other studies indicate that L-BSE adapted to a VRQ sheep sequence resemble C-BSE in its molecular features (14). Moreover, L-BSE adapted to ARQ sheep sequence and H-BSE adapted to VRQ sheep sequence generate prions similar to classical scrapie, at least in terms of PrPres glycoprofile. Therefore, in the supposed case of atypical BSE transmission to sheep, early differentiation of both atypical BSE agents from other sheep prions like classical scrapie would be difficult. Nevertheless, the combination of the low incidence of atypical BSE (because of its supposed sporadic nature) and the continued prohibition of meat and bone meal recycling ameliorates the risk for transmission to sheep.</div><div><br /></div><div>The transmission of atypical BSEs into sheep resulted in the emergence of prions similar to types 1 and 2 sCJD in terms of mean survival times, attack rates, PrPres profile, and PrPres deposition pattern in the brain of human-PrP transgenic mice. The similarities between the sheep-adapted atypical BSE prions propagated into our human-PrP transgenic mouse lines and sCJD prions could suggest a link between them. The well-established dogma that sCJD is a spontaneous disorder unrelated to animal prion disease has been questioned in a previous study given the resemblance of scrapie prions transmitted into human transgenic mouse models to sCJD strains (26); however, the data from that study do not unequivocally establish a causative link between exposure to sheep scrapie and the subsequent appearance of sCJD in humans, and the same could apply to our findings. An alternative explanation that cannot be ruled out is that, although being different strains, only a limited number of phenotypes could be generated for the human-PrP, indicating phenotypic convergence. Updates to old epidemiologic research is needed to reconsider all these results involving a possible infectious origin of sCJD. In any case, continuing the characterization of this newly emerged prion strain would be useful to finally discarding or refuting a link with sCJD prions.</div><div><br /></div><div>Extrapolation of results from prion transmission studies based on transgenic mice should be done with caution, especially when human susceptibility to prions is analyzed. However, our results clearly indicate that atypical BSE adaptation to an ovine-PrP sequence could modify the prion agent to potentially infect humans, showing strain features indistinguishable from those of classic sCJD prions, even though they might or might not be different agents. The supposed sporadic nature of atypical BSE makes its transmission to sheep and later to humans unlikely. However, the expanding range of TSE agents displaying the capacity to transmit in human-PrP–expressing hosts warrants the continuation of the ban on meat and bone meal recycling and underscores the ongoing need for active surveillance.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/6/18-1790_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/6/18-1790_article</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Published: 28 November 2018 </div><div><br /></div><div>Interspecies transmission to bovinized transgenic mice uncovers new features of a CH1641-like scrapie isolate </div><div><br /></div><div>Kohtaro Miyazawa, Kentaro Masujin, Yuichi Matsuura, Yoshifumi Iwamaru, Takashi Yokoyama & Hiroyuki Okada Veterinary Research volume 49, Article number: 116 (2018) Cite this article</div><div><br /></div><div>1581 Accesses</div><div><br /></div><div>1 Citations</div><div><br /></div><div>1 Altmetric</div><div><br /></div><div>Metricsdetails</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract In animal prion diseases, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, chronic wasting disease in cervids, and scrapie in sheep and goats, a disease-associated isoform of prion protein (PrPd) accumulates in the brains of affected animals. Although the CH1641 scrapie isolate was experimentally established in the UK, a few natural CH1641-like scrapie cases have been reported in France and the UK. The molecular mass of the unglycosylated protease-resistant core of PrPd (PrPres) is known to be similar between CH1641-like scrapie and experimental BSE in sheep. We previously established an experimental CH1641-like scrapie isolate (Sh294) from a natural classical scrapie case. Here, we demonstrated that the Sh294 isolate was independent of both classical and atypical BSEs by cross-species transmission to bovine PrP overexpressing (TgBoPrP) mice and wild-type mice. Interestingly, we found that the Sh294 isolate altered its host range by the transmission to TgBoPrP mice, and we succeeded in the first stable reproduction of CH1641-like scrapie specific PrPres banding patterns with the ~12-kDa small C-terminal fragment in wild-type mice. This study provides new insight into the relationship between CH1641-like scrapie isolates and BSEs. In addition, interspecies transmission models such as we have demonstrated here could be a great help to investigate the origin and host range of animal prions.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Thus, all our data demonstrate that the Sh294 isolate is independent of all three BSE strains, suggesting that CH1641-like scrapie isolates could not be candidates for the origin of BSEs. Indeed, several studies have suggested that spontaneously occurring atypical BSEs in cattle may have been the origin of C-BSE [28,29,30,31,32].</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-018-0611-1" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-018-0611-1</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div>***> In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) AND the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641. ...see below in another study...TSS<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>***> Atypical BSE prions showed a modification in their zoonotic ability after adaptation to sheep-PrP producing agents able to infect TgMet129 and TgVal129, bearing features that make them indistinguishable of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions. </div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div><br /></div><div>Circulation of Nor98 Atypical Scrapie in Portuguese Sheep Confirmed by Transmission of Isolates into Transgenic Ovine ARQ-PrP Mice</div><div><br /></div><div>Mafalda Casanova 1,2, Carla Machado 3 , Paula Tavares 4 , João Silva 3 , Christine Fast 5 , Anne Balkema-Buschmann 5 , Martin H. Groschup 5 and Leonor Orge 3,6,*</div><div><br /></div><div>1 Histopathology Facility, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; <a href="mailto:mccasanova@igc.gulbenkian.pt" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">mccasanova@igc.gulbenkian.pt</a> 2 Veterinary Medicine Department, University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal 3 Pathology Laboratory, UEISPSA, National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; <a href="mailto:carlitaneves@gmail.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">carlitaneves@gmail.com</a> (C.M.); <a href="mailto:joao.silva@iniav.pt" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">joao.silva@iniav.pt</a> (J.S.) 4 Pathology Laboratory, UEISPSA, National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., 4485-655 Vairão-Vila do Conde, Portugal; <a href="mailto:paula.tavares@iniav.pt" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">paula.tavares@iniav.pt</a> 5 Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; <a href="mailto:Christine.Fast@fli.de" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">Christine.Fast@fli.de</a> (C.F.); <a href="mailto:Anne.Balkema-Buschmann@fli.de" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">Anne.Balkema-Buschmann@fli.de</a> (A.B.-B.); <a href="mailto:martin.groschup@fli.de" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">martin.groschup@fli.de</a> (M.H.G.) 6 Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science—AL4AnimalS, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal * Correspondence: <a href="mailto:leonor.orge@iniav.pt" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">leonor.orge@iniav.pt</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract: Portugal was among the first European countries to report cases of Atypical Scrapie (ASc), the dominant form of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) in Portuguese small ruminants. Although the diagnostic phenotypes observed in Portuguese ASc cases seem identical to those described for Nor98, unequivocal identification requires TSE strain-typing using murine bioassays. In this regard, we initiated characterization of ASc isolates from sheep either homozygous for the ARQ genotype or the classical scrapie-resistant ARR genotype. Isolates from such genotypes were transmitted to TgshpXI mice expressing ovine PrPARQ. Mean incubation periods were 414 ± 58 and 483 ± 107 days in mice inoculated with AL141RQ/AF141RQ and AL141RR/AL141RR sheep isolates, respectively. Both isolates produced lesion profiles similar to French ASc Nor98 ‘discordant cases’, where vacuolation was observed in the hippocampus (G6), cerebral cortex at the thalamus (G8) level, cerebellar white matter (W1) and cerebral peduncles (W3). Immunohistochemical PrPSc deposition was observed in the hippocampus, cerebellar cortex, cerebellar white matter and cerebral peduncles in the form of aggregates and fine granules. These findings were consistent with previously reported cases of ASc Nor98 transmitted to transgenic TgshpXI mice, confirming that the ASc strain present in Portuguese sheep corresponds to ASc Nor98.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Recent work revealed the possibility of the development of a classical-BSE (BSE-C) prion after inoculation of bovine PrP transgenic mice with ASc isolates [3]. That study found that BSE-C may be present in natural ASc isolates as a minor variant, and transmission of such isolates to transgenic bovine mice resulted in emergence of BSE-C as a dominant variant. The same phenomenon was not observed after inoculation of CSc isolates. Hence, there is concern regarding the possibility of ASc having a role in the emergence of BSE-C in cattle, and a possible role in the origin of the 1980s BSE crisis, resulting from inclusion of rendered small ruminants in cattle feed [3]. Furthermore, archival ASc isolates reveal ASc was present in the United Kingdom years before BSE [11]. Another study found oral transmission of ASc into sheep has resulted in a phenotype shift to CH1641, a classical scrapie strain showing an immunoblot profile similar to bovine BSE. Although CH1641 has not been diagnosed in Portuguese sheep as of yet, it is prudent to maintain vigilant systematic analysis of lesion profiles, PrPSc immunolabelling types and patterns, as well as PrPSc electrophoretic profiles in natural hosts for evidence of any phenotypic shift and strain conversion. Such surveillance is particularly relevant in a country such as Portugal, where, in contrast to other EU countries, ASc was first diagnosed in the absence of previous CSc cases. </div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/19/10441/pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/19/10441/pdf</a></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Alvina Huor, View ORCID ProfileJuan Carlos Espinosa, View ORCID ProfileEnric Vidal, Hervé Cassard, View ORCID ProfileJean-Yves Douet, Séverine Lugan, Naima Aron, View ORCID ProfileAlba Marín-Moreno, Patricia Lorenzo, Patricia Aguilar-Calvo, Juan Badiola, Rosa Bolea, Martí Pumarola, Sylvie L. Benestad, Leonore Orge, Alana M. Thackray, Raymond Bujdoso, View ORCID ProfileJuan-Maria Torres, and View ORCID ProfileOlivier Andreoletti</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">aUMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT) 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, 31076 Toulouse, France;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">bCentro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal–Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28130 Madrid, Spain;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">cCentre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)–Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Barcelona, Spain;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">dCentro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">eUnit of Murine and Comparative Pathology, UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">fNorwegian Veterinary Institute, N-0106 Oslo, Norway;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">gLaboratory of Pathology, National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">hDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PNAS December 26, 2019 116 (52) 26853-26862; first published December 16, 2019; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915737116" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915737116</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Edited by Michael B. A. Oldstone, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, and approved November 15, 2019 (received for review September 11, 2019)</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Article Figures & SI Info & Metrics PDF</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Significance</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">The origin of transmissible BSE in cattle remains unestablished. Sheep scrapie is a potential source of this known zoonotic. Here we investigated the capacity of sheep scrapie to propagate in bovine PrP transgenic mice. Unexpectedly, transmission of atypical but not classical scrapie in bovine PrP mice resulted in propagation of classical BSE prions. Detection of prion seeding activity by in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification demonstrated BSE prions in the original atypical scrapie isolates. BSE prion seeding activity was also detected in ovine PrP mice inoculated with limiting dilutions of atypical scrapie. Our data demonstrate that classical BSE prions can emerge during intra- and interspecies passage of atypical scrapie and provide an unprecedented insight into the evolution of mammalian prions.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Atypical/Nor98 scrapie (AS) is a prion disease of small ruminants. Currently there are no efficient measures to control this form of prion disease, and, importantly, the zoonotic potential and the risk that AS might represent for other farmed animal species remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the capacity of AS to propagate in bovine PrP transgenic mice. Unexpectedly, the transmission of AS isolates originating from 5 different European countries to bovine PrP mice resulted in the propagation of the classical BSE (c-BSE) agent. Detection of prion seeding activity in vitro by protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) demonstrated that low levels of the c-BSE agent were present in the original AS isolates. C-BSE prion seeding activity was also detected in brain tissue of ovine PrP mice inoculated with limiting dilutions (endpoint titration) of ovine AS isolates. These results are consistent with the emergence and replication of c-BSE prions during the in vivo propagation of AS isolates in the natural host. These data also indicate that c-BSE prions, a known zonotic agent in humans, can emerge as a dominant prion strain during passage of AS between different species. These findings provide an unprecedented insight into the evolution of mammalian prion strain properties triggered by intra- and interspecies passage. From a public health perspective, the presence of c-BSE in AS isolates suggest that cattle exposure to small ruminant tissues and products could lead to new occurrences of c-BSE.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">With the decline of the c-BSE epizootic in cattle and the combined increase in pressure from industry, EU authorities have begun to consider discontinuing certain TSE control measures. The abrogation of the SRM measures for small ruminants and the partial reauthorization of the use of processed animal protein, formerly known as MBM, in animal feed are part of the EU authorities’ agenda. Our observation of the presence of the c-BSE agent in AS-infected small ruminants suggests that modification of the TSE control measures could result in an increased risk of exposure to c-BSE prions for both animals and humans. Whether or not this exposure will result in further c-BSE transmission in cattle and/or humans remains an open and important question.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/116/52/26853" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.pnas.org/content/116/52/26853</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div>Classical BSE prions emerge from asymptomatic pigs challenged with atypical/Nor98 scrapie</div><div><br /></div><div>Belén Marín1,7, Alicia Otero1,7*, Séverine Lugan2 , Juan Carlos Espinosa3 , Alba Marín‑Moreno3 , EnricVidal4 , Carlos Hedman1 , Antonio Romero5 , Martí Pumarola6 , Juan J. Badiola1 , Juan MaríaTorres3 , OlivierAndréoletti2 & Rosa Bolea1</div><div><br /></div><div>Pigs are susceptible to infection with the classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE) agent following experimental inoculation, and PrPSc accumulation was detected in porcine tissues after the inoculation of certain scrapie and chronic wasting disease isolates. However, a robust transmission barrier has been described in this species and, although they were exposed to C-BSE agent in many European countries, no cases of natural transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) infections have been reported in pigs. Transmission of atypical scrapie to bovinized mice resulted in the emergence of C-BSE prions. Here, we conducted a study to determine if pigs are susceptible to atypical scrapie. To this end, 12, 8–9-month-old minipigs were intracerebrally inoculated with two atypical scrapie sources. Animals were euthanized between 22- and 72-months post inoculation without clinical signs of TSE. All pigs tested negative for PrPSc accumulation by enzyme immunoassay, immunohistochemistry, western blotting and bioassay in porcine PrP mice. Surprisingly, in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification demonstrated the presence of C-BSE prions in different brain areas from seven pigs inoculated with both atypical scrapie isolates. Our results suggest that pigs exposed to atypical scrapie prions could become a reservoir for C-BSE and corroborate that C-BSE prions emerge during interspecies passage of atypical scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion</div><div><br /></div><div>The outbreak of C-BSE was followed by the appearance of TSE in species that had never been diagnosed with prion diseases and the emergence in humans of vCJD16–18. However, no natural prion disease has been described in pigs, even though they were exposed to C-BSE contaminated feed12. Posterior experimental challenges in pigs and mice expressing porcine PrP have demonstrated that, although they are not completely resistant, pigs present a robust transmission barrier for C-BSE prions4,14,19.</div><div><br /></div><div>However, the possible transmission of a TSE to swine is a public health concern due to the wide use of pork as a source of human food, and the increasing use of pigs as tissue donors, being reported a case of vCJD in a human patient receiving a swine dura mater graf20. Although pigs are apparently non-susceptible to C-BSE after oral challenge4,5,21, infectivity has been detected in tissues from pigs orally inoculated with classical scrapie or CWD10,11. In addition, these positive orally inoculated pigs are often subclinical, what could represent a public health concern, considering that these animals could reach the slaughterhouse without showing signs suggestive of prion disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the present study, we evaluated the transmissibility of atypical scrapie to pigs. Pigs were euthanized between 22- and 72-months post inoculation (mpi), and their tissues tested for PrPSc accumulation and infectivity. We did not find evidence of transmission of atypical scrapie to any of the animals by EIA (Table 2), western blotting, or mouse bioassay (Table 3). PrPSc accumulation can be detected in BSE-challenged pigs at 34 mpi4 , and at 22 mpi when inoculated with SBSE7 . Although scrapie or CWD-inoculated pigs do not show clinical signs, PrPSc presence can be found in scrapie-challenged animals at 51 mpi11 and as early as 6 mpi in the case of CWD10.</div><div><br /></div><div>Our main goal was to test the ability of atypical scrapie/Nor98 strain to propagate in swine, given that mice expressing porcine PrP (PoPrP-Tg001/tgPo mice) showed to be susceptible to atypical scrapie inoculation. One atypical scrapie isolate adapted to this transgenic line, reaching a 100% attack rate and rapid incubation periods in serial passages13, a similar adaptation to that observed with the C-BSE agent19. However, when this atypical scrapie isolate was tested for propagation in tgPo mice again, together with other atypical scrapie isolates, no positive results were obtained, in vitro nor in vivo14. These results, together with the negative transmissions showed in the present study, reinforce the conclusion that porcine species is highly resistant to atypical scrapie. However, we only performed one passage in tgPo mice, and further passages in this line and/or PMCA analysis of tgPo brains to detect any possible prion replication would be of interest.</div><div><br /></div><div>However, it was demonstrated that C-BSE prions can be present as a minor variant in ovine atypical scrapie isolates and that C-BSE can emerge during the passage of these isolates to bovine PrP mice15. Considering that the aforementioned atypical scrapie isolate also acquired BSE-like properties when transmitted to tgPo mice13, and that C-BSE is the only prion that efficiently propagates in swine PrP4,7,14, we decided to investigate whether C-BSE prions could emerge from atypical scrapie during the ovine-porcine interspecies transmission.</div><div><br /></div><div>Interestingly, PMCA reactions seeded with brain material from 7 pigs propagated in tgBov substrate showing PrPres with identical biochemical characteristics to those of C-BSE (Fig. 1). Positive C-BSE amplification was detected in the brain of pigs inoculated with either the PS152 or TOA3 atypical scrapie isolates, at minimum incubation periods of 28- and 35-months post inoculation, respectively. From each animal, positive reactions were not obtained from all brain areas tested (Supplementary table 1). Although PrPres amplified from the pigs showed C-BSE biochemical characteristics, further bioassays in tgBov mice are required to know whether these prions replicate the neuropathological features of C-BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Altogether, our results and data obtained from transmission studies of prions to pigs, tgPo mice and in vitro studies using porcine substrate have shown that pig PrP has a very limited ability to sustain prion replication. No significant polymorphisms have been described for pig PRNP22, and it has been suggested that the conformational flexibility of pig PrP sequence is very low, limiting the number of PrPSc conformations able to produce misfolding14. No differences have been found between pig and minipig PrP sequences either23, suggesting that the conclusions obtained here could be extrapolated to domestic, non-experimental pigs. However, using tgBov substrate, we have demonstrated in vitro the presence of C-BSE seeding activity in some pig brain areas, suggesting that C-BSE prions emerged during the transmission of ovine atypical scrapie prions to pigs. Interestingly, C-BSE prions did not emerge from brain material of all the pigs, and, of those from which it did emerge, it was not detected in all brain areas tested. No correlation between time after inoculation and BSE emergence was found either. When the emergence of C-BSE from atypical scrapie in PMCA was described, it was associated to low levels of C-BSE prions that were present in the original atypical scrapie isolates15. It is possible that this result is related to the great resistance that pigs present to prion diseases, making the penetrance of the BSE prions that could be present in the original inoculum incomplete. In addition, considering that the amount of C-BSE conformers in the atypical scrapie inocula is probably very reduced and perhaps not homogeneously distributed throughout the isolate, it is also possible that not all the pigs received a sufficient amount of C-BSE conformers capable of being detected by PMCA. Finally, we should consider that PMCA amplification of prions is sometimes a stochastic phenomenon, which could explain why no C-BSE propagation was obtained from some of the pigs. It could be also discussed that C-BSE emergence from the pig brains could be related to persistence of the original atypical scrapie inoculum. However, C-BSE amplification was not obtained from all of the pigs and, in some of them (i.e. P-1217 and P-1231) C-BSE propagation was detected in caudal regions of the brain (cerebellum or occipital cortex) but not in more rostral areas (such as parietal cortex). If C-BSE amplification from pig brain samples were associated to inoculum persistence and not bona fide propagation of C-BSE prions it would be expected that such amplification would be detected mainly in the most rostral areas of the brain. Finally, even though the titer generated was not enough to produce disease in the pigs, these results evidence again the issue that pigs could act as subclinical reservoirs for prion diseases as observed with scrapie and CWD, and that the presence of prions can be detected in pigs short after exposure to prions7,10,11.</div><div><br /></div><div>In conclusion, our findings suggest that, although pigs present a strong transmission barrier against the propagation of atypical scrapie, they can propagate low levels of C-BSE prions. The prevalence of atypical scrapie and the presence of infectivity in tissues from atypical scrapie infected sheep are underestimated24,25. Given that pigs have demonstrated being susceptible to other prion diseases, and to propagate prions without showing signs of disease, the measures implemented to ban the inclusion of ruminant proteins in livestock feed must not be interrupted.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03352651/document" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03352651/document</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-96818-2.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-96818-2.pdf</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Experimental transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent to swine after oral or intracranial inoculation</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item MOORE, SARAH - Orise Fellow item WEST GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item KONDRU, NAVEEN - Iowa State University item MANNE, SIREESHA - Iowa State University item Smith, Jodi item Kunkle, Robert item KANTHASAMY, ANUMANTHA - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Journal of Virology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 7/6/2017 Publication Date: 9/12/2017</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H., Kondru, N., Manne, S., Smith, J.D., Kunkle, R.A., Kanthasamy, A., Greenlee, J.J. 2017. Experimental transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent to swine after oral or intracranial inoculation. Journal of Virology. 91(19):e00926-17. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00926-17" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00926-17</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Interpretive Summary: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal disease of wild and captive deer and elk that causes damaging changes in the brain. The infectious agent is an abnormal protein called a prion that has misfolded from its normal state. Whether CWD can transmit to swine is unknown. This study evaluated the potential of pigs to develop CWD after either intracranial or oral inoculation. Our data indicates that swine do accumulate the abnormal prion protein associated with CWD after intracranial or oral inoculation. Further, there was evidence of abnormal prion protein accumulation in lymph nodes. Currently, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from deer or elk. In addition, feral swine could be exposed to infected carcasses in areas where CWD is present in wildlife populations. This information is useful to wildlife managers and individuals in the swine and captive cervid industries. These findings could impact future regulations for the disposal of offal from deer and elk slaughtered in commercial operations. U.S. regulators should carefully consider the new information from this study before relaxing feed ban standards designed to control potentially feed borne prion diseases.</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of chronic wasting disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following oral or intracranial experimental inoculation. Crossbred piglets were assigned to one of three groups: intracranially inoculated (n=20), orally inoculated (n=19), or non-inoculated (n=9). At approximately the age at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled ('market weight' groups). The remaining pigs ('aged' groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) by western blotting (WB), antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in vitro real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC). Brain samples from selected pigs were also bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Four intracranially inoculated aged pigs and one orally inoculated aged pig were positive by EIA, IHC and/or WB. Using RT-QuIC, PrPSc was detected in lymphoid and/or brain tissue from pigs in all inoculated groups. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed. This study demonstrates that pigs can serve as hosts for CWD, though with scant PrPSc accumulation requiring sensitive detection methods. Detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=339093" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=339093</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>12 September 2017</div><div><br /></div><div>Experimental Transmission of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent to Swine after Oral or Intracranial Inoculation</div><div><br /></div><div>Authors: S. Jo Moore, M. Heather West Greenlee, Naveen Kondru, Sireesha Manne, Jodi D. Smith, Robert A. Kunkle, Anumantha Kanthasamy, and Justin J. Greenlee </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2202-3054" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2202-3054</a></div><div><br /></div><div>AUTHORS INFO & AFFILIATIONS</div><div><br /></div><div>DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00926-17" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00926-17</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Volume 91, Number 19</div><div><br /></div><div>1 October 2017</div><div><br /></div><div>ABSTRACT</div><div><br /></div><div>ABSTRACT</div><div><br /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as hosts for the agent of CWD is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation. Crossbred piglets were assigned to three groups, intracranially inoculated (n = 20), orally inoculated (n = 19), and noninoculated (n = 9). At approximately the age at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (“market weight” groups). The remaining pigs (“aged” groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months postinoculation (mpi). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) by Western blotting (WB), antigen capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and in vitro real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC). Brain samples from selected pigs were also bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Four intracranially inoculated aged pigs and one orally inoculated aged pig were positive by EIA, IHC, and/or WB. By RT-QuIC, PrPSc was detected in lymphoid and/or brain tissue from one or more pigs in each inoculated group. The bioassay was positive in four out of five pigs assayed. This study demonstrates that pigs can support low-level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high. However, detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs with a mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. IMPORTANCE We challenged domestic swine with the chronic wasting disease agent by inoculation directly into the brain (intracranially) or by oral gavage (orally). Disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) was detected in brain and lymphoid tissues from intracranially and orally inoculated pigs as early as 8 months of age (6 months postinoculation). Only one pig developed clinical neurologic signs suggestive of prion disease. The amount of PrPSc in the brains and lymphoid tissues of positive pigs was small, especially in orally inoculated pigs. Regardless, positive results obtained with orally inoculated pigs suggest that it may be possible for swine to serve as a reservoir for prion disease under natural conditions.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JVI.00926-17" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JVI.00926-17</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kokemuller, Robyn item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item BALKEMA-BUSCHMANN, ANNE - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item GROSCHUP, MARTIN - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 5/10/2018 Publication Date: 5/22/2018 Citation: Moore, S.J., Kokemuller, R.D., West-Greenlee, M.H., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Groschup, M.H., Greenlee, J.J. 2018. The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP. Prion 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 22-25, 2018. Paper No. WA15, page 44.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"> The successful transmission of pig-passaged CWD to Tg40 mice reported here suggests that passage of the CWD agent through pigs results in a change of the transmission characteristics which reduces the transmission barrier of Tg40 mice to the CWD agent. If this biological behavior is recapitulated in the original host species, passage of the CWD agent through pigs could potentially lead to increased pathogenicity of the CWD agent in humans.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>LINE TO TAKE</div><div><br /></div><div>3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div><br /></div><div> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div><br /></div><div>DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></span></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Aug; 15(8): 1214–1221. doi: 10.3201/eid1508.081218 PMCID: PMC2815954 PMID: 19751582</div><div><br /></div><div>Transgenic Mice Expressing Porcine Prion Protein Resistant to Classical Scrapie but Susceptible to Sheep Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Atypical Scrapie</div><div><br /></div><div>Juan-Carlos Espinosa, 1 María-Eugenia Herva, 1 Olivier Andréoletti, Danielle Padilla, Caroline Lacroux, Hervé Cassard, Isabelle Lantier, Joaquin Castilla, and Juan-María Torres corresponding author</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>How susceptible pigs are to infection with sheep prions is unknown. We show, through transmission experiments in transgenic mice expressing porcine prion protein (PrP), that the susceptibility of this mouse model to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) can be enhanced after its passage in ARQ sheep, indicating that the pathogenicity of the BSE agent is modified after passage in sheep. Transgenic mice expressing porcine PrP were, nevertheless, completely resistant to infection with a broad panel of classical scrapie isolates from different sheep PrP genotypes and with different biochemical characteristics. The atypical (Nor98 like) isolate (SC-PS152) was the only scrapie isolate capable of transmission in these mice, although with a marked transmission barrier. Unexpectedly, the atypical scrapie agent appeared to undergo a strain phenotype shift upon transmission to porcine-PrP transgenic mice and acquired new strain properties, suggesting that atypical scrapie agent may exhibit different phenotypes depending on the host cellular PrP or other genetic factors.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion In this study, transgenic mice expressing porcine PrP (8) were used to assess the transmission capacity of a wide range of TSE agents from sheep. Our results indicated that none of the classical scrapie isolates tested was transmitted to our porcine PrP mouse model after intracerebral inoculation (Table), suggesting a highly (if not completely) resistance to the classical scrapie strains tested independently of their origin and biochemical signature. The absence of successful transmission of the SC-PS48 isolates with an unglycosylated bands of 19 kDa-like BSE suggests a BSE-unrelated origin for these BSE-like scrapie strains.</div><div><br /></div><div>The atypical isolate SC-PS152 was the only scrapie isolate able to infect the Po-PrP mouse model after intracerebral inoculation (Table), albeit with a low efficiency of infection in the first passage (attack rate 16%). These results suggest the potential ability of atypical scrapie prions to infect pigs, although with a strong transmission barrier. Given the increasing number of atypical scrapie cases found in Europe and in North America, the potential ability of atypical scrapie to adapt to the pig becoming more easily transmitted could raise concerns about the potential danger of feeding ruminant meat and bone meal to swine.</div><div><br /></div><div>In our transmission experiments, an obviously shorter survival period (458 ± 11 dpi) and an increased attack rate (100%) were observed in PoPrP-Tg001 mice inoculated with sheep BSE (Table) compared with those inoculated with the original cattle BSE (>650 dpi, 19%). These last figures correlate well with those reported for other cattle BSE isolates (Table). Differences in survival times were maintained after subsequent passages in this mouse model (Table), suggesting that the increased infectivity of sheep BSE cannot be linked to a higher infectious titer in the initial inoculum but must be the outcome of a modification in the pathogenicity of the agent. We can also rule out that the primary amino acid sequence of the ovine PrPSC leads to more efficient conversion of porcine PrPC because scrapie isolates from sheep with the same ARQ-PrP genotype were not able to infect these mice (Table). Taken together, the increased infectivity of sheep BSE in the porcine PrP mouse model must be considered as increased pathogenicity of the agent attributable to its passage in sheep. These features support previous results indicating that the BSE agent modifies its biological properties after passage in sheep, with the result that its pathogenicity increases in transgenic mice expressing bovine PrP (24). An increased pathogenicity of ovine BSE was also reported in conventional RIII mice when compared with retrospective cattle BSE experiments (36). In other prion strains, passage through an intermediate species has also been noted to alter host susceptibility (37).</div><div><br /></div><div>The enhanced infectivity of the BSE agent after its passage in ARQ sheep raises concern about its potential danger for other species, including humans. This question, as well as others related to the infectivity of the new porcine prion generated in this study, is currently being addressed in transmission experiments using transgenic mice expressing human PrP.</div><div><br /></div><div>Upon passages in porcine PrP transgenic mice, the BSE agent retained most of its biochemical properties, except for its PrPres glycoprofile in which some differences were appreciable. Our comparative analysis of cattle BSE and sheep BSE upon transmission in porcine PrP transgenic mice showed that both agents exhibit similar molecular (Figure 2) and neuropathologic properties (Figure 4). These features were preserved after subsequent passages. These results suggest that, despite their modified pathogenicity, the 2 porcine prions generated share the same biochemical and neuropathologic properties, regardless of whether the BSE agent used to inoculate the mice was obtained from ARQ sheep or cows. In agreement with these results, the increased infectivity of sheep BSE previously observed upon transmission in bovine PrP transgenic mice was not reflected in its molecular or neuropathologic properties (24).</div><div><br /></div><div>The atypical scrapie (SC-PS152) agent appeared to undergo a strain phenotype shift upon transmission to porcine PrP transgenic mice. Surprisingly, this novel strain phenotype was similar to that of sheep BSE propagated in the same mice in terms of several features: 1) survival times observed after stabilization in PoPrP-Tg001 mice (second passages) were similar (Table); 2) PrPres molecular profiles of the 2 agents in porcine PrP mice were indistinguishable (Figure 3); and 3) vacuolation profiles observed in second passages largely overlapped (Figure 4).</div><div><br /></div><div>These findings could reflect the evolutionary potential of prion agents upon transmission to a foreign host able to promote strain shift and emergence of new properties (38,39). The converging molecular, neuropathologic, and biological properties of atypical scrapie and sheep BSE upon propagation in porcine transgenic mice could be the consequence of a restriction imposed by the porcine PrPC, which might only admit a few options as it changes its conformation to PrPSC.</div><div><br /></div><div>Our results could also suggest a common origin for sheep BSE and atypical scrapie agents, which may exhibit different phenotypes depending on the host PrPC or other host factors. Although this last explanation seems to be less likely, so far we cannot draw any definitive conclusion on this issue. Whichever the case, the ability of an atypical scrapie to infect other species and its potential capacity to undergo a strain phenotype shift in the new host prompts new concerns about the possible spread of this uncommon TSE in other species as a masked prion undistinguishable from other strains.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815954/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815954/</a><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Transmission of the atypical/Nor98 scrapie agent to Suffolk sheep with VRQ/ARQ, ARQ/ARQ, and ARQ/ARR genotypes</div><div><br /></div><div>Eric D. Cassmann,Najiba Mammadova,S. Jo Moore,Sylvie Benestad,Justin J. Greenlee Published: February 11, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246503" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246503</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that occurs in sheep. Atypical/Nor98 scrapie occurs in sheep that tend to be resistant to classical scrapie and it is thought to occur spontaneously. The purpose of this study was to test the transmission of the Atypical/Nor98 scrapie agent in three genotypes of Suffolk sheep and characterize the distribution of misfolded prion protein (PrPSc). Ten sheep were intracranially inoculated with brain homogenate from a sheep with Atypical/Nor98 scrapie. All sheep with the ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/ARR genotypes developed Atypical/Nor98 scrapie confirmed by immunohistochemistry, and one sheep with the VRQ/ARQ genotype had detectable PrPSc consistent with Atypical/Nor98 scrapie at the experimental endpoint of 8 years. Sheep with mild early accumulations of PrPSc in the cerebellum had concomitant retinal PrPSc. Accordingly, large amounts of retinal PrPSc were identified in clinically affected sheep and sheep with dense accumulations of PrPSc in the cerebellum.</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...</div><div><br /></div><div>Results and discussion All three genotypes of sheep, VRQ/ARQ, ARQ/ARQ, and ARQ/ARR, were susceptible to the AS agent after intracranial inoculation of donor brain homogenate. The diagnosis of AS was confirmed by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) with the latter being confirmative. Previous studies have demonstrated experimental transmission of AS to AHQ/AHQ [14, 15] and ARQ/ARQ [16] genotype sheep after intracerebral transmission. Another study showed a phenotypic shift from AS to CH1641-like classical scrapie in a sheep with the AHQ/AHQ genotype [18]. In this study, sheep with the ARQ/ARR genotype had the shortest incubation period ranging from 4.9 years to the experimental endpoint of 8 years (Table 1), and the attack rate was 100% (5/5). Clinical signs were observed in all ARQ/ARR sheep except for a single wether that was culled early to help establish experimental endpoints. Three ARQ/ARR genotype sheep were euthanized due to clinical neurologic disease 4.9–6.7 years post-inoculation. Out of the three genotypes examined, only the ARQ/ARR genotype sheep developed clinical neurologic disease within the eight-year incubation period. In clinically neurologic sheep, we observed stiff legged and hypermetric ataxia (dysmetria), abnormal rear stance, generalized tremors, tremors of the lips, weight loss, and generalized malaise. The spectrum of clinical signs was comparable to other reports of experimental AS in sheep [14, 15]. Three ARQ/ARR genotype sheep (804, 927 and 948) with the most severe dysmetria also had the greatest amount of cerebellar PrPSc. Since dysmetria is typical of animals with cerebellar disease [20], the tendency to observe this as the most consistent and severe neurologic sign is likely related to the characteristic cerebellar accumulation of PrPSc in sheep with AS. The ARQ/ARQ genotype had a long incubation period and remained clinically asymptomatic, as also reported by Okada et al. [16].</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...</div><div><br /></div><div>This experiment demonstrated the transmission of atypical scrapie to three genotypes of sheep after intracranially inoculation, and it is the first study demonstrating experimental transmission to sheep with a VRQ/ARQ PRNP genotype. Additionally, atypical scrapie is further characterized by demonstrating early accumulation of PrPSc in the retina of experimentally inoculated sheep.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0246503" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0246503</a><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Experimental Oral Transmission of Atypical Scrapie to Sheep</div><div><br /></div><div>Marion M. Simmons, S. Jo Moore,1 Timm Konold, Lisa Thurston, Linda A. Terry, Leigh Thorne, Richard Lockey, Chris Vickery, Stephen A.C. Hawkins, Melanie J. Chaplin, and John Spiropoulos</div><div><br /></div><div>To investigate the possibility of oral transmission of atypical scrapie in sheep and determine the distribution of infectivity in the animals’ peripheral tissues, we challenged neonatal lambs orally with atypical scrapie; they were then killed at 12 or 24 months. Screening test results were negative for disease-specifi c prion protein in all but 2 recipients; they had positive results for examination of brain, but negative for peripheral tissues. Infectivity of brain, distal ileum, and spleen from all animals was assessed in mouse bioassays; positive results were obtained from tissues that had negative results on screening. These fi ndings demonstrate that atypical scrapie can be transmitted orally and indicate that it has the potential for natural transmission and iatrogenic spread through animal feed. Detection of infectivity in tissues negative by current surveillance methods indicates that diagnostic sensitivity is suboptimal for atypical scrapie, and potentially infectious material may be able to pass into the human food chain.</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...</div><div><br /></div><div>Although all TSEs are transmissible after intracerebral challenge to a susceptible host, only some are infectious under natural conditions. Therefore, it was important from a pathogenesis and disease control perspective to establish whether or not oral transmission can be successful. However, the challenge model in this study exposed animals as neonates, when the esophageal groove is operational and the lambs are physiologically monogastric. Exposure of 3-month-old ruminating animals to similar amounts of positive brain by the oral route have so far not resulted in any clinical disease, with all animals still alive >1,500 days post challenge (M.M. Simmons, unpub. data), but most natural cases have been recorded in animals older than this, so these animals may still progress to disease in the next few years. Since this challenge study in older animals has no time-kill component, and no losses caused by unrelated disease have occurred, whether any of these sheep are in a preclinical phase of disease is unknown. Unfortunately, the absence of detectable PrPSc in lymphoreticular tissues of sheep with atypical scrapie precludes the use of biopsies to ascertain early infection in these animals.</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission may be more effi cient in newborn animals; the incubation periods of sheep orally infected with classical scrapie were signifi cantly shorter in sheep challenged at 14 days of age than those challenged at 6 months of age (31). If, however, oral transmission is only effective in such young animals, then fi eld exposure would most likely have to be through milk, which is known to be a highly effective route of transmission for classical scrapie (32). No data are currently available on the potential infectivity of milk from animals with atypical scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div>Successful oral transmission also raises questions regarding the pathogenesis of this form of disease. There must be passage of the infectious agent from the alimentary canal to the brain through one of several possible routes, most likely those that have been suggested and discussed in detail for other TSEs, for example, retrograde neuronal transportation either directly (33–35) or through lymphoid structures or hematogenously (36). Infectivity in the absence of readily demonstrable PrPSc has been reported (37–39), and although the mouse bioassay may detect evidence of disease in other tissues, these data may not be available for at least another 2 years. More protease-sensitive forms of PrPSc may be broken down more effi ciently within cells and thus do not accumulate in peripheral tissues (19), enabling atypical PrPSc to transit the digestive tract and disseminate through other systems in small amounts before accumulating detectably in the central nervous system.</div><div><br /></div><div>Although we do not have epidemiologic evidence that supports the effi cient spread of disease in the fi eld, these data imply that disease is potentially transmissible under fi eld situations and that spread through animal feed may be possible if the current feed restrictions were to be relaxed.</div><div><br /></div><div>Additionally, almost no data are available on the potential for atypical scrapie to transmit to other food animal species, certainly by the oral route. However, work with transgenic mice has demonstrated the potential susceptibility of pigs, with the disturbing fi nding that the biochemical properties of the resulting PrPSc have changed on transmission (40). The implications of this observation for subsequent transmission and host target range are currently unknown.</div><div><br /></div><div>How reassuring is this absence of detectable PrPSc from a public health perspective? The bioassays performed in this study are not titrations, so the infectious load of the positive gut tissues cannot be quantified, although infectivity has been shown unequivocally. No experimental data are currently available on the zoonotic potential of atypical scrapie, either through experimental challenge of humanized mice or any meaningful epidemiologic correlation with human forms of TSE. However, the detection of infectivity in the distal ileum of animals as young as 12 months, in which all the tissues tested were negative for PrPSc by the currently available screening and </div><div>confirmatory diagnostic tests, indicates that the diagnostic sensitivity of current surveillance methods is suboptimal for detecting atypical scrapie and that potentially infectious material may be able to pass into the human food chain undetected.</div><div><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3321785/pdf/10-1654_finalR.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3321785/pdf/10-1654_finalR.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">EFSA </span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.668</a></span></span></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</span><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">PLEASE NOTE;</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strainsNo</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author: ‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</a></span></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><div>Previous work has shown that the Stetsonville, WI outbreak of TME could have been precipitated by feeding mink a downer cow with atypical BSE; therefore, it very well may have originated from a cow with L-BSE. The agent of TME appears to remain stable, and it has a high transmission efficiency after a sequence of interspecies transmission events. Although C-BSE is the archetypal foodborne TSE, our findings indicate that L-BSE and bTME have greater transmission efficiencies in bovinized mice. Previous work has demonstrated that L-BSE also is more virulent than C-BSE in mice expressing the human prion protein [46, 55]. Although the documented incidence of L-BSE is low, the propensity of L-BSE and the TME agent to cross species barriers support the continued monitoring for atypical BSE.<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02611-0" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02611-0</a></div><div><br /></div><div>***>This work supports the ideas that L-BSE is a possible source for TME in mink and that the practice of feeding cattle with neurologic disease to mink should be avoided. This information is important to farmers who raise cattle, sheep, or mink.<***</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">1985</span><br /></div><div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME. </div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">snip... </div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle... </div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf</a></div></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">57 The experiment which might have determined whether BSE and scrapie were caused by the same agent (ie, the feeding of natural scrapie to cattle) was never undertaken in the UK. </div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">It was, however, performed in the USA in 1979, when it was shown that cattle inoculated with the scrapie agent endemic in the flock of Suffolk sheep at the United States Department of Agriculture in Mission, Texas, developed a TSE quite unlike BSE. 32 </div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">The findings of the initial transmission, though not of the clinical or neurohistological examination, were communicated in October 1988 to Dr Watson, Director of the CVL, following a visit by Dr Wrathall, one of the project leaders in the Pathology Department of the CVL, to the United States Department of Agriculture. 33 </div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">The results were not published at this point, since the attempted transmission to mice from the experimental cow brain had been inconclusive. </div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">The results of the clinical and histological differences between scrapie-affected sheep and cattle were published in 1995. </div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Similar studies in which cattle were inoculated intracerebrally with scrapie inocula derived from a number of scrapie-affected sheep of different breeds and from different States, were carried out at the US National Animal Disease Centre. 34 </div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">The results, published in 1994, showed that this source of scrapie agent, though pathogenic for cattle, did not produce the same clinical signs of brain lesions characteristic of BSE..</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">32 Clark, W., Hourrigan, J. and Hadlow, W. (1995) Encephalopathy in Cattle Experimentally Infected with the Scrapie Agent, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 56, 606-12</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">33 YB88/10.00/1.1 </div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040823105233/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20040823105233/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Technical Abstract:</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Prion strains may vary in their ability to transmit to humans and animals. Few experimental studies have been done to provide evidence of differences between U.S. strains of scrapie, which can be distinguished by incubation times in inbred mice, microscopic lesions, immunoreactivity to various antibodies, or molecular profile (electrophoretic mobility and glycoform ratio). Recent work on two U.S. isolates of sheep scrapie supports that at least two distinct strains exist based on differences in incubation time and genotype of sheep affected. One isolate (No. 13-7) inoculated intracerebrally caused scrapie in sheep AA at codon 136 (AA136) and QQ at codon 171 (QQ171) of the prion protein in an average of 19 months post-inoculation (PI) whereas a second isolate (No. x124) caused disease in less than 12 months after oral inoculation in AV136/QQ171 sheep. Striking differences were evident when further strain analysis was done in R111, VM, C57Bl6, and C57Bl6xVM (F1) mice. No. 13-7 did not induce disease in any mouse strain at any time post-inoculation (PI) nor were brain tissues positive by western blot (WB). Positive WB results were obtained from mice inoculated with isolate No. x124 starting at day 380 PI. Incubation times averaged 508, 559, 601, and 633 days PI for RIII, C57Bl6, VM, and F1 mice, respectively. Further passage will be required to characterize these scrapie strains in mice. </div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">***>This work provides evidence that multiple scrapie strains exist in U.S. sheep. </div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=227516" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=227516</a><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">One of these isolates (TR316211) behaved like the CH1641 isolate, with PrPres features in mice similar to those in the sheep brain. From two other isolates (O100 and O104), two distinct PrPres phenotypes were identified in mouse brains, with either high (h-type) or low (l-type) apparent molecular masses of unglycosylated PrPres, the latter being similar to that observed with CH1641, TR316211, or BSE. Both phenotypes could be found in variable proportions in the brains of the individual mice. In contrast with BSE, l-type PrPres from "CH1641-like" isolates showed lower levels of diglycosylated PrPres. From one of these cases (O104), a second passage in mice was performed for two mice with distinct PrPres profiles. This showed a partial selection of the l-type phenotype in mice infected with a mouse brain with predominant l-type PrPres, and it was accompanied by a significant increase in the proportions of the diglycosylated band. These results are discussed in relation to the diversity of scrapie and BSE strains. </div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/81/13/7230?view=long&pmid=17442721" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/81/13/7230?view=long&pmid=17442721</a><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">***> In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) and the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641. </div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469</a><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">- 59-</span><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">P-088 Transmission of experimental CH1641-like scrapie to bovine PrP overexpression mice</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Kohtaro Miyazawa1, Kentaro Masujin1, Hiroyuki Okada1, Yuichi Matsuura1, Takashi Yokoyama2</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">1Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Japan; 2Department of Planning and General Administration, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Introduction: Scrapie is a prion disease in sheep and goats. CH1641-lke scrapie is characterized by a lower molecular mass of the unglycosylated form of abnormal prion protein (PrpSc) compared to that of classical scrapie. It is worthy of attention because of the biochemical similarities of the Prpsc from CH1641-like and BSE affected sheep. We have reported that experimental CH1641-like scrapie is transmissible to bovine PrP overexpression (TgBoPrP) mice (Yokoyama et al. 2010). We report here the further details of this transmission study and compare the biological and biochemical properties to those of classical scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Methods: The details of sheep brain homogenates used in this study are described in our previous report (Yokoyama et al. 2010). TgBoPrP mice were intracerebrally inoculated with a 10% brain homogenate of each scrapie strain. The brains of mice were subjected to histopathological and biochemical analyses.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Results: Prpsc banding pattern of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was similar to that of classical scrapie affected mice. Mean survival period of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was 170 days at the 3rd passage and it was significantly shorter than that of classical scrapie affected mice (439 days). Lesion profiles and Prpsc distributions in the brains also differed between CH1641-like and classical scrapie affected mice.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Conclusion: We succeeded in stable transmission of CH1641-like scrapie to TgBoPrP mice. Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://prion2016.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://prion2016.org/</a></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Title: Comparison of two US sheep scrapie isolates supports identification as separate strains</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Authors</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">item Moore, Sarah - item Smith, Jodi item West Greenlee, Mary - item Nicholson, Eric item Richt, Juergen item Greenlee, Justin</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Submitted to: Veterinary Pathology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: December 22, 2015 Publication Date: N/A</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Interpretive Summary: Scrapie is a fatal disease of sheep and goats that causes damaging changes in the brain. The infectious agent is an abnormal protein called a prion that has misfolded from its normal state. Whether or not a sheep will get scrapie is determined primarily by their genetics. Furthermore, different scrapie strains exist that may result in a different expression of disease such as shorter incubation periods, unusual clinical signs, or unique patterns of lesions within the brain. This study evaluated two U.S. scrapie isolates in groups of sheep with varying susceptibilities to scrapie. Our data indicates that there are differences in incubation periods, sheep genotype susceptibilities, and lesion profiles that support designating these scrapie isolates as unique strains. The identification of a new scrapie strain in the United States means that control measures, methods of decontamination, and the potential for transmission to other species may need to be reevaluated. This information is useful to sheep farmers and breeders that are selectively breeding animals with genotypes resistant to the most prevalent strain of scrapie and could impact future regulations for the control of scrapie in the United States. Technical Abstract: Scrapie is a naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of sheep and goats. There are different strains of sheep scrapie that are associated with unique molecular, transmission, and phenotype characteristics, but very little is known about the potential presence of scrapie strains within sheep in the US. Scrapie strain and PRNP genotype could both affect susceptibility, potential for transmission, incubation period, and control measures required for eliminating scrapie from a flock. Here we evaluate two US scrapie isolates, No. 13-7 and x124, after intranasal inoculation to compare clinical signs, incubation periods (IP), spongiform lesions, and patterns of PrPSc deposition in sheep with scrapie-susceptible PRNP genotypes (QQ171). After inoculation with x124, susceptibility and IP were associated with valine at codon 136 (V136) of the prion protein: VV136 had short IPs (6.9 months), AV136 sheep were 11.9 months, and AA136 sheep did not develop scrapie. All No.13-7 inoculated sheep developed scrapie with IP’s of 20.1 months for AA136 sheep, 22.8 months for AV136 sheep, and 26.7 months for VV136 sheep. Patterns of immunoreactivity in the brain were influenced by challenge isolate and host genotype. Differences in PrPSc profiles versus isolate were most striking when examining brains from sheep with the VV136 genotype. In summary, intranasal inoculation with isolates x124 and No. 13-7 resulted in differences in IP, sheep genotype susceptibility, and PrPSc profile that support designation as separate strains.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Last Modified: 6/6/2016</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=315505" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=315505</a><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">31</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Appendix I VISIT TO USA - OR A E WRATHALL — INFO ON BSE AND SCRAPIE</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Dr Clark lately of the scrapie Research Unit, Mission Texas has</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">successfully transmitted ovine and caprine scrapie to cattle. The</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">experimental results have not been published but there are plans to do</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">this. This work was initiated in 1978. A summary of it is:-</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Expt A 6 Her x Jer calves born in 1978 were inoculated as follows with</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">a 2nd Suffolk scrapie passage:-</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">i/c 1ml; i/m, 5ml; s/c 5ml; oral 30ml.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">1/6 went down after 48 months with a scrapie/BSE-like disease.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Expt B 6 Her or Jer or HxJ calves were inoculated with angora Goat</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">virus 2/6 went down similarly after 36 months.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Expt C Mice inoculated from brains of calves/cattle in expts A & B were resistant, only 1/20 going down with scrapie and this was the reason given for not publishing.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Diagnosis in A, B, C was by histopath. No reports on SAF were given.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Dr Warren Foote indicated success so far in eliminating scrapie in offspring from experimentally— (and naturally) infected sheep by ET. He had found difficulty in obtaining embryos from naturally infected sheep (cf SPA).</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Prof. A Robertson gave a brief accout of BSE. The us approach was to</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">32</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr A Thiermann showed the picture in the "Independent" with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">BSE was not reported in USA.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">4. Scrapie incidents (ie affected flocks) have shown a dramatic increase since 1978. In 1953 when the National Control scheme was started there were 10-14 incidents, in 1978 - 1 and in 1988 so far 60.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">5. Scrapie agent was reported to have been isolated from a solitary fetus.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">6. A western blotting diagnostic technique (? on PrP) shows some promise.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">7. Results of a questionnaire sent to 33 states on the subject of the national sheep scrapie programme survey indicated</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">17/33 wished to drop it</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">6/33 wished to develop it</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">8/33 had few sheep and were neutral</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Information obtained from Dr Wrathall‘s notes of a meeting of the u.s.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Animal Health Association at Little Rock, Arkansas Nov. 1988.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">33</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">In Confidence - Perceptions of unconventional slow virus diseases of animals in the USA - APRIL-MAY 1989 - G A H Wells</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs. ...</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">also see hand written notes ;</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071019203707/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071019203707/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div>Scrapie Field Trial Experiments Mission, Texas, The Moore Air Force Base Scrapie Experiment 1964 </div><div><br /></div><div>How Did CWD Get Way Down In Medina County, Texas? </div><div><br /></div><div>Confucius ponders... </div><div><br /></div><div>Could the Scrapie experiments back around 1964 at Moore Air Force near Mission, Texas, could this area have been ground zero for CWD TSE Prion (besides the CWD cases that have waltzed across the Texas, New Mexico border near WSMR Trans Pecos region since around 2001)? </div><div><br /></div><div>Epidemiology of Scrapie in the United States 1977 </div><div><br /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br /></div><div>Scrapie Field Trial Experiments Mission, Texas A Scrapie Field Trial was developed at Mission, Texas, to provide additional information for the eradication program on the epidemiology of natural scrapie. The Mission Field Trial Station is located on 450 acres of pastureland, part of the former Moore Air Force Base, near Mission, Texas. </div><div><br /></div><div>It was designed to bring previously exposed, and later also unexposed, sheep or goats to the Station and maintain and breed them under close observation for extended periods to determine which animals would develop scrapie and define more closely the natural spread and other epidemiological aspects of the disease. </div><div><br /></div><div>The 547 previously exposed sheep brought to the Mission Station beginning in 1964 were of the Cheviot, Hampshire, Montadale, or Suffolk breeds. </div><div><br /></div><div>They were purchased as field outbreaks occurred, and represented 21 bloodlines in which scrapie had been diagnosed. </div><div><br /></div><div>Upon arrival at the Station, the sheep were maintained on pasture, with supplemental feeding as necessary. </div><div><br /></div><div>The station was divided into 2 areas: </div><div><br /></div><div>(1) a series of pastures and-pens occupied by male animals only, and </div><div><br /></div><div>(2) a series of pastures and pens occupied by females and young progeny of both sexes. </div><div><br /></div><div>... snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>see full text ; </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://we.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf</a></div></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">IBNC BSE TSE Prion mad cow disease</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"> ***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. on 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Incomplete inactivation of atypical scrapie following recommended autoclave decontamination procedures.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Published on Sep 1, 2019in Transboundary and Emerging Diseases</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">5.005 · DOI :10.1111/TBED.13247 Copy DOI John Spiropoulos 21 (Animal and Plant Health Agency), Richard Lockey 14 (Animal and Plant Health Agency)+ 7 AuthorsLinda A. Terry 19 (Animal and Plant Health Agency)</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Abstract : Prions are highly resistant to the decontamination procedures normally used to inactivate conventional pathogens. This is a challenging problem not only in the medical and veterinary fields for minimizing the risk of transmission from potentially infective sources but also for ensuring the safe disposal or subsequent use of animal by-products. Specific pressure autoclaving protocols were developed for this purpose, but different strains of prions have been reported to have differing resistance patterns to established prion decontamination procedures, and as additional TSE strains are identified it is necessary to determine the effectiveness of such procedures. In this study we assessed the efficacy of sterilization using the EU recommended autoclave procedure for prions (133°C, 3 Bar for 20 min) on the atypical or Nor98 (AS/Nor98) scrapie strain of sheep and goats. Using a highly sensitive murine mouse model (tg338) that overexpresses ovine PrPC , we determined that this method of decontamination reduced the infectivity titre by 1010 . Infectivity was nonetheless still detected after applying the recommended autoclaving protocol. This shows that AS/Nor98 can survive the designated legislative decontamination conditions, albeit with a significant decrease in titre. The infectivity of a classical scrapie isolate subjected to the same decontamination conditions was reduced by 106 suggesting that the AS/Nor98 isolate is less sensitive to decontamination than the classical scrapie source.</div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv0776051675aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"></div></div></div></div></div><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/tbed.13247" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/tbed.13247</a><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div dir="ltr" id="yiv8050805984AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: arial;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #141414; font-size: 16px;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 29, 2021 </span></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: arial;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #141414; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: arial;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #141414; font-size: 16px;">Experimental Oronasal Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease Agent from White-Tailed Deer to Suffolk Sheep Volume 27, Number 12—December 2021 Dispatch</span><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: arial;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #141414; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: arial;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #141414; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/experimental-oronasal-transmission-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/experimental-oronasal-transmission-of.html</a></span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REFERENCES</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SNIP...END SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div><br /></div><div>Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Atypical L-type BSE</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Feb; 23(2): 284–287. doi: 10.3201/eid2302.161416 PMCID: PMC5324790 PMID: 28098532</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Our study clearly confirms, experimentally, the potential risk for interspecies oral transmission of the agent of L-BSE. In our model, this risk appears higher than that for the agent of classical BSE, which could only be transmitted to mouse lemurs after a first passage in macaques (14). We report oral transmission of the L-BSE agent in young and adult primates. Transmission by the IC route has also been reported in young macaques (6,7). A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Atypical H-type BSE</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PRION CONFERENCE 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Published: 23 June 2011</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Experimental H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy characterized by plaques and glial- and stellate-type prion protein deposits</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">The present study demonstrated successful intraspecies transmission of H-type BSE to cattle and the distribution and immunolabeling patterns of PrPSc in the brain of the H-type BSE-challenged cattle. TSE agent virulence can be minimally defined by oral transmission of different TSE agents (C-type, L-type, and H-type BSE agents) [59]. Oral transmission studies with H-type BSE-infected cattle have been initiated and are underway to provide information regarding the extent of similarity in the immunohistochemical and molecular features before and after transmission. In addition, the present data will support risk assessments in some peripheral tissues derived from cattle affected with H-type BSE.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">References...END</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">223. Scrapie in white-tailed deer: a strain of the CWD agent that efficiently transmits to sheep?</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Justin J. Greenleea, Robyn D. Kokemullera, S. Jo Moorea and Heather West Greenleeb</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">aVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA; bDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CONTACT Justin J. Greenlee <a href="mailto:Justin.Greenlee@ars.usda.gov" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:Justin.Greenlee@ars.usda.gov">Justin.Greenlee@ars.usda.gov</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">ABSTRACT</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of sheep and goats that is associated with widespread accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) in the central nervous and lymphoid tissues. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the natural prion disease of cervid species, and the tissue distribution of PrPSc in affected cervids is similar to scrapie in sheep. There are several lines of evidence that suggest that multiple strains of CWD exist, which may affect the agent’s potential to transmit to hosts of the same or different species. We inoculated white-tailed deer with the scrapie agent from ARQ/ARQ sheep, which resulted in 100% attack rates by either the intracranial or oronasal route of inoculation. When examining tissues from the brainstems or lymphoid tissues by traditional diagnostic methods such as immunohistochemistry or western blots, it is difficult to differentiate tissues from deer infected with scrapie from those infected with CWD. However, there are several important differences between tissues from scrapie-infected white-tailed deer (WTD scrapie) and those infected with CWD (WTD CWD). First, there are different patterns of PrPSc deposition in the brains of infected deer: brain tissues from deer with WTD scrapie had predominantly particulate and stellate immunoreactivity whereas those from deer with WTD-CWD had large aggregates and plaque-like deposits. Secondly, the incubation periods of WTD scrapie isolates are longer than CWD isolates in mice expressing cervid prion protein. Most notably, the transmission potential of these two isolates back to sheep is distinctly different. Attempts to transmit various CWD isolates to sheep by the oral or oronasal routes have been unsuccessful despite observation periods of up to 7 years. However, WTD scrapie efficiently transmitted back to sheep by the oronasal route. Upon transmission back to sheep, the WTD scrapie isolate exhibited different phenotypic properties when compared to the sheep receiving the original sheep scrapie inoculum including different genotype susceptibilities, distinct PrPSc deposition patterns, and much more rapid incubation periods in transgenic mice expressing the ovine prion protein. The scrapie agent readily transmits between sheep and deer after oronasal exposure. This could confound the identification of CWD strains in deer and the eradication of scrapie from sheep.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>LINE TO TAKE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="yiv8050805984cxmmr5t8 yiv8050805984oygrvhab yiv8050805984hcukyx3x yiv8050805984c1et5uql yiv8050805984o9v6fnle" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv8050805984aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv8050805984aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv8050805984aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv8050805984aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv8050805984aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PMID: 6997404</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">76/10.12/4.6</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div>P03.141 </div><div><br /></div><div> Aspects of the Cerebellar Neuropathology in Nor98 </div><div><br /></div><div> Gavier-Widén, D1; Benestad, SL2; Ottander, L1; Westergren, E1 1National Veterinary Insitute, Sweden; 2National Veterinary Institute, </div><div><br /></div><div> Norway Nor98 is a prion disease of old sheep and goats. This atypical form of scrapie was first described in Norway in 1998. Several features of Nor98 were shown to be different from classical scrapie including the distribution of disease associated prion protein (PrPd) accumulation in the brain. The cerebellum is generally the most affected brain area in Nor98. The study here presented aimed at adding information on the neuropathology in the cerebellum of Nor98 naturally affected sheep of various genotypes in Sweden and Norway. A panel of histochemical and immunohistochemical (IHC) stainings such as IHC for PrPd, synaptophysin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, amyloid, and cell markers for phagocytic cells were conducted. The type of histological lesions and tissue reactions were evaluated. The types of PrPd deposition were characterized. The cerebellar cortex was regularly affected, even though there was a variation in the severity of the lesions from case to case. Neuropil vacuolation was more marked in the molecular layer, but affected also the granular cell layer. There was a loss of granule cells. Punctate deposition of PrPd was characteristic. It was morphologically and in distribution identical with that of synaptophysin, suggesting that PrPd accumulates in the synaptic structures. PrPd was also observed in the granule cell layer and in the white matter. The pathology features of Nor98 in the cerebellum of the affected sheep showed similarities with those of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. </div><div><br /></div><div> ***The pathology features of Nor98 in the cerebellum of the affected sheep showed similarities with those of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://%20http//www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http:// http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">PR-26 </span></div><div><br /></div><div> NOR98 SHOWS MOLECULAR FEATURES REMINISCENT OF GSS </div><div><br /></div><div> R. Nonno1, E. Esposito1, G. Vaccari1, E. Bandino2, M. Conte1, B. Chiappini1, S. Marcon1, M. Di Bari1, S.L. Benestad3, U. Agrimi1 1 Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Rome, Italy (<a href="mailto:romolo.nonno@iss.it" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:romolo.nonno@iss.it">romolo.nonno@iss.it</a>); 2 Istituto Zooprofilattico della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy; 3 National Veterinary Institute, Department of Pathology, Oslo, Norway </div><div><br /></div><div> Molecular variants of PrPSc are being increasingly investigated in sheep scrapie and are generally referred to as "atypical" scrapie, as opposed to "classical scrapie". Among the atypical group, Nor98 seems to be the best identified. We studied the molecular properties of Italian and Norwegian Nor98 samples by WB analysis of brain homogenates, either untreated, digested with different concentrations of proteinase K, or subjected to enzymatic deglycosylation. The identity of PrP fragments was inferred by means of antibodies spanning the full PrP sequence. We found that undigested brain homogenates contain a Nor98-specific PrP fragment migrating at 11 kDa (PrP11), truncated at both the C-terminus and the N-terminus, and not N-glycosylated. After mild PK digestion, Nor98 displayed full-length PrP (FL-PrP) and N-glycosylated C-terminal fragments (CTF), along with increased levels of PrP11. Proteinase K digestion curves (0,006-6,4 mg/ml) showed that FL-PrP and CTF are mainly digested above 0,01 mg/ml, while PrP11 is not entirely digested even at the highest concentrations, similarly to PrP27-30 associated with classical scrapie. Above 0,2 mg/ml PK, most Nor98 samples showed only PrP11 and a fragment of 17 kDa with the same properties of PrP11, that was tentatively identified as a dimer of PrP11. Detergent solubility studies showed that PrP11 is insoluble in 2% sodium laurylsorcosine and is mainly produced from detergentsoluble, full-length PrPSc. Furthermore, among Italian scrapie isolates, we found that a sample with molecular and pathological properties consistent with Nor98 showed plaque-like deposits of PrPSc in the thalamus when the brain was analysed by PrPSc immunohistochemistry. Taken together, our results show that the distinctive pathological feature of Nor98 is a PrP fragment spanning amino acids ~ 90-155. This fragment is produced by successive N-terminal and C-terminal cleavages from a full-length and largely detergent-soluble PrPSc, is produced in vivo and is extremely resistant to PK digestion. </div><div><br /></div><div> *** Intriguingly, these conclusions suggest that some pathological features of Nor98 are reminiscent of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease. </div><div><br /></div><div> 119 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2006/abstract_book.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2006/abstract_book.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">A newly identified type of scrapie agent can naturally infect sheep with resistant PrP genotypes </span></div><div><br /></div><div> Annick Le Dur*,?, Vincent Béringue*,?, Olivier Andréoletti?, Fabienne Reine*, Thanh Lan Laï*, Thierry Baron§, Bjørn Bratberg¶, Jean-Luc Vilotte?, Pierre Sarradin**, Sylvie L. Benestad¶, and Hubert Laude*,? +Author Affiliations </div><div><br /></div><div>*Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires and ?Génétique Biochimique et Cytogénétique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; ?Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, 31066 Toulouse, France; §Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Unité Agents Transmissibles Non Conventionnels, 69364 Lyon, France; **Pathologie Infectieuse et Immunologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France; and ¶Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, 0033 Oslo, Norway </div><div><br /></div><div>***Edited by Stanley B. Prusiner, University of California, San Francisco, CA (received for review March 21, 2005) </div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract Scrapie in small ruminants belongs to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, a family of fatal neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans and animals and can transmit within and between species by ingestion or inoculation. Conversion of the host-encoded prion protein (PrP), normal cellular PrP (PrPc), into a misfolded form, abnormal PrP (PrPSc), plays a key role in TSE transmission and pathogenesis. The intensified surveillance of scrapie in the European Union, together with the improvement of PrPSc detection techniques, has led to the discovery of a growing number of so-called atypical scrapie cases. These include clinical Nor98 cases first identified in Norwegian sheep on the basis of unusual pathological and PrPSc molecular features and "cases" that produced discordant responses in the rapid tests currently applied to the large-scale random screening of slaughtered or fallen animals. Worryingly, a substantial proportion of such cases involved sheep with PrP genotypes known until now to confer natural resistance to conventional scrapie. Here we report that both Nor98 and discordant cases, including three sheep homozygous for the resistant PrPARR allele (A136R154R171), efficiently transmitted the disease to transgenic mice expressing ovine PrP, and that they shared unique biological and biochemical features upon propagation in mice. *** These observations support the view that a truly infectious TSE agent, unrecognized until recently, infects sheep and goat flocks and may have important implications in terms of scrapie control and public health. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/102/44/16031.abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/102/44/16031.abstract</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>Monday, December 1, 2008 </div><div><br /></div><div> When Atypical Scrapie cross species barriers </div><div><br /></div><div> Authors </div><div><br /></div><div> Andreoletti O., Herva M. H., Cassard H., Espinosa J. C., Lacroux C., Simon S., Padilla D., Benestad S. L., Lantier F., Schelcher F., Grassi J., Torres, J. M., UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Toulouse.France; ICISA-INlA, Madrid, Spain; CEA, IBiTec-5, DSV, CEA/Saclay, Gif sur Yvette cedex, France; National Veterinary Institute, Postboks 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway, INRA IASP, Centre INRA de Tours, 3738O Nouzilly, France. </div><div><br /></div><div> Content </div><div><br /></div><div> Atypical scrapie is a TSE occurring in small ruminants and harbouring peculiar clinical, epidemiological and biochemical properties. Currently this form of disease is identified in a large number of countries. In this study we report the transmission of an atypical scrapie isolate through different species barriers as modeled by transgenic mice (Tg) expressing different species PRP sequence.</div><div><br /></div><div>The donor isolate was collected in 1995 in a French commercial sheep flock. inoculation into AHQ/AHQ sheep induced a disease which had all neuro-pathological and biochemical characteristics of atypical scrapie. Transmitted into Transgenic mice expressing either ovine or PrPc, the isolate retained all the described characteristics of atypical scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div>Surprisingly the TSE agent characteristics were dramatically different v/hen passaged into Tg bovine mice. The recovered TSE agent had biological and biochemical characteristics similar to those of atypical BSE L in the same mouse model. Moreover, whereas no other TSE agent than BSE were shown to transmit into Tg porcine mice, atypical scrapie was able to develop into this model, albeit with low attack rate on first passage.</div><div><br /></div><div>Furthermore, after adaptation in the porcine mouse model this prion showed similar biological and biochemical characteristics than BSE adapted to this porcine mouse model. Altogether these data indicate.</div><div><br /></div><div>(i) the unsuspected potential abilities of atypical scrapie to cross species barriers</div><div><br /></div><div>(ii) the possible capacity of this agent to acquire new characteristics when crossing species barrier</div><div><br /></div><div>These findings raise some interrogation on the concept of TSE strain and on the origin of the diversity of the TSE agents and could have consequences on field TSE control measures.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2008/abstract-book-prion2008.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2008/abstract-book-prion2008.pdf</a><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, JUNE 10, 2020 </span><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Atypical BSE prions showed a modification in their zoonotic ability after adaptation to sheep-PrP producing agents able to infect TgMet129 and TgVal129, bearing features that make them indistinguishable of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">our results clearly indicate that atypical BSE adaptation to an ovine-PrP sequence could modify the prion agent to potentially infect humans, showing strain features indistinguishable from those of classic sCJD prions, even though they might or might not be different agents.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">However, the expanding range of TSE agents displaying the capacity to transmit in human-PrP–expressing hosts warrants the continuation of the ban on meat and bone meal recycling and underscores the ongoing need for active surveillance</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7258450/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7258450/</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Atypical L-type BSE</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Feb; 23(2): 284–287. doi: 10.3201/eid2302.161416 PMCID: PMC5324790 PMID: 28098532</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Our study clearly confirms, experimentally, the potential risk for interspecies oral transmission of the agent of L-BSE. In our model, this risk appears higher than that for the agent of classical BSE, which could only be transmitted to mouse lemurs after a first passage in macaques (14). We report oral transmission of the L-BSE agent in young and adult primates. Transmission by the IC route has also been reported in young macaques (6,7). A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.<br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Atypical H-type BSE</span><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PRION CONFERENCE 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Published: 23 June 2011</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Experimental H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy characterized by plaques and glial- and stellate-type prion protein deposits</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">The present study demonstrated successful intraspecies transmission of H-type BSE to cattle and the distribution and immunolabeling patterns of PrPSc in the brain of the H-type BSE-challenged cattle. TSE agent virulence can be minimally defined by oral transmission of different TSE agents (C-type, L-type, and H-type BSE agents) [59]. Oral transmission studies with H-type BSE-infected cattle have been initiated and are underway to provide information regarding the extent of similarity in the immunohistochemical and molecular features before and after transmission. In addition, the present data will support risk assessments in some peripheral tissues derived from cattle affected with H-type BSE.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">References...END</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><h3 class="yiv8050805984post-title yiv8050805984entry-title" itemprop="name" style="color: #1b0431; font-size: 18.2px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Prion Infectivity and PrPBSE in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System of Cattle 8 Months Post Oral BSE Challenge</h3><div class="yiv8050805984post-header"><div class="yiv8050805984post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="yiv8050805984post-body yiv8050805984entry-content" id="yiv8050805984post-body-4624012215542374868"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.6em;">Prion Infectivity and PrPBSE in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System of Cattle 8 Months Post Oral BSE Challenge</div><div>Ivett Ackermann 1 , Reiner Ulrich 2 , Kerstin Tauscher 3 , Olanrewaju I. Fatola 1,4 , Markus Keller 1 , James C. Shawulu 1,5, Mark Arnold 6 , Stefanie Czub 7 , Martin H. Groschup 1 and Anne Balkema-Buschmann 1,*</div><div><br /></div><div>1 Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; <a href="mailto:Ivett.Ackermann@fli.de" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">Ivett.Ackermann@fli.de</a> (I.A.); <a href="mailto:fatolan@yahoo.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">fatolan@yahoo.com</a> (O.I.F.); <a href="mailto:Markus.Keller@fli.de" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">Markus.Keller@fli.de</a> (M.K.); <a href="mailto:james.shawulu@ymail.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">james.shawulu@ymail.com</a> (J.C.S.); <a href="mailto:Martin.Groschup@fli.de" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">Martin.Groschup@fli.de</a> (M.H.G.) 2 Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; <a href="mailto:reiner.ulrich@vetmed.uni-leipzig.de" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">reiner.ulrich@vetmed.uni-leipzig.de</a> 3 Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; <a href="mailto:Kerstin_Tauscher@gmx.de" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">Kerstin_Tauscher@gmx.de</a> 4 Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria 5 Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja 900105, Nigeria 6 Animal and Plant Health Agency Sutton Bonington, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RB, UK; <a href="mailto:Mark.Arnold@apha.gov.uk" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">Mark.Arnold@apha.gov.uk</a> 7 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, AB T1J 3Z4, Canada; <a href="mailto:stefanie.czub37@gmail.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">stefanie.czub37@gmail.com</a> * Correspondence: <a href="mailto:anne.buschmann@fli.de" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">anne.buschmann@fli.de</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract: After oral exposure of cattle with classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE), the infectious agent ascends from the gut to the central nervous system (CNS) primarily via the autonomic nervous system. However, the timeline of this progression has thus far remained widely undetermined. Previous studies were focused on later time points after oral exposure of animals that were already 4 to 6 months old when challenged. In contrast, in this present study, we have orally inoculated 4 to 6 weeks old unweaned calves with high doses of BSE to identify any possible BSE infectivity and/or PrPBSE in peripheral nervous tissues during the first eight months postinoculation (mpi). For the detection of BSE infectivity, we used a bovine PrP transgenic mouse bioassay, while PrPBSE depositions were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and by protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). We were able to show that as early as 8 mpi the thoracic spinal cord as well as the parasympathetic nodal ganglion of these animals contained PrPBSE and BSE infectivity. This shows that the centripetal prion spread starts early after challenge at least in this age group, which represents an essential piece of information for the risk assessments for food, feed, and pharmaceutical products produced from young calves.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>5. Conclusions</div><div><br /></div><div>In summary, we detected PrPBSE and BSE infectivity as early as 8 mpi in the nodal ganglion as well as in the thoracic spinal cord from one calf challenged before weaning in this study and also at eight mpi in the thoracic spinal cord sampled from cattle challenged at 4 to 6 months of age during an earlier pathogenesis study [5,20]. This current study considerably expands the existing data on the early C-BSE pathogenesis by demonstrating that after challenge with an unnaturally high dose of 100 g BSE-positive brainstem tissue, parts of the peripheral and central nervous system from cattle may already contain PrPBSE and BSE infectivity after short time periods up to 8 months after oral infection, which should be considered relevant information for risk assessments for food and pharmaceutical products.</div><div><br /></div><div>Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/article/10%20.3390/ijms222111310/s1" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.mdpi.com/article/10 .3390/ijms222111310/s1</a> . </div><div><br /></div><div>Keywords: prion protein; BSE; infectivity; PrPBSE; cattle; peripheral and central nervous system; protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA)</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11310" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11310</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11310/pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11310/pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>O.4.3</div><div><br /></div><div>Spread of BSE prions in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) after oral transmission</div><div><br /></div><div>Edgar Holznagel1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Barbara Yutzy1, Gerhard Hunsmann3, Johannes Loewer1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Sera and Vaccines, Germany; 2Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany, 3Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Centre, Göttingen, Germany</div><div><br /></div><div>Background: BSE-infected cynomolgus monkeys represent a relevant animal model to study the pathogenesis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD).</div><div><br /></div><div>Objectives: To study the spread of BSE prions during the asymptomatic phase of infection in a simian animal model.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods: Orally BSE-dosed macaques (n=10) were sacrificed at defined time points during the incubation period and 7 orally BSE-dosed macaques were sacrificed after the onset of clinical signs. Neuronal and non-neuronal tissues were tested for the presence of proteinase-K-resistant prion protein (PrPres) by western immunoblot and by paraffin-embedded tissue (PET) blot technique.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: In clinically diseased macaques (5 years p.i. + 6 mo.), PrPres deposits were widely spread in neuronal tissues (including the peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system) and in lymphoid tissues including tonsils. In asymptomatic disease carriers, PrPres deposits could be detected in intestinal lymph nodes as early as 1 year p.i., but CNS tissues were negative until 3 – 4 years p.i. Lumbal/sacral segments of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata were PrPres positive as early as 4.1 years p.i., whereas sympathetic trunk and all thoracic/cervical segments of the spinal cord were still negative for PrPres. However, tonsil samples were negative in all asymptomatic cases.</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion: There is evidence for an early spread of BSE to the CNS via autonomic fibres of the splanchnic and vagus nerves indicating that trans-synaptical spread may be a time-limiting factor for neuroinvasion. Tonsils were predominantly negative during the main part of the incubation period indicating that epidemiological vCJD screening results based on the detection of PrPres in tonsil biopsies may mostly tend to underestimate the prevalence of vCJD among humans.</div><div><br /></div><div>P.4.23</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of atypical BSE in humanized mouse models</div><div><br /></div><div>Liuting Qing1, Wenquan Zou1, Cristina Casalone2, Martin Groschup3, Miroslaw Polak4, Maria Caramelli2, Pierluigi Gambetti1, Juergen Richt5, Qingzhong Kong1 1Case Western Reserve University, USA; 2Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, Italy; 3Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany; 4National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland; 5Kansas State University (Previously at USDA National Animal Disease Center), USA</div><div><br /></div><div>Background: Classical BSE is a world-wide prion disease in cattle, and the classical BSE strain (BSE-C) has led to over 200 cases of clinical human infection (variant CJD). Atypical BSE cases have been discovered in three continents since 2004; they include the L-type (also named BASE), the H-type, and the first reported case of naturally occurring BSE with mutated bovine PRNP (termed BSE-M). The public health risks posed by atypical BSE were largely undefined.</div><div><br /></div><div>Objectives: To investigate these atypical BSE types in terms of their transmissibility and phenotypes in humanized mice. Methods: Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were inoculated with several classical (C-type) and atypical (L-, H-, or Mtype) BSE isolates, and the transmission rate, incubation time, characteristics and distribution of PrPSc, symptoms, and histopathology were or will be examined and compared.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Sixty percent of BASE-inoculated humanized mice became infected with minimal spongiosis and an average incubation time of 20-22 months, whereas only one of the C-type BSE-inoculated mice developed prion disease after more than 2 years. Protease-resistant PrPSc in BASE-infected humanized Tg mouse brains was biochemically different from bovine BASE or sCJD. PrPSc was also detected in the spleen of 22% of BASE-infected humanized mice, but not in those infected with sCJD. Secondary transmission of BASE in the humanized mice led to a small reduction in incubation time. The atypical BSE-H strain is also transmissible with distinct phenotypes in the humanized mice, but no BSE-M transmission has been observed so far.</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion: Our results demonstrate that BASE is more virulent than classical BSE, has a lymphotropic phenotype, and displays a modest transmission barrier in our humanized mice.</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE-H is also transmissible in our humanized Tg mice.</div><div><br /></div><div>The possibility of more than two atypical BSE strains will be discussed.</div><div><br /></div><div>Supported by NINDS NS052319, NIA AG14359, and NIH AI 77774.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>P03.137</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of BSE to Cynomolgus Macaque, a Non-human Primate; Development of Clinical Symptoms and Tissue Distribution of PrPSC</div><div><br /></div><div>Yamakawa, Y1; Ono, F2; Tase, N3; Terao, K3; Tannno, J3; Wada, N4; Tobiume, M5; Sato, Y5; Okemoto-Nakamura, Y1; Hagiwara, K1; Sata, T5 1National Institure of Infectious diseases, Cell biology and Biochemistry, Japan; 2Corporation for Production and Research Laboratory Primates., Japan; 3National Institure of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba Primate Reserch Center, Japan; 4Yamauchi Univ., Veterinary Medicine, Japan; 5National Institure of Infectious diseases, Pathology, Japan</div><div><br /></div><div>Two of three cynomolgus monkeys developed abnormal neuronal behavioral signs at 30-(#7) and 28-(#10) months after intracerebral inoculation of 200ul of 10% brain homogenates of BSE affected cattle (BSE/JP6). Around 30 months post inoculation (mpi), they developed sporadic anorexia and hyperekplexia with squeal against environmental stimulations such as light and sound. Tremor, myoclonic jerk and paralysis became conspicuous during 32 to 33-mpi, and symptoms become worsened according to the disease progression. Finally, one monkey (#7) fell into total paralysis at 36-mpi. This monkey was sacrificed at 10 days after intensive veterinary care including infusion and per oral supply of liquid food. The other monkey (#10) had to grasp the cage bars to keep an upright posture caused by the sever ataxia. This monkey was sacrificed at 35-mpi. EEG of both monkeys showed diffuse slowing. PSD characteristic for sporadic CJD was not observed in both monkeys. The result of forearm movement test showed the hypofunction that was observed at onset of clinical symptoms. Their cognitive function determined by finger maze test was maintained at the early stage of sideration. However, it was rapidly impaired followed by the disease progression. Their autopsied tissues were immunochemically investigated for the tissue distribution of PrPSc. Severe spongiform change in the brain together with heavy accumulation of PrPSc having the type 2B/4 glycoform profile confirmed successful transmission of BSE to Cynomolgus macaques. Granular and linear deposition of PrPSC was detected by IHC in the CNS of both monkeys. At cerebral cortex, PrPSC was prominently accumulated in the large plaques. Sparse accumulation of PrPSc was detected in several peripheral nerves of #7 but not in #10 monkey, upon the WB analysis. Neither #7 nor #10 monkey accumulated detectable amounts of PrPSc in their lymphatic organs such as tonsil, spleen, adrenal grands and thymus although PrPSc was barely detected in the submandibular lymph node of #7 monkey. Such confined tissue distribution of PrPSc after intracerebral infection with BSE agent is not compatible to that reported on the Cynomolgus macaques infected with BSE by oral or intra-venous (intra-peritoneal) routs, in which PrPSc was accumulated at not only CNS but also widely distributed lymphatic tissues.</div><div><br /></div><div>P04.27</div><div><br /></div><div>Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route</div><div><br /></div><div>Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmézas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Löwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany</div><div><br /></div><div>Background: In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods: Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.</div><div><br /></div><div>The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study “BSE in primates“ supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div>Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on attack rate and incubation period in cattle</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>G. A. H. Wells,1 T. Konold,1 M. E. Arnold,1 A. R. Austin,1 3 S. A. C. Hawkins,1 M. Stack,1 M. M. Simmons,1 Y. H. Lee,2 D. Gavier-Wide´n,3 M. Dawson1 4 and J. W. Wilesmith1 1 Correspondence G. A. H. Wells</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="mailto:g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk">g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>1 Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2 National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Republic of Korea</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>3 National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Received 27 July 2006</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Accepted 18 November 2006</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The dose–response of cattle exposed to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent is an important component of modelling exposure risks for animals and humans and thereby, the modulation of surveillance and control strategies for BSE. In two experiments calves were dosed orally with a range of amounts of a pool of brainstems from BSE-affected cattle. Infectivity in the pool was determined by end-point titration in mice. Recipient cattle were monitored for clinical disease and, from the incidence of pathologically confirmed cases and their incubation periods (IPs), the attack rate and IP distribution according to dose were estimated. The dose at which 50 % of cattle would be clinically affected was estimated at 0.20 g brain material used in the experiment, with 95 % confidence intervals of 0.04–1.00 g. The IP was highly variable across all dose groups and followed a log-normal distribution, with decreasing mean as dose increased. There was no evidence of a threshold dose at which the probability of infection became vanishingly small, with 1/15 (7 %) of animals affected at the lowest dose (1 mg).</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>DISCUSSION</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The study has demonstrated that disease in cattle can be produced by oral exposure to as little as 1 mg brain homogenate (¡100.4 RIII mouse i.c./i.p. ID50 units) from clinically affected field cases of BSE and that the limiting dose for infection of calves is lower than this exposure...</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip...end</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2</a> </div><div><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">P04.27</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasm�zas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; L�wer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat � l�Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanit�, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Background:</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Aims:</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Methods:</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Results:</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Conclusions:</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study �BSE in primates� supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a></span></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Corinne Ida Lasm�zas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Fr�d�ric Auvr�, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Sal�s, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">snip...</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">BSE bovine brain inoculum</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0�1 mg 0�01 mg</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">PrPres biochemical detection</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and int****ritoneal.</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Published online January 27, 2005</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">It is clear that the designing scientists must</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">also have shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley's answer (that it would take less than say 100 grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate" experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger infection. The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. It is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a></span></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>RESEARCH ARTICLE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkers1☯, Clare E. Hoover2☯, Kristen A. DavenportID3, Davin M. Henderson1, Erin E. McNultyID1, Amy V. Nalls1, Candace K. Mathiason1, Edward A. HooverID1*</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America, 2 AstraZeneca Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America, 3 Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. * <a href="mailto:Edward.hoover@colostate.edu" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:Edward.hoover@colostate.edu">Edward.hoover@colostate.edu</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The minimum infectious dose required to induce CWD infection in cervids remains unknown, as does whether peripherally shed prions and/or multiple low dose exposures are important factors in CWD transmission. With the goal of better understand CWD infection in nature, we studied oral exposures of deer to very low doses of CWD prions and also examined whether the frequency of exposure or prion source may influence infection and pathogene- sis. We orally inoculated white-tailed deer with either single or multiple divided doses of pri- ons of brain or saliva origin and monitored infection by serial longitudinal tissue biopsies spanning over two years. We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD- positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD min- imum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Snip...</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Discussion</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>As CWD expands across North America and Scandinavia, how this disease is transmitted so efficiently remains unclear, given the low concentrations of prions shed in secretions and excretions [13, 14]. The present studies demonstrated that a single oral exposure to as little as 300nmg of CWD-positive brain or equivalent saliva can initiate infection in 100% of exposed white-tailed deer. However, distributing this dose as 10, 30 ng exposures failed to induce infec- tion. Overall, these results suggest that the minimum oral infectious exposure approaches 100 to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain equivalent. These dynamics also invite speculation as to whether potential infection co-factors, such as particle binding [46, 47] or compromises in mucosal integrity may influence infection susceptibility, as suggested from two studies in rodent models [48, 49].</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Few studies in rodent models have explored oral infection with murine or hamster adapted scrapie by assessing the same total dose administered as a single bolus vs. the same bolus divided into fractional, sequential exposures [50–52]. The results reported by Diringer et al. [50] and Jacquemot et al. [52] have indicated that divided-dose exposures were as effective as a single bolus only if the interval between doses was short (1–2 days). In deer, we likewise found that when a total dose of 300 ng of brain was administered as 10 doses divided doses over 12 weeks this exposure failed to induce CWD infection, whereas three weekly 100 ng doses (300 ng total) induced infection. While this latter outcome may have involved an additive dynamic, we cannot exclude that a dose 100 ng alone also may have been sufficient to establish infection. Our conclusions here are unfortunately limited by the absence of a single 100 ng dose group. Additional experiments are needed to further directly compare single vs. divided exposures to strengthen the tenet that establishment of CWD infection is more a threshold than cumulative dose phenomenon.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>We also sought to examine a relatively unexamined possibility that prions emanating from different tissues and/or cells may possess different capacities to establish infections by mucosal routes. Our results indicated that brain and saliva inocula containing similar levels of prion seeding activity, also had similar infectivity, which did not support our hypothesis that saliva prions may be more infectious by mucosal routes. There are of course, several caveats bearing on this conclusion. These could include: the inherent limits in using an in vitro seeding assay as a surrogate to equate in vivo infectivity, the likelihood that small differences in prion suscep- tibility among deer may be more significant at very low exposure doses, and the greater varia- tion of inoculum uptake and routing through mucosal surfaces associated with the oral route of exposure.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The chief correlate we observed between magnitude of infectious dose and disease course was in time from exposure to first detected amplification of prions in tonsil, an event which is closely followed by or concurrent with detection in pharyngeal lymph nodes [41]. Once a threshold dose was established, the subsequent pathogenesis of infection and disease appeared to vary little.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>In addition to potential cofactors that could influence CWD infectivity, such as particle binding [47] and compromised mucosal integrity [48, 53], there is PRNP genotype, in which polymorphisms at codon 96 of the white-tailed deer are known to affect the temporal dynam- ics of CWD infections [23, 41, 45]. In the present studies, most cohorts of 96GG deer became CWD-positive before 96GS animals in the same exposure group [cohorts 1, 2, 4, 6]. Thus, the low dose studies are consistent with the current concept of delayed conversion rate in PRNP 96GS vs. 96GG white-tailed deer [44].</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>In conclusion, we have attempted to model and better understand CWD infection relative to natural exposure. The results demonstrate: (a) that the minimum CWD oral infectious dose is vastly lower than historical studies used to establish infection; (b) that a direct relationship exists between dose and incubation time to first prion replication detection in tonsils, irrespec- tive of genotype; (c) that a difference was not discernible between brain vs. saliva source prions in ability to establish infection or in resultant disease course; and (d) that the CWD infection process appears to conform more to a threshold dose than an accumulative dose dynamic.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/pdf/pone.0237410.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/pdf/pone.0237410.pdf</a></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>America BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, BSE SURVEILLANCE, BSE TESTING, and CJD TSE Prion</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>so far, we have been lucky. to date, with the science at hand, no cwd transmitted to cattle, that has been documented, TO DATE, WITH THE SCIENCE AT HAND, it's not to say it has not already happened, just like with zoonosis of cwd i.e. molecular transmission studies have shown that cwd transmission to humans would look like sporadic cjd, NOT nvCJD or what they call now vCJD. the other thing is virulence and or horizontal transmission. this is very concerning with the recent fact of what seems to be a large outbreak of a new tse prion disease in camels in Africa. there is much concern now with hay, straw, grains, and such, with the cwd tse prion endemic countries USA, Canada. what is of greatest concern is the different strains of cwd, and the virulence there from? this thing (cwd) keeps mutating to different strains, and to different species, the bigger the chance of one of these strains that WILL TRANSMIT TO CATTLE OR HUMANS, and that it is documented (i believe both has already occured imo with scienct to date). with that said, a few things to ponder, and i am still very concerned with, the animal feed. we now know from transmission studies that cwd and scrapie will transmit to pigs by oral routes. the atypical bse strains will transmit by oral routes. i don't mean to keep kicking a mad cow, just look at the science; </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> cattle, pigs, sheep, cwd, tse, prion, oh my! </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Sheep and cattle may be exposed to CWD via common grazing areas with affected deer but so far, appear to be poorly susceptible to mule deer CWD (Sigurdson, 2008). In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008), however the risk appetite for a public health threat may still find this level unacceptable. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Title: Limited amplification of chronic wasting disease prions in the peripheral tissues of intracerebrally inoculated cattle</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Author item HALEY, NICHOLAS - Kansas State University item SIEPKER, CHRISTOPHER - Kansas State University item Greenlee, Justin item RICHT, JÜRGEN - Kansas State University Submitted to: Journal of General Virology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 3/30/2016 Publication Date: 1/7/2016</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Citation: Haley, N.J., Siepker, C., Greenlee, J.J., Richt, J.A. 2016. Limited amplification of chronic wasting disease prions in the peripheral tissues of intracerebrally inoculated cattle. Journal of General Virology. 97:1720-1724.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Interpretive Summary: Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), a fatal neurodegenerative disease that occurs in farmed and wild cervids (deer and elk) of North America, is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). TSEs are caused by infectious proteins called prions that are resistant to various methods of decontamination and environmental degradation. Cattle could be exposed to chronic wasting disease (CWD) by contact with infected farmed or free-ranging cervids. The purpose of this study was to use an in vitro amplification method called real time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) to assess tissues from cattle inoculated with CWD for low levels of prions not detected by traditional diagnostic methods such as western blot and immunohistochemistry. This study reports that prions were identified by RT-QuIC only in cattle that were confirmed positive by traditional methods. However, prions were rarely identified in some peripheral tissues such as mesenteric lymph node, tonsil, or nasal turbinate that were not considered positive by traditional methods. These results suggest that cattle experimentally inoculated with CWD may have some limited amount of prion infectivity outside of the brain and spinal cord that may represent a previously unrecognized risk for transmission. This information could have an impact on regulatory officials developing plans to reduce or eliminate TSEs and farmers with concerns about ranging cattle on areas where CWD may be present.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, classified as a prion disease or transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) similar to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Cervids affected by CWD accumulate an abnormal protease resistant prion protein throughout the central nervous system (CNS), as well as in both lymphatic and excretory tissues – an aspect of prion disease pathogenesis not observed in cattle with BSE. Using seeded amplification through real time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC), we investigated whether the bovine host or prion agent was responsible for this aspect of TSE pathogenesis. We blindly examined numerous central and peripheral tissues from cattle inoculated with CWD for prion seeding activity. Seeded amplification was readily detected in the CNS, though rarely observed in peripheral tissues, with a limited distribution similar to that of BSE prions in cattle. This seems to indicate that prion peripheralization in cattle is a host-driven characteristic of TSE infection. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=325925" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=325925</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Title: Experimental transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (scrapie, chronic wasting disease, transmissible mink encephalopathy) to cattle and their differentiation from bovine spongiform encephalopathy</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Author item Hamir, Amirali item CUTLIP, RANDALL item MILLER, JANICE item Kunkle, Robert item Richt, Juergen item Greenlee, Justin item Nicholson, Eric item Kehrli Jr, Marcus Submitted to: World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Publication Type: Proceedings</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 8/10/2007 Publication Date: 11/11/2007</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Citation: Hamir, A.N., Cutlip, R.C., Miller, J.M., Kunkle, R.A., Richt, J.A., Greenlee, J.J., Nicholson, E.M., Kehrli, Jr., M.E. 2007. Experimental transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (scrapie, chronic wasting disease, transmissible mink encephalopathy) to cattle and their differentiation from bovine spongiform encephalopathy. In: Proceedings of the World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians 13th International Symposium, November 11-14, 2007, Melbourne, Australia. p. 29. Interpretive Summary:</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Technical Abstract: Introduction: Experimental cross-species transmission of TSE agents provides valuable information for identification of potential host ranges of known TSEs. This report provides a synopsis of TSE (scrapie, CWD, TME) transmission studies that have been conducted in cattle and compares these findings to those seen in animals with BSE. Materials & Methods: Generally 6-month-old bull calves were obtained and assigned to inoculated and control groups. Inoculated calves were housed in a Biosafety Level 2 isolation barn at the National Animal Disease Center (NADC), Ames, Iowa. Calves were inoculated intracerebrally with 1 ml of a 10% TSE brain inoculum. Results: Results of various TSE cattle experiments with intracerebral inoculation of scrapie, CWD and TME are shown in tabular form (Table 1). Table 1. Comparison of experimental scrapie, chronic wasting disease (CWD) and transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) in cattle inoculated by the intracerebral route during first passage of the inocula. Abnormal CNS signs: Scrapie. Anorexia, weight loss, leg and back stiffness. Some showed incoordination and posterior weakness. Eventual severe lethargy. CWD. Anorexia, weight loss, occasional aimless circling, listlessness and excited by loud noises. TME. Variable hyperexcitability with occasional falling to the ground. Some showing circling and aggressive behavior. Incubation (survival) time: Scrapie. 14 – 18 months. CWD. 23 – 63 months. TME. 13 – 16 months. Attack rate: Scrapie. 100%. CWD. CWD from mule deer: 38%. CWD from elk: 86%. TME. 100% Histopatholgic lesions: Scrapie. Some vacuolation and central of chromatolysis of neurons. CWD. Isolated vacuolated neurons, a few degenerate axons, and a mild astrocytosis. TME. Extensive vacuolation of neuronal perikarya and neuropil. Presence of mild multifocal gliosis. Western blot (brainstem): Scrapie. All three isoforms of PrP**res present. CWD. All three isoforms of PrP**res seen. TME. All three isoforms of PrP**res seen. Immunohistochemistry: PrP**res in lymphoreticular tissues: Scrapie. Not present. CWD. Not present. TME. Not present. PrP**res in CNS: Scrapie. Present within perikaryon and processes of neurons. CWD. Multifocal distribution with labeling primarily in glial cells (astrocytes). TME. Diffusely present and usually evenly distributed in neuropil. Conclusions: 1. All three TSEs agents (scrapie, CWD and TME) are capable of propagating in cattle tissues when administered intracerebrally. 2. All three TSEs can be distinguished from each other and from BSE when inoculated intracerebrally by histopathology, immunohistochemistry and Western blot techniques.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=212439" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=212439</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Title: EXPERIMENTAL SECOND PASSAGE OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE (CWD(MULE DEER)) AGENT TO CATTLE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Author item Hamir, Amirali item Kunkle, Robert item MILLER, JANICE item Greenlee, Justin item Richt, Juergen</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Submitted to: Journal of Comparative Pathology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 7/25/2005 Publication Date: 1/1/2006</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Citation: Hamir, A.N., Kunkle, R.A., Miller, J.M., Greenlee, J.J., Richt, J.A. 2006. Experimental second passage of chronic wasting disease (CWD(mule deer)) agent to cattle. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 134(1):63-69.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Interpretive Summary: To compare the findings of experimental first and second passage of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cattle, 6 calves were inoculated into the brain with CWD-mule deer agent previously (first) passaged in cattle. Two other uninoculated calves served as controls. Beginning 10-12 months post inoculation (PI), all inoculates lost appetite and weight. Five animals subsequently developed clinical signs of central nervous system (CNS) abnormality. By 16.5 months PI, all cattle had been euthanized because of poor prognosis. None of the animals showed microscopic lesions of spongiform encephalopathy (SE) but the CWD agent was detected in their CNS tissues by 2 laboratory techniques (IHC and WB). These findings demonstrate that inoculated cattle amplify CWD agent but also develop clinical CNS signs without manifestation of microscopic lesions of SE. This situation has also been shown to occur following inoculation of cattle with another TSE agent, namely, sheep scrapie. The current study confirms previous work that indicates that the diagnostic tests currently used for confirmation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the U.S. would detect CWD in cattle, should it occur naturally. Furthermore, it raises the possibility of distinguishing CWD from BSE in cattle due to the absence of microscopic lesions and a unique multifocal distribution of PrPres, as demonstrated by IHC, which in this study, appears to be more sensitive than the WB.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Technical Abstract: To compare clinicopathological findings of first and second passage of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cattle, a group of calves (n=6) were intracerebrally inoculated with CWD-mule deer agent previously (first) passaged in cattle. Two other uninoculated calves served as controls. Beginning 10-12 months post inoculation (PI), all inoculates lost appetite and lost weight. Five animals subsequently developed clinical signs of central nervous system (CNS) abnormality. By 16.5 months PI, all cattle had been euthanized because of poor prognosis. None of the animals showed microscopic lesions of spongiform encephalopathy (SE) but PrPres was detected in their CNS tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot (WB) techniques. These findings demonstrate that intracerebrally inoculated cattle not only amplify CWD PrPres but also develop clinical CNS signs without manifestation of morphologic lesions of SE. This situation has also been shown to occur following inoculation of cattle with another TSE agent, scrapie. The current study confirms previous work that indicates the diagnostic techniques currently used for confirmation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the U.S. would detect CWD in cattle, should it occur naturally. Furthermore, it raises the possibility of distinguishing CWD from BSE in cattle due to the absence of neuropathologic lesions and a unique multifocal distribution of PrPres, as demonstrated by IHC, which in this study, appears to be more sensitive than the WB.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=178318" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=178318</a></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>FRIDAY, AUGUST 27, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/cattle-are-highly-susceptible-to-white.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/cattle-are-highly-susceptible-to-white.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. snip..... The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. snip..... In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">nip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom<br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></span></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>FRIDAY, DECEMBER 10, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Scrapie at Abattoir: Monitoring, Control, and Differential Diagnosis of Wasting Conditions during Meat Inspection<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/scrapie-at-abattoir-monitoring-control.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/scrapie-at-abattoir-monitoring-control.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</span><br /></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>THURSDAY, AUGUST 19, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>TME to cattle equal atypical L-type BSE USA, madcow origin, what if?<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/tme-to-cattle-equal-atypical-l-type-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/tme-to-cattle-equal-atypical-l-type-bse.html</a></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><br /></div><div>FRIDAY, DECEMBER 24, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD TSE Prion Update December 25, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html</a><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><div><br /></div><div>Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-69181017947563313172022-02-11T15:08:00.000-06:002022-02-11T15:08:01.196-06:00Passage of the CWD agent through meadow voles results in increased attack rates and decreased incubation periods in raccoons<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Title: Passage of the CWD agent through meadow voles results in increased attack rates and decreased incubation periods in raccoons</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Author item MOORE, SARA JO - Orise Fellow item CARLSON, CHRISTINA - Us Geological Survey (USGS) item SCHNEIDER, JAY - Us Geological Survey (USGS) item JOHNSON, CHRISTOPHER - Us Geological Survey (USGS) item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Emerging Infectious Diseases Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 12/13/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Summary: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of fatal diseases caused by the accumulation of misfolded prion protein in the brain. Several livestock species including cattle, sheep, deer, and elk are afflicted by prion diseases. In sheep the disease is called scrapie. In deer and elk, the disease is called chronic wasting disease (CWD). Due to the human consumption of cervid meat products and intermingling of various livestock species with wild cervid populations, there is significant interest in characterizing the possible host range of CWD. This study reports the successful transmission of the CWD agent to raccoons, a ubiquitous omnivore present throughout North America. In addition, passage of the CWD agent from deer through meadow voles, a scavenger present in much of the range where CWD occurs, results in changes in the biological behavior of the CWD agent when that material is used to inoculate raccoons. This research is of interest to regulatory officials or anyone interested in controlling CWD in wildlife or captive cervid herds.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring neurodegenerative disease of cervids. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) have previously been shown to be susceptible to CWD and their scavenging habits could expose them to environmental CWD infectivity. To investigate the potential for transmission of the agent of CWD from white-tailed deer to voles and subsequently to raccoons, we intracranially inoculated raccoons with brain homogenate from a CWD-affected white-tailed deer (CWDWtd), or derivatives of this isolate after it had been passaged through voles one or five times. We found that passage of the CWDWtd isolate through voles led to a change in the biological behavior of the CWD agent, including increased attack rates and decreased incubation periods in raccoons. A better understanding of the dynamics of cross-species transmission of CWD prions will help us to better manage and control the spread of CWD in free-ranging and farmed cervid populations.</span></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, "Segoe UI", "Helvetica Neue", arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: "Open Sans", apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, "Segoe UI", "Helvetica Neue", arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=380582" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=380582</a><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">''We found that passage of the CWDWtd isolate through voles led to a change in the biological behavior of the CWD agent, including increased attack rates and decreased incubation periods in raccoons.''</span><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Disturbing...terry</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Front. Vet. Sci., 02 March 2018 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00004" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00004</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Consumption of Big Game Remains by Scavengers: A Potential Risk as Regards Disease Transmission in Central Spain</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">imageRicardo Carrasco-Garcia, imagePatricia Barroso, imageJavier Perez-Olivares, imageVidal Montoro and imageJoaquín Vicente* SaBio group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Understanding the role that facultative scavenger species may play in spreading infectious pathogens, and even becoming reservoirs for humans, domestic and wild ungulates or, on the contrary, preventing the spread of disease, requires a prior understanding of the pattern of carrion scavenging in specific scenarios. The objectives of this paper are (i) to describe the guild of vertebrate scavengers and (ii) to study the species-specific, habitat, and management-related factors involved in the usage of gut piles in South Central Spain (SCS), a tuberculosis (TB) endemic area. We used camera trapping at 18 hunting piles on seven hunting estates. A total of eight bird and five mammal taxa were detected at the remains of hunting piles. The most frequently detected species in terms of number of gut piles visited (78%) and scavenged (61%) was the red fox Vulpes vulpes, followed by the griffon vulture Gyps fulvus (56% as regards both presence and scavenging) and the raven Corvus corax (61 and 39% as regards presence and scavenging, respectively). We evidenced that griffon vultures accounted for most of the scavenging activity in open habitats, while facultative mammal scavengers, red fox, and wild boar Sus scrofa made the highest contribution to scavenging in vegetation-covered habitats. In the case of wild boar, the gut piles deposited during the evening and night favored higher rates of scavenging, while the opposite pattern was observed for griffons. Overall, our findings suggest that when disposing of hunting remains in areas of risk as regards disease transmission it is particularly important to consider the access that facultative mammals, and especially wild boar, have to material, while the presence of the resource needs to be safeguarded to protect specialist scavengers of conservation value. These results are of particular relevance in the case of wild boar in the current context of re-emerging TB and emerging African swine fever (ASF) in Europe.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Results</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The general descriptors concerning the monitoring and the usage of hunting piles are shown in Table 1. Overall, the mean (±SD) period of monitoring per pile (time between the beginning and the end of the monitoring) was 14.75 ± 9.08 days. The mean period before the first activity (time between the start of the carrion monitoring and the first activity detected) was 2.58 ± 3.39 days. The mean period of activity per gut pile (time between the first and last activities detected) was 11.47 ± 8.22 days. Scavenging activity was detected at all the study hunting piles except one. The mean number of pictures per camera was 516 ± 541.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">A total of eight bird and five mammal taxa were detected by the camera traps around the hunting remains (Table 2). In terms of the total number of pictures, the griffon vulture was the most frequently detected species, followed by ravens, monk vultures, azure-winged magpies Cyanopica cyanus, magpies Pica pica, wild boar, red fox, and red deer. Domestic dogs, usually hunting dogs that could not be retrieved by the hunters immediately after the hunting day, were found in 44 pictures (four gut piles). The Imperial eagle was recorded in only 19 pictures (two piles), while the Egyptian vulture Neophron percnocterus, Golden eagle, and common genet Genetta genetta were detected in 4, 4, and 1 pictures, respectively (in one pile). With regard to wild boar, we recorded activity in 17% of all 207 camera-nights (during the period of activity), and two or more visits were made by this species in 5% of these cases.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 18px;">It has been reported (</span><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2018.00004/full?utm_source=F-AAE&utm_medium=EMLF&utm_campaign=MRK_563809_106_Veteri_20180308_arts_A#B8" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: rgb(213, 68, 73) !important; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 18px; outline: none;" target="_blank">8</a><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 18px;">) the ability of chronic wasting disease (CWD) -infected brain material to pass through the gastrointestinal tract of coyotes (</span><i style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 18px; outline: 0px !important;">Canis latrans</i><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 18px;">) following oral ingestion, and be infectious, demonstrating that mammalian scavengers could contribute to the translocation and contamination of CWD in the environment. </span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #3e3d40; font-family: Georgia, "New Times", serif; font-size: 18px;">snip...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Discussion This research provides the first results on the factors that determine the usage of big game remains by scavengers in South Western Europe, a TB endemic region. The guild of vertebrates using big game remains in Mediterranean habitats in SCS appeared rich as regards the number of species, which supports the prevalence of facultative scavenging (14). Vultures and corvids were the most common diurnal scavenger at gut piles in the study area, especially in open habitats, and benefited from most of the piles available. While vultures, which are generally very resistant to ungulate infectious diseases, may contribute to the removal of most pathogenic microorganisms from dead animals (12, 23), the role of mammal scavengers such as wild boar and red fox requires further research. We evidenced that these mammal species prevailed at hunting piles located in covered areas (woodlands and scrublands), and that the moment of gut pile deposition influenced their subsequent usage. In the case of wild boar, those plies deposited during the evening and night favored scavenging by this species. Overall, our findings suggest that the disposal of hunting remains in areas of risk for disease transmission, and particularly TB in our study area, must particularly consider the access of facultative mammals, especially wild boar, to material, while the presence of the resource needs to be safeguarded in order to protect specialist scavengers of conservation value. We also raise concerns about the potential role of cannibalism by wild boar in relation to other pathogens not present in our study area, such as ASF (16).</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The contribution made by azure-winged magpies and magpies to the consumption of hunting remains is limited, since these birds’ activity around the gut piles probably consisted of searching for decomposer insects, and their ingestion rate is very low when compared with that of larger birds. Vultures and ravens accounted for a relevant proportion of scavenging in open habitats, and particularly those which took place during the daytime. For instance, corvids were frequently involved in the early discovery of gut piles: they were detected 2.5 times faster in open habitats than in covered ones (1.6 and 4.3 days, respectively). The early consumption by birds determined the subsequent use of the hunting remains, and prevented the subsequent access of facultative mammal scavengers (usually nocturnal) once remains were left.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In woodlands, wild boar and red fox made the highest average contribution to scavenging (wild boar made 37% of the average contribution per species and gut pile, and red fox, 31%), whereas vultures were much less relevant (Table 3). From the ecological perspective, factors limiting vultures’ access to big game remains may have an effect on the ecology of facultative scavengers. For instance, the presence of vultures may reduce the scavenging opportunities of mesocarnivores (facultative scavengers, particularly red fox) through their indirect effect on abundance, as evidenced in two neighboring areas in South-eastern Spain (24).</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Interestingly, in this study wild boar scavenged both cervid and wild boar guts, contrary to that which usually occurs with entire carcasses [the authors, unpublished (16)], when it (at least partially) avoids feeding on conspecifics. The red fox has been described as behaving in a similar manner (25). This highlights that feeding on conspecific gut piles, as compared with entire carcasses, probably involves an increased risk of pathogen transmission. In Mediterranean ecosystems the gut piles of big game may, therefore, be a source of inter and intraspecific transmission of pathogens, particularly in the case of wild boar.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The scavenging activity of wild boar should be considered as a risk factor to consider when applying control strategies for diseases such as TB and, eventually, ASF. This must be contextualized in integral disease–control approaches [e.g., the reduction of population abundance and aggregation, the management of risk factors, etc. (26)]. In central and East Europe, ASF virus infecting wild boar and pigs has a great ability to persist in the tissues of dead animals (27). As this viral disease becomes more chronic or carrier host status is possible, the importance of managing wild boar hunting remains and carcasses increases. It had been considered that carnivores, such as the endangered Iberian lynx, the badger and the red fox, may possibly have been infected by TB as a result of their consuming infected prey or carrion [e.g., Ref. (28, 29)] in South Central Spain, and this may similarly occur with carnivores in other latitudes [e.g., Ref. (30)]. Some relevant pathogens that may be transmitted via scavenging are the nematodes of the genus Trichinella, Aujeszky’s disease virus (from wild boar) or Hepatitis E virus. On the contrary, facultative scavengers, such as carnivores, are likely to reduce the intraspecific transmission risk of some pathogens, as in the case of brucellosis (31). We consider the presence of a male red deer at two gut piles as anecdotal. Dietary deficits and unhealthy conditions have been proposed as the origin of abnormal and stereotypic oral and diet behaviors in ungulates (32).</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Management Applications</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The findings of this study recommend improving the previous detailed veterinary inspection of hunting remains in areas of risk as regards diseases (e.g., TB), followed by their appropriate disposal, preferably on mammal-proof sites (bird feeding stations) in order to deal with conservation issues, or the elimination by other authorized means when risk of disease spread is present. We evidenced that, in open localizations, avian scavengers are a suitable and ecological option for the removal of hunting remains. An interesting approach might be a combination of strategies: the use of open habitats, depositing hunting remains during the daytime, and implementing temporary fences that effectively limit access by mammals. Moreno-Opo et al. (33) have proposed cheap, mobile, and easily manageable enclosure models, such as electrified mesh, that prevent facultative mammalian scavengers from entering feeding stations, at least temporarily while remains are totally scavenged by specialists.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2018.00004/full?utm_source=F-AAE&utm_medium=EMLF&utm_campaign=MRK_563809_106_Veteri_20180308_arts_A" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2018.00004/full?utm_source=F-AAE&utm_medium=EMLF&utm_campaign=MRK_563809_106_Veteri_20180308_arts_A</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Papers</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CWD prions remain infectious after passage through the digestive system of coyotes (Canis latrans)</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Tracy A Nichols, Justin W Fischer, Terry R Spraker, Qingzhong Kong & Kurt C VerCauteren Pages 367-375 | Received 07 Jul 2015, Accepted 18 Aug 2015, Accepted author version posted online: 04 Dec 2015, Published online: 04 Dec 2015 Download citation <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2015.1086061" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2015.1086061</a></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">ABSTRACT</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a geographically expanding prion disease of wild and captive cervids in North America. Disease can be transmitted directly, animal to animal, or indirectly via the environment. CWD contamination can occur residually in the environment via soil, water, and forage following deposition of bodily fluids such as urine, saliva, and feces, or by the decomposition of carcasses. Recent work has indicated that plants may even take up prions into the stems and leaves. When a carcass or gut pile is present in the environment, a large number of avian and mammalian species visit and consume the carrion. Additionally, predators like coyotes, likely select for disease-compromised cervids. Natural cross-species CWD transmission has not been documented, however, passage of infectious prion material has been observed in the feces of crows. In this study we evaluated the ability of CWD-infected brain material to pass through the gastrointestinal tract of coyotes (Canis latrans) following oral ingestion, and be infectious in a cervidized transgenic mouse model. Results from this study indicate that coyotes can pass infectious prions via their feces for at least 3 days post ingestion, demonstrating that mammalian scavengers could contribute to the translocation and contamination of CWD in the environment.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Keywords: chronic wasting disease, coyotes, environmental contamination, feces, prions, scavengers, transmission</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Discussion The continued spread of CWD is of concern to the health of both wild and captive cervid populations. Indirect transmission through the environment has been demonstrated in captive animals living in paddocks where CWD-positive animals had lived,3 Miller MW, Williams ES, Hobbs NT, Wolfe LL. Environmental sources of prion transmission in mule deer. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10:1003-6; PMID:15207049; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1006.040010" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1006.040010</a> [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar] and is a particular challenge due to the long persistence of CWD within the environment.7,28 Johnson CJ, Phillips KE, Schramm PT, McKenzie D, Aiken JM, Pedersen JA. Prions adhere to soil minerals and remain infectious. PLoS Pathog 2006; 2:e32; PMID:16617377; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0020032" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0020032</a> Wiggins RC. Prion stability and infectivity in the environment. Neurochem Res 2009; 34:158-68; PMID:18483857; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11064-008-9741-6" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11064-008-9741-6</a> Infectious material can be deposited in the environment by the decay of infected carcasses, from urine, feces, and saliva,5,6,29 Pulford B, Spraker TR, Wyckoff AC, Meyerett C, Bender H, Ferguson A, Wyatt B, Lockwood K, Powers J, Telling GC, et al. Detection of PrPCWD in feces from naturally exposed Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) using protein misfolding cyclic amplification. J Wildl Dis 2012; 48:425-34; PMID:22493117; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-48.2.425" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-48.2.425</a> Mathiason CK, Powers JG, Dahmes SJ, Osborn DA, Miller KV, Warren RJ, Mason GL, Hays SA, Hayes-Klug J, Seelig DM, et al. Infectious prions in the saliva and blood of deer with chronic wasting disease. Science 2006; 314:133-6; PMID:17023660; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1132661" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1132661</a> Haley NJ, Mathiason CK, Zabel MD, Telling GC, Hoover EA. Detection of sub-clinical CWD infection in conventional test-negative deer long after oral exposure to urine and feces from CWD+ deer. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7990; PMID:19956732; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007990" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007990</a> and the spread of infected material may be aided by scavengers and predators. In this study we illustrated the ability of coyotes to pass infectivity in their feces after the ingestion of CWD-infected brain homogenate.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Coyotes have the ability to travel significant distances. This distance, however, is based upon social structure, which is generally placed in 2 categories; resident or transient.30 Gese EM, Rongstad OJ, Mytton WR. Home range and habitat use of coyotes in southeastern Colorado. Journal of Wildlife Management 1988; 52:640-6; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3800923" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3800923</a> [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar] Resident animals are those that utilize a specific territory and are comprised of a mated pair and sometimes pups from a previous year, while transient animals are individuals that are nomadic, more commonly male, and have no affinity for a specific territory.30 Gese EM, Rongstad OJ, Mytton WR. Home range and habitat use of coyotes in southeastern Colorado. Journal of Wildlife Management 1988; 52:640-6; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3800923" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3800923</a> [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar] In a study evaluating the range of coyotes in southern Colorado, transient animals, which represented 22% of the population, ranged over 106.5 ± 27 km2, versus resident groups which ranged over 11.3 ± 5.8 km.2,30 Miller MW, Williams ES. Prion disease: horizontal prion transmission in mule deer. Nature 2003; 425:35-6; PMID:12955129; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/425035a" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/425035a</a> Gese EM, Rongstad OJ, Mytton WR. Home range and habitat use of coyotes in southeastern Colorado. Journal of Wildlife Management 1988; 52:640-6; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3800923" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3800923</a> Transient coyotes are therefore provided an opportunity to translocate disease to previously CWD-negative localities.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Control coyotes readily consumed the homogenized elk brain. Of the treatment coyotes, which were moved indoors 2 days prior to the initiation of the study, only one (#135) immediately ate the brain homogenate. The other coyotes required supplementation with diced, raw chicken, or fish-flavored soft cat food. Although the numbers are too small to come to any definitive conclusions, it is interesting to note that the coyote that ingested the brain homogenate without chicken or cat food supplementation did not appear to transfer infectivity to any of the mice in the bioassay. Neither age nor sex appeared to have any effect on fecal shedding. However, it is possible that individual variation within the stomach environment, such as pH and flora could have influenced the passage of the infectious prions through the gastrointestinal tract.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Our experimental design was based on detection of CWD in coyote feces by PMCA prior to initiation of the bioassay. PMCA was able to repeatedly detect the presence of proteinase K-resistant prions signal in feces from DPI 1, so the bioassay was designed to evaluate feces for 2 days following, to account for any uncertainty in prion detection in feces. Results from the bioassay showed transmission of disease to 2/4 mouse groups in DPI 3, suggesting that infectivity may continue to be present in the feces more than 3 days after ingestion. We were unable to go back and increase the bioassay to include DPI 4 and 5, due to logistical reasons.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The 50 mL oral dose ingested by coyotes in this study was comprised solely of infected brain tissue and represented a high dose. In the wild, coyotes would opportunistically consume a wide variety of tissues from a kill or scavenged deer or elk carcass, likely making their actual ingested infective dose much smaller. This study was not designed to mimic a naturally consumed dose of CWD, but rather as a proof of concept to determine if infectivity could pass into coyote feces. The passage of disease in feces is a common route of translocation for many viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The results of this bioassay indicate that infectious CWD prions are able to be passed in the feces of coyotes fed infected elk brain homogenate for at least 3 DPI, making them a potential vector for CWD prion transport and contamination within the environment.</span></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2015.1086061" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2015.1086061</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Friday, August 8, 2008</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PS 76-59: White-tailed deer carcass decomposition and risk of chronic wasting disease exposure to scavenger communities in Wisconsin</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chris S. Jennelle, Michael D. Samuel, Cherrie A. Nolden, and Elizabeth A. Berkley. University of Wisconsin</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an infectious transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) afflicting members of the family Cervidae, and causes neurodegeneration and ultimately death. While there have been no reports of natural cross-species transmission of CWD outside this group, we addressed the role of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) carcasses as environmental sources of CWD in Wisconsin. Our objectives were to estimate rates of deer carcass and gut pile decomposition in the environment, characterize vertebrate scavenger communities, and quantify the relative activity of scavengers to determine CWD exposure risk. We placed 40 disease-free deer carcasses and nine gut piles in the CWD-affected area of Wisconsin from September to April in 2003 through 2005. We used photos from remotely operated cameras to characterize scavenger communities and relative activity. We used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and a generalized linear mixed model to quantify the driving factors and rate of carcass removal (decomposition) from the environment.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Results/Conclusions</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">We recorded 14 species of scavenging mammals (six visiting species), and eight species of scavenging birds (14 visiting species). Prominent scavengers included American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana). We found no evidence that deer directly consumed conspecific remains, although they visited them frequently. Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), cats (Felis catus), and cows (Bos spp.) either scavenged or visited carcass sites, which could increase exposure risk of CWD to humans and human food supplies. Deer carcasses persisted for a median of 18 to 101 days, while gut piles lasted for a median of three days. Habitat did not influence carcass decomposition, but mammalian and avian scavenger activity and higher temperatures (proxy for microbial and arthropod activity) were associated with greater rates of carcass removal. Infected deer carcasses serve as environmental sources of CWD prions to a wide variety of mammalian and avian scavengers. Such sources of infectious material likely influence the maintenance and spread of CWD (in particular), and should be considered in the dynamics of other disease systems as well. Prudence would dictate the use of preemptive management strategies, and we highlight strategies for carcass disposal to mitigate the influence of carcasses as environmental sources of infectious diseases.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">See more of PS 76 - Latebreaking: Disease and Epidemiology See more of Latebreakers</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">See more of The 93rd ESA Annual Meeting (August 3 -- August 8, 2008)</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://eco.confex.com/eco/2008/techprogram/P14681.HTM" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://eco.confex.com/eco/2008/techprogram/P14681.HTM</a><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/deer-carcass-decomposition-and.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/deer-carcass-decomposition-and.html</a><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 01, 2013 </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">hunting over gut piles and CWD TSE prion disease </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">hunting over gut piles and CWD TSE prion disease, a reminder...just saying</span><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/09/hunting-over-gut-piles-and-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/09/hunting-over-gut-piles-and-cwd-tse.html</a><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SUNDAY, JULY 07, 2013 </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Could avian scavengers translocate infectious prions to disease-free areas initiating new foci of chronic wasting disease?</span><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/07/could-avian-scavengers-translocate.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2013/07/could-avian-scavengers-translocate.html</a><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Wednesday, October 17, 2012 </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion Remains Infectious after Passage through Digestive System of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/10/prion-remains-infectious-after-passage.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/10/prion-remains-infectious-after-passage.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">S</span>unday, November 01, 2009 </div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;">AS THE CROW FLIES, SO DOES CWD American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and potential spreading of CWD through feces of digested infectious carcases </div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/11/american-crows-corvus-brachyrhynchos.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/11/american-crows-corvus-brachyrhynchos.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Monday, July 13, 2009 </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Deer Carcass Decomposition and Potential Scavenger Exposure to Chronic Wasting Disease </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/deer-carcass-decomposition-and.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/deer-carcass-decomposition-and.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Monday, February 14, 2011</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">THE ROLE OF PREDATION IN DISEASE CONTROL: A COMPARISON OF SELECTIVE AND NONSELECTIVE REMOVAL ON PRION DISEASE DYNAMICS IN DEER</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">NO, NO, NOT NO, BUT HELL NO !</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 47(1), 2011, pp. 78-93 © Wildlife Disease Association 2011</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/02/role-of-predation-in-disease-control.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/02/role-of-predation-in-disease-control.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">OR-09: Canine spongiform encephalopathy—A new form of animal prion disease</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Monique David, Mourad Tayebi UT Health; Houston, TX USA</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">It was also hypothesized that BSE might have originated from an unrecognized sporadic or genetic case of bovine prion disease incorporated into cattle feed or even cattle feed contaminated with prion-infected human remains.1 However, strong support for a genetic origin of BSE has recently been demonstrated in an H-type BSE case exhibiting the novel mutation E211K.2 Furthermore, a specific prion protein strain causing BSE in cattle is believed to be the etiological agent responsible for the novel human prion disease, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD).3 Cases of vCJD have been identified in a number countries, including France, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Canada, Japan, US and the UK with the largest number of cases. Naturally occurring feline spongiform encephalopathy of domestic cats4 and spongiform encephalopathies of a number of zoo animals so-called exotic ungulate encephalopathies5,6 are also recognized as animal prion diseases, and are thought to have resulted from the same BSE-contaminated food given to cattle and humans, although and at least in some of these cases, a sporadic and/or genetic etiology cannot be ruled out. The canine species seems to display resistance to prion disease and no single case has so far been reported.7,8 Here, we describe a case of a 9 week old male Rottweiler puppy presenting neurological deficits; and histological examination revealed spongiform vacuolation characteristic of those associated with prion diseases.9 Initial biochemical studies using anti-PrP antibodies revealed the presence of partially proteinase K-resistant fragment by western blotting. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed spongiform degeneration consistent with those found in prion disease and displayed staining for PrPSc in the cortex.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Of major importance, PrPSc isolated from the Rottweiler was able to cross the species barrier transmitted to hamster in vitro with PMCA and in vivo (one hamster out of 5). Futhermore, second in vivo passage to hamsters, led to 100% attack rate (n = 4) and animals displayed untypical lesional profile and shorter incubation period.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In this study, we show that the canine species might be sensitive to prion disease and that PrPSc isolated from a dog can be transmitted to dogs and hamsters in vitro using PMCA and in vivo to hamsters.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">If our preliminary results are confirmed, the proposal will have a major impact on animal and public health and would certainly lead to implementing new control measures for ‘canine spongiform encephalopathy’ (CSE).</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">References 1. Colchester AC, Colchester NT. The origin of bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the human prion disease hypothesis. Lancet 2005; 366:856-61; PMID:16139661; http:// <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67218-2" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67218-2</a>.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">2. Richt JA, Hall SM. BSE case associated with prion protein gene mutation. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000156; PMID:18787697; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal</a>. ppat.1000156.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">3. Collinge J. Human prion diseases and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Hum Mol Genet 1997; 6:1699-705; PMID:9300662; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/</a> hmg/6.10.1699.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">4. Wyatt JM, Pearson GR, Smerdon TN, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Wells GA, Wilesmith JW. Naturally occurring scrapie-like spongiform encephalopathy in five domestic cats. Vet Rec 1991; 129:233-6; PMID:1957458; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.129.11.233" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.129.11.233</a>.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">5. Jeffrey M, Wells GA. Spongiform encephalopathy in a nyala (Tragelaphus angasi). Vet Pathol 1988; 25:398-9; PMID:3232315; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588802500514" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588802500514</a>.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">6. Kirkwood JK, Wells GA, Wilesmith JW, Cunningham AA, Jackson SI. Spongiform encephalopathy in an arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) and a greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros). Vet Rec 1990; 127:418-20; PMID:2264242.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">7. Bartz JC, McKenzie DI, Bessen RA, Marsh RF, Aiken JM. Transmissible mink encephalopathy species barrier effect between ferret and mink: PrP gene and protein analysis. J Gen Virol 1994; 75:2947-53; PMID:7964604; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-</a> 75-11-2947.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">8. Lysek DA, Schorn C, Nivon LG, Esteve-Moya V, Christen B, Calzolai L, et al. Prion protein NMR structures of cats, dogs, pigs, and sheep. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:640-5; PMID:15647367; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0408937102" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0408937102</a>.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">9. Budka H. Neuropathology of prion diseases. Br Med Bull 2003; 66:121-30; PMID:14522854; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/66.1.121" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/66.1.121</a>.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Monday, March 26, 2012</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CANINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY: A NEW FORM OF ANIMAL PRION DISEASE</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-new.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-new.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2013</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Strain characteristics of the in vitro-adapted rabbit and dog BSE agent remained invariable with respect to the original cattle BSE prion, suggesting that the naturally low susceptibility of rabbits and dogs to prion infections should not alter their zoonotic potential if these animals became infected with BSE.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">=======================================</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Neurobiology of Disease</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Induces Misfolding of Alleged Prion-Resistant Species Cellular Prion Protein without Altering Its Pathobiological Features</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Enric Vidal3, Natalia Fernández-Borges1, Belén Pintado4, Montserrat Ordóñez3, Mercedes Márquez6, Dolors Fondevila5,6, Juan María Torres7, Martí Pumarola5,6, and Joaquín Castilla1,2 + Author Affiliations</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">1CIC bioGUNE, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">2IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">3Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)-IRTA, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">4Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">5Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">6Murine Pathology Unit, Centre de Biotecnologia Animal i Teràpia Gènica, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain, and</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">7Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Author contributions: E.V., N.F.-B., and J.C. designed research; E.V., N.F.-B., B.P., M.O., M.M., D.F., and J.C. performed research; E.V., N.F.-B., B.P., and J.C. contributed unpublished reagents/analytic tools; E.V., N.F.-B., B.P., M.O., M.M., D.F., J.M.T., M.P., and J.C. analyzed data; E.V. and J.C. wrote the paper.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions were responsible for an unforeseen epizootic in cattle which had a vast social, economic, and public health impact. This was primarily because BSE prions were found to be transmissible to humans. Other species were also susceptible to BSE either by natural infection (e.g., felids, caprids) or in experimental settings (e.g., sheep, mice). However, certain species closely related to humans, such as canids and leporids, were apparently resistant to BSE. In vitro prion amplification techniques (saPMCA) were used to successfully misfold the cellular prion protein (PrPc) of these allegedly resistant species into a BSE-type prion protein. The biochemical and biological properties of the new prions generated in vitro after seeding rabbit and dog brain homogenates with classical BSE were studied. Pathobiological features of the resultant prion strains were determined after their inoculation into transgenic mice expressing bovine and human PrPC. Strain characteristics of the in vitro-adapted rabbit and dog BSE agent remained invariable with respect to the original cattle BSE prion, suggesting that the naturally low susceptibility of rabbits and dogs to prion infections should not alter their zoonotic potential if these animals became infected with BSE. This study provides a sound basis for risk assessment regarding prion diseases in purportedly resistant species.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Received January 18, 2013. Revision received March 7, 2013. Accepted March 23, 2013. Copyright © 2013 the authors 0270-6474/13/337778-09$15.00/0</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><a href="http://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/18/7778.short" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/18/7778.short</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Friday, March 8, 2013</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Dogs may have been used to make Petfood and animal feed</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/dogs-may-have-been-used-to-make-petfood.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/03/dogs-may-have-been-used-to-make-petfood.html</a><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><a href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic Wasting Disease Susceptibility of Four North American Rodents</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chad J. Johnson1*, Jay R. Schneider2, Christopher J. Johnson2, Natalie A. Mickelsen2, Julia A. Langenberg3, Philip N. Bochsler4, Delwyn P. Keane4, Daniel J. Barr4, and Dennis M. Heisey2 1University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biosciences, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison WI 53706, USA 2US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison WI 53711, USA 3Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 101 South Webster Street, Madison WI 53703, USA 4Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, 445 Easterday Lane, Madison WI 53706, USA *Corresponding author email: <a href="mailto:cjohnson@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">cjohnson@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu</a></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">We intracerebrally challenged four species of native North American rodents that inhabit locations undergoing cervid chronic wasting disease (CWD) epidemics. The species were: deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), white-footed mice (P. leucopus), meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), and red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi). The inocula were prepared from the brains of hunter-harvested white-tailed deer from Wisconsin that tested positive for CWD. Meadow voles proved to be most susceptible, with a median incubation period of 272 days. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of PrPd in the brains of all challenged meadow voles. Subsequent passages in meadow voles lead to a significant reduction in incubation period. The disease progression in red-backed voles, which are very closely related to the European bank vole (M. glareolus) which have been demonstrated to be sensitive to a number of TSEs, was slower than in meadow voles with a median incubation period of 351 days. We sequenced the meadow vole and red-backed vole Prnp genes and found three amino acid (AA) differences outside of the signal and GPI anchor sequences. Of these differences (T56-, G90S, S170N; read-backed vole:meadow vole), S170N is particularly intriguing due its postulated involvement in "rigid loop" structure and CWD susceptibility. Deer mice did not exhibit disease signs until nearly 1.5 years post-inoculation, but appear to be exhibiting a high degree of disease penetrance. White-footed mice have an even longer incubation period but are also showing high penetrance. Second passage experiments show significant shortening of incubation periods. Meadow voles in particular appear to be interesting lab models for CWD. These rodents scavenge carrion, and are an important food source for many predator species. Furthermore, these rodents enter human and domestic livestock food chains by accidental inclusion in grain and forage. Further investigation of these species as potential hosts, bridge species, and reservoirs of CWD is required.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/08/third-international-cwd-symposium-july.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/08/third-international-cwd-symposium-july.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">please see ;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><a href="http://www.cwd-info.org/pdf/3rd_CWD_Symposium_utah.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.cwd-info.org/pdf/3rd_CWD_Symposium_utah.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">A CONTRIBUTION TO THE NEUROPATHOLOGY OF THE RED-NECKED OSTRICH (STRUTHIO CAMELUS) - SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20081105185647/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac10/tab06.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20081105185647/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac10/tab06.pdf</a></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">4.21 Three cases of SE’s with an unknown infectious agent have been reported in ostriches (Struthio Camellus) in two zoos in north west Germany (Schoon @ Brunckhorst, 1999, Verh ber Erkeg Zootiere 33:309-314). These birds showed protracted central nervous symptoms with ataxia, disturbances of balance and uncoordinated feeding behaviour. The diet of these birds had included poultry meat meal, some of which came from cattle emergency slaughter cases.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505230546/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s113.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505230546/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s113.pdf</a><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SE1806</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">TRANSMISSION STUDIES OF BSE TO DOMESTIC FOWL BY ORAL EXPOSURE TO BRAIN HOMOGENATE</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">1 challenged cock bird was necropsied (41 months p.i.) following a period of ataxia, tremor, limb abduction and other neurological signs. Histopathological examination failed to reveal any significant lesions of the central or peripheral nervous systems...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">1 other challenged cock bird is also showing ataxia (43 months p.i.).</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">94/01.19/7.1</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506013034/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/01/19007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506013034/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/01/19007001.pdf</a><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">A notification of Spongiform Encephalopathy was introduced in October 1996 in respect of ungulates, poultry and any other animal.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">4.23 MAFF have carried out their own transmission experiments with hens. In these experiments, some of the chickens exposed to the BSE agent showed neurological symptoms. However MAFF have not so far published details of the symptoms seen in chickens. Examination of brains from these chickens did not show the typical pathology seen in other SE’s. 4.24 A farmer in Kent in November 1996 noticed that one of his 20 free range hens, the oldest, aged about 30 months was having difficulty entering its den and appeared frightened and tended to lose its balance when excited. Having previously experienced BSE cattle on his farm, he took particular notice of the bird and continued to observe it over the following weeks. It lost weight, its balance deteriorated and characteristic tremors developed which were closely associated with the muscles required for standing. In its attempts to maintain its balance it would claw the ground more than usual and the ataxia progressively developed in the wings and legs, later taking a typical form of paralysis with a clumsy involuntary jerky motion. Violent tremors of the entire body, particularly the legs, became common, sparked off by the slightest provocation. This is similar to that seen in many BSE cases where any excitement may result in posterior ataxia, often with dropping of the pelvis, kicking and a general nervousness. Three other farmers and a bird breeder from the UK are known to have reported having hens with similar symptoms. The bird breeder who has been exhibiting his birds for show purposes for 20 years noticed birds having difficulty getting on to their perch and holding there for any length of time without falling. Even though the bird was eating normally, he noticed a weight loss of more than a pound in a bird the original weight of which was 5 pounds. 4.25 Histological examination of the brain revealed degenerative pathological changes in hens with a minimal vacuolation. The presence of PrP immunostaining of the brain sections revealed PrP-sc positive plaques and this must be regarded as very strong evidence to demonstrate that the hens had been incubating Spongiform Encephalopathy.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505230546/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s113.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505230546/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s113.pdf</a><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">OPINION on : NECROPHAGOUS BIRDS AS POSSIBLE TRANSMITTERS OF TSE/BSE ADOPTED BY THE SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE AT ITS MEETING OF 7-8 NOVEMBER 2002</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">OPINION</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">1. Necrophagous birds as possible transmitters of BSE. The SSC considers that the evaluation of necrophagous birds as possible transmitters of BSE, should theoretically be approached from a broader perspective of mammals and birds which prey on, or are carrion eaters (scavengers) of mammalian species. Thus, carnivorous and omnivorous mammals, birds of prey (vultures, falcons, eagles, hawks etc.), carrion eating birds (crows, magpies etc.) in general could be considered possible vectors of transmission and/or spread of TSE infectivity in the environment. In view also of the occurrence of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in various deer species it should not be accepted that domestic cattle and sheep are necessarily the only source of TSE agent exposure for carnivorous species. While some information is available on the susceptibility of wild/exotic/zoo animals to natural or experimental infection with certain TSE agents, nothing is known of the possibility of occurrence of TSE in wild animal populations, other than among the species of deer affected by CWD in the USA.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">1 The carrion birds are animals whose diet regularly or occasionally includes the consumption of carcasses, including possibly TSE infected ruminant carcasses.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Necrophagous_OPINION_0209_FINAL.doc</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/ssc/out295_en.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/ssc/out295_en.pdf</a><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">skroll down to the bottom ;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/07/tse-road-map-2-strategy-paper-on-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/07/tse-road-map-2-strategy-paper-on-tse.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>AUTOPSY OF THE RED-NECKED OSTRICH SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211737/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac10/tab06.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211737/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac10/tab06.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211534/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac10/tab07.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211534/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac10/tab07.pdf</a><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PO-081: Chronic wasting disease in the cat— Similarities to feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE)</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Davis Seelig, Amy Nalls, Maryanne Flasik, Victoria Frank, Candace Mathiason, Edward Hoover Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Background and Introduction. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an efficiently transmitted prion disease of cervids with an as yet to be fully defined host range. Moreover, the risk that CWD poses to feline predators and scavangers, through crossspecies consumption and subsequent transmission, is unknown. Previous and ongoing studies in our laboratory evaluating the susceptibility of domestic cats (Felis catus) to CWD (Mathiason et. al., NeuroPrion 2011, Nalls et. al., NeuroPrion 2012) have documented the susceptibility of domestic cats to CWD following intracerebral (IC) inoculation. However, many of the pathologic features of feline-adapted CWD, including the neural and systemic patterns of PrPCWD accumulation and neuropathology, remain unknown.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The chief objectives of this work were: (1) to design a sensitive, enhanced immunohistochemical (E-IHC) protocol for the detection of CWD prions (PrPCWD) in feline tissues; (2) to document the systemic distribution of PrPCWD in CWD-infected cats through E-IHC; (3) to utilize single and multiple-label immunostaining and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) to provide insights into the subcellular patterns of PrPCWD accumulation and neuropathologic features of CWD-infected cats; and (4) to compare feline CWD to the other known feline TSE Materials and Methods. Periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (PLP)-fixed, paraffin-embedded (PLP-PE) from terminal, IC-inoculated (n = 9) and sham-inoculated (n = 2), 1st and 2nd passage, CWD-infected cats were examined by E-IHC for the presence of PrPCWD and its association with markers of cell phenotype and organelles.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Results. The most sensitive E-IHC technique for the detection of PrPCWD in feline tissues incorporated a combination of slide pretreatment with proteinase-K (PK) in concert with tyramide signal amplification (TSA). With this protocol, we identified PrPCWD deposits throughout the CNS, which, in the 1st passage cats was primarily restricted to the obex, but increased in distribution and severity upon 2nd passage to include a number of midbrain nuclei, cortical gray matter, the thalamus and hypothalamus, and the hippocampus. Peripheral PrPCWD deposits were detected only in the 2nd passage cats, and included the enteric nervous system, the Peyer’s patches, and the retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes. PrPCWD was not detected in the sham-inoculated cats.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Moreover, using multi-label analysis, intracellular PrPCWD aggregates were seen in association with neurofilament heavy chain (NFH)-positive neurons and GFAP-positive astrocytes. In addition, large aggregates of intracellular PrPCWD were identified within LAMP1-positive lysosomes.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions. Feline PrPCWD is present in CNS neurons, astrocytes and LAMP-1-positive lysosomes. The morphologic overlap between the PrPCWD deposits in feline CWD and BSE-origin feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE), implicates the importance of the host as a key determinant in the development of prion neuropathology and suggest a signature for detection of potential spontaneous feline prion disease.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/04-Prion6-2-Pathogenesis-and-pathology.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/04-Prion6-2-Pathogenesis-and-pathology.pdf</a><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PO-041: Susceptibility of domestic cats to CWD infection</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Amy Nalls, Jeanette Hayes-Klug, Kelly Anderson, Davis Seelig, Kevin Carnes, Susan Kraft, Edward Hoover, Candace Mathiason</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Domestic and non-domestic cats have been shown to be susceptible to feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE); very likely due to consumption of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contaminated meat. Because domestic and free-ranging nondomestic felids scavenge cervid carcasses, including those in areas affected by chronic wasting disease (CWD), we evaluated the susceptibility of domestic cats to CWD infection experimentally. Groups of n = 5 cats each were inoculated either intracerebrally (IC) or orally (PO) with CWD-infected deer brain homogenate. Between 40 and 43 months two IC-inoculated cats developed slowly progressive symptoms including weight loss, anorexia, polydipsia, patterned motor behaviors, and ataxia”’ultimately mandating euthanasia. PrPCWD was detected in the brains of these animals by western blot, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assays. No clinical signs of TSE were detected in the remaining primary passage cats at 86 months pi. Feline-adapted CWD (FelCWD) was sub-passaged into groups (n = 4 or 5) of cats by IC, PO, and IP/SQ routes. All 5 IC inoculated cats developed symptoms of disease 20–24 months pi (approximately half the incubation period of primary passage). Additional symptoms in these animals included increasing aggressiveness and hyper responsiveness. FelCWD was demonstrated in the brains of all the affected cats by western blot and IHC. Currently, 3 of 4 IP/SQ, and 1 of 4 PO inoculated cats have developed abnormal behavior patterns consistent with the early stage of feline CWD. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been performed on 11 cats (6 clinically ill, 2 asymptomatic, and 3 age-matched negative controls). </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Abnormalities were detected in 4 of 6 clinically ill cats and included multifocal signal changes consistent with inflammation, ventricular size increases, more prominent sulci, and white matter tract cavitation. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">These results demonstrate that CWD can be transmitted and adapted to the domestic cat, and raise the potential for cervid-to-feline transmission in nature.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, AUGUST 8, 2011 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Susceptibility of Domestic Cats to CWD Infection Oral.29: Susceptibility of Domestic Cats to CWD Infection</span><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://felinespongiformencephalopathyfse.blogspot.com/2011/08/susceptibility-of-domestic-cats-to-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://felinespongiformencephalopathyfse.blogspot.com/2011/08/susceptibility-of-domestic-cats-to-cwd.html</a><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">OR-12: Chronic wasting disease transmission and pathogenesis in cervid and non-cervid Species</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Edward A. Hoover, Candace K. Mathiason, Nicholas J. Haley, Timothy D. Kurt, Davis M. Seelig, Nathaniel D. Denkers, Amy V. Nalls, Mark D. Zabel, and Glenn C. Telling Prion Research Program, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Since its recognition as a TSE in the late 1970s, chronic wasting disease (CWD) of cervids has been distinguished by its facile spread and is now recognized in 18 states, 2 Canadian provinces, and South Korea. The efficient horizontal spread of CWD reflects a prion/host relationship that facilitates efficient mucosal uptake, peripheral lymphoid amplification, and dissemination by exploiting excretory tissues and their products, helping to establish indirect/environmental and well as direct (e.g., salivary) transmission. Recent studies from our group also support the likelihood of early life mother to offspring and aerosol CWD prion transmission. Studies of cervid CWD exposure by natural routes indicate that incubation period for detection of overt infection, while still uncertain, may be much longer than originally thought.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Several non-cervid species can be infected by CWD experimentally (e.g., ferrets, voles, cats) with consequent species-specific disease phenotypes. The species-adapted prions so generated can be transmitted by mucosal, i.e., more natural, routes. Whether non-cervid species sympatric with deer/elk can be infected in nature, however, remains unknown. In vitro CWD prion amplification studies, in particular sPMCA, can foreshadow in vivo susceptibility and suggest the importance of the PrPC rigid loop region in species barrier permissiveness. Trans-species CWD amplification appears to broaden the host range/strain characteristics of the resultant prions. The origins of CWD remain unknown, however, the existence of multiple CWD prion strains/ quasi-species, the mechanisms of prion shedding/dissemination, and the relationship between sheep scrapie and CWD merit further investigation.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div><a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf</a><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;">WILD HOGS AND CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;">i have been worried about this for some time, but i don't see why others are not worried as well. these feral hogs that run rampant across states, can dig up a great deal of territory. what else can they dig up? i.e. CWD TSE PRION, and can they spread cwd tse prion to hell and back? </div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CWD TO PIGS</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Location: Virus and Prion Research</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Author item Moore, Sarah item Kunkle, Robert item Kondru, Naveen item Manne, Sireesha item Smith, Jodi item Kanthasamy, Anumantha item West Greenlee, M item Greenlee, Justin</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2017 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary:</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Technical Abstract: Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. We previously demonstrated that disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) can be detected in the brain and retina from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent. In that study, neurological signs consistent with prion disease were observed only in one pig: an intracranially challenged pig that was euthanized at 64 months post-challenge. The purpose of this study was to use an antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (QuIC) to determine whether PrPSc is present in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the CWD agent.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Methods: At two months of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 month challenge groups). The remaining pigs (>6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). The retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) was screened for the presence of PrPSc by EIA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The RPLN, palatine tonsil, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) from 6-7 pigs per challenge group were also tested using EIA and QuIC.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). Conclusions:</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a> </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CONFIDENTIAL</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...see much more here ;</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 05, 2017</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/disease-associated-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/disease-associated-prion-protein.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 05, 2017</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease ***</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/disease-associated-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/disease-associated-prion-protein.html</a> </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research, however, suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008). It is apparent, though, that CWD is affecting wild and farmed cervid populations in endemic areas with some deer populations decreasing as a result.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SNIP...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514401/qra-chronic-wasting-disease.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514401/qra-chronic-wasting-disease.pdf</a></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">price of prion poker goes up for cwd to cattle;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Monday, April 04, 2016</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** Limited amplification of chronic wasting disease prions in the peripheral tissues of intracerebrally inoculated cattle ***</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/limited-amplification-of-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/limited-amplification-of-chronic.html</a> </span></div></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, JUNE 12, 2017</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Rethinking Major grain organizations opposition to CFIA's control zone approach to Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion Mad Deer Type Disease 2017?</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/06/rethinking-major-grain-organizations.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/06/rethinking-major-grain-organizations.html</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Friday, December 14, 2012</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011).</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130908115835/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130908115835/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a> </span></div></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">i am thinking of that 10,000,000 POUNDS OF BLOOD LACED MEAT AND BONE MEAL IN COMMERCE WARNING LETTER back in 2007, see;</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 4, 2017 </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FDA 589.2000, Section 21 C.F.R. Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed WARNING Letters and FEED MILL VIOLATIONS OBSERVATIONS 2017 to 2006</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/11/fda-5892000-section-21-cfr-animal.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/11/fda-5892000-section-21-cfr-animal.html</a></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><div style="font-family: arial;"><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 3, 2017</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE MAD COW TSE PRION DISEASE PET FOOD FEED IN COMMERCE INDUSTRY VS TERRY S. SINGELTARY Sr. A REVIEW</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">''I have a neighbor who is a dairy farmer. He tells me that he knows of several farmers who feed their cattle expired dog food. These farmers are unaware of any dangers posed to their cattle from the pet food contents. For these farmers, the pet food is just another source of protein.''</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2017/11/bse-mad-cow-tse-prion-disease-pet-food.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2017/11/bse-mad-cow-tse-prion-disease-pet-food.html</a></span></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> WEDNESDAY, MAY 17, 2017</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion aka Mad Deer Disease and the Real Estate Market Land Values ***</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/05/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of WTD were susceptible to scrapie.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PO-039: A comparison of scrapie and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer Justin Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson US Dept. Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center; Ames, IA USA</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">White-tailed deer are susceptible to the agent of sheep scrapie by intracerebral inoculation</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">It is unlikely that CWD will be eradicated from free-ranging cervids, and the disease is likely to continue to spread geographically [10]. However, the potential that white-tailed deer may be susceptible to sheep scrapie by a natural route presents an additional confounding factor to halting the spread of CWD. This leads to the additional speculations that</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">1) infected deer could serve as a reservoir to infect sheep with scrapie offering challenges to scrapie eradication efforts and</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">2) CWD spread need not remain geographically confined to current endemic areas, but could occur anywhere that sheep with scrapie and susceptible cervids cohabitate.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">This work demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep scrapie by intracerebral inoculation with a high attack rate and that the disease that results has similarities to CWD. These experiments will be repeated with a more natural route of inoculation to determine the likelihood of the potential transmission of sheep scrapie to white-tailed deer. If scrapie were to occur in white-tailed deer, results of this study indicate that it would be detected as a TSE, but may be difficult to differentiate from CWD without in-depth biochemical analysis.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199251/?tool=pubmed" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199251/?tool=pubmed</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/10/white-tailed-deer-are-susceptible-to.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/10/white-tailed-deer-are-susceptible-to.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">2012</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PO-039: A comparison of scrapie and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Justin Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson US Dept. Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center; Ames, IA USA</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The results of this study suggest that there are many similarities in the manifestation of CWD and scrapie in WTD after IC inoculation including early and widespread presence of PrPSc in lymphoid tissues, clinical signs of depression and weight loss progressing to wasting, and an incubation time of 21-23 months. Moreover, western blots (WB) done on brain material from the obex region have a molecular profile similar to CWD and distinct from tissues of the cerebrum or the scrapie inoculum. However, results of microscopic and IHC examination indicate that there are differences between the lesions expected in CWD and those that occur in deer with scrapie: amyloid plaques were not noted in any sections of brain examined from these deer and the pattern of immunoreactivity by IHC was diffuse rather than plaque-like.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of WTD were susceptible to scrapie.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Deer developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied from 28 to 33 months PI. Tissues from these deer were positive for PrPSc by IHC and WB. Similar to IC inoculated deer, samples from these deer exhibited two different molecular profiles: samples from obex resembled CWD whereas those from cerebrum were similar to the original scrapie inoculum. On further examination by WB using a panel of antibodies, the tissues from deer with scrapie exhibit properties differing from tissues either from sheep with scrapie or WTD with CWD. Samples from WTD with CWD or sheep with scrapie are strongly immunoreactive when probed with mAb P4, however, samples from WTD with scrapie are only weakly immunoreactive. In contrast, when probed with mAb’s 6H4 or SAF 84, samples from sheep with scrapie and WTD with CWD are weakly immunoreactive and samples from WTD with scrapie are strongly positive. This work demonstrates that WTD are highly susceptible to sheep scrapie, but on first passage, scrapie in WTD is differentiable from CWD.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">2011</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were susceptible to scrapie.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2011/report-cwal-2011.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2011/report-cwal-2011.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">TUESDAY, MARCH 28, 2017 </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** Passage of scrapie to deer results in a new phenotype upon return passage to sheep ***</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/passage-of-scrapie-to-deer-results-in.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/passage-of-scrapie-to-deer-results-in.html</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;">TSE PRIONS AKA MAD COW TYPE DISEASE, LIONS AND TIGERS AND BEARS, OH MY!</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;">Please be assured, the USA does NOT have any clue as to what the real perspective on the TSE prion disease in domestic feline and canine, much less our big wild cats, OR any other species including humans for that matter, but one thing for sure, the studies and history of the mad cow debacle below are deeply concerning with regards, to humans and wild big cats like mountain lions, cougars, lynx, Jaguar, and such, that feed on cervids that are infected with CWD. one thing for sure, don’t kid yourselves, all are very much susceptible to the TSE Prion disease, and if you don’t look, you don’t find, problems solved$$$</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;">are we as humans, not only witnessing the 6th extinction, but more importantly, are we as humans the cause?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;">I would say yes to both...imo.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;">and please, before going any further, please remember this ;</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2016/08/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2016/08/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/nwhc-usgs-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/nwhc-usgs-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div></div><div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">COLORADO THE ORIGIN OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION?</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD. The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr. Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had previously been occupied by sheep. </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">IN CONFIDENCE, REPORT OF AN UNCONVENTIONAL SLOW VIRUS DISEASE IN ANIMALS IN THE USA 1989</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">TITLE: PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE IN REINDEER AND DEMONSTRATION OF HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=328261" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=328261</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> *** DECEMBER 2016 CDC EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL CWD HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/12/16-0635_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/12/16-0635_article</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years *** </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Gudmundur Georgsson1, Sigurdur Sigurdarson2 and Paul Brown3 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://jgv.sgmjournals.org/content/87/12/3737.full" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://jgv.sgmjournals.org/content/87/12/3737.full</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Using in vitro Prion replication for high sensitive detection of prions and prionlike proteins and for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Claudio Soto Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's diseases and related Brain disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston. Prion and prion-like proteins are misfolded protein aggregates with the ability to selfpropagate to spread disease between cells, organs and in some cases across individuals. I n T r a n s m i s s i b l e s p o n g i f o r m encephalopathies (TSEs), prions are mostly composed by a misfolded form of the prion protein (PrPSc), which propagates by transmitting its misfolding to the normal prion protein (PrPC). The availability of a procedure to replicate prions in the laboratory may be important to study the mechanism of prion and prion-like spreading and to develop high sensitive detection of small quantities of misfolded proteins in biological fluids, tissues and environmental samples. Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) is a simple, fast and efficient methodology to mimic prion replication in the test tube. PMCA is a platform technology that may enable amplification of any prion-like misfolded protein aggregating through a seeding/nucleation process. In TSEs, PMCA is able to detect the equivalent of one single molecule of infectious PrPSc and propagate prions that maintain high infectivity, strain properties and species specificity. Using PMCA we have been able to detect PrPSc in blood and urine of experimentally infected animals and humans affected by vCJD with high sensitivity and specificity. Recently, we have expanded the principles of PMCA to amplify amyloid-beta (Aβ) and alphasynuclein (α-syn) aggregates implicated in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, respectively. Experiments are ongoing to study the utility of this technology to detect Aβ and α-syn aggregates in samples of CSF and blood from patients affected by these diseases.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">=========================</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***Recently, we have been using PMCA to study the role of environmental prion contamination on the horizontal spreading of TSEs. These experiments have focused on the study of the interaction of prions with plants and environmentally relevant surfaces. Our results show that plants (both leaves and roots) bind tightly to prions present in brain extracts and excreta (urine and feces) and retain even small quantities of PrPSc for long periods of time. Strikingly, ingestion of prioncontaminated leaves and roots produced disease with a 100% attack rate and an incubation period not substantially longer than feeding animals directly with scrapie brain homogenate. Furthermore, plants can uptake prions from contaminated soil and transport them to different parts of the plant tissue (stem and leaves). Similarly, prions bind tightly to a variety of environmentally relevant surfaces, including stones, wood, metals, plastic, glass, cement, etc. Prion contaminated surfaces efficiently transmit prion disease when these materials were directly injected into the brain of animals and strikingly when the contaminated surfaces were just placed in the animal cage. These findings demonstrate that environmental materials can efficiently bind infectious prions and act as carriers of infectivity, suggesting that they may play an important role in the horizontal transmission of the disease.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">========================</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Since its invention 13 years ago, PMCA has helped to answer fundamental questions of prion propagation and has broad applications in research areas including the food industry, blood bank safety and human and veterinary disease diagnosis. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf</a><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">the tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </span><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8 </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bethesda, MD 20892. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PMID: 8006664 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract</a> <br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/07/rapid-assessment-of-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/07/rapid-assessment-of-bovine-spongiform.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PPo4-4: </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Survival and Limited Spread of TSE Infectivity after Burial </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2010/prion_2010_programme.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2010/prion_2010_programme.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2010/09/cwd-prion-2010.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2010/09/cwd-prion-2010.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***URINE*** </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SUNDAY, JULY 16, 2017</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** Temporal patterns of chronic wasting disease prion excretion in three cervid species ***</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/07/temporal-patterns-of-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/07/temporal-patterns-of-chronic-wasting.html</a> </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Discussion Classical scrapie is an environmentally transmissible disease because it has been reported in naïve, supposedly previously unexposed sheep placed in pastures formerly occupied by scrapie-infected sheep (4, 19, 20). </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Although the vector for disease transmission is not known, soil is likely to be an important reservoir for prions (2) where – based on studies in rodents – prions can adhere to minerals as a biologically active form (21) and remain infectious for more than 2 years (22). </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Similarly, chronic wasting disease (CWD) has re-occurred in mule deer housed in paddocks used by infected deer 2 years earlier, which was assumed to be through foraging and soil consumption (23). </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Our study suggested that the risk of acquiring scrapie infection was greater through exposure to contaminated wooden, plastic, and metal surfaces via water or food troughs, fencing, and hurdles than through grazing. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Drinking from a water trough used by the scrapie flock was sufficient to cause infection in sheep in a clean building. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Exposure to fences and other objects used for rubbing also led to infection, which supported the hypothesis that skin may be a vector for disease transmission (9). </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The risk of these objects to cause infection was further demonstrated when 87% of 23 sheep presented with PrPSc in lymphoid tissue after grazing on one of the paddocks, which contained metal hurdles, a metal lamb creep and a water trough in contact with the scrapie flock up to 8 weeks earlier, whereas no infection had been demonstrated previously in sheep grazing on this paddock, when equipped with new fencing and field furniture. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">When the contaminated furniture and fencing were removed, the infection rate dropped significantly to 8% of 12 sheep, with soil of the paddock as the most likely source of infection caused by shedding of prions from the scrapie-infected sheep in this paddock up to a week earlier. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">This study also indicated that the level of contamination of field furniture sufficient to cause infection was dependent on two factors: stage of incubation period and time of last use by scrapie-infected sheep. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Drinking from a water trough that had been used by scrapie sheep in the predominantly pre-clinical phase did not appear to cause infection, whereas infection was shown in sheep drinking from the water trough used by scrapie sheep in the later stage of the disease. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">It is possible that contamination occurred through shedding of prions in saliva, which may have contaminated the surface of the water trough and subsequently the water when it was refilled. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Contamination appeared to be sufficient to cause infection only if the trough was in contact with sheep that included clinical cases. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Indeed, there is an increased risk of bodily fluid infectivity with disease progression in scrapie (24) and CWD (25) based on PrPSc detection by sPMCA. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Although ultraviolet light and heat under natural conditions do not inactivate prions (26), furniture in contact with the scrapie flock, which was assumed to be sufficiently contaminated to cause infection, did not act as vector for disease if not used for 18 months, which suggest that the weathering process alone was sufficient to inactivate prions. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PrPSc detection by sPMCA is increasingly used as a surrogate for infectivity measurements by bioassay in sheep or mice. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In this reported study, however, the levels of PrPSc present in the environment were below the limit of detection of the sPMCA method, yet were still sufficient to cause infection of in-contact animals. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In the present study, the outdoor objects were removed from the infected flock 8 weeks prior to sampling and were positive by sPMCA at very low levels (2 out of 37 reactions). </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">As this sPMCA assay also yielded 2 positive reactions out of 139 in samples from the scrapie-free farm, the sPMCA assay could not detect PrPSc on any of the objects above the background of the assay. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">False positive reactions with sPMCA at a low frequency associated with de novo formation of infectious prions have been reported (27, 28). </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">This is in contrast to our previous study where we demonstrated that outdoor objects that had been in contact with the scrapie-infected flock up to 20 days prior to sampling harbored PrPSc that was detectable by sPMCA analysis [4 out of 15 reactions (12)] and was significantly more positive by the assay compared to analogous samples from the scrapie-free farm. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">This discrepancy could be due to the use of a different sPMCA substrate between the studies that may alter the efficiency of amplification of the environmental PrPSc. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In addition, the present study had a longer timeframe between the objects being in contact with the infected flock and sampling, which may affect the levels of extractable PrPSc. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Alternatively, there may be potentially patchy contamination of this furniture with PrPSc, which may have been missed by swabbing. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The failure of sPMCA to detect CWD-associated PrP in saliva from clinically affected deer despite confirmation of infectivity in saliva-inoculated transgenic mice was associated with as yet unidentified inhibitors in saliva (29), and it is possible that the sensitivity of sPMCA is affected by other substances in the tested material. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In addition, sampling of amplifiable PrPSc and subsequent detection by sPMCA may be more difficult from furniture exposed to weather, which is supported by the observation that PrPSc was detected by sPMCA more frequently in indoor than outdoor furniture (12). </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">A recent experimental study has demonstrated that repeated cycles of drying and wetting of prion-contaminated soil, equivalent to what is expected under natural weathering conditions, could reduce PMCA amplification efficiency and extend the incubation period in hamsters inoculated with soil samples (30). </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">This seems to apply also to this study even though the reduction in infectivity was more dramatic in the sPMCA assays than in the sheep model. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sheep were not kept until clinical end-point, which would have enabled us to compare incubation periods, but the lack of infection in sheep exposed to furniture that had not been in contact with scrapie sheep for a longer time period supports the hypothesis that prion degradation and subsequent loss of infectivity occurs even under natural conditions. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">These results suggest that the VRQ/VRQ sheep model may be more sensitive than sPMCA for the detection of environmentally associated scrapie, and suggest that extremely low levels of scrapie contamination are able to cause infection in susceptible sheep genotypes. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Keywords: classical scrapie, prion, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, sheep, field furniture, reservoir, serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Wednesday, December 16, 2015 </span><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission *** </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2015/12/objects-in-contact-with-classical.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2015/12/objects-in-contact-with-classical.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">TSE Scrapie, CWD, BSE, Prion, Soil</span><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Clay content and pH: soil characteristic associations with the persistent presence of chronic wasting disease in northern Illinois</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sheena J. Dorak, Michelle L. Green, Michelle M. Wander, Marilyn O. Ruiz, Michael G. Buhnerkempe, Ting Tian, Jan E. Novakofski & Nohra E. Mateus-Pinilla</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Scientific Reportsvolume 7, Article number: 18062(2017) doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18321-x</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Download Citation</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Ecological epidemiology Ecological modelling Infectious diseases Prions</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Received: 21 August 2017</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Accepted: 08 December 2017</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Published online: 22 December 2017</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Environmental reservoirs are important to infectious disease transmission and persistence, but empirical analyses are relatively few. The natural environment is a reservoir for prions that cause chronic wasting disease (CWD) and influences the risk of transmission to susceptible cervids. Soil is one environmental component demonstrated to affect prion infectivity and persistence. Here we provide the first landscape predictive model for CWD based solely on soil characteristics. We built a boosted regression tree model to predict the probability of the persistent presence of CWD in a region of northern Illinois using CWD surveillance in deer and soils data. We evaluated the outcome for possible pathways by which soil characteristics may increase the probability of CWD transmission via environmental contamination. Soil clay content and pH were the most important predictive soil characteristics of the persistent presence of CWD. The results suggest that exposure to prions in the environment is greater where percent clay is less than 18% and soil pH is greater than 6.6. These characteristics could alter availability of prions immobilized in soil and contribute to the environmental risk factors involved in the epidemiological complexity of CWD infection in natural populations of white-tailed deer.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-18321-x" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-18321-x</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Oral Transmissibility of Prion Disease Is Enhanced by Binding to Soil Particles</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Author Summary</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of incurable neurological diseases likely caused by a misfolded form of the prion protein. TSEs include scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (‘‘mad cow’’ disease) in cattle, chronic wasting disease in deer and elk, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. Scrapie and chronic wasting disease are unique among TSEs because they can be transmitted between animals, and the disease agents appear to persist in environments previously inhabited by infected animals. Soil has been hypothesized to act as a reservoir of infectivity and to bind the infectious agent. In the current study, we orally dosed experimental animals with a common clay mineral, montmorillonite, or whole soils laden with infectious prions, and compared the transmissibility to unbound agent. We found that prions bound to montmorillonite and whole soils remained orally infectious, and, in most cases, increased the oral transmission of disease compared to the unbound agent. The results presented in this study suggest that soil may contribute to environmental spread of TSEs by increasing the transmissibility of small amounts of infectious agent in the environment.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/emergency_response/downloads/tools/johnson%20et%20al%20prions%20in%20soil.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/emergency_response/downloads/tools/johnson et al prions in soil.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">tse prion soil</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0058630" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0058630</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3567181/pdf/ppat.1003113.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3567181/pdf/ppat.1003113.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/srep/2015/150210/srep08358/full/srep08358.html?WT.ec_id=SREP-639-20150217" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/srep/2015/150210/srep08358/full/srep08358.html?WT.ec_id=SREP-639-20150217</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdfExtended/S2211-1247(15)00437-4" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdfExtended/S2211-1247(15)00437-4</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">cwd tse prion and soil, see more ;</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/01/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><p style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE TSE Prion in zoo animals, exotic ruminants, domestic cats, and CPD Camel Prion Disease, a review 2020</span></p><div style="color: #29303b;"><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The BSE Inquiry / Statement No 324</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Dr James Kirkwood</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">(not scheduled to give oral evidence)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Statement to the BSE Inquiry</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">James K Kirkwood BVSc PhD FIBiol MRCVS</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">[This witness has not been asked to give oral evidence in Phase 1 of the Inquiry] 1. I became involved in the field of TSEs through my work as Head of the Veterinary Science Group at the Zoological Society of London’s Institute of Zoology. I held this post from November 1984 until June 1996, when I took up my present post at UFAW. During this time, concurrent with the BSE epidemic, cases of scrapie-like spongiform encephalopathies occurred in animals at the Zoological Society of London’s collections at Regent’s Park and Whipsnade and in other zoos. It was appropriate to investigate the epidemiology of these cases in order to try to determine the possible impact on zoo animals and breeding programmes, and to consider how the disease in zoo animals might be controlled.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2. Throughout the period from 1985 to March 1996, I worked at the Institute of Zoology (IoZ). I was Head of the Veterinary Science Group of the IoZ and Senior Veterinary Officer of the Zoological Society of London (ZSL). I was responsible for the provision of the veterinary service for the ZSL collections.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">3. During the period from 1985 to March 1996, scrapie-like spongiform encephalopathies were diagnosed in the following animals which died, or were euthanased, at London Zoo and Whipsnade:</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Animal Sex Date of Death Age (mos)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Arabian Oryx Oryx leucoryx F 24.3.89 38</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros (Linda) F 18.8.89 30</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Greater kudu (Karla) F 13.11.90 19</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Greater kudu (Kaz) M 6.6.91 37</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Greater kudu (Bambi) M 24.10.91 36</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Greater kudu (346/90) M 26.2.92 18</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Greater kudu (324/90) F 22.11.92 38</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (Michelle) F 22.12.93 91</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">All these cases were described in papers published in the scientific literature (as cited below).</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">4. All the animals listed above were bred in captivity. The greater kudu were from a highlyinbred group whose founders were Koo (imported from West Africa in 1967), Doo (imported from a Danish Zoo in 1969) and Chester (transferred to London from Chester Zoo in 1982). The family tree of the group is shown in: Kirkwood, J.K., Cunningham, A.A., Wells, G.A.H., Wilesmith, J.W. & Barnett, J.E.F. (1993) Spongiform encephalopathy in a herd of Greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros: epidemiological observations. Veterinary Record 133, 360-364: (J/VR/133/360)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">5. The first case diagnosed among the ZSL’s animals was in the greater kudu ‘Linda’, which died in August 1989. Retrospective examination of the brain of the Arabian oryx that had died 5 months earlier, revealed that this animal also had brain lesions characteristic of a scrapielike spongiform encephalopathy. Diagnostic histopathology of these (and of all the other cases that occurred at London and Whipsnade) was undertaken by the Central Veterinary Laboratory. The clinical features, diagnosis and possible aetiology of these first two ZSL cases was discussed in a paper published in 1990 (Kirkwood, J.K., Wells, G.A.H., Wilesmith, J.W., Cunningham, A.A. & Jackson, S.I. (1990) Spongiform encephalopathy in an Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx and a greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros. Veterinary Record 127, 418-420).(J/VR/127/418). We noted, in this paper, that it seemed probable that these cases had a common aetiology with BSE.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">6. A greater kudu ‘Frances’ which had died some 18 months earlier (17.11.87) had shown clinical signs which, in retrospect, could have been due to SE but CNS tissue had not been saved for examination so this could not be checked (Kirkwood, J.K., Cunningham, A.A., Wells, G.A.H., Wilesmith, J.W. & Barnett, J.E.F. (1993) Spongiform encephalopathy in a herd of Greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros: epidemiological observations. Veterinary Record 133, 360-364)(J/VR/133/360).</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">7. During the following 3 years, SE was diagnosed in 5 further greater kudu in the ZSL collections (see list in point 3 above). The second confirmed case in a greater kudu occurred in the 19-month old calf (Karla) born to the first confirmed case (Linda). This case gave us concern since the calf was born after the July 1988 ban on inclusion of ruminant derived protein in ruminant feeds and it was considered to be extremely unlikely that this animal could have been exposed to contaminated feeds (the kudu diet prior to February 1987 had included a cattle pellet but pelleted diets fed from then on were thought not to contain RDP). We speculated that maternal transmission may have occurred (Kirkwood, J.K., Wells, G.A.H., Cunningham, A.A., Jackson, S.I., Scott, A.C., Dawson, M. & Wilesmith, J.W. (1992). Scrapie-like encephalopathy in greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) which had not been fed on ruminant-derived protein. Veterinary Record 130, 365-367:J/VR/130/365).</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">8. Since the next three animals in which the disease was confirmed (Kaz, Bambi and 346/90) were not thought to have been exposed to contaminated feeds, and were not born to dams who had been clinical cases (Cunningham, A.A., Wells, G.A.H., Scott, A.C., Kirkwood, J.K. & Barnett, J.E.F. (1993) Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros). Veterinary Record 132, 68), we considered the possibility that horizontal transmission may have occurred (Kirkwood, J.K., Cunningham, A.A., Wells, G.A.H., Wilesmith, J.W. & Barnett, J.E.F. (1993) Spongiform encephalopathy in a herd of Greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros: epidemiological observations. Veterinary Record 133, 360-364: J/VR/132/68). The occurrence of SE in a greater kudu (324/90), that had been born in another zoo and was not thought to have been exposed to feeds contaminated with RDP, 27 months after being introduced to the group at Regent’s Park, was further cause for concern that transmission may have occurred between animals (Kirkwood, J.K., Cunningham, A.A., Austin, A.R.,Wells, G.A.H & Sainsbury, A.W. (1994) Spongiform encephalopathy in a Greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros introduced into an affected group. Veterinary Record 134, 167-168: J/VR/134/167).</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">9. At that time, around 1993, the most likely explanation of the pattern of events seemed to be that the disease in kudu was the same as that in cattle: that it had originally entered the group in contaminated feed but that thereafter transmission may have occurred between individuals (Cunningham, A.A., Wells, G.A.H., Scott, A.C., Kirkwood, J.K. & Barnett, J.E.F. (1993) Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros).Veterinary Record 132, 68). In view of this and the likelihood that individuals of a wide range of species of zoo animals had been exposed we recommended (Kirkwood, J.K., Cunningham, A.A., Wells, G.A.H., Wilesmith, J.W. & Barnett, J.E.F. (1993) Spongiform encephalopathy in a herd of Greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros: epidemiological observations. Veterinary Record 133, 360-364 ) that all zoo animals that may have been exposed to contaminated feeds should be observed closely and that because of the potentially serious implications for captive breeding programmes, well-described by my colleague Mr Andrew Cunningham (Cunningham, A.A. (1991) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and British Zoos. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 11, 605-634: J/ZWM/11/605), there was a need for caution about exporting such animals. In addition the kudu were kept isolated from other zoo animals. A very cautious approach was taken and the keeper staff used separate tools for cleaning out the kudu dens and paddocks, changed overalls and boots, used latex gloves, and, for a period until it seemed (for reasons mentioned below) less likely that the situation in kudu differed from that in cattle, collected wastes for incineration. Management practices were reviewed again in March 1996 when it was announced that cases of new variant CJD had occurred which might be related to the BSE agent. In order to pre-empt any public concern that might follow this announcement, the walkways past the kudu paddock were closed to the public. No cases have occurred in the kudu group since 1992.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">10. The case of SE in a cheetah that occurred during the period, involved a 7 year-old female which had been born and lived all her life at Whipsnade (except for the final stages when she was moved to the Animal Hospital at Regent’s Park for diagnosis and treatment). This animal, which died in December 1993, had been fed on cuts of meat and bone from carcases of cattle unfit for human consumption and it was thought likely that she had been exposed to spinal cord (Kirkwood, J.K., Cunningham, A.A., Flach, E.J., Thornton, S.M. & Wells, G.A.H. (1995) Spongiform encephalopathy in another captive cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus): evidence for variation in susceptibility or incubation periods between species. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 26, 577-582: J/ZWM/26/577).</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">11. During the period we also collated information on cases of SE that occurred in wild animals at or from other zoos in the British Isles. The total number of cases of which I was aware in June 1996, when I presented a review on occurrence of spongiform encephalopathies in zoo animals (at the Royal College of Pathologists’ Symposium on Transmitting prions: BSE, CJD, and other TSEs, The Royal Society, London, 4th July 1996), was 25, involving 10 species. The animals involved were all from the families Bovidae and Felidae, and comprised: 1 Nyala Tragelaphus angasi, 5 Eland Taurotragus oryx, 6 greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, 1 Gemsbok Oryx gazella, 1 Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx, 1 Scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah, 4 Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus, 3 Puma Felis concolor 2 Ocelot Felis pardalis, and 1 Tiger Panthera tigris. (A spongiform encephalopathy, which was thought probably to have a different aetiology, had also been reported in 3 ostriches Struthio camelus in Germany). This list did not include cases of BSE in domesticated species in zoos (ie BSE in Ankole or other cattle, or SEs, assumed to be scrapie, in mouflon sheep Ovis musimon).</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">12. Since the time the above statistics were published, a few further cases have occurred in animals at or from zoos in the British Isles. The total number of cases in cheetah that have now been documented has, as far as I am aware, risen to seven (Vitaud, C., Flach, E.J., Thornton, S.M. & Capello, R. (1998) Clinical observations on four cases of feline spongiform encephalopathy in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Proceedings of the European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians, Chester, UK, 21st-24th May 1998. Pp 133-138). There has also been a case in a bison.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">13. Epidemiological aspects of the majority of these cases (those diagnosed up to the end of 1993) were considered in paper published in 1994 (Kirkwood, J.K. & Cunningham, A.A. (1994) Epidemiological observations on spongiform encephalopathies in captive wild animals in the British Isles. Veterinary Record 135, 296-303:J/VR/135/296.) This paper was based on a paper presented at the Consultation on BSE with the Scientific Veterinary Committee of the Commission of the European Communities held in Brussels, 14-15th September 1993 (Kirkwood, J.K. & Cunningham, A.A. (1993) Spongiform encephalopathy in captive wild animals in Britain: epidemiological observations. In R. Bradley & B Marchant (Eds) Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Proceedings of a Consultation on BSE with the Scientific Veterinary Committee of the Commission of the European Communities, 14-15 September 1993, Brussels. European Commission. Pp 29-47:M9 tab 46). It was thought likely that at least some, and probably all, of the cases in zoo animals were caused by the BSE agent. Strong support for this hypothesis came from the findings of Bruce and others (1994) ( Bruce, M.E., Chree, A., McConnell, I., Foster, J., Pearson, G. & Fraser, H. (1994) Transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie to mice: strain variation and species barrier. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 343, 405-411: J/PTRSL/343/405), who demonstrated that the pattern of variation in incubation period and lesion profile in six strains of mice inoculated with brain homogenates from an affected kudu and the nyala, was similar to that seen when this panel of mouse strains was inoculated with brain from cattle with BSE. The affected zoo bovids were all from herds that were exposed to feeds that were likely to have contained contaminated ruminant-derived protein and the zoo felids had been exposed, if only occasionally in some cases, to tissues from cattle unfit for human consumption.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">14. Among the affected bovids were others (including scimitar horned oryx and eland) which, like some of the kudu, were born some considerable time after the July 1988 ban on inclusion of RDP in ruminant feeds (Kirkwood, J.K. & Cunningham, A.A. (1994) Epidemiological observations on spongiform encephalopathies in captive wild animals in the British Isles. Veterinary Record 135, 296-303:J/VR/135/296). The source of infection to these animals was puzzling. However, as it emerged that many cases of BSE were continuing to occur in domestic cattle born after the July 1988 ban on inclusion of RDP in ruminant feeds, it was clear that the ban had not been immediately effective, and it was therefore possible (or, at least, impossible to rule out) that the late cases in zoo ungulates were also due to exposure to contaminated feeds.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">15. We drew attention to the fact that, from a taxonomic perspective, the incidence of cases was strikingly patchy (Kirkwood, J.K. & Cunningham, A.A. (1994) Epidemiological observations on spongiform encephalopathies in captive wild animals in the British Isles. Veterinary Record 135, 296-303. Also Kirkwood, J.K., Cunningham, A.A., Flach, E.J., Thornton, S.M. & Wells, G.A.H. (1995) Spongiform encephalopathy in another captive cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus): evidence for variation in susceptibility or incubation periods between species? Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 26, 577-582) Compared with many other species of exotic ruminants, few kudu were present in the UK but there had been 6 cases of SE among them. The picture seemed similar in the felids. Compared with other species of exotic felids (eg lions in which no cases had occurred), there were relatively small numbers of puma and cheetah in the UK but (at that time) there had been 3 and 4 cases among these respectively. Almost certainly a wider range of species were exposed to contaminated feeds than those in which cases have occurred or been detected. However, we were cautious about drawing firm conclusions about variation in susceptibility between species because (i) incubation periods vary between species and we thought other cases may emerge and (ii) because the variation might be related to differences in intensity of exposure.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004016/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s324.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004016/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s324.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>TSEs in Exotic Ruminants</div><div><br /></div><div>TSEs have been detected in exotic ruminants in UK zoos since 1986. These include antelopes (Eland, Gemsbok, Arabian and Scimitar oryx, Nyala and Kudu), Ankole cattle and Bison. With hindsight the 1986 case in a Nyala was diagnosed before the first case of BSE was identified. The TSE cases in exotic ruminants had a younger onset age and a shorter clinical duration compared to that in cattle with BSE. All the cases appear to be linked to the BSE epidemic via the consumption of feed contaminated with the BSE agent. The epidemic has declined as a result of tight controls on feeding mammalian meat and bone meal to susceptible animals, particularly from August 1996.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130402160403/http://archive.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/atoz/bse/othertses/index.htm#exotic" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130402160403/http://archive.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/atoz/bse/othertses/index.htm#exotic</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY IN A CAPTIVE PUMA</div><div><br /></div><div>an article in yesterday's Times (attached) which suggested that the puma concerned had never ''eaten any part of a cow or sheep which, in the opinion of Government Scientists, could transmit the species to a different species''.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. You explained to me that this was INCORRECT. The position was as set out in the briefing for Prime Minister's questions attached to Mr Taylor's note. The puma had probably been fed low quality beef meat in the form of split carcasses. ...</div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506032628/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/11/13001001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506032628/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/11/13001001.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Spongiform Encephalopathy in Captive Wild Animals in Britain</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001201/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab03.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001201/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab03.pdf</a><br /></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Sun, Dec 20, 2020 4:54 pm<br /><br /></div><div><span style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Subject: TSE in exotic ruminants</span><br /><br /><div id="yiv1430103765"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">TSE in exotic ruminants</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130402160403/http://archive.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/atoz/bse/othertses/index.htm#exotic" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130402160403/http://archive.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/atoz/bse/othertses/index.htm#exotic</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">NUMBER OF CONFIRMED CASES OF FSE IN DOMESTIC CATS BY YEAR Year Reported No. of cases Year of Onset No. of cases</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">1988 0 1988 0</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">1989 0 1989 1</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">1990 12 1990 16</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">1991 12 1991 11</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">1992 10 1992 14</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">1993 11 1993 10</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">1994 16 1994 14</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">1995 8 1995 4</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">1996 6 1996 7</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">1997 6 1997 8</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">1998 4 1998 1</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">1999 2 1999 1</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2000 1 2000 1</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2001 1 2001 1</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2002 0 2002 0</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2003 0 2003 0</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2004 0 2004 0</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2005 0 2005 0</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2006 0 2006 0</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2007 0 2007 0</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2008 0 2008 0</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2009 0 2009 0</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2010 0 2010 0</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2011 0 2011 0</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2012 0 2012 0</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2013 0 2013 0</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2014 0 2014 0</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2015 0 2015 0</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2016 0 2016 0</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2017 0 2017 0</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2018 0 2018 0</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2019 0 2019 0</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2020 0 2020 0</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Total 89 Total 89 Data valid to 30 November 2020 Includes one case from Guernsey </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Published 11 February 2015 Last updated 21 December 2020 - hide all updates</span><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/946743/pub-tse-stats-exotic.ods" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/946743/pub-tse-stats-exotic.ods</a><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130703015619/http://www.defra.gov.uk/ahvla-en/publication/tse-stats-exotic/?shared=email&msg=fail" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130703015619/http://www.defra.gov.uk/ahvla-en/publication/tse-stats-exotic/?shared=email&msg=fail</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/tse-disease-surveillance-statistics" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/tse-disease-surveillance-statistics</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cattle-tse-surveillance-statistics" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cattle-tse-surveillance-statistics</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/active-tse-surveillance-statistics" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/active-tse-surveillance-statistics</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2016/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2016/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>SE DIAGNOSES IN EXOTIC SPECIES</div><div><br /></div><div>KUDU 6</div><div><br /></div><div>GEMSBOK 1</div><div><br /></div><div>NYALA 1</div><div><br /></div><div>ORYX 2</div><div><br /></div><div>ELAND 6</div><div><br /></div><div>CHEETAH 4*</div><div><br /></div><div>PUMA 3</div><div><br /></div><div>TIGER 1</div><div><br /></div><div>OCELOT 2</div><div><br /></div><div>BISON (bison bison) 1</div><div><br /></div><div>ANKOLE COW 2</div><div><br /></div><div>* Excludes one cheetah in Australia and one in ROI - litter mates born in GB, and another in France also born in G.B. [figures to 1 January 1998]</div><div><br /></div><div>FELINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div><br /></div><div>TOTAL TO DATE 81 (Plus 1 in N Ireland, 1 in Norway, 1 in Lichtenstein )</div><div><br /></div><div>YEAR Cases </div><div><br /></div><div>1990 12</div><div><br /></div><div>1991 12</div><div><br /></div><div>1992 10</div><div><br /></div><div>1993 11</div><div><br /></div><div>1994 16</div><div><br /></div><div>1995 8</div><div><br /></div><div>1996 6</div><div><br /></div><div>1997 6</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/19980215152423/http://www.maff.gov.uk:80/animalh/bse/bse-statistics/level-3-tsestat.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/19980215152423/http://www.maff.gov.uk:80/animalh/bse/bse-statistics/level-3-tsestat.html</a><br /></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;">Exotic species</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;">Species Number of cases Dates affected</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;">Ankole Cow 2 1991, 95</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;">Bison 1 1996</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;">Asian Leopard Cat (1) 1 2005</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;">Cheetah 5 1992, 98</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;">Eland 6 1989, 95</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;">Gemsbok 1 1987</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;">Kudu 6 1989, 92</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;">Lion 4 1998, 2001</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;">Nyala 1 1986</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;">Ocelot 3 1994, 99</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;">Oryx 2 1989, 92</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;">Puma 3 1992, 95</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;">Tiger 3 1995, 99</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;">As at 12 January 2006.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;">A total of 38 cases of spongiform encephalopathy have been confirmed in exotic species, the last one in 2005.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;">(1) Felis (Prionailurus) bengalensis.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20060421120000/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/statistics/tsestats.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20060421120000/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/statistics/tsestats.html</a><br /></span></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">BSE TSE PRION STATISTICS</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/19980215152404/http://www.maff.gov.uk:80/animalh/bse/bse-statistics/level-3-incidence.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/19980215152404/http://www.maff.gov.uk:80/animalh/bse/bse-statistics/level-3-incidence.html</a></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130702132327/http://www.defra.gov.uk/ahvla-en/science/tse/surveillance-stats/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130702132327/http://www.defra.gov.uk/ahvla-en/science/tse/surveillance-stats/</a></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20141204110520/http://archive.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/atoz/bse/othertses/index.htm" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20141204110520/http://archive.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/atoz/bse/othertses/index.htm</a><br /></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080107221534/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/othertses/index.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080107221534/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/othertses/index.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20150501025828/https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/exotic-species-and-domestic-cats-tse-surveillance-statistics" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20150501025828/https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/exotic-species-and-domestic-cats-tse-surveillance-statistics</a><br /></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/search/result/?q=bse%20cheetah" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/search/result/?q=bse%20cheetah</a><br /></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">ZOO ANIMALS AND TSE PRION DISEASE</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The 82 zoo animals with BSE:</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Id TSE Genus Species Subsp Birth Origin Death Place of Death</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">654 x Microcebus murinus - 1997 U.Montpellier 1998 U.Montpellier</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">656 x Microcebus murinus - 1997 U.Montpellier 1998 U.Montpellier</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">481 + Eulemur fulvus mayottensis 1974 Madagascar 1992 Montpellier zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">474 + Eulemur fulvus mayottensis 1974 Madagascar 1990 Montpellier zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">584 - Eulemur fulvus mayottensis 1984 Montpellier 1991 Montpellier zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">455 + Eulemur fulvus mayottensis 1983 Montpellier 1989 Montpellier zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> - + Eulemur fulvus mayottensis 1988 Montpellier 1992 Montpellier zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> - + Eulemur fulvus mayottensis 1995 Montpellier 1996 Montpellier zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> - + Eulemur fulvus albifrons 1988 Paris 1992 Montpellier zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> - + Eulemur fulvus albifrons 1988 Paris 1990 Montpellier zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> - + Eulemur fulvus albifrons 1988 Paris 1992 Montpellier zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">456 + Eulemur fulvus albifrons 1988 Paris 1990 Montpellier zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">586 + Eulemur mongoz - 1979 Madagascar 1998 Montpellier zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> - p Eulemur mongoz - 1989 Mulhouse 1991 Montpellier zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> - p Eulemur mongoz - 1989 Mulhouse 1990 Montpellier zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> - p Eulemur macaco - 1986 Montpellier 1996 Montpellier zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> - p Lemur catta - 1976 Montpellier 1994 Montpellier zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> - p Varecia variegata variegata 1985 Mulhouse 1990 Montpellier zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> - p Varecia variegata variegata 1993 xxx 1994 Montpellier zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">455 + Macaca mulatta - 1986 Ravensden UK 1992 Montpellier zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> - p Macaca mulatta - 1986 Ravensden UK 1993 Montpellier zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> - p Macaca mulatta - 1988 Ravensden UK 1991 Montpellier zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> - p Saimiri sciureus - 1987 Frejus France 1990 Frejus zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">700 pc eulemur hybrid - - Besancon zoo 1998 Besancon zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">701 pc eulemur hybrid - - Besancon zoo 1998 Besancon zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">702 pc eulemur hybrid - - Besancon zoo 1998 Besancon zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">703 pc eulemur hybrid - - Besancon zoo 1998 Besancon zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">704 pc eulemur hybrid - - Besancon zoo 1998 Besancon zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">705 pc eulemur hybrid - - Besancon zoo 1998 Besancon zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">706 pc eulemur hybrid - - Strasbourg zoo 1998 Strasbourg zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">707 pc eulemur hybrid - - Strasbourg zoo 1998 Strasbourg zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">708 pc eulemur hybrid - - Strasbourg zoo 1998 Strasbourg zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">709 pc eulemur hybrid - - Strasbourg zoo 1998 Strasbourg zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">710 pc eulemur hybrid - - Strasbourg zoo 1998 Strasbourg zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">711 pc eulemur hybrid - - Strasbourg zoo 1998 Strasbourg zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">712 pc eulemur hybrid - - Strasbourg zoo 1998 Strasbourg zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">713 pc eulemur hybrid - - Strasbourg zoo 1998 Strasbourg zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">714 pc eulemur hybrid - - Strasbourg zoo 1998 Strasbourg zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">715 pc eulemur hybrid - - Strasbourg zoo 1998 Strasbourg zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">716 pc eulemur hybrid - - Strasbourg zoo 1998 Strasbourg zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">717 pc eulemur hybrid - - Strasbourg zoo 1998 Strasbourg zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> x p genus species - - Lille zoo 1996 Lille zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> y p genus species - - Lille zoo 1996 Lille zoo</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> z p genus species - - Lille zoo 1996 Lille zoo </span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">1 + Actinonyx jubatus cheetah 1986 Marwell zoo 1991 Pearle Coast AU</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Duke + Actinonyx jubatus cheetah 1984 Marwell zoo 1992 Colchester zoo? UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Saki + Actinonyx jubatus cheetah 1986 Marwell zoo 1993 unknown UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Mich + Actinonyx jubatus cheetah 1986 Whipsnade 1993 Whipsnade UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Fr1 + Actinonyx jubatus cheetah 1987 Whipsnade 1997 Safari de Peaugres FR</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Fr2 + Actinonyx jubatus cheetah 1991 Marwell zoo 1997 Safari de Peaugres Fr</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">xx + Actinonyx jubatus cheetah 19xx xxx zoo 199x Fota zoo IR</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">yy + Actinonyx jubatus cheetah 19xx yyy zoo 1996+ yyyy zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">zz + Actinonyx jubatus cheetah 19xx zzz zoo 1996+ yyyy zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">aaa + Felis concolor puma 1986 Chester zoo 1991 Chester zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">yy + Felis concolor puma 1980 yyy zoo 1995 yyyy zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">zz + Felis concolor puma 1978 zzz zoo 1995 zzzz zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">xxx + Felis pardalis ocelot 1987 xxx 1994 Chester zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">zzz + Felis pardalis ocelot 1980 zzz 1995 zzzz zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">85 + Felis catus cat 1990+ various 1999+ various UK LI NO </span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">19 + Canis familia. dog 1992+ various 1999+ various UK </span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Fota + Panthera tigris tiger 1981 xxx zoo 1995 xxxx zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">yy + Panthera tigris tiger 1983 yyy zoo 1998 yyyy zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Lump + Panthera leo lion 1986 Woburn SP 1998 Edinburgh zoo UK [since 1994]</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">1 + Taurotragus oryx eland 1987 Port Lympne 1989 Port Lympne zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Moll + Taurotragus oryx eland 1989 xx UK 1991 not Port Lympne UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Nedd + Taurotragus oryx eland 1989 xx UK 1991 not Port Lympne UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Elec + Taurotragus oryx eland 1990 xx UK 1992 not Port Lympne Uk</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Daph p Taurotragus oryx eland 1988 xx UK 1990 not Port Lympne UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">zzz + Taurotragus oryx eland 1991 zz UK 1994 zzz UK </span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">yyy + Taurotragus oryx eland 1993 yy UK 1995 yyy UK </span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Fran p Tragelaphus strepsi. kudu 1985 London zoo 1987 London zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Lind + Tragelaphus strepsi. kudu 1987 London zoo 1989 London zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Karl + Tragelaphus strepsi. kudu 1988 London zoo 1990 London zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kaz + Tragelaphus strepsi. kudu 1988 London zoo 1991 London zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bamb pc Tragelaphus strepsi. kudu 1988 London zoo 1991 London zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Step - Tragelaphus strepsi. kudu 1984 London zoo 1991 London zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">346 pc Tragelaphus strepsi. kudu 1990 London zoo 1992 London zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">324 + Tragelaphus strepsi. kudu 1989 Marwell zoo 1992 London zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">xxx + Tragelaphus angasi nyala 1983 Marwell zoo 1986 Marwell zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">yy + Oryx gazella gemsbok 1983 Marwell zoo 1986 Marwell zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">zz + Oryx gazella gemsbok 1994+ zzz zoo 1996+ zzzz zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">xx + Oryx dammah scim oryx 1990 xxxx zoo 1993 Chester zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">yy + Oryx leucoryx arab oryx 1986 Zurich zoo 1991 London zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">yy + Bos taurus ankole cow 1987 yyy zoo 1995 yyyy zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">zz + Bos taurus ankole cow 1986 zzz zoo 1991 zzzz zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">xx + Bison bison Eu bison 1989 xxx zoo 1996 xxxx zoo UK</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.mad-cow.org/may99_zoo_news.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.mad-cow.org/may99_zoo_news.html</a></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.mad-cow.org/99feb_cwd_special.html#fff" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.mad-cow.org/99feb_cwd_special.html#fff</a></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/aug00_late_news.html#ggg" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/aug00_late_news.html#ggg</a></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/aug00_last_news.html#fff" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/aug00_last_news.html#fff</a></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/96/7/4046.full" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.pnas.org/content/96/7/4046.full</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Vet Rec 1997 Sep 13;141(11):270-1 Baron-T, Belli-P Madec-J-Y Moutou-F Vitaud-C Savey-M Spongiform encephalopathy in an imported cheetah in France. CNEVA-Lyon, Laboratoire de Pathologie Bovine, France.</span><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1996 Apr;211(4):306-22 Narang H Origin and implications of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. [tiger]</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Vet Rec. 1994 Nov 12;135(20):488. Benbow G. Spongiform encephalopathies in zoo animals. comment</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Vet Rec 1994 Oct 29;135(18):440 Swainston J. comment</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Vet Rec 1994 Sep 24;135(13):296-303 Kirkwood JK, Cunningham AA Epidemiological observations on spongiform encephalopathies</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Vet Rec 1994 Feb 12;134(7):167-8 Kirkwood JK, Cunningham AA, Austin AR, Wells GA, Sainsbury AW Spongiform encephalopathy in a greater kudu</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Vet Rec. 1993 Oct 9;133(15):360-4. Kirkwood JK, et al. Spongiform encephalopathy in a herd of greater kudu</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Vet Rec. 1993 Jan 16;132(3):68. Cunningham AA, et al. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in greater kudu</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Vet Rec. 1992 Nov 7;131(19):431-4. Willoughby K, et al. Spongiform encephalopathy in a captive puma</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Aust Vet J 1992 Jul;69(7):171 Peet RL, Curran JM Spongiform encephalopathy in an imported cheetah</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Vet Rec 1992 Apr 25;130(17):365-7 Kirkwood JK, Wells GA, Cunningham AA, Jackson SI, Scott AC, Dawson M, Wilesmith JW Scrapie-like encephalopathy in a greater kudu</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1992;84(5):559-69 Jeffrey M, Scott JR, Williams A, Fraser H Ultrastructural features of spongiform encephalopathy</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Vet Rec. 1991 Oct 5;129(14):320 Synge BA, et al. Spongiform encephalopathy in a Scottish cat.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Vet Rec 1991 Sep 14;129(11):233-6 Wyatt JM, Pearson GR, Naturally occurring scrapie-like s</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Vet Rec. 1991 Jun 1;128(22):532. Pearson GR, et al. Feline spongiform encephalopathy.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Vet Rec. 1991 Mar 30;128(13):311. Kock R. Spongiform encephalopathies in ungulates.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Vet Rec. 1991 Feb 2;128(5):115. Gibson PH. Spongiform encephalopathies in ungulates. comment</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Vet Rec 1990 Dec 15;127(24):586-8 Leggett MM, Dukes J, Pirie HM A spongiform encephalopathy in a cat.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Done JT. Vet Rec. 1990 Nov 10;127(19):484. Spongiform encephalopathy in pigs.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Vet Rec. 1990 Oct 27;127(17):418-20. Kirkwood JK, et al. Spongiform encephalopathy in an arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) and a greater kudu.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Vet Rec. 1990 Sep 29;127(13):338. Dawson M, et al. Primary parenteral transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy to the pig.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Vet Rec. 1990 May 19;126(20):513 no authors listed Spongiform encephalopathy in a cat.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Vet Rec 1990 May 12;126(19):489-90 Gibson PH Spongiform encephalopathy in an eland.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Nature. 1990 Mar 15;344(6263):183 Aldhous P. Antelopes die of "mad cow" disease.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Vet Rec 1990 Apr 21;126(16):408-9 Fleetwood AJ, Furley CW Spongiform encephalopathy in an eland.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Vet Pathol. 1988 Sep;25(5):398-9 Jeffrey M, Wells GA Spongiform encephalopathy in a nyala (Tragelaphus angasi) Lasswade Veterinary Laboratory, Midlothian</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2008/05/bse-inquiry-draft-factual-account-dfa.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2008/05/bse-inquiry-draft-factual-account-dfa.html</a><br /></span></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://felinespongiformencephalopathyfse.blogspot.com/2019/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://felinespongiformencephalopathyfse.blogspot.com/2019/</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">2020</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Monday, November 30, 2020 </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Tunisia has become the second country after Algeria to detect a case of CPD Camel Prion Disease within a year </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Scientific Commission/September 2019</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Tunisia has become the second country after Algeria to detect a case of CPD within a year</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">10.2. Prion disease in dromedary camels </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2020/11/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2020/11/</a></span></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>snip...see full text;</div></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">MONDAY, DECEMBER 21, 2020 </span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">BSE TSE Prion in zoo animals, exotic ruminants, domestic cats, and CPD Camel Prion Disease, a review 2020</span><br /></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 11, 2020 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">Predators, Scavengers, and trans locating the CWD TSE Prion</span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/predators-scavengers-and-trans-locating.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/02/predators-scavengers-and-trans-locating.html</a><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div>MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019 </div><div><br /></div><div>MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-45848707963627090702021-12-14T13:14:00.007-06:002021-12-14T16:44:29.964-06:00Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion end of year report December 14, 2021 <p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion end of year report December 14, 2021</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Today is my Mothers Anniversary date for her demise from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, DOD December 14, 1997, confirmed. This post is for Mom. RIP MOM! i'm still here...tss </span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><br /></div><div>Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div><br /></div><div>Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA</div><div><br /></div><div>Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div><br /></div><div>To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA <a dir="ltr" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: underline;">589.2001</a> FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><div><div style="margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Greetings APHIS et al, </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ... </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019<br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://oieusdabseprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://oieusdabseprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html</a></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: <a dir="ltr" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: underline;">0579-0189</a> APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">FRIDAY, OCTOBER 1, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin, USA, what if?<br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Prion Infectivity and PrPBSE in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System of Cattle 8 Months Post Oral BSE Challenge</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Ivett Ackermann 1 , Reiner Ulrich 2 , Kerstin Tauscher 3 , Olanrewaju I. Fatola 1,4 , Markus Keller 1 , James C. Shawulu 1,5, Mark Arnold 6 , Stefanie Czub 7 , Martin H. Groschup 1 and Anne Balkema-Buschmann 1,*</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">1 Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; <a href="mailto:Ivett.Ackermann@fli.de" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:Ivett.Ackermann@fli.de">Ivett.Ackermann@fli.de</a> (I.A.); <a href="mailto:fatolan@yahoo.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:fatolan@yahoo.com">fatolan@yahoo.com</a> (O.I.F.); <a href="mailto:Markus.Keller@fli.de" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:Markus.Keller@fli.de">Markus.Keller@fli.de</a> (M.K.); <a href="mailto:james.shawulu@ymail.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:james.shawulu@ymail.com">james.shawulu@ymail.com</a> (J.C.S.); <a href="mailto:Martin.Groschup@fli.de" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:Martin.Groschup@fli.de">Martin.Groschup@fli.de</a> (M.H.G.) 2 Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; <a href="mailto:reiner.ulrich@vetmed.uni-leipzig.de" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:reiner.ulrich@vetmed.uni-leipzig.de">reiner.ulrich@vetmed.uni-leipzig.de</a> 3 Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; <a href="mailto:Kerstin_Tauscher@gmx.de" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:Kerstin_Tauscher@gmx.de">Kerstin_Tauscher@gmx.de</a> 4 Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria 5 Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja 900105, Nigeria <a dir="ltr" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26); text-decoration-line: underline;">6 Animal and Plant Health Agency Sutton Bonington, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RB, UK</a>; <a href="mailto:Mark.Arnold@apha.gov.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:Mark.Arnold@apha.gov.uk">Mark.Arnold@apha.gov.uk</a> 7 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, AB T1J 3Z4, Canada; <a href="mailto:stefanie.czub37@gmail.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:stefanie.czub37@gmail.com">stefanie.czub37@gmail.com</a> * Correspondence: <a href="mailto:anne.buschmann@fli.de" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:anne.buschmann@fli.de">anne.buschmann@fli.de</a></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Abstract: After oral exposure of cattle with classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE), the infectious agent ascends from the gut to the central nervous system (CNS) primarily via the autonomic nervous system. However, the timeline of this progression has thus far remained widely undetermined. Previous studies were focused on later time points after oral exposure of animals that were already 4 to 6 months old when challenged. In contrast, in this present study, we have orally inoculated 4 to 6 weeks old unweaned calves with high doses of BSE to identify any possible BSE infectivity and/or PrPBSE in peripheral nervous tissues during the first eight months postinoculation (mpi). For the detection of BSE infectivity, we used a bovine PrP transgenic mouse bioassay, while PrPBSE depositions were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and by protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). We were able to show that as early as 8 mpi the thoracic spinal cord as well as the parasympathetic nodal ganglion of these animals contained PrPBSE and BSE infectivity. This shows that the centripetal prion spread starts early after challenge at least in this age group, which represents an essential piece of information for the risk assessments for food, feed, and pharmaceutical products produced from young calves.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">snip...</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">5. Conclusions</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In summary, we detected PrPBSE and BSE infectivity as early as 8 mpi in the nodal ganglion as well as in the thoracic spinal cord from one calf challenged before weaning in this study and also at eight mpi in the thoracic spinal cord sampled from cattle challenged <a dir="ltr" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26); text-decoration-line: underline;">at 4 to 6</a> months of age during an earlier pathogenesis study [5,20]. This current study considerably expands the existing data on the early C-BSE pathogenesis by demonstrating that after challenge with an unnaturally high dose of 100 g BSE-positive brainstem tissue, parts of the peripheral and central nervous system from cattle may already contain PrPBSE and BSE infectivity after short time periods up to 8 months after oral infection, which should be considered relevant information for risk assessments for food and pharmaceutical products.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/article/10%20.3390/ijms222111310/s1" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.mdpi.com/article/10 .3390/ijms222111310/s1</a> . </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Keywords: prion protein; BSE; infectivity; PrPBSE; cattle; peripheral and central nervous system; protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA)</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11310" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11310</a><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11310/pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11310/pdf</a><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">O.4.3</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Spread of BSE prions in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) after oral transmission</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Edgar Holznagel1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Barbara Yutzy1, Gerhard Hunsmann3, Johannes Loewer1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Sera and Vaccines, Germany; 2Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany, 3Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Centre, Göttingen, Germany</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Background: BSE-infected cynomolgus monkeys represent a relevant animal model to study the pathogenesis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD).</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Objectives: To study the spread of BSE prions during the asymptomatic phase of infection in a simian animal model.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Methods: Orally BSE-dosed macaques (n=10) were sacrificed at defined time points during the incubation period and 7 orally BSE-dosed macaques were sacrificed after the onset of clinical signs. Neuronal and non-neuronal tissues were tested for the presence of proteinase-K-resistant prion protein (PrPres) by western immunoblot and by paraffin-embedded tissue (PET) blot technique.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Results: In clinically diseased macaques (5 years p.i. + 6 mo.), PrPres deposits were widely spread in neuronal tissues (including the peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system) and in lymphoid tissues including tonsils. In asymptomatic disease carriers, PrPres deposits could be detected in intestinal lymph nodes as early as 1 year p.i., but CNS tissues were negative <a dir="ltr" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26); text-decoration-line: underline;">until 3 – 4</a> years p.i. Lumbal/sacral segments of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata were PrPres positive as early as 4.1 years p.i., whereas sympathetic trunk and all thoracic/cervical segments of the spinal cord were still negative for PrPres. However, tonsil samples were negative in all asymptomatic cases.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Discussion: There is evidence for an early spread of BSE to the CNS via autonomic fibres of the splanchnic and vagus nerves indicating that trans-synaptical spread may be a time-limiting factor for neuroinvasion. Tonsils were predominantly negative during the main part of the incubation period indicating that epidemiological vCJD screening results based on the detection of PrPres in tonsil biopsies may mostly tend to underestimate the prevalence of vCJD among humans.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">P.4.23</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Transmission of atypical BSE in humanized mouse models</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Liuting Qing1, Wenquan Zou1, Cristina Casalone2, Martin Groschup3, Miroslaw Polak4, Maria Caramelli2, Pierluigi Gambetti1, Juergen Richt5, Qingzhong Kong1 1Case Western Reserve University, USA; 2Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, Italy; 3Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany; 4National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland; 5Kansas State University (Previously at USDA National Animal Disease Center), USA</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Background: Classical BSE is a world-wide prion disease in cattle, and the classical BSE strain (BSE-C) has led to over 200 cases of clinical human infection (variant CJD). Atypical BSE cases have been discovered in three continents since 2004; they include the L-type (also named BASE), the H-type, and the first reported case of naturally occurring BSE with mutated bovine PRNP (termed BSE-M). The public health risks posed by atypical BSE were largely undefined.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Objectives: To investigate these atypical BSE types in terms of their transmissibility and phenotypes in humanized mice. Methods: Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were inoculated with several classical (C-type) and atypical (L-, H-, or Mtype) BSE isolates, and the transmission rate, incubation time, characteristics and distribution of PrPSc, symptoms, and histopathology were or will be examined and compared.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Results: Sixty percent of BASE-inoculated humanized mice became infected with minimal spongiosis and an average incubation time of 20-22 months, whereas only one of the C-type BSE-inoculated mice developed prion disease after more than 2 years. Protease-resistant PrPSc in BASE-infected humanized Tg mouse brains was biochemically different from bovine BASE or sCJD. PrPSc was also detected in the spleen of 22% of BASE-infected humanized mice, but not in those infected with sCJD. Secondary transmission of BASE in the humanized mice led to a small reduction in incubation time. The atypical BSE-H strain is also transmissible with distinct phenotypes in the humanized mice, but no BSE-M transmission has been observed so far.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Discussion: Our results demonstrate that BASE is more virulent than classical BSE, has a lymphotropic phenotype, and displays a modest transmission barrier in our humanized mice.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">BSE-H is also transmissible in our humanized Tg mice.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The possibility of more than two atypical BSE strains will be discussed.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Supported by NINDS NS052319, NIA AG14359, and NIH AI 77774.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf</span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">P03.137</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Transmission of BSE to Cynomolgus Macaque, a Non-human Primate; Development of Clinical Symptoms and Tissue Distribution of PrPSC</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Yamakawa, Y1; Ono, F2; Tase, N3; Terao, K3; Tannno, J3; Wada, N4; Tobiume, M5; Sato, Y5; Okemoto-Nakamura, Y1; Hagiwara, K1; Sata, T5 1National Institure of Infectious diseases, Cell biology and Biochemistry, Japan; 2Corporation for Production and Research Laboratory Primates., Japan; 3National Institure of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba Primate Reserch Center, Japan; 4Yamauchi Univ., Veterinary Medicine, Japan; 5National Institure of Infectious diseases, Pathology, Japan</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Two of three cynomolgus monkeys developed abnormal neuronal behavioral signs at 30-(#7) and 28-(#10) months after intracerebral inoculation of 200ul of 10% brain homogenates of BSE affected cattle (BSE/JP6). Around 30 months post inoculation (mpi), they developed sporadic anorexia and hyperekplexia with squeal against environmental stimulations such as light and sound. Tremor, myoclonic jerk and paralysis became conspicuous during 32 to 33-mpi, and symptoms become worsened according to the disease progression. Finally, one monkey (#7) fell into total paralysis at 36-mpi. This monkey was sacrificed at 10 days after intensive veterinary care including infusion and per oral supply of liquid food. The other monkey (#10) had to grasp the cage bars to keep an upright posture caused by the sever ataxia. This monkey was sacrificed at 35-mpi. EEG of both monkeys showed diffuse slowing. PSD characteristic for sporadic CJD was not observed in both monkeys. The result of forearm movement test showed the hypofunction that was observed at onset of clinical symptoms. Their cognitive function determined by finger maze test was maintained at the early stage of sideration. However, it was rapidly impaired followed by the disease progression. Their autopsied tissues were immunochemically investigated for the tissue distribution of PrPSc. Severe spongiform change in the brain together with heavy accumulation of PrPSc having the type 2B/4 glycoform profile confirmed successful transmission of BSE to Cynomolgus macaques. Granular and linear deposition of PrPSC was detected by IHC in the CNS of both monkeys. At cerebral cortex, PrPSC was prominently accumulated in the large plaques. Sparse accumulation of PrPSc was detected in several peripheral nerves of #7 but not in #10 monkey, upon the WB analysis. Neither #7 nor #10 monkey accumulated detectable amounts of PrPSc in their lymphatic organs such as tonsil, spleen, adrenal grands and thymus although PrPSc was barely detected in the submandibular lymph node of #7 monkey. Such confined tissue distribution of PrPSc after intracerebral infection with BSE agent is not compatible to that reported on the Cynomolgus macaques infected with BSE by oral or intra-venous (intra-peritoneal) routs, in which PrPSc was accumulated at not only CNS but also widely distributed lymphatic tissues.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">P04.27</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmézas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Löwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Background: In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Aims: The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Methods: Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Results: In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Conclusions: Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study “BSE in primates“ supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf</span></a></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><div><div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on attack rate and incubation period in cattle</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">G. A. H. Wells,1 T. Konold,1 M. E. Arnold,1 A. <a dir="ltr" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26); text-decoration-line: underline;">R. Austin,1 3 S.</a> A. C. Hawkins,1 M. Stack,1 M. M. Simmons,1 Y. H. Lee,2 D. Gavier-Wide´n,3 M. Dawson1 4 and J. W. Wilesmith1 1 Correspondence G. A. H. Wells</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="mailto:g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk"><span style="color: black;">g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk</span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">1 Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">2 National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Republic of Korea</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">3 National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Received 27 July 2006</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Accepted 18 November 2006</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The dose–response of cattle exposed to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent is an important component of modelling exposure risks for animals and humans and thereby, the modulation of surveillance and control strategies for BSE. In two experiments calves were dosed orally with a range of amounts of a pool of brainstems from BSE-affected cattle. Infectivity in the pool was determined by end-point titration in mice. Recipient cattle were monitored for clinical disease and, from the incidence of pathologically confirmed cases and their incubation periods (IPs), the attack rate and IP distribution according to dose were estimated. The dose at which 50 % of cattle would be clinically affected was estimated at 0.20 g brain material used in the experiment, with 95 % confidence intervals of <a dir="ltr" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26); text-decoration-line: underline;">0.04–1.00</a> g. The IP was highly variable across all dose groups and followed a log-normal distribution, with decreasing mean as dose increased. There was no evidence of a threshold dose at which the probability of infection became vanishingly small, with <a dir="ltr" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26); text-decoration-line: underline;">1/15</a> (7 %) of animals affected at the lowest dose (1 mg).</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">snip...</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">DISCUSSION</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The study has demonstrated that disease in cattle can be produced by oral exposure to as little as 1 mg brain homogenate (¡100.4 RIII mouse i.c./i.p. ID50 units) from clinically affected field cases of BSE and that the limiting dose for infection of calves is lower than this exposure...</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">snip...end</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4</a><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2</a> </span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">P04.27</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasm�zas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; L�wer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat � l�Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanit�, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Background:</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Aims:</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Methods:</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Results:</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Conclusions:</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study �BSE in primates� supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Corinne Ida Lasm�zas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Fr�d�ric Auvr�, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Sal�s, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">snip...</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">BSE bovine brain inoculum</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0�1 mg 0�01 mg</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) <a dir="ltr" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-color: rgba(32, 32, 32, 0.26); text-decoration-line: underline;">7/10</a> (70%) <a dir="ltr" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-color: rgba(32, 32, 32, 0.26); text-decoration-line: underline;">3/15</a> (20%) <a dir="ltr" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-color: rgba(32, 32, 32, 0.26); text-decoration-line: underline;">1/15</a> (7%) <a dir="ltr" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-color: rgba(32, 32, 32, 0.26); text-decoration-line: underline;">1/15</a> (7%)</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) <a dir="ltr" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-color: rgba(32, 32, 32, 0.26); text-decoration-line: underline;">1/14</a> (7%)</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">PrPres biochemical detection</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and int****ritoneal.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Published online January 27, 2005</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">It is clear that the designing scientists must</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">also have shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley's answer (that it would take less than say 100 grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate" experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger infection. The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. It is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a></span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">RESEARCH ARTICLE</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Nathaniel D. Denkers1☯, Clare E. Hoover2☯, Kristen A. DavenportID3, Davin M. Henderson1, Erin E. McNultyID1, Amy V. Nalls1, Candace K. Mathiason1, Edward A. HooverID1*</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America, 2 AstraZeneca Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America, 3 Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. * <a href="mailto:Edward.hoover@colostate.edu" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:Edward.hoover@colostate.edu">Edward.hoover@colostate.edu</a></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Abstract</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The minimum infectious dose required to induce CWD infection in cervids remains unknown, as does whether peripherally shed prions and/or multiple low dose exposures are important factors in CWD transmission. With the goal of better understand CWD infection in nature, we studied oral exposures of deer to very low doses of CWD prions and also examined whether the frequency of exposure or prion source may influence infection and pathogene- sis. We orally inoculated white-tailed deer with either single or multiple divided doses of pri- ons of brain or saliva origin and monitored infection by serial longitudinal tissue biopsies spanning over two years. We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD- positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD min- imum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Snip...</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Discussion</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">As CWD expands across North America and Scandinavia, how this disease is transmitted so efficiently remains unclear, given the low concentrations of prions shed in secretions and excretions [13, 14]. The present studies demonstrated that a single oral exposure to as little as 300nmg of CWD-positive brain or equivalent saliva can initiate infection in 100% of exposed white-tailed deer. However, distributing this dose as 10, 30 ng exposures failed to induce infec- tion. Overall, these results suggest that the minimum oral infectious exposure approaches 100 to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain equivalent. These dynamics also invite speculation as to whether potential infection co-factors, such as particle binding [46, 47] or compromises in mucosal integrity may influence infection susceptibility, as suggested from two studies in rodent models [48, 49].</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Few studies in rodent models have explored oral infection with murine or hamster adapted scrapie by assessing the same total dose administered as a single bolus vs. the same bolus divided into fractional, sequential exposures [50–52]. The results reported by Diringer et al. [50] and Jacquemot et al. [52] have indicated that divided-dose exposures were as effective as a single bolus only if the interval between doses was short (1–2 days). In deer, we likewise found that when a total dose of 300 ng of brain was administered as 10 doses divided doses over 12 weeks this exposure failed to induce CWD infection, whereas three weekly 100 ng doses (300 ng total) induced infection. While this latter outcome may have involved an additive dynamic, we cannot exclude that a dose 100 ng alone also may have been sufficient to establish infection. Our conclusions here are unfortunately limited by the absence of a single 100 ng dose group. Additional experiments are needed to further directly compare single vs. divided exposures to strengthen the tenet that establishment of CWD infection is more a threshold than cumulative dose phenomenon.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">We also sought to examine a relatively unexamined possibility that prions emanating from different tissues and/or cells may possess different capacities to establish infections by mucosal routes. Our results indicated that brain and saliva inocula containing similar levels of prion seeding activity, also had similar infectivity, which did not support our hypothesis that saliva prions may be more infectious by mucosal routes. There are of course, several caveats bearing on this conclusion. These could include: the inherent limits in using an in vitro seeding assay as a surrogate to equate in vivo infectivity, the likelihood that small differences in prion suscep- tibility among deer may be more significant at very low exposure doses, and the greater varia- tion of inoculum uptake and routing through mucosal surfaces associated with the oral route of exposure.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The chief correlate we observed between magnitude of infectious dose and disease course was in time from exposure to first detected amplification of prions in tonsil, an event which is closely followed by or concurrent with detection in pharyngeal lymph nodes [41]. Once a threshold dose was established, the subsequent pathogenesis of infection and disease appeared to vary little.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In addition to potential cofactors that could influence CWD infectivity, such as particle binding [47] and compromised mucosal integrity [48, 53], there is PRNP genotype, in which polymorphisms at codon 96 of the white-tailed deer are known to affect the temporal dynam- ics of CWD infections [23, 41, 45]. In the present studies, most cohorts of 96GG deer became CWD-positive before 96GS animals in the same exposure group [cohorts 1, 2, 4, 6]. Thus, the low dose studies are consistent with the current concept of delayed conversion rate in PRNP 96GS vs. 96GG white-tailed deer [44].</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In conclusion, we have attempted to model and better understand CWD infection relative to natural exposure. The results demonstrate: (a) that the minimum CWD oral infectious dose is vastly lower than historical studies used to establish infection; (b) that a direct relationship exists between dose and incubation time to first prion replication detection in tonsils, irrespec- tive of genotype; (c) that a difference was not discernible between brain vs. saliva source prions in ability to establish infection or in resultant disease course; and (d) that the CWD infection process appears to conform more to a threshold dose than an accumulative dose dynamic.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/pdf/pone.0237410.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/pdf/pone.0237410.pdf</a></span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">America BSE <a dir="ltr" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: underline;">589.2001</a> FEED REGULATIONS, BSE SURVEILLANCE, BSE TESTING, and CJD TSE Prion</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">so far, we have been lucky. to date, with the science at hand, no cwd transmitted to cattle, that has been documented, TO DATE, WITH THE SCIENCE AT HAND, it's not to say it has not already happened, just like with zoonosis of cwd i.e. molecular transmission studies have shown that cwd transmission to humans would look like sporadic cjd, NOT nvCJD or what they call now vCJD. the other thing is virulence and or horizontal transmission. this is very concerning with the recent fact of what seems to be a large outbreak of a new tse prion disease in camels in Africa. there is much concern now with hay, straw, grains, and such, with the cwd tse prion endemic countries USA, Canada. what is of greatest concern is the different strains of cwd, and the virulence there from? this thing (cwd) keeps mutating to different strains, and to different species, the bigger the chance of one of these strains that WILL TRANSMIT TO CATTLE OR HUMANS, and that it is documented (i believe both has already occured imo with scienct to date). with that said, a few things to ponder, and i am still very concerned with, the animal feed. we now know from transmission studies that cwd and scrapie will transmit to pigs by oral routes. the atypical bse strains will transmit by oral routes. i don't mean to keep kicking a mad cow, just look at the science; </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> cattle, pigs, sheep, cwd, tse, prion, oh my! </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Sheep and cattle may be exposed to CWD via common grazing areas with affected deer but so far, appear to be poorly susceptible to mule deer CWD (Sigurdson, 2008). In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008), however the risk appetite for a public health threat may still find this level unacceptable. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf</a></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Title: Limited amplification of chronic wasting disease prions in the peripheral tissues of intracerebrally inoculated cattle</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Author item HALEY, NICHOLAS - Kansas State University item SIEPKER, CHRISTOPHER - Kansas State University item Greenlee, Justin item RICHT, JÜRGEN - Kansas State University Submitted to: Journal of General Virology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 3/30/2016 Publication Date: 1/7/2016</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Citation: Haley, N.J., Siepker, C., Greenlee, J.J., Richt, J.A. 2016. Limited amplification of chronic wasting disease prions in the peripheral tissues of intracerebrally inoculated cattle. Journal of General Virology. 97:1720-1724.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Interpretive Summary: Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), a fatal neurodegenerative disease that occurs in farmed and wild cervids (deer and elk) of North America, is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). TSEs are caused by infectious proteins called prions that are resistant to various methods of decontamination and environmental degradation. Cattle could be exposed to chronic wasting disease (CWD) by contact with infected farmed or free-ranging cervids. The purpose of this study was to use an in vitro amplification method called real time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) to assess tissues from cattle inoculated with CWD for low levels of prions not detected by traditional diagnostic methods such as western blot and immunohistochemistry. This study reports that prions were identified by RT-QuIC only in cattle that were confirmed positive by traditional methods. However, prions were rarely identified in some peripheral tissues such as mesenteric lymph node, tonsil, or nasal turbinate that were not considered positive by traditional methods. These results suggest that cattle experimentally inoculated with CWD may have some limited amount of prion infectivity outside of the brain and spinal cord that may represent a previously unrecognized risk for transmission. This information could have an impact on regulatory officials developing plans to reduce or eliminate TSEs and farmers with concerns about ranging cattle on areas where CWD may be present.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, classified as a prion disease or transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) similar to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Cervids affected by CWD accumulate an abnormal protease resistant prion protein throughout the central nervous system (CNS), as well as in both lymphatic and excretory tissues – an aspect of prion disease pathogenesis not observed in cattle with BSE. Using seeded amplification through real time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC), we investigated whether the bovine host or prion agent was responsible for this aspect of TSE pathogenesis. We blindly examined numerous central and peripheral tissues from cattle inoculated with CWD for prion seeding activity. Seeded amplification was readily detected in the CNS, though rarely observed in peripheral tissues, with a limited distribution similar to that of BSE prions in cattle. This seems to indicate that prion peripheralization in cattle is a host-driven characteristic of TSE infection. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=325925" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=325925</a><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Title: Experimental transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (scrapie, chronic wasting disease, transmissible mink encephalopathy) to cattle and their differentiation from bovine spongiform encephalopathy</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Author item Hamir, Amirali item CUTLIP, RANDALL item MILLER, JANICE item Kunkle, Robert item Richt, Juergen item Greenlee, Justin item Nicholson, Eric item Kehrli Jr, Marcus Submitted to: World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Publication Type: Proceedings</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Publication Acceptance Date: 8/10/2007 Publication Date: 11/11/2007</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Citation: Hamir, A.N., Cutlip, R.C., Miller, J.M., Kunkle, R.A., Richt, J.A., Greenlee, J.J., Nicholson, E.M., Kehrli, Jr., M.E. 2007. Experimental transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (scrapie, chronic wasting disease, transmissible mink encephalopathy) to cattle and their differentiation from bovine spongiform encephalopathy. In: Proceedings of the World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians 13th International Symposium, November 11-14, 2007, Melbourne, Australia. p. 29. Interpretive Summary:</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Technical Abstract: Introduction: Experimental cross-species transmission of TSE agents provides valuable information for identification of potential host ranges of known TSEs. This report provides a synopsis of TSE (scrapie, CWD, TME) transmission studies that have been conducted in cattle and compares these findings to those seen in animals with BSE. Materials & Methods: Generally 6-month-old bull calves were obtained and assigned to inoculated and control groups. Inoculated calves were housed in a Biosafety Level 2 isolation barn at the National Animal Disease Center (NADC), Ames, Iowa. Calves were inoculated intracerebrally with 1 ml of a 10% TSE brain inoculum. Results: Results of various TSE cattle experiments with intracerebral inoculation of scrapie, CWD and TME are shown in tabular form (Table 1). Table 1. Comparison of experimental scrapie, chronic wasting disease (CWD) and transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) in cattle inoculated by the intracerebral route during first passage of the inocula. Abnormal CNS signs: Scrapie. Anorexia, weight loss, leg and back stiffness. Some showed incoordination and posterior weakness. Eventual severe lethargy. CWD. Anorexia, weight loss, occasional aimless circling, listlessness and excited by loud noises. TME. Variable hyperexcitability with occasional falling to the ground. Some showing circling and aggressive behavior. Incubation (survival) time: Scrapie. 14 – 18 months. CWD. 23 – 63 months. TME. 13 – 16 months. Attack rate: Scrapie. 100%. CWD. CWD from mule deer: 38%. CWD from elk: 86%. TME. 100% Histopatholgic lesions: Scrapie. Some vacuolation and central of chromatolysis of neurons. CWD. Isolated vacuolated neurons, a few degenerate axons, and a mild astrocytosis. TME. Extensive vacuolation of neuronal perikarya and neuropil. Presence of mild multifocal gliosis. Western blot (brainstem): Scrapie. All three isoforms of PrP**res present. CWD. All three isoforms of PrP**res seen. TME. All three isoforms of PrP**res seen. Immunohistochemistry: PrP**res in lymphoreticular tissues: Scrapie. Not present. CWD. Not present. TME. Not present. PrP**res in CNS: Scrapie. Present within perikaryon and processes of neurons. CWD. Multifocal distribution with labeling primarily in glial cells (astrocytes). TME. Diffusely present and usually evenly distributed in neuropil. Conclusions: 1. All three TSEs agents (scrapie, CWD and TME) are capable of propagating in cattle tissues when administered intracerebrally. 2. All three TSEs can be distinguished from each other and from BSE when inoculated intracerebrally by histopathology, immunohistochemistry and Western blot techniques.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=212439" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=212439</a><br clear="none" /></span></span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Title: EXPERIMENTAL SECOND PASSAGE OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE (CWD(MULE DEER)) AGENT TO CATTLE</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Author item Hamir, Amirali item Kunkle, Robert item MILLER, JANICE item Greenlee, Justin item Richt, Juergen</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Submitted to: Journal of Comparative Pathology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 7/25/2005 Publication Date: 1/1/2006</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Citation: Hamir, A.N., Kunkle, R.A., Miller, J.M., Greenlee, J.J., Richt, J.A. 2006. Experimental second passage of chronic wasting disease (CWD(mule deer)) agent to cattle. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 134(1):63-69.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Interpretive Summary: To compare the findings of experimental first and second passage of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cattle, 6 calves were inoculated into the brain with CWD-mule deer agent previously (first) passaged in cattle. Two other uninoculated calves served as controls. Beginning 10-12 months post inoculation (PI), all inoculates lost appetite and weight. Five animals subsequently developed clinical signs of central nervous system (CNS) abnormality. By 16.5 months PI, all cattle had been euthanized because of poor prognosis. None of the animals showed microscopic lesions of spongiform encephalopathy (SE) but the CWD agent was detected in their CNS tissues by 2 laboratory techniques (IHC and WB). These findings demonstrate that inoculated cattle amplify CWD agent but also develop clinical CNS signs without manifestation of microscopic lesions of SE. This situation has also been shown to occur following inoculation of cattle with another TSE agent, namely, sheep scrapie. The current study confirms previous work that indicates that the diagnostic tests currently used for confirmation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the U.S. would detect CWD in cattle, should it occur naturally. Furthermore, it raises the possibility of distinguishing CWD from BSE in cattle due to the absence of microscopic lesions and a unique multifocal distribution of PrPres, as demonstrated by IHC, which in this study, appears to be more sensitive than the WB.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Technical Abstract: To compare clinicopathological findings of first and second passage of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cattle, a group of calves (n=6) were intracerebrally inoculated with CWD-mule deer agent previously (first) passaged in cattle. Two other uninoculated calves served as controls. Beginning 10-12 months post inoculation (PI), all inoculates lost appetite and lost weight. Five animals subsequently developed clinical signs of central nervous system (CNS) abnormality. By 16.5 months PI, all cattle had been euthanized because of poor prognosis. None of the animals showed microscopic lesions of spongiform encephalopathy (SE) but PrPres was detected in their CNS tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot (WB) techniques. These findings demonstrate that intracerebrally inoculated cattle not only amplify CWD PrPres but also develop clinical CNS signs without manifestation of morphologic lesions of SE. This situation has also been shown to occur following inoculation of cattle with another TSE agent, scrapie. The current study confirms previous work that indicates the diagnostic techniques currently used for confirmation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the U.S. would detect CWD in cattle, should it occur naturally. Furthermore, it raises the possibility of distinguishing CWD from BSE in cattle due to the absence of neuropathologic lesions and a unique multifocal distribution of PrPres, as demonstrated by IHC, which in this study, appears to be more sensitive than the WB.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=178318" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=178318</a></span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">FRIDAY, AUGUST 27, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions<br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/cattle-are-highly-susceptible-to-white.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/cattle-are-highly-susceptible-to-white.html</a></span></div></div></div><div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Friday, December 14, 2012 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR <a dir="ltr" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: underline;">589.2000</a>) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">snip..... <br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. snip..... The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. snip..... In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> READ THIS VERY, VERY, CAREFULLY, AUGUST 1997 MAD COW FEED BAN WAS A SHAM, AS I HAVE STATED SINCE 1997! 3 FAILSAFES THE FDA ET AL PREACHED AS IF IT WERE THE GOSPEL, IN TERMS OF MAD COW BSE DISEASE IN USA, AND WHY IT IS/WAS/NOT A PROBLEM FOR THE USA, and those are; </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">BSE TESTING (failed terribly and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">BSE SURVEILLANCE (failed terribly and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">BSE <a dir="ltr" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: underline;">589.2001</a> FEED REGULATIONS (another colossal failure, and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">these are facts folks. trump et al just admitted it with the feed ban. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">see; </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">John Maday </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">August 30, 2019 09:46 AM VFD-Form 007 (640x427) </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach. ( John Maday ) Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach to help feed mills, veterinarians and producers understand and comply with the requirements. Since then, FDA has gradually increased the number of VFD inspections and initiated enforcement actions when necessary. <a dir="ltr" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26); text-decoration-line: underline;">On August 29</a>, FDA released its first report on inspection and compliance activities. The report, titled “Summary Assessment of Veterinary Feed Directive Compliance Activities Conducted in Fiscal Years 2016 – 2018,” is available online.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">FDA Reports on VFD Compliance</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">John Maday</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">August 30, 2019 09:46 AM VFD-Form 007 (640x427)</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach. ( John Maday )</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach to help feed mills, veterinarians and producers understand and comply with the requirements. Since then, FDA has gradually increased the number of VFD inspections and initiated enforcement actions when necessary.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a dir="ltr" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.26); text-decoration-line: underline;">On August 29</a>, FDA released its first report on inspection and compliance activities. The report, titled “Summary Assessment of Veterinary Feed Directive Compliance Activities Conducted in Fiscal Years 2016 – 2018,” is available online.</span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Overall, the FDA reports a high level of compliance across the affected livestock-industry sectors.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In fiscal year 2016, FDA began a small, three-part pilot inspection program that began with inspectors visiting feed distributors to review randomly selected VFD documents. The inspectors then selected one VFD at the distributor and conducted further inspections of the veterinarian and producer (client) named on that VFD.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In fiscal years 2017 and 2018, FDA continued those three-part inspections and expanded the program to include state feed regulatory partners. In fiscal year 2017, state personnel inspected VFD distributors and reviewed selected VFDs for compliance with the requirements. In 2018, those state inspectors began conducting three-part inspections, similar to those conducted by the FDA investigators. With state inspectors contributing, the number of VFD inspections increased from 57 in 2016 to 130 in 2017 and 269 during 2018.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Of the 269 inspections during 2018, 230 required no action, 38 indicated voluntary action and just one indicated official enforcement action.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Key findings in the report include:</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Distributors (2018)</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Distributor had notified FDA of their intent to distribute VFD feeds -- 94.8%</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Distributors who distributed a VFD feed that complied with the terms of the VFD -- 91.5%</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Distributors who manufacture VFD feed: Drug inventory or production records showed the correct amount of drug was added to the feed for the VFD reviewed -- 96.7%</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Distributors who manufacture VFD feed: Labels and formulas matched the VFD reviewed -- 91.0%</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Distributor’s VFD feed labels contained the VFD caution statement -- 77.2%</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Veterinarians</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Veterinarians had an active license in the state where the VFD feed authorized on the VFD order(s) is being fed -- 100%</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">VFDs included veterinarians’ electronic or written signature -- 98.6%</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">VFDs included the withdrawal time, special instructions, and/or cautionary statements -- 95.3%</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Producers</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Client did not feed VFD feed beyond the expiration date on the VFD -- 100%</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Client fed VFD feed to the animals authorized on the VFD (number, species, and/or production class) -- 100%</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Client fed VFD feed for the duration identified on the VFD -- 100%</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Client complied with the special instructions on the VFD -- 100%</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">FDA issued just one warning letter following inspections during fiscal year 2018, for a feed mill that “adulterated and misbranded VFD feed by distributing VFD feed to other distributors without first receiving an acknowledgment letter, in addition to adulterating and misbranding medicated and non-medicated feed for other reasons.”</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In its report, FDA reminds stakeholders that VFD medicated feeds must be used in according to the approved conditions of use and must be under the oversight of a licensed veterinarian and consistent with a lawful VFD order. The agency intends to continue monitoring compliance, and to provide education, but FDA will also use enforcement strategies when voluntary compliance with the VFD final rule requirements is not achieved.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">See the full summary report from FDA.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">For more on the VFD rules and compliance, see these articles from <a href="http://bovinevetonline.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">BovineVetOnline.com</a>.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">VFD Audits: What to Expect</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/vfd-audits-what-expect-0" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/vfd-audits-what-expect-0</a><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">VFD Audits: Start with the Feed Distributor</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/vfd-audits-start-feed-distributor" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/vfd-audits-start-feed-distributor</a><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">FDA Draft Guidance Updates VFD Q&A</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/fda-draft-guidance-updates-vfd-qa" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/fda-draft-guidance-updates-vfd-qa</a><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/fda-reports-vfd-compliance?fbclid=IwAR3ejswwNoiWH7sVww_gEwiFcyoG7MzI2iZUMPU9wHK3OJKXpdy4di5A4dk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/fda-reports-vfd-compliance?fbclid=IwAR3ejswwNoiWH7sVww_gEwiFcyoG7MzI2iZUMPU9wHK3OJKXpdy4di5A4dk</a><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20201222181302/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20201222181302/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20190912060441/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20190912060441/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20191217045515/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20191217045515/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</span></a></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 2019 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP *** </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2019 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Veterinary Biologics Guideline 3.32E: Guideline for minimising the risk of introducing transmissible spongiform encephalopathy prions and other infectious agents through veterinary biologics<br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/veterinary-biologics-guideline-332e.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/veterinary-biologics-guideline-332e.html</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">U.S.A. 50 STATE BSE MAD COW CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Subject: BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">To: <a href="mailto:BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de">BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de</a></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">snip...</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">[host Richard Barns] and now a question from Terry S. Singeltary of CJD Watch.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">[TSS] yes, thank you, U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds?</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">[no answer, you could hear in the back ground, mumbling and 'we can't. have him ask the question again.]</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">[host Richard] could you repeat the question?</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">[TSS] U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds?</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">[not sure whom ask this] what group are you with?</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">[TSS] CJD Watch, my Mom died from hvCJD and we are tracking CJD world-wide.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">[not sure who is speaking] could you please disconnect Mr. Singeltary</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">[TSS] you are not going to answer my question?</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">[not sure whom speaking] NO</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">snip...see full archive and more of this;</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://protect2.fireeye.com/v1/url?k=56309245-0a71f6f2-56325e8f-002590f4ce32-f388444e395b325d&q=1&e=eaae77dc-9ea7-4996-b8cd-e6a0b004c974&u=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.proofpoint.com%2Fv2%2Furl%3Fu%3Dhttp-3A__tseac.blogspot.com_2011_02_usa-2D50-2Dstate-2Dbse-2Dmad-2Dcow-2Dconference.html%26d%3DDwMFaQ%26c%3DGSntNbUav5AC0JJIyPOufmfQT3u3zI7UKdoVzPd-7og%26r%3DWUkrqFfyTINKdEKan1fw3ykVVZIC_CPt4oXXzPtT-cw%26m%3DPZ-nUcomhuQHG7d2Ik9AWSDfvzWvkaGQjLOa4gBnbo4%26s%3Dx2cnB1oAu0wlCoSkJw2E9RyLDr40LMuYR6jLH3CFP7M%26e%3D" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">3.2.1.2 Non‐cervid domestic species</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The remarkably high rate of natural CWD transmission in the ongoing NA epidemics raises the question of the risk to livestock grazing on CWD‐contaminated shared rangeland and subsequently developing a novel CWD‐related prion disease. This issue has been investigated by transmitting CWD via experimental challenge to cattle, sheep and pigs and to tg mouse lines expressing the relevant species PrP.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">For cattle challenged with CWD, PrPSc was detected in approximately 40% of intracerebrally inoculated animals (Hamir et al., 2005, 2006a, 2007). Tg mice expressing bovine PrP have also been challenged with CWD and while published studies have negative outcomes (Tamguney et al., 2009b), unpublished data provided for the purposes of this Opinion indicate that some transmission of individual isolates to bovinised mice is possible (Table 1).</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In small ruminant recipients, a low rate of transmission was reported between 35 and 72 months post‐infection (mpi) in ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/VRQ sheep intracerebrally challenged with mule deer CWD (Hamir et al., 2006b), while two out of two ARQ/ARQ sheep intracerebrally inoculated with elk CWD developed clinical disease after 28 mpi (Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). However, tg mice expressing ARQ sheep PrP were resistant (Tamguney et al., 2006) and tg mice expressing the VRQ PrP allele were poorly susceptible to clinical disease (Beringue et al., 2012; Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). In contrast, tg mice expressing VRQ sheep PrP challenged with CWD have resulted in highly efficient, life‐long asymptomatic replication of these prions in the spleen tissue (Beringue et al., 2012).</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">A recent study investigated the potential for swine to serve as hosts of the CWD agent(s) by intracerebral or oral challenge of crossbred piglets (Moore et al., 2016b, 2017). Pigs sacrificed at 6 mpi, approximately the age at which pigs reach market weight, were clinically healthy and negative by diagnostic tests, although low‐level CWD agent replication could be detected in the CNS by bioassay in tg cervinised mice. Among pigs that were incubated for up to 73 mpi, some gave diagnostic evidence of CWD replication in the brain between 42 and 72 mpi. Importantly, this was observed also in one orally challenged pig at 64 mpi and the presence of low‐level CWD replication was confirmed by mouse bioassay. The authors of this study argued that pigs can support low‐level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high and that the detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs with a mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">TUESDAY, JUNE 8, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on attack rate and incubation period in cattle<br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-effect.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-effect.html</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.<br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$<br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">THURSDAY, JULY 8, 2021</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">EFSA Scientific report on the analysis of the 2‐year compulsory intensified monitoring of atypical scrapie</span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">MONDAY, JUNE 28, 2021 <br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">BSE can propagate in sheep co‑infected or pre‑infected with scrapie<br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bse-can-propagate-in-sheep-coinfected.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bse-can-propagate-in-sheep-coinfected.html</a></span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 31, 2020 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Autoclave treatment of the classical scrapie agent US No. 13-7 and experimental inoculation to susceptible VRQ/ARQ sheep via the oral route results in decreased transmission efficiency<br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2020/12/autoclave-treatment-of-classical.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2020/12/autoclave-treatment-of-classical.html</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">WEDNESDAY, MAY 29, 2019 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> Incomplete inactivation of atypical scrapie following recommended autoclave decontamination procedures </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">USDA HERE'S YOUR SIGN!</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2019/05/incomplete-inactivation-of-atypical.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2019/05/incomplete-inactivation-of-atypical.html</a> </span></span></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">SATURDAY, AUGUST 16, 2008</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors in the United States February 13, 2000 at 3:37 pm PST (BSE red book)</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2008/08/qualitative-analysis-of-bse-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2008/08/qualitative-analysis-of-bse-risk.html</a></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div></div><div><div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? <***$$$ <br clear="none" /></span></div></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year?</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a></span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 <br clear="none" /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA<br clear="none" /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 2, 2020</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">EFSA Evaluation of public and animal health risks in case of a delayed post-mortem inspection in ungulates EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) ADOPTED: 21 October 2020</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">i wonder if a 7 month delay on a suspect BSE case in Texas is too long, on a 48 hour turnaround, asking for a friend???</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/12/efsa-evaluation-of-public-and-animal.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/12/efsa-evaluation-of-public-and-animal.html</a></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><h2 class="yiv7307498013date-header" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 23, 2020</span></span></h2><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv7307498013date-posts"><div class="yiv7307498013post-outer"><div class="yiv7307498013post yiv7307498013hentry yiv7307498013uncustomized-post-template" style="margin: 8px 0px 24px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a name="3781343997501907466" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: underline;"></a></span></span><h3 class="yiv7307498013post-title yiv7307498013entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5</span></span></h3></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***>As a result, using more sensitive diagnostic assays, we were able to diagnose BSE positive cattle from the years 1997-1999 inclusive that were originally negative by vacuolation. From these data we have estimated that approximately 3% of the total suspect cases submitted up until the year 1999 were mis-diagnosed. <br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">YOU know, Confucius is confused again LOL, i seem to have remembered something in line with this here in the USA...</span></div></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5<br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html</a></span></div></div></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a></span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a><br /></span></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">No competing interests declared.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a><br clear="none" /></span></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><em style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: inherit;"><br clear="none" /></em></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><em style="line-height: inherit;">PLOS ONE Journal </em><br clear="none" /></span></div></div></div><div><div id="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_231efb16-bece-4be2-9555-8828489cb794"><div class="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_076c3e68-3f1c-492a-b84c-fa586eb49e44"><div class="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_314a32af-6aac-473d-8dc2-78ba9131e347"><div class="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_162e08c0-024f-424d-bebb-66f89d627450"><div class="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_55d0d5c6-e95d-4ef2-81fc-d72be9f7a63c"><div class="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_268b3d40-d03f-4bd8-817c-0b0a21454b9b"><div class="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" />***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" />*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">THURSDAY, AUGUST 19, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">TME to cattle equal atypical L-type BSE USA, madcow origin, what if?<br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/tme-to-cattle-equal-atypical-l-type-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/tme-to-cattle-equal-atypical-l-type-bse.html</a></span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 14, 2010</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">(see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS)</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> Wednesday, January 23, 2019 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> CFIA SFCR Guidance on Specified risk material (SRM) came into force on January 15, 2019 <***</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">TUESDAY, JANUARY 5, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Exploration of genetic factors resulting in abnormal disease in cattle experimentally challenged with bovine spongiform encephalopathy<br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/exploration-of-genetic-factors.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/exploration-of-genetic-factors.html</a></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">TUESDAY, AUGUST 17, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">EU Feed ban Commission authorises use of certain animal proteins, risk another mad cow type outbreak<br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/08/eu-feed-ban-commission-authorises-use.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/08/eu-feed-ban-commission-authorises-use.html</a></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 12, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Transmission of the atypical/Nor98 scrapie agent to Suffolk sheep with VRQ/ARQ, ARQ/ARQ, and ARQ/ARR genotypes<br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/02/transmission-of-atypicalnor98-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/02/transmission-of-atypicalnor98-scrapie.html</a></span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 03, 2021 </span><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Scrapie TSE Prion United States of America a Review February 2021 Singeltary et al</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html</a></span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Guidance for reporting 2021 surveillance data on Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">APPROVED: 1 February 2021</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/02/guidance-for-reporting-2021.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/02/guidance-for-reporting-2021.html</a></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 2021 </span><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Recognition of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Risk Status of Members Adapted Procedure, May 2020</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/09/recognition-of-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/09/recognition-of-bovine-spongiform.html</a></span></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Saturday, July 23, 2016</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Monday, June 20, 2016</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></span></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 2021 </span><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Idaho Chronic Wasting Disease detected in two mule deer first time ever detected there</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/idaho-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/idaho-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html</a></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><div><div><div style="margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div id="yiv7307498013"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div id="yiv7307498013"><div class="yiv7307498013yqt2985290361" id="yiv7307498013yqtfd96589"><div dir="ltr"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7307498013aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div><div><div dir="ltr"><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Montana Chronic wasting disease (CWD) was recently detected in a mule deer buck within Baker city limits in Hunting District 705 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/montana-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-was.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/montana-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-was.html</a></span></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">FRIDAY, OCTOBER 29, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Tennessee 2020-2021 CWD TSE Prion Sample Collection 645 Positive<br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/tennessee-2020-2021-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/tennessee-2020-2021-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></span></div></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 09, 2021 </span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Wisconsin Eau Claire County Deer Farm Tests Positive for CWD </span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/wisconsin-eau-claire-county-deer-farm.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/wisconsin-eau-claire-county-deer-farm.html</a><br clear="none" /></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 06, 2021 </span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Texas adopts new management rules for chronic wasting disease in deer Nov 6, 2021</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/texas-adopts-new-management-rules-for.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/texas-adopts-new-management-rules-for.html</a></span></div></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">South Dakota Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in New Area Stanley County with 608 cases confirmed to date<br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/south-dakota-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/south-dakota-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div>WTF WERE THEY THINKING $$$...it sure wasn't anything about science...just trade, and the further spread of the tse prion agent...terry</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–2009–0095] RIN 0579–AD10<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>FRIDAY, DECEMBER 10, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>USDA APHIS National Scrapie Eradication Program October 2021 Monthly Report Fiscal Year 2022<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/usda-aphis-national-scrapie-eradication.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/usda-aphis-national-scrapie-eradication.html</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>FRIDAY, DECEMBER 10, 2021 <div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Scrapie at Abattoir: Monitoring, Control, and Differential Diagnosis of Wasting Conditions during Meat Inspection </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/scrapie-at-abattoir-monitoring-control.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/scrapie-at-abattoir-monitoring-control.html</a></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><div>THURSDAY, OCTOBER 28, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Scrapie vs Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion ???<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/10/scrapie-vs-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/10/scrapie-vs-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 05, <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">2021 </span></div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">USA 50 STATE CWD TSE Prion UPDATE FEBRUARY 2021 </span></div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/02/usa-50-state-cwd-tse-prion-update.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/02/usa-50-state-cwd-tse-prion-update.html</a><br /></div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">MONDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2020 </div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">Experimental oral transmission of chronic wasting disease to sika deer (Cervus nippon) </div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/12/experimental-oral-transmission-of.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/12/experimental-oral-transmission-of.html</a><br /></div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><br /></div></div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 23, 2020 </div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid State by State and Global Update November 2020 </div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br /></div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><br /></div></div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">Tuesday, November 30, 2021 </div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">Second death in France in a laboratory working on prions</div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/11/second-death-in-france-in-laboratory.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/11/second-death-in-france-in-laboratory.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div>TUESDAY, DECEMBER 01, 2020</div><div><br /></div><div>Sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease sCJD and Human TSE Prion Annual Report December 14, 2020</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/12/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><div><div>MONDAY, NOVEMBER 23, 2020 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid State by State and Global Update November 2020</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 9, 2020 </div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;">Biden's pick Tom Vilsack Failed Terribly on Mad Cow BSE TSE Prion, why put him back as top Agriculture pick? </div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2020/12/bidens-pick-tom-vilsack-failed-terribly.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2020/12/bidens-pick-tom-vilsack-failed-terribly.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 17, 2020 <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">THE MAD COW BSE TSE PRION THAT STOLE CHRISTMAS DECEMBER 2003, WHAT REALLY HAPPENED, A REVIEW 2020 <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/the-mad-cow-bse-tse-prion-that-stole.html" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/the-mad-cow-bse-tse-prion-that-stole.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2019 </span><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Heidenhain Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, sporadic spontaneous CJD and the TSE Prion December 14, 2019 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/heidenhain-variant-creutzfeldt-jakob.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/heidenhain-variant-creutzfeldt-jakob.html</a></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>FRIDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2018 </div><div><br /></div><div>MAD COW USA FLASHBACK FRIDAY DECEMBER 14, 2018 </div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;"><a href="https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2018/12/mad-cow-usa-flashback-friday-december.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2018/12/mad-cow-usa-flashback-friday-december.html</a><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><div>SUNDAY, DECEMBER 09, 2018 </div><div><br /></div><div>Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD, BSE, Scrapie, CWD, TSE Prion Annual Report December 14, 2018</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-bse.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-bse.html</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 4, 2018</span><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>USA CJD, BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, TSE PRION END OF YEAR REPORTS September 4, 2018</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/09/usa-cjd-bse-scrapie-cwd-tse-prion-end.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/09/usa-cjd-bse-scrapie-cwd-tse-prion-end.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>December 14, 2018 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-bse.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-bse.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>THURSDAY, DECEMBER 13, 2018 </div><div><br /></div><div>EFSA EU summary report trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2017 and BSE TSE Prion Risk PAP December 14, 2018 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2018/12/efsa-eu-summary-report-trends-and.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2018/12/efsa-eu-summary-report-trends-and.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div>TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2017 </div><div><br /></div><div>Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined to December 14, 2017</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-national.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-national.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2017 </div><div><br /></div><div>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion (aka mad cow disease) Report December 14, 2017 2017</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/12/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/12/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2017 </div><div><br /></div><div>SCRAPIE TSE PRION UPDATE USA DECEMBER 14, 2017</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2017/12/scrapie-tse-prion-update-usa-december.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2017/12/scrapie-tse-prion-update-usa-december.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2017</div><div><br /></div><div>*** Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion (aka mad deer disease) Update USA December 14, 2017 ***</div><div><br /></div><div>(zoonosis and environmental risk factors towards the bottom, after state by state reports)</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div>TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2017 </div><div><br /></div><div>Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined to December 14, 2017</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-national.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-national.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2017 </div><div><br /></div><div>Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined to December 14, 2017 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/12/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/12/</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Tuesday, December 12, 2017 </div><div><br /></div><div>Neuropathology of iatrogenic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and immunoassay of French cadaver-sourced growth hormone batches suggest possible transmission of tauopathy and long incubation periods for the transmission of Abeta pathology</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://tauopathies.blogspot.com/2017/12/neuropathology-of-iatrogenic.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://tauopathies.blogspot.com/2017/12/neuropathology-of-iatrogenic.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Wednesday, December 14, 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>Diagnosis of Human Prion Disease Using Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion Testing of Olfactory Mucosa and Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2016/12/diagnosis-of-human-prion-disease-using.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2016/12/diagnosis-of-human-prion-disease-using.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SUNDAY, DECEMBER 04, 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>Heidenhain variant of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in a patient who had bovine bioprosthetic valve implantation</div><div><br /></div><div>Year : 2016 | Volume : 64 | Issue : 10 | Page : 767-769</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2016/12/heidenhain-variant-of-creutzfeldtjakob.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2016/12/heidenhain-variant-of-creutzfeldtjakob.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Wednesday, December 21, 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES 2016 ANNUAL REPORT ARS RESEARCH</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2016/12/transmission-differentiation-and.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2016/12/transmission-differentiation-and.html</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div>Saturday, December 12, 2015 </div><div><br /></div><div>CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE CJD TSE PRION REPORT DECEMBER 14, 2015 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2015/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2015/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>THURSDAY, DECEMBER 24, 2015</div><div><br /></div><div>Revisiting the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: Evidence for Prion Type Variability Influencing Clinical Course and Laboratory Findings</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2015/12/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2015/12/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Saturday, December 12, 2015</div><div><br /></div><div>CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION REPORT DECEMBER 14, 2015</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Thursday, December 17, 2015</div><div><br /></div><div>Annual report of the Scientific Network on BSE-TSE 2015 EFSA-Q-2015-00738 10 December 2015</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2015/12/annual-report-of-scientific-network-on.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2015/12/annual-report-of-scientific-network-on.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Saturday, December 12, 2015</div><div><br /></div><div>BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION REPORT DECEMBER 14, 2015</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/12/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/12/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Saturday, December 12, 2015</div><div><br /></div><div>NOTICE: Environmental Impact Statement on Large Livestock Carcasses TSE Prion REPORT December 14, 2015</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/12/notice-environmental-impact-statement.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/12/notice-environmental-impact-statement.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 23, 2014</div><div><br /></div><div>nvCJD aka mad cow disease Texas June 2014 NOT European linked</div><div><br /></div><div>Sunday, November 23, 2014 Confirmed Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (variant CJD) Case in Texas in June 2014 confirmed as USA case NOT European</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2014/11/confirmed-variant-creutzfeldt-jakob.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2014/11/confirmed-variant-creutzfeldt-jakob.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 12, 2014</div><div><br /></div><div>National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Awareness Week November 10-16</div><div><br /></div><div>this week, and today especially, is National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Awareness Week. but for myself and some others, everyday is National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Awareness day for us, because we do this every day. I just made a promise, never forget, and never let them forget. ...tss</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div>SUNDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2014 </div><div><br /></div><div>ALERT new variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease nvCJD or vCJD, sporadic CJD strains, TSE prion aka Mad Cow Disease United States of America Update December 14, 2014 </div><div><br /></div><div>Report </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/12/alert-new-variant-creutzfeldt-jakob.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/12/alert-new-variant-creutzfeldt-jakob.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Sunday, December 15, 2013</div><div><br /></div><div>*** FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE ***</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Tuesday, December 25, 2012 </div><div><br /></div><div>CREUTZFELDT JAKOB TSE PRION DISEASE HUMANS END OF YEAR REVIEW DECEMBER 25, 2012</div><div><br /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br /></div><div>USA PRION UNIT LATEST HUMAN TSE PRION DISEASE UPDATE AUGUST 14, 2012 National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined1 (August 14, 2012) 1996 & earlier 28 cases of sporadic CJD. see steady increase to ; 2010 cases of sporadic CJD 216.</div><div><br /></div><div>2011 cases of sporadic CJD 214. </div><div><br /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br /></div><div>1 Listed based on the year of death or, if not available, on year of referral; </div><div><br /></div><div>2 Cases with suspected prion disease for which brain tissue and/or blood (in familial cases) were submitted; </div><div><br /></div><div>3 Disease acquired in the United Kingdom; </div><div><br /></div><div>4 Disease was acquired in the United Kingdom in one case and in Saudi Arabia in the other case; </div><div><br /></div><div>*** 5 Includes 8 cases in which the diagnosis is pending, and 18 inconclusive cases; </div><div><br /></div><div>*** 6 Includes 10 (9 from 2012) cases with type determination pending in which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded.</div><div><br /></div><div>*** The Sporadic cases include 16 cases of sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI) and 42 cases of Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy (VPSPr) and 2224 cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). snip...see full case reports here ;</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.cjdsurveillance.com/pdf/case-table.pdf </div><div><br /></div><div>please see full text for Texas and USA with more updated data on the TSE BSE CWD Scrapie CJD prion disease outbreak in the USA here; </div><div><br /></div><div>Tuesday, December 25, 2012 </div><div><br /></div><div>CREUTZFELDT JAKOB TSE PRION DISEASE HUMANS END OF YEAR REVIEW DECEMBER 25, 2012</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-tse-prion-disease.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-tse-prion-disease.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Friday, December 14, 2012 Susceptibility of domestic cats to chronic wasting disease</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/susceptibility-of-domestic-cats-to.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/12/susceptibility-of-domestic-cats-to.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 29, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY PRION END OF YEAR REPORT DECEMBER 29, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/12/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/12/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Tuesday, December 14, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>Infection control of CJD, vCJD and other human prion diseases in healthcare and community settings part 4, Annex A1, Annex J, UPDATE DECEMBER 2010</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/12/infection-control-of-cjd-vcjd-and-other.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/12/infection-control-of-cjd-vcjd-and-other.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Friday, December 17, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>PRION DISEASE Action Plan National Program 103 Animal Health 2012-2017</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/12/prion-disease-action-plan-national.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/12/prion-disease-action-plan-national.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Tuesday, December 14, 2010 TAFS1</div><div><br /></div><div>Position Paper on Relaxation of the Feed Ban in the EU SUMMARY © TAFS, Berne, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/12/tafs1-position-paper-on-relaxation-of.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/12/tafs1-position-paper-on-relaxation-of.html</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Monday, December 14, 2009</div><div><br /></div><div>Similarities between Forms of Sheep Scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Are Encoded by Distinct Prion Types</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/12/similarities-between-forms-of-sheep.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/12/similarities-between-forms-of-sheep.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Saturday, December 05, 2009</div><div><br /></div><div>Molecular Model of Prion Transmission to Humans</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/12/molecular-model-of-prion-transmission.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/12/molecular-model-of-prion-transmission.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Friday, December 11, 2009 </div><div><br /></div><div>Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease causing a 2-years slowly progressive isolated dementia</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/12/sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/12/sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Sunday, August 09, 2009</div><div><br /></div><div>CJD...Straight talk with...James Ironside...and...Terry Singeltary... 2009</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/08/cjdstraight-talk-withjames.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/08/cjdstraight-talk-withjames.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Saturday, June 13, 2009</div><div><br /></div><div>Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://cjdusa.blogspot.com/2009/06/monitoring-occurrence-of-emerging-forms.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://cjdusa.blogspot.com/2009/06/monitoring-occurrence-of-emerging-forms.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Thursday, December 17, 2009</div><div><br /></div><div>An Unusual Case of Variant CJD 18 December 2009</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/12/unusual-case-of-variant-cjd-18-december.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/12/unusual-case-of-variant-cjd-18-december.html</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>FRIDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2008 </div><div><br /></div><div>Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) update report Emerging Infections/CJD Published on: 12 December 2008 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2008/12/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2008/12/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SEAC 99th meeting on Friday 14th December 2007</div><div><br /></div><div>Greetings,</div><div><br /></div><div>AS one of them _lay_ folks, one must only ponder ;</div><div><br /></div><div>"WITH the Nor-98 now documented in five different states so far in the USA in 2007, and with the TWO atypical BSE H-BASE cases in Texas and Alabama, with both scrapie and CWD running rampant in the USA, IS there any concern from SEAC with the rise of sporadic CJD in the USA from ''UNKNOWN PHENOTYPE'', and what concerns if any, in relations to blood donations, surgery, optical, and dental, do you have with these unknown atypical phenotypes in both humans and animals in the USA ???"</div><div><br /></div><div>"Does it concern SEAC, or is it of no concern to SEAC?"</div><div><br /></div><div>"Should it concern USA animal and human health officials?"</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>----- Original Message -----</div><div><br /></div><div>From: xxxxxxxxxx</div><div><br /></div><div>To: flounder9@verizon.net</div><div><br /></div><div>Sent: Thursday, November 22, 2007 5:39 AM</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: QUESTION FOR SEAC</div><div><br /></div><div>Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas 77518 USA.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dear Mr Singeltary,</div><div><br /></div><div>"Thank you for your e-mail of yesterday with the question for SEAC. I can confirm that this will be asked at the meeting on your behalf and the question and answer will appear in the minutes of the meeting which will be published on the SEAC Internet site."</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...see full text ;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://seac992007.blogspot.com/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://seac992007.blogspot.com/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2007/12/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2007/12/</a><br /></div></div></div><div class="yiv7559656332MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Thursday, January 31, 2008</div><div><br /></div><div>SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Draft minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>ITEM 8 – PUBLIC QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION</div><div><br /></div><div>40. The Chair explained that the purpose of the question and answer session was to give members of the public an opportunity to ask questions related to the work of SEAC. Mr Terry Singeltary (Texas, USA) had submitted a question prior to the meeting, asking: “With the Nor-98 now documented in five different states so far in the USA in 2007, and with the two atypical BSE H-base</div><div><br /></div><div>13 © SEAC 2007</div><div><br /></div><div>cases in Texas and Alabama, with both scrapie and chronic wasting disease (CWD) running rampant in the USA, is there any concern from SEAC with the rise of sporadic CJD in the USA from ''unknown phenotype'', and what concerns if any, in relations to blood donations, surgery, optical, and dental treatment, do you have with these unknown atypical phenotypes in both humans and animals in the USA? Does it concern SEAC, or is it of no concern to SEAC? Should it concern USA animal and human health officials?”</div><div><br /></div><div>41. A member considered that this question appeared to be primarily related to possible links between animal and human TSEs in the USA. There is no evidence that sCJD is increasing in the USA and no evidence of any direct link between TSEs and CJD in the USA. Current evidence does not suggest that CWD is a significant risk to human health. There are unpublished data from a case of human TSE in the USA that are suggestive of an apparently novel form of prion disease with distinct molecular characteristics. However, it is unclear whether the case had been further characterised, if it could be linked to animal TSEs or if other similar cases had been found in the USA or elsewhere. In relation to the possible public health implications of atypical scrapie, H-type BSE and CWD, research was being conducted to investigate possible links and surveillance was in place to detect any changes in human prion diseases. Although possible links between these diseases and human TSEs are of concern and require research, there is no evidence to suggest immediate public health action is warranted. The possible human health risks from classical scrapie had been discussed earlier in the meeting. Members noted that there are effective channels of discussion and collaboration on research between USA and European groups. Members agreed it is important that to keep a watching brief on new developments on TSEs. </div><div><br /></div><div>ITEM 9 – UPDATE ON vCJD AND sCJD EPIDEMIOLOGY</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726153801/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://web.archive.org/web/20080726153801/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://seac992007.blogspot.com/2008/01/spongiform-encephalopathy-advisory.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://seac992007.blogspot.com/2008/01/spongiform-encephalopathy-advisory.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/06/rethinking-major-grain-organizations.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/06/rethinking-major-grain-organizations.html</a></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span><br /></div></div><div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">GAME FARM INDUSTRY WANTS TO COVER UP FINDINGS OF INCREASE RISK TO CJD FROM CERVID</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">BSE INQUIRY</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CJD9/10022</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">October 1994</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Mr R.N. Elmhirst Chairman British Deer Farmers Association Holly Lodge Spencers Lane </span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">BerksWell Coventry CV7 7BZ</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Dear Mr Elmhirst,</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD) SURVEILLANCE UNIT REPORT</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Thank you for your recent letter concerning the publication of the third annual report from the CJD Surveillance Unit. I am sorry that you are dissatisfied with the way in which this report was published.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The Surveillance Unit is a completely independant outside body and the Department of Health is committed to publishing their reports as soon as they become available. In the circumstances it is not the practice to circulate the report for comment since the findings of the report would not be amended.. In future we can ensure that the British Deer Farmers Association receives a copy of the report in advance of publication.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The Chief Medical Officer has undertaken to keep the public fully informed of the results of any research in respect of CJD. This report was entirely the work of the unit and was produced completely independantly of the the Department.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The statistical results regarding the consumption of venison was put into perspective in the body of the report and was not mentioned at all in the press release. Media attention regarding this report was low key but gave a realistic presentation of the statistical findings of the Unit. This approach to publication was successful in that consumption of venison was highlighted only once by the media ie. in the News at one television proqramme.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">I believe that a further statement about the report, or indeed statistical links between CJD and consumption of venison, would increase, and quite possibly give damaging credence, to the whole issue. From the low key media reports of which I am aware it seems unlikely that venison consumption will suffer adversely, if at all. </span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasized by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterize the human dementias"</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the scrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">snip...</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">76/10.12/4.6</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">reference...</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">RB3.20</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">1. Kuru and CJD have been successfully transmitted to chimpanzees but scrapie and TME have not.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">2. We cannot say that scrapie will not transmit to chimpanzees. There are several scrapie strains and I am not aware that all have been tried (that would have to be from mouse passaged material). Nor has a wide enough range of field isolates subsequently strain typed in mice been inoculated by the appropriate routes (i/c, ilp and i/v) :</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">3. I believe the proposed experiment to determine transmissibility, if conducted, would only show the susceptibility or resistance of the chimpanzee to infection/disease by the routes used and the result could not be interpreted for the predictability of the susceptibility for man. Proposals for prolonged oral exposure of chimpanzees to milk from cattle were suggested a long while ago and rejected.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">4. In view of Dr Gibbs' probable use of chimpazees Mr Wells' comments (enclosed) are pertinent. I have yet to receive a direct communication from Dr Schellekers but before any collaboration or provision of material we should identify the Gibbs' proposals and objectives.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severely would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">6. A negative result would take a lifetime to determine but that would be a shorter period than might be available for human exposure and it would still not answer the question regarding mans' susceptibility. In the meantime no doubt the negativity would be used defensively. It would however be counterproductive if the experiment finally became positive. We may learn more about public reactions following next Monday' s meeting.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">R. Bradley</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">23 September 1990</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CVO (+Mr Wells' comments)</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Dr T W A Little</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Dr B J Shreeve</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">90/9.23/1.1.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE CHIMPANZEES</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CODE 18-77 Reference RB3.46</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Some further information that may assist in decision making has been gained by discussion with Dr Rosalind Ridley.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">She says that careful study of Gajdusek's work shows no increased susceptibility of chimpanzees over New World Monkeys such as Squirrel Monkeys. She does not think it would tell you anything about the susceptibility to man. Also Gajdusek did not, she believes, challenge chimpanzees with scrapie as severely as we did pigs and we know little of that source of scrapie. Comparisons would be difficult. She also would not expect the Home Office to sanction such experiments here unless there was a very clear and important objective that would be important for human health protection. She doubted such a case could be made. If this is the case she thought it would be unethical to do an experiment abroad because we could not do it in our own country.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Retrospectively she feels they should have put up more marmosets than they did. They all remain healthy. They would normally regard the transmission as negative if no disease resulted in five years.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">We are not being asked for a decision but I think that before we made one we should gain as much knowledge as we can. If we decided to proceed we would have to bear any criticisms for many years if there was an adverse view by scientists or media. This should not be undertaken lightly. There is already some adverse comment here, I gather, on the pig experiment though that will subside.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The Gibbs' (as' distinct from Schellekers') study is somewhat different. We are merely supplying material for comparative studies in a laboratory with the greatest experience of human SEs in the world and it has been sanctioned by USDA (though we do not know for certain yet if chimpanzees specifically will be used). This would keep it at a lower profile than if we conducted such an experiment in the UK or Europe.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">I consider we must have very powerful and defendable objectives to go beyond Gibbs' proposed experiments and should not initiate others just because an offer has been made.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Scientists have a responsibility to seek other methods of investigative research other than animal experimentation. At present no objective has convinced me we need to do research using Chimpanzees - a species in need of protection. Resisting such proposals would enable us to communicate that information to the scientist and the public should the need arise. A line would have been drawn.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CVO cc Dr T Dr B W A Little Dr B J Shreeve</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">R Bradley</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">26 September 1990</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">90/9.26/3.2</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041605/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041605/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf</a><br /></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">this is tse prion political theater here, i.e. what i call TSE PRION POKER...tss</span><br /></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031028205208/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/28002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031028205208/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/28002001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822170317/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/11/01005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822170317/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/11/01005001.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">snip...</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">PAGE 26</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Transmission Studies</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the respective wildlife research programmes. Despite its subsequent recognition as a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific research funding was forthcoming. The USDA viewed it as a wildlife problem and consequently not their province! ...page 26. </span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">snip...see;</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">PERCEPTIONS OF UNCONVENTIONAL SLOW VIRUS DISEASE OF ANIMALS IN THE USA</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">GAH WELLS</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">REPORT OF A VISIT TO THE USA</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">APRIL-MAY 1989</span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><br /></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $</div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. </div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">***> I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. </div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">***> Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">snip...</div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></span></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div>ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice <br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Publication Acceptance Date:</b><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 17px;"> 9/8/2021</span><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item WANG, ZERUI - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item QIN, KEFENG - University Of Chicago item CAMACHO, MANUEL - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item SHEN, PINGPING - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item YUAN, JUE - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin item CUI, LI - Jilin University item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item MASTRIANNI, JAMES - University Of Chicago item ZOU, WEN-QUAN - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU)</div><div><br /></div><div>Submitted to: Acta Neuropathologica Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 9/8/2021 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div><br /></div><div>Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease of deer and elk and is present in farmed and free ranging herds throughout North America. To date there is no clear evidence that the CWD agent could be transmitted to humans. This manuscript describes the use of an in vitro technique, cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA), to generate a CWD prion that is infectious to transgenic mice expressing the human prion protein. This study provides the first evidence that CWD prions may be able to cause misfolding in the human prion protein. This information will impact medical experts and those involved in making policy for farmed cervids and wildlife.</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease caused by the infectious prion or PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has rapidly spread in North America and also has been found in Asia and Europe. In contrast to the zoonotic mad cow disease that is the first animal prion disease found transmissible to humans, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain although most previous studies have suggested that humans may not be susceptible to CWD. Here we report the generation of an infectious human PrPSc by seeding CWD PrPSc in normal human brain PrPC through the in vitro cell-free serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA). Western blotting confirms that the sPMCA-induced proteinase K-resistant PrPSc is a human form, evidenced by a PrP-specific antibody that recognizes human but not cervid PrP. Remarkably, two lines of humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human PrP-129Val/Val (VV) or -129Met/Met (MM) polymorphism develop prion disease at 233 ± 6 (mean ± SE) days post-inoculation (dpi) and 552 ± 27 dpi, respectively, upon intracerebral inoculation with the sPMCA-generated PrPSc. The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns. We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.</div><div><br /></div></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>''The brain of diseased Tg mice reveals the electrophoretic profile of PrPSc similar to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) MM1 or VV2 subtype but different neuropathological patterns.'' </div><div><br /></div><div>''We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.''</div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Published: 26 September 2021<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Zerui Wang, Kefeng Qin, Manuel V. Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Jue Yuan, Pingping Shen, Justin Greenlee, Qingzhong Kong, James A. Mastrianni & Wen-Quan Zou<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Acta Neuropathologica Communications volume 9, Article number: 158 (2021)<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Abstract<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease caused by the accumulation of an infectious misfolded conformer (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC). It has been spreading rapidly in North America and also found in Asia and Europe. Although bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e. mad cow disease) is the only animal prion disease known to be zoonotic, the transmissibility of CWD to humans remains uncertain. Here we report the generation of the first CWD-derived infectious human PrPSc by elk CWD PrPSc-seeded conversion of PrPC in normal human brain homogenates using in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Western blotting with human PrP selective antibody confirmed that the PMCA-generated protease-resistant PrPSc was derived from the human PrPC substrate. Two lines of humanized transgenic mice expressing human PrP with either Val or Met at the polymorphic codon 129 developed clinical prion disease following intracerebral inoculation with the PMCA-generated CWD-derived human PrPSc. Diseased mice exhibited distinct PrPSc patterns and neuropathological changes in the brain. Our study, using PMCA and animal bioassays, provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc can cross the species barrier to convert human PrPC into infectious PrPSc that can produce bona fide prion disease when inoculated into humanized transgenic mice.<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Snip...<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">It is worth noting that the annual number of sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases in the USA has increased, with the total number of suspected and confirmed sCJD cases rising from 284 in 2003 to 511 in 2017 (<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html</a>). The greatly enhanced CJD surveillance and an aging population in the USA certainly contributed to the observed increase in annual sCJD case numbers in recent years, but the possibility cannot be excluded that some of the increased sCJD prevalence is linked to CWD exposure.<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">In the present study, using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) assay we generate PrPSc by seeding CWD prions in normal human brain homogenates. Importantly, we reveal that two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing human PrP-129VV and 129MM develop prion diseases upon intracerebral inoculation of the abnormal PrP generated by sPMCA. We believe that our study provides the first opportunity to dissect the clinical, pathological and biochemical features of the CWD-derived human prion disease in two lines of humanized Tg mice expressing two major human PrP genotypes, respectively.<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://actaneurocomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;</span><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">==================</span><br clear="none" /><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;">====================</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</span></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</span></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;">===============</span></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;"></span></span><div>Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Kong, Qingzhong </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # 9037884 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #0563c1; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>=================================</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div>Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div></div><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5279379708yqt0436007372" id="yiv5279379708yqt66981"><div class="yiv5279379708gmail_quote"><div class="yiv5279379708gmail_attr" dir="ltr">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <<a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net">flounder9@verizon.net</a>> wrote:</div><div class="yiv5279379708gmail_attr" dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5279379708gmail_attr" dir="ltr">snip...</div><div class="yiv5279379708gmail_attr" dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5279379708gmail_attr" dir="ltr">end...tss</div><div class="yiv5279379708gmail_attr" dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5279379708gmail_attr" dir="ltr">==============</div></div></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="mailto:qxk2@case.edu" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:qxk2@case.edu">qxk2@case.edu</a> </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 <br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Background</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Methods</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Results</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">=====</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">=====</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Background</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Methods</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Results</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">=====</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Background and objective:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Methods:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Results:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Discussion:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">=====</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Aims:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Methods:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Results:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">=====</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>See also poster P103</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>=====</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Belay ED</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>=====</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>=====</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. "</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a> </div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission Studies</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">snip.... </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a> </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a> </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE.</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans”</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">From: TSS </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">From: "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Dear Sir/Madam,</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091). Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">-----Original Message-----</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">From: Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">To: <a href="mailto:rr26k@nih.gov" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:rr26k@nih.gov">rr26k@nih.gov</a>; <a href="mailto:rrace@niaid.nih.gov" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:rrace@niaid.nih.gov">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</a>; <a href="mailto:ebb8@CDC.GOV" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:ebb8@CDC.GOV">ebb8@CDC.GOV</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Thursday, April 03, 2008</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ.</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***,</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">snip... full text ; </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, </span><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">did</span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif"> not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven.</span></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way;</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">sporadic = 54,983 hits <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.<br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">From: Steve Dealler </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">To: BSE-L@ References: <3daf5023 .4080804="" <a href="http://wt.net/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">wt.net</a>=""></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">Dear Terry,</span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desparately difficult to get back from Government sites.</span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">Steve Dealler =============== </span></span></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''<br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">snip...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">snip...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">snip...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">snip...see full report ;</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="background-color: #fef9f5; color: #121212; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.22em;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist</span><span style="background-color: #fef9f5; color: #121212; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></span><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #121212; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.22em;"> <a href="mailto:deal@airtime.co.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:deal@airtime.co.uk">deal@airtime.co.uk</a> </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #121212; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">snip...see full text;</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://bseinquiry..blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> ''<span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</span></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv5279379708aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</span></div></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">SUNDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2021 </span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">ARS RESEARCH Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice</span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/12/ars-research-generation-of-human.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/12/ars-research-generation-of-human.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Monday, May 05, 2014<br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">OIE CWD 2013 against the criteria of Article 1.2.2., the Code Commission recommends consideration for listing<br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/05/member-country-details-for-listing-oie.html" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/05/member-country-details-for-listing-oie.html</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/12/special-alert-oie-recommends.html" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/12/special-alert-oie-recommends.html</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/12/ars-research-generation-of-human.html" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/12/ars-research-generation-of-human.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7540270759aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv7540270759aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv7540270759aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7540270759aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7540270759aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div id="yiv7540270759"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div id="yiv7540270759"><div class="yiv7540270759yqt2985290361" id="yiv7540270759yqtfd96589"><div dir="ltr"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7540270759aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7540270759aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr">THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 2021 <div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Idaho Chronic Wasting Disease detected in two mule deer first time ever detected there</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/idaho-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/idaho-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr"><div>SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Montana Chronic wasting disease (CWD) was recently detected in a mule deer buck within Baker city limits in Hunting District 705 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/montana-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-was.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/montana-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-was.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Tennessee CWD-Positive Deer Found in Gibson and McNairy Counties<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/tennessee-cwd-positive-deer-found-in.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/tennessee-cwd-positive-deer-found-in.html</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div>FRIDAY, OCTOBER 29, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Tennessee 2020-2021 CWD TSE Prion Sample Collection 645 Positive<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/tennessee-2020-2021-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/tennessee-2020-2021-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 09, 2021 </div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr">Wisconsin Eau Claire County Deer Farm Tests Positive for CWD </div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/wisconsin-eau-claire-county-deer-farm.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/wisconsin-eau-claire-county-deer-farm.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 2021 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">South Dakota Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in New Area Stanley County with 608 cases confirmed to date<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/south-dakota-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/south-dakota-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Michigan MDARD Chronic Wasting Disease Confirmed in Two Farmed Elk from Kent County </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/michigan-mdard-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/michigan-mdard-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div>FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Tennessee CWD-Positive Deer Found in Gibson and McNairy Counties<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/tennessee-cwd-positive-deer-found-in.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/tennessee-cwd-positive-deer-found-in.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>TAHC National Shortage of Prion Testing Reagents Utilized for CWD Testing</div><div><br /></div><div>November 17, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div>On Friday, November 5, 2021, Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (TVMDL) made a formal announcement regarding the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) national shortage of prion testing reagents utilized to complete immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD).</div><div><br /></div><div>At that time, TVMDL engaged NAHLN, USDA- National Veterinary Services Laboratory (USDA/NVSL), other CWD testing labs in the U.S. and Canada, and the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) in daily communications to explore expedient solutions.</div><div><br /></div><div>As of Friday, November 12, 2021, TVMDL exhausted their supply of prion kits and are unable to perform the IHC test. As all CWD testing labs have been affected by the shortage, there are no other labs available to assist TVMDL with IHC testing. The estimated timeframe for getting more IHC testing kits is mid-December.</div><div><br /></div><div>USDA Cervid staff have determined that deer in the CWD Herd Certification Program (HCP) administered by the Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) are not eligible to be tested by ELISA. While antemortem samples are not eligible for the ELISA test, postmortem samples from penned deer not in the CWD HCP are eligible. The ELISA test requires fresh, not formalin-fixed, samples submitted within seven (7) days of collection.</div><div><br /></div><div>The TAHC advises deer breeders enrolled in the CWD HCP to continue to collect the required postmortem samples and fix them in formalin. All samples collected must be submitted to TVMDL within seven days of collection and will be IHC tested upon the availability of test kits.</div><div><br /></div><div>TVMDL staff continue to prepare all CWD antemortem test samples, a process which takes two days, so that they may be stained as soon as the reagent is made available. TVMDL will continue communications with the reagent supplier and NVSL/USDA to maintain an up-to-date timeline of when reagents will be available. TVMDL and TPWD have indicated they will continue to update permitted deer breeders as to the status of this situation on a regular basis.</div><div><br /></div><div>Please direct any questions that you may have regarding the reagent shortage to TVMDL. Please contact TPWD or your TAHC Region Office regarding CWD sample collecting.</div><div><br /></div><div>Thank you,</div><div><br /></div><div>Texas Animal Health Commission</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/animal_health/elk-deer/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/animal_health/elk-deer/</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://tvmdl.tamu.edu/news/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://tvmdl.tamu.edu/news/</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Texas adopts new management rules for chronic wasting disease in deer Nov 6, 2021<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>can we legislate ourselves out of this?</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>that is what got us where we are at today$$$</div><div><br clear="none" /></div>well, i have been trying to warn them since 2001. <div><br clear="none" /></div><div>now look where we are, it's just so damn sad, and it's going to get much worse before it gets any better, unfortunately. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>in the end of the game, i call prion poker, politics wins, but we lose. it's all about money. prion poker, are you all in?<br clear="none" /><div class="yiv7540270759yqt2093833887" id="yiv7540270759yqt54004"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" />Sent: Sat, Nov 6, 2021 1:00 pm</span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" />Subject: Texas adopts new management rules for chronic wasting disease in deer Nov 6, 2021<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" /></span><div id="yiv7540270759"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div>Texas adopts new management rules for chronic wasting disease in deer Nov 6, 2021<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: arial;">Texas adopts new management rules for chronic wasting disease in deer</span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: arial;">SUMMARY MINUTES OF THE 410th COMMISSION MEETING Texas Animal Health Commission September 21, 2021 CWD TSE PrP<br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><div><br /></div><div>SUMMARY MINUTES OF THE 410th COMMISSION MEETING Texas Animal Health Commission September 21, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>• Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD): A CWD Special Work Session was held at this office yesterday, September 20, 2021. Epidemiological investigations on seven (7) confirmed CWD affected WTD breeder facilities are being conducted. Two facilities have been depopulated, two are partially depopulated, and three are pending herd plan finalization. Of a total of 318 Trace Facilities </div><div><br /></div><div>Summary Minutes of the 410th Commission Meeting – 9/21/2021</div><div><br /></div><div>3</div><div><br /></div><div>(facilities that either contributed deer to positive facilities or received deer that had been in positive facilities in the past 60 months), evaluations of 202 (64%) have been completed, and evaluations of 116 (36%) are pending. The Joint TAHC/TPWD CWD Taskforce met five times this year to provide updates and take input from members. </div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>b) The Texas Animal Health Commission (commission) ADOPTS amendments to Title 4, Texas Administrative Code, Chapter 40 titled “Chronic Wasting Disease.” Specifically, amendments are proposed to §40.1, concerning Definitions, §40.2, concerning General Requirements, §40.3, </div><div><br /></div><div>Summary Minutes of the 410th Commission Meeting – 9/21/2021 13</div><div><br /></div><div>concerning Herd Status Plans for Cervidae, §40.4, concerning Entry Requirements, §40.5, concerning Surveillance and Movement Requirements for Exotic CWD Susceptible Species, §40.6, concerning CWD Movement Restriction Zones and §40.7, concerning Executive Director Declaration of a CWD Movement Restriction Zone. The Texas Animal Health Commission proposes the addition of §40.8, concerning Enforcement and Penalties.</div><div><br /></div><div>The purpose of this chapter is to prevent and control the incidence of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Texas by seeking to reduce the risk of interstate and intrastate transmission of CWD in susceptible cervid species. The Texas Animal Health Commission (commission) proposes amendments to each section of Chapter 40 to clarify, correct, and update information regarding CWD management. Nonsubstantive grammatical and editorial changes are also proposed throughout the chapter for improved readability.</div><div><br /></div><div>The motion to adopt the amendments to Chapter 40, Chronic Wasting Disease, passed.</div><div><br /></div><div>c) The Texas Animal Health Commission (commission) ADOPTS amendments to Title 4, Texas Administrative Code, concerning the title of Chapter 45, “Reportable Diseases”, §45.1, concerning Definitions, §45.2, concerning Duty to Report, and the additions of §45.3, concerning Reportable and Actionable Disease List and §45.4, concerning Enforcement and Penalties.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.tahc.texas.gov/agency/meetings/410thSummaryCommissionMeetingMinutes.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tahc.texas.gov/agency/meetings/410thSummaryCommissionMeetingMinutes.pdf</a><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">TPWD CWD TSE PRION TRACKER UPDATE TEXAS 270 CONFIRMED TO DATE POSTIVE CAPTIVE AND WILD</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">2021-11-18 Free Range Medina N/A White-tailed Deer M 3.5</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">2021-11-04 Free Range El Paso N/A Mule Deer F 4.5</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">2021-10-18 Breeder Deer Medina Facility #4 White-tailed Deer M 4</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">2021-10-12 Breeder Deer Hunt Facility #9 White-tailed Deer F 8.189041096</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">2021-10-12 Breeder Deer Uvalde Facility #8 White-tailed Deer M 1.208219178</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">2021-10-12 Breeder Deer Uvalde Facility #8 White-tailed Deer M 1.21369863</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">2021-10-12 Breeder Deer Uvalde Facility #8 White-tailed Deer M 1.205479452</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">2021-10-12 Breeder Deer Uvalde Facility #8 White-tailed Deer M 2.208219178</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">2021-10-12 Breeder Deer Uvalde Facility #8 White-tailed Deer M 2.117808219</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">2021-10-08 Breeder Deer Duval Facility #13 White-tailed Deer F 3.238356164</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">2021-10-08 Breeder Deer Medina Facility #4 White-tailed Deer F 2.260273973</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">2021-09-14 Breeder Deer Medina Facility #4 White-tailed Deer F 6.205479452</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">SNIP...SEE ALL;</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/tracking/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/cwd/tracking/</a></span></div></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">CWD was first discovered in Texas in 2012 in free-ranging mule deer along a remote area of the Hueco Mountains near the Texas-New Mexico border. Since then, it has been detected in 261 captive or free ranging cervids in 14 counties, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer and elk. To date, 168 of those of those positives are from captive breeding facilities or associated release sites and 68 are from free-ranging populations.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Landowners and hunters play a critical role in managing CWD. The most effective way for them to help slow the spread of CWD is to report sick deer to a TPWD biologist, properly dispose of inedible carcass parts, and to voluntarily test their harvests by taking them to a local check station or contacting a TPWD biologist in their area.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">By adhering to CWD regulations and recommendations, hunters, landowners, and communities are helping to ensure that native deer populations remain healthy and plentiful for years to come, allowing for the conservation of the species and preservation of Texas’ hunting heritage and traditions.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20211020a" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/newsmedia/releases/?req=20211020a</a></span></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">“Regarding the current situation involving CWD in permitted deer breeding facilities, TPWD records indicate that within the last five years, the seven CWD-positive facilities transferred a total of 2,530 deer to 270 locations in 102 counties and eight locations in Mexico (the destinations included 139 deer breeding facilities, 118 release sites, five Deer Management Permit sites, and three nursing facilities).'' ...</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">It is apparent that prior to the recent emergency rules, the CWD detection rules were ineffective at detecting CWD earlier in the deer breeding facilities where it was eventually discovered and had been present for some time; this creates additional concern regarding adequate mitigation of the risk of transferring CWD-positive breeder deer to release sites where released breeder deer come into contact with free-ranging deer...</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Commission Agenda Item No. 5 Exhibit B</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">DISEASE DETECTION AND RESPONSE RULES</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">PROPOSAL PREAMBLE</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">1. Introduction. </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">snip...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> A third issue is the accuracy of mortality reporting. Department records indicate that for each of the last five years an average of 26 deer breeders have reported a shared total of 159 escapes. Department records for the same time period indicate an average of 31 breeding facilities reported a shared total of 825 missing deer (deer that department records indicate should be present in the facility, but cannot be located or verified). </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2022/1104/agenda/item.phtml?item=5" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/business/feedback/meetings/2022/1104/agenda/item.phtml?item=5</a></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Listen here;</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Nov 3, 2021</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/multimedia/media/commission_20211103/20211103_com_00_work_session.mp3" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/multimedia/media/commission_20211103/20211103_com_00_work_session.mp3</a></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Nov 4, 2021</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/multimedia/media/commission_20211104/20211104_com_00_commission.mp3" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/multimedia/media/commission_20211104/20211104_com_00_commission.mp3</a></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Counties where CWD Exposed Deer were Released, September 2021</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/257/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites.pdf</a></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Number of CWD Exposed Deer Released by County, September 2021</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://tpwd.texas.gov/documents/258/CWD-Trace-OutReleaseSites-NbrDeer.pdf</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;">SATURDAY, DECEMBER 04, 2021 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;">TPWD CWD TSE PRION TRACKER UPDATE TEXAS 270 CONFIRMED TO DATE POSTIVE CAPTIVE AND WILD</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/12/tpwd-cwd-tse-prion-tracker-update-texas.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/12/tpwd-cwd-tse-prion-tracker-update-texas.html</a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">Oh, Deer, CWD, Heading Off a Wildlife Epidemic Texas Real Estate Research Center TAMU</span><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Texas A & M University</div><div><br /></div><div>Texas Real Estate Research Center </div><div><br /></div><div>Oh, Deer</div><div><br /></div><div>Heading Off a Wildlife Epidemic</div><div><br /></div><div>Charles E. Gilliland (Aug 18, 2021)</div><div><br /></div><div>The Takeaway</div><div><br /></div><div>Landowners in certain parts of the state need to be aware of chronic wasting disease, which can greatly reduce the number of deer. While there are no known cures or ways to eradicate the disease, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department is taking measures to reduce its spread.</div><div><br /></div><div>A multitude of risks threaten to undermine Texas landowners' efforts to manage their land. Some of those spring from past activities but can leave invisible living legacies behind. Anthrax, for example. An outbreak of anthrax in livestock leaves a scattering of spores across the countryside that can activate and infect replacement herds.</div><div><br /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) in wildlife poses a similar potential problem for landowners in certain parts of Texas. CWD infects members of the Cervidae family, namely deer, elk, moose, etc. CWD does not pose dangers to livestock, and scientists have not found evidence of the disease infecting humans. However, it is always fatal to stricken wildlife, threatening a destructive wave of infections among deer herds where the disease has spread. Therefore, CWD poses a direct threat to one of the primary motives for owning rural land: wildlife herd management.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Impact on Rural Landowners CWD poses a significant threat to the future of hunting in Texas. Deer population declines of 45 and 50 percent have been documented in Colorado and Wyoming. A broad infection of Texas deer populations resulting in similar population impacts would inflict severe economic damage to rural communities and could negatively impact land markets. Specifically, those landowners seeking to establish a thriving herd of deer could avoid buying in areas with confirmed CWD infections.</div><div><br /></div><div>As they do with anthrax-susceptible properties, land brokers may find it advisable to inquire about the status of CWD infections on properties that they present for sale. Prospective buyers should also investigate the status of the wildlife on prospective properties. In addition, existing landowners should monitor developments as TPWD crafts management strategies to identify and contain this deadly disease. </div><div><br /></div><div>____________________</div><div><br /></div><div>Dr. Gilliland (<a href="mailto:c-gilliland@tamu.edu" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:c-gilliland@tamu.edu">c-gilliland@tamu.edu</a>) is a research economist with the Texas Real Estate Research Center at Texas A&M University.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.recenter.tamu.edu/articles/tierra-grande/oh-deer-2314" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.recenter.tamu.edu/articles/tierra-grande/oh-deer-2314</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div><div>SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 06, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Texas adopts new management rules for chronic wasting disease in deer Nov 6, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/texas-adopts-new-management-rules-for.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/texas-adopts-new-management-rules-for.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>MICHIGAN CWD CAPTIVE</div><div><br /></div><div>11/4/2021 2, 3 Y Male MI Kent Elk Breeder Yes Yes 0 Depopulated</div><div><br /></div><div>7/15/2021 4 Y Female MI Montcalm WTD Breeder No No 109 Quarantine</div><div><br /></div><div>4/18/2021 2.5 Y Male MI WTD Shooter No No ukn Quarantine</div><div><br /></div><div>3/3/2021 4 Y Male MI Montcalm WTD Shooter No NA 14 Quarantine</div><div><br /></div><div>12/2019 3, 4.5 Y Males MI Newaygo WTD Shooter No No >600 Quarantine</div><div><br /></div><div>4/2019 2.5 Y Female MI Montcalm WTD Breeder No NA 113 Depopulated</div><div><br /></div><div>12/2017 1.5 Y Female MI Mecosta WTD Breeder Yes Yes 525 Quarantined</div><div><br /></div></div></div><div>1/2017 2Y Female MI Mecosta WTD & Sika deer Shooter No NA 71 Depopulated<br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Michigan: September, 2019: NVSL confirmed CWD in a two year old female white-tailed deer in Montcalm County. The doe was a natural addition to the breeding herd which consists of 50 white-tailed deer. This herd is not enrolled in the Federal HCP, is within a CWD endemic area, and is under quarantine. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/usaha-annual-cervid-health-report-2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/usaha-annual-cervid-health-report-2019.pdf</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>CWD Testing Results for Deer Harvested in 2020</div><div><br /></div><div>Test results updated as of Nov. 24, 2021.</div><div><br /></div><div>Totals reflected in this update only include those with final test results.</div><div><br /></div><div>Deer with pending results are not included in these totals.</div><div><br /></div><div>Zone Total Tested Number Positive</div><div><br /></div><div>UP CWD Core Surveillance Area 162 0</div><div><br /></div><div>South Isabella + Gratiot 606 3</div><div><br /></div><div>South Jackson 386 11</div><div><br /></div><div>Totals 1281 14</div><div><br /></div><div>Testing numbers above are part of the county totals in the larger table below. Deer tested in remainder of state 67 0 Positive</div><div><br /></div><div>Statewide Total 2199 15 Positive </div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...</div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-538324--,00.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-538324--,00.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-501527--,00.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-501527--,00.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-501527--,00.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_90516_90536-501527--,00.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Michigan MDARD Chronic Wasting Disease Confirmed in Two Farmed Elk from Kent County </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/michigan-mdard-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/michigan-mdard-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">MONDAY, JANUARY 27, 2020 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Michigan CWD TSE Prion MDARD 3 positive white-tailed deer from a Newaygo County deer farm depopulation and quarantine efforts update?<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-mdard-3-positive.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-mdard-3-positive.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div align="left" class="yiv3071017322envelope" style="float: none; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>TUESDAY, JANUARY 14, 2020 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Michigan MDARD has confirmed chronic wasting disease (CWD) in 3 white-tailed deer from a Newaygo County deer farm<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/michigan-mdard-has-confirmed-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/michigan-mdard-has-confirmed-chronic.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 10px;"><div><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">THURSDAY, MAY 23, 2019 </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Michigan Osceola County deer farm/ranch owner arraigned on several violations</span></span><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/05/michigan-osceola-county-deer-farmranch.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/05/michigan-osceola-county-deer-farmranch.html</a></div></div><div style="margin-bottom: 10px;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, MARCH 28, 2019 <br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;">Michigan CWD Identified in a Montcalm County Farmed Deer<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/03/michigan-cwd-identified-in-montcalm.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/03/michigan-cwd-identified-in-montcalm.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>Published: 06 September 2021</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021)</span> </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div></div><div><div class="yiv3071017322yqt8731436637" id="yiv3071017322yqtfd04889"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv3071017322aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv3071017322aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv3071017322aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv3071017322aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv3071017322aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div id="yiv3071017322"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div id="yiv3071017322"><div class="yiv3071017322yqt2985290361" id="yiv3071017322yqtfd96589"><div dir="ltr"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv3071017322aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv3071017322aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Trucking CWD TSE Prion</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">MONDAY, MARCH 05, 2018 </span><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>TRUCKING AROUND AND SPREADING CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION VIA MOVEMENT OF CERVID AND TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/03/trucking-around-and-spreading-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/03/trucking-around-and-spreading-chronic.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>SATURDAY, JULY 09, 2016</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Texas Intrastate – within state movement of all Cervid or Trucking Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Moratorium</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/07/texas-intrastate-within-state-movement.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/07/texas-intrastate-within-state-movement.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/texas-captive-deer-industry-pens.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2015/08/texas-captive-deer-industry-pens.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv3071017322aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv3071017322aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv3071017322aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv3071017322aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv3071017322aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div id="yiv3071017322"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div id="yiv3071017322"><div class="yiv3071017322yqt2985290361" id="yiv3071017322yqtfd96589"><div dir="ltr"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv3071017322aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv3071017322aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr">THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 2021 <div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Idaho Chronic Wasting Disease detected in two mule deer first time ever detected there</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/idaho-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/idaho-chronic-wasting-disease-detected.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr"><div>SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Montana Chronic wasting disease (CWD) was recently detected in a mule deer buck within Baker city limits in Hunting District 705 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/montana-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-was.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/montana-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-was.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Tennessee CWD-Positive Deer Found in Gibson and McNairy Counties<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/tennessee-cwd-positive-deer-found-in.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/tennessee-cwd-positive-deer-found-in.html</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div>FRIDAY, OCTOBER 29, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Tennessee 2020-2021 CWD TSE Prion Sample Collection 645 Positive<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/tennessee-2020-2021-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/tennessee-2020-2021-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 09, 2021 </div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr">Wisconsin Eau Claire County Deer Farm Tests Positive for CWD </div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/wisconsin-eau-claire-county-deer-farm.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/wisconsin-eau-claire-county-deer-farm.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 2021 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">South Dakota Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in New Area Stanley County with 608 cases confirmed to date<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/south-dakota-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/south-dakota-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Michigan MDARD Chronic Wasting Disease Confirmed in Two Farmed Elk from Kent County </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/michigan-mdard-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/michigan-mdard-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div>FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Tennessee CWD-Positive Deer Found in Gibson and McNairy Counties<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/tennessee-cwd-positive-deer-found-in.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/11/tennessee-cwd-positive-deer-found-in.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Voluntary Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program Annual Update, FY2020</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/voluntary-cwd-hcp-annual-update-fy2020" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/voluntary-cwd-hcp-annual-update-fy2020</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Cervids: CWD Voluntary Herd Certification Program</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Last Modified: Jun 29, 2021</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>CWD status of captive herds</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div>TERRIBLE NEWS for Texas for sure, and the good Doctor brings much needed attention to a topic no one wants to talk about, and i have been trying to bring awareness to this very topic for decades, <span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt;">5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">3. INDEMNITY, NO MORE Federal indemnity program, or what i call, ENTITLEMENT PROGRAM for game farm industry. NO MORE BAIL OUTS FROM TAX PAYERS. if the captive industry can't buy insurance to protect not only themselves, but also their customers, and especially the STATE, from Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion or what some call mad deer disease and harm therefrom, IF they can't afford to buy that insurance that will cover all of it, then they DO NOT GET A PERMIT to have a game farm for anything. This CWD TSE Prion can/could/has caused property values to fall from some reports in some places. roll the dice, how much is a state willing to lose? <br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021 </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">***> Confidential!!!!</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">---end personal email---end...tss</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/should-property-evaluations-contain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/should-property-evaluations-contain.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 04, 2013 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD and Land Value concerns? </div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">and so it seems...</div></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Scrapie Agent (Strain 263K) Can Transmit Disease via the Oral Route after Persistence in Soil over Years</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Published: May 9, 2007</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div>Our results showed that 263K scrapie agent can persist in soil at least over 29 months. Strikingly, not only the contaminated soil itself retained high levels of infectivity, as evidenced by oral administration to Syrian hamsters, but also feeding of aqueous soil extracts was able to induce disease in the reporter animals. We could also demonstrate that PrPSc in soil, extracted after 21 months, provides a catalytically active seed in the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) reaction. PMCA opens therefore a perspective for considerably improving the detectability of prions in soil samples from the field.<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435</a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">***> This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids. <***<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;">Paper</span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;">Kevin Christopher Gough BSc (Hons), PhD Claire Alison Baker BSc (Hons) Steve Hawkins MIBiol Hugh Simmons BVSc, MRCVS, MBA, MA Timm Konold DrMedVet, PhD, MRCVS … See all authors </span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;">Abstract</span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;">The transmissible spongiform encephalopathy scrapie of sheep/goats and chronic wasting disease of cervids are associated with environmental reservoirs of infectivity. Preventing environmental prions acting as a source of infectivity to healthy animals is of major concern to farms that have had outbreaks of scrapie and also to the health management of wild and farmed cervids. Here, an efficient scrapie decontamination protocol was applied to a farm with high levels of environmental contamination with the scrapie agent. Post‐decontamination, no prion material was detected within samples taken from the farm buildings as determined using a sensitive in vitro replication assay (sPMCA). A bioassay consisting of 25 newborn lambs of highly susceptible prion protein genotype VRQ/VRQ introduced into this decontaminated barn was carried out in addition to sampling and analysis of dust samples that were collected during the bioassay. Twenty‐four of the animals examined by immunohistochemical analysis of lymphatic tissues were scrapie‐positive during the bioassay, samples of dust collected within the barn were positive by month 3. The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease.</span></div></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">snip...</span></span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapiepositive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">***>This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602491/</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0px;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, </span><span style="font-size: 16px;">but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">Gudmundur Georgsson1, Sigurdur Sigurdarson2, Paul Brown3</span></div></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/87/12/3737.pdf?expires=1540908280&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=ED0572E1E5B272C100A32212A3E3761A" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/87/12/3737.pdf?expires=1540908280&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=ED0572E1E5B272C100A32212A3E3761A</a></span></span></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">imageTimm Konold1*, imageStephen A. C. Hawkins2, imageLisa C. Thurston3, imageBen C. Maddison4, imageKevin C. Gough5, imageAnthony Duarte1 and imageHugh A. Simmons1</div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">1Animal Sciences Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, UK</span><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The findings of this study highlight the role of field furniture used by scrapie-infected sheep to act as a reservoir for disease re-introduction although infectivity declines considerably if the field furniture has not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. PMCA may not be as sensitive as VRQ/VRQ sheep to test for environmental contamination.</span><br /></div></div></div></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">snip...</div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </span></span></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv7342030826aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Volume 26, Number 8—August 2020 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease among Physicians, Germany, 1993–2018 <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">high proportion of physicians with sCJD were surgeons</span></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/08/sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/08/sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.html</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">THURSDAY, JULY 02, 2020 <br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Diagnosed 7.5 Years after Occupational Exposure<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://vcjd.blogspot.com/2020/07/variant-creutzfeldtjakob-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://vcjd.blogspot.com/2020/07/variant-creutzfeldtjakob-disease.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv4677746381aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv4677746381aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv4677746381aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv4677746381aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv4677746381aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div id="yiv4677746381"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div id="yiv4677746381"><div class="yiv4677746381yqt2985290361" id="yiv4677746381yqtfd96589"><div dir="ltr"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv4677746381aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv4677746381aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>I kindly would like to bring to everyone's attention;</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> 6 Includes 39 case in which the diagnosis is pending (1 from 2018, 1 from 2019, 1 from 2020 and 19 from 2021), and 19 inconclusive cases; <br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>WOW, 2021 is showing 19 cases where the diagnosis is pending, and 19 inconclusive cases, what's that all about???</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> 7 Includes 33 (33 from 2021) cases with type determination pending in which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded. <br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>HOLEY COW, WITH 33 ADDITIONAL CASES FROM 2021, WITH TYPE DETERMINATION PENDING, IN WHICH DIAGNOSIS OF VCJD HAS BEEN EXCLUDED, WHAT'S ALL THAT ABOUT??? </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> 8 The sporadic cases include 4158 cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 76 cases of Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy (VPSPr) and 35 cases of sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI). <br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>HOLEY SMOKES, VPSPR CASES SEEM TO BE RISING, no one with a clue if it's zoonotic from cwd, atypical bse, scrapie, iatrogenic there from, or all of the above, take your pick, but with Canada having this outbreak of an neurological disorder similar to cjd, but yet, unlike anything they have seen, and cjd ruled out, yet still no answers, and all these cases of TYPE DETERMINATION PENDING IN THE USA, IN WHICH NVCJD HAS BEEN RULED OUT, AND VPSPR, WHAT'S GOING ON HERE?? WHAT THE HELL IS GOING ON???</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>IATROGENIC, IATROGENIC, IATROGENIC. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>LET'S COMPARE TO LAST REPORTS HERE;</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>USA Tables of Cases Examined National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined¹ Updated quarterly.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Last updated on: October 8th, 2020</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Year Total Referrals² Prion Disease Sporadic Familial Iatrogenic vCJD</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>1999 & earlier 382 231 200 27 3 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2000 145 102 90 12 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2001 209 118 110 8 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2002 241 144 124 18 2 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2003 259 160 137 21 2 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2004 316 181 164 16 0 1³</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2005 327 178 156 21 1 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2006 365 179 159 17 1 2⁴</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2007 374 210 191 19 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2008 384 221 205 16 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2009 397 231 210 20 1 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2010 401 246 218 28 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2011 392 238 214 24 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2012 413 244 221 23 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2013 416 258 223 34 1 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2014 355 208 185 21 1 1⁵</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2015 401 263 243 20 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2016 396 277 248 29 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2017 375 266 247 19 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2018 309 223 204 18 1 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2019 422 274 252 21 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2020 252 159 125 11 1 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>TOTAL 75316 46117 41268 4439 14 4</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>1Listed based on the year of death or, if not available, on the year of referral; </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2Cases with suspected prion disease for which brain tissue was submitted; </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>3Disease acquired in the United Kingdom; </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>4Disease acquired in the United Kingdom in one case and in Saudi Arabia in the other; </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>5Disease possibly acquired in a Middle Eastern or Eastern European country; </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>6Includes 12 cases in which the diagnosis is pending, and 19 inconclusive cases; </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>7Includes 24 (1 from 1986, 1 from 2019, 22 from 2020) cases with type determination pending in which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>8The sporadic cases include 4020 cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 71 cases of Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy (VPSPr) and 35 cases of sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI). </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>9Total does not include 277 Familial cases diagnosed by blood test only.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/divisions/national-prion-disease-pathology-surveillance-center/resources-professionals/tables-cases-examined" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/divisions/national-prion-disease-pathology-surveillance-center/resources-professionals/tables-cases-examined</a></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/usa-tables-of-cases-examined-national.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/usa-tables-of-cases-examined-national.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div class="yiv7540270759yqt7077496878" id="yiv7540270759yqt49805" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease TSE Prion Questionnaires a review 2021</span></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><a href="https://cjdquestionnaire.blogspot.com/2007/11/cjd-questionnaire.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial, helvetica;" target="_blank">https://cjdquestionnaire.blogspot.com/2007/11/cjd-questionnaire.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/continuing-enhanced-national.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/continuing-enhanced-national.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/09/sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-in.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/09/sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-in.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://oieusdabseprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://oieusdabseprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: arial;">cjd statistics USA July 2021 last update<br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><a href="https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/divisions/national-prion-disease-pathology-surveillance-center/resources-professionals/tables-cases-examined" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial; text-decoration-line: none;">https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/divisions/national-prion-disease-pathology-surveillance-center/resources-professionals/tables-cases-examined</a><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Texas CJD statistics have come to a complete halt since 2019 last updated, and i questioned this back in June of 2021;</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><h2 class="date-header" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 11.7px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;">MONDAY, JUNE 14, 2021</h2><div class="date-posts" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><div class="post-outer"><div class="post hentry uncustomized-post-template" itemprop="blogPost" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" style="margin: 8px 0px 24px;"><a name="2790385904704587996" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer;"></a><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="color: #1b0431; font-size: 18.2px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2021/06/texas-health-and-human-services.html" style="color: #1b0431; cursor: pointer;">Texas Health and Human Services The Department of State Health Services Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease TSE Prion Report 2021?</a></h3><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2021/06/texas-health-and-human-services.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2021/06/texas-health-and-human-services.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/</a><br /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://www.dshs.state.tx.us/IDCU/disease/creutzfeldt_jakob/Data.aspx" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.dshs.state.tx.us/IDCU/disease/creutzfeldt_jakob/Data.aspx</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; color: #3d3d3e; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 0.85em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; background-color: yellow; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">CJD</span></span> has been a <b style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important;">NOTIFIABLE CONDITION</b> in Texas since 1998, and it was likely under-reported and misdiagnosed for many years. For over 10 years now, Texas has carried out enhanced surveillance (passive and active surveillance) for <span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; background-color: yellow; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">CJD</span></span>, including sporadic, familial/genetic, and acquired (iatrogenic and variant) <span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; background-color: yellow; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">CJD</span></span>. The success of this program is demonstrated by the identification and confirmation of sporadic (sCJD), familial (fCJD) and variant (vCJD) <span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; background-color: yellow; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">CJD</span></span>, as well as cases of Variably Protease Sensitive Prionopathy (VPSPr), Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI), sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI), and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome. From 2010-2019 Texas reported 244 s<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; background-color: yellow; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">CJD</span></span>, 16 f<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; background-color: yellow; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">CJD</span></span>, 1 v<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; background-color: yellow; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">CJD</span></span>, 3 VPSPr, 3 FFI, and 2 sFI cases. Texas also investigates higher priority cases, such as cases in persons <55 years old, as v<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; background-color: yellow; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">CJD</span></span> is rarely found in individuals</p><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.dshs.state.tx.us/IDCU/disease/Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease.aspx?terms=cjd" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.dshs.state.tx.us/IDCU/disease/Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Disease.aspx?terms=cjd</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.dshs.state.tx.us/Search/?q=cjd&page=1" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.dshs.state.tx.us/Search/?q=cjd&page=1</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Sunday, October 13, 2013</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">*** CJD TSE Prion Disease Cases in Texas by Year, 2003-2012</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2013/10/cjd-tse-prion-disease-cases-in-texas-by.html" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2013/10/cjd-tse-prion-disease-cases-in-texas-by.html</a></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Tuesday, April 01, 2014</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">*** Questions linger in U.S. CJD cases 2005, and still do in 2014</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2014/04/questions-linger-in-us-cjd-cases-2005.html" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2014/04/questions-linger-in-us-cjd-cases-2005.html</a></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Monday, March 29, 2010</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">CJD TEXAS 38 YEAR OLD FEMALE WORKED SLAUGHTERING CATTLE EXPOSED TO BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD MATTER</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">URGENT, PLEASE NOTE ;</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">>>> Up until about 6 years ago, the pt worked at Tyson foods where she worked on the assembly line, slaughtering cattle and preparing them for packaging. She was exposed to brain and spinal cord matter when she would euthanize the cattle. <<<</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://www.recordandoalinda.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19:cjd-english-info&catid=9:cjd-ingles&Itemid=8" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer;">http://www.recordandoalinda.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19:cjd-english-info&catid=9:cjd-ingles&Itemid=8</a></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2010/03/cjd-texas-38-year-old-female-worked.html" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer;">http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2010/03/cjd-texas-38-year-old-female-worked.html</a></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">CJD NE TEXAS CLUSTER</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Northeast Texas</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">J.A. Rawlings,*1 K.A. Hendricks1, O.M. Nuno1, D.A. Brown1, D.A. Evans2, Texas Department of Health, 1Austin and 2Tyler, Texas Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, is caused by prions composed of proteinaceous material devoid of nucleic acid. CJD occurs sporadically (generally 1 case/1,000,000 population per year) in older patients (average age of 65) and is characterized by rapidly progressive dementia, accompanied by severe muscle spasms and incoordination. Death usually occurs within 3 to 12 months (average 7 months). CJD activity in Texas, which has a population of nearly 19 million, appeared to be typical. The statewide death rate for 1995 and 1996 was just under 1/1,000,000. In April of 1997, the Texas Department of Health became aware of an increased number of possible CJD cases in a 23-county area of NE Texas with a population of just over one million. After review of medical and pathology records, four patients were identified with definite classic CJD and three were identified with probable CJD. Dates of death for the eight patients were from April, 1996 through mid-July 1997. The patients were from 46 through 65 years of age; four were male and three were female. A case-control study to identify risks for CJD in NE Texas has been initiated. <a href="http://www.jifsan.umd.edu/tse/Rawlings.htm" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer;">http://www.jifsan.umd.edu/tse/Rawlings.htm</a></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">we get them young cases of tse prion disease in Texas, that is not related to anything $$$ money and politics will buy anything, especially junk science... sporadic ffi and sporadic gss ;</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">NOT THIS CASE !!! but another one a while back in Texas...see ;</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">We report a case of a 33-year-old female who died of a prion disease for whom the diagnosis of sFI or FFI was not considered clinically. Following death of this patient, an interview with a close family member indicated the patient's illness included a major change in her sleep pattern, corroborating the reported autopsy diagnosis of sFI.</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2013/10/cjd-tse-prion-disease-cases-in-texas-by.html" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2013/10/cjd-tse-prion-disease-cases-in-texas-by.html</a></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">sporadic FFI or nvCJD Texas style ???</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2011/11/case-report-sporadic-fatal-insomnia-in.html" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2011/11/case-report-sporadic-fatal-insomnia-in.html</a></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance in Texas</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2010/06/usa-cases-of-dpcjd-rising-with-24-cases.html" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer;">http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2010/06/usa-cases-of-dpcjd-rising-with-24-cases.html</a></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Sunday, July 11, 2010</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">CJD or prion disease 2 CASES McLennan County Texas population 230,213 both cases in their 40s</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/07/cjd-2-cases-mclennan-county-texas.html" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/07/cjd-2-cases-mclennan-county-texas.html</a></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer;">http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html" style="color: #473624; cursor: pointer;">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a></div></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/06/texas-mad-cow-cover-up-human-bse-again.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/06/texas-mad-cow-cover-up-human-bse-again.html</a></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr">Thursday, October 28, 2021 <br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr">Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) TSE Prion Zoonosis, friendly fire, iatrogenic transmission, blood products, sporadic CJD, what if?<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/10/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/10/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div>TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2019 First published 17 November 2020<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/11/the-european-union-summary-report-on.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/11/the-european-union-summary-report-on.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>EFSA Annual Report of the Scientific Network on BSE-TSE 2021<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/11/efsa-annual-report-of-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/11/efsa-annual-report-of-scientific.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">To the Editor: </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div><div>TUESDAY, DECEMBER 01, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease sCJD and Human TSE Prion Annual Report December 14, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/12/sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-scjd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/12/sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-scjd.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 21, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Human Prion Disease Surveillance in Washington State, 2006-2017</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/human-prion-disease-surveillance-in.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/10/human-prion-disease-surveillance-in.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Sunday, December 27, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>First autopsy proven case of VPSPr: Variably protease‐sensitive prionopathy in Japan</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://vpspr.blogspot.com/2020/12/first-autopsy-proven-case-of-vpspr.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://vpspr.blogspot.com/2020/12/first-autopsy-proven-case-of-vpspr.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>TUESDAY, DECEMBER 01, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease sCJD and Human TSE Prion Annual Report December 14, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/12/sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-scjd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/12/sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-scjd.html</a><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 22, 2021 </span><br /></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333;">Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease TSE Prion and Nutritional Supplements, Porcine Products, what you need to know </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-size: 10pt;">***> FDA DOES NOT have mandatory established specifications for animal-derived ingredients to ensure they are BSE free in Nutritional Supplements </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/01/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion-and.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/01/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion-and.html</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 15, 2021 <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;">CJD TSE Prion Questionnaire USA, UK, and the history there from, have you filled out this questionnaire?<br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="https://cjdquestionnaire.blogspot.com/2021/01/cjd-tse-prion-questionnaire-usa-uk-and.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://cjdquestionnaire.blogspot.com/2021/01/cjd-tse-prion-questionnaire-usa-uk-and.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">JOHN CORNYN TEXAS UNITED STATES SENATE WASHINGTON, DC 20510-4305 April 26,2005</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Mr. Terry Singeltary</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">P.O. Box </span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Bacliff, Texas 77518</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Dear Mr. Singeltary:</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">In response to your recent request for my assistance, I have contacted the National Institutes ofHealth. I will write you again as soon as I receive a reply. I appreciate having the opportunity to represent you in the United States Senate and to be ofservice in this matter.</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Sincerely,</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">JOHN CORNYN United States Senator JC:djl </span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">=============== </span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">JOHN CORNYN TEXAS UNITED STATES SENATE WASHINGTON, DC 20510-4305</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">May 18,2005</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Mr. Terry Singeltary</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">P.O. Box </span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Bacliff, Texas 77518</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Dear Mr. Singeltary:</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Enclosed is the reply I received from the Department of Health and Human Services in response to my earlier inquiry on your behalf. I hope this will be useful to you. I appreciate having the opportunity to represent you in the United States Senate. Thank you for taking time to contact me. Sincerely,</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">JOHN CORNYN United States Senate JC:djl Enclosure</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES National Institutes of HealthNational Institute of NeurologicalDisorders and Stroke NINDS Building 31, Room 8A52 31 Center Dr., MSC 2540 Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2540 Phone: 301-496-9746 Fax: 301-496-0296 Email: [log in to unmask]</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">May 10, 2005</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">The Honorable John CornynUnited States SenatorOccidental Tower5005 LBJ Freeway, Suite 1150Dallas, Texas 75244-6199</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Dear Senator Cornyn:</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Your letter to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) forwarding correspondence from Mr. Terry S. Singeltary, Sr., has been forwarded to me for reply. Mr. Singeltary is concerned about thepreservation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) brain samples that have been maintained by theNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Intramural Research programfor many years. I am sorry to learn that Mr. Singeltary's mother died of CJD and can certainly understand hisdesire that any tissues that could help investigators unravel the puzzle of this deadly disease arepreserved. I hope he will be pleased to learn that all the brains and other tissues with potential tohelp scientists learn about CJD are, and will continue to be, conserved. (The tissues that arediscarded are those that have either decayed to an extent that renders them no longer appropriatefor research or those for which we do not have sufficient identification.) The purpose of gathering these brains and tissues is to help scientists learn about CJD. To that end, some of the NINDS-held samples are distributed to investigators who can demonstrate thatthey have a compelling research or public health need for such materials. For example, sampleshave been transferred to NIH grantee Dr. Pierluigi Gambetti, who heads the National PrionDiseases Pathology Surveillance Center at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio and workswith the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to monitor all cases of CJD in the UnitedStates. Dr. Gambetti studies the tissues to learn about the formation, physical and chemicalproperties, and pathogenic mechanisms of prion proteins, which are believed to be involved inthe cause of CJD. Samples have also been transferred to Dr. David Asher, at the U.S. Food andDrug Administration, for use in assessing a potential diagnostic test for CJD.</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Page 2 - The Honorable John Cornyn</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">in closing, we know that donating organs and tissue from loved ones is a very difficult andpersonal choice that must often be made at the most stressful of times. We at the NINDS aregrateful to those stalwart family members who make this choice in the selfless hope that it willhelp others afflicted with CJD. We also know the invaluable contribution such donations maketo the advancement of medical science, and we are dedicated to the preservation of all of thetissue samples that can help in our efforts to overcome CJD.</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">I hope this information is helpful to you in responding to Mr. Singeltary. Sincerely,</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Story C. Landis, Ph.D. Director, National Institute ofNeurological Disorders and Stroke</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">snip...see full text;</span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/08/cjdstraight-talk-withjames.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/08/cjdstraight-talk-withjames.html</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2005/05/31/NIH-says-it-will-preserve-CJD-brains/67711117574761/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2005/05/31/NIH-says-it-will-preserve-CJD-brains/67711117574761/</a><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="color: #333333; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </span></span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;">Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </span><br /></div><div style="color: #333333; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;">To the Editor: </span><br /></div><div style="color: #333333; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;">In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.. </span><br /></div><div style="color: #333333; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex </span><br /></div><div style="color: #333333; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;">1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323. </span><br /></div><div style="color: #333333; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00715-1 Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Newsdesk</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Available online 29 July 2003. </div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2003, Page 463 </div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">“My name is Terry S Singeltary Sr, and I live in Bacliff, Texas. I lost my mom to hvCJD (Heidenhain variant CJD) and have been searching for answers ever since. What I have found is that we have not been told the truth. CWD in deer and elk is a small portion of a much bigger problem..” </div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext</a><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://download.thelancet..com/pdfs/journals/1473-3099/PIIS1473309903007151.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://download.thelancet..com/pdfs/journals/1473-3099/PIIS1473309903007151.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">January 28, 2003; 60 (2) VIEWS & REVIEWS</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) </div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Published March 26, 2003</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">26 March 2003</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) CJD WATCH</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states</a><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">SPORADIC CJD LAYING ODDS</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-387-21755-X_14" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-387-21755-X_14</a><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">In brief</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">BMJ 2000; 320 doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7226.8/b" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7226.8/b</a> (Published 01 January 2000)</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Cite this as: BMJ 2000;320:8</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Rapid Response:</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">02 January 2000</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Terry S Singeltary</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">retired</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as well... In reading your short article about 'Scientist warn of CJD epidemic' news in brief Jan. 1, 2000. I find the findings in the PNAS old news, made famous again. Why is the U.S. still sitting on their butts, ignoring the facts? We have the beginning of a CJD epidemic in the U.S., and the U.S. Gov. is doing everything in it's power to conceal it.</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The exact same recipe for B.S.E. existed in the U.S. for years and years. In reading over the Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors-1, this is a 25 page report by the USDA:APHIS:VS. It could have been done in one page. The first page, fourth paragraph says it all;</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">"Similarities exist in the two countries usage of continuous rendering technology and the lack of usage of solvents, however, large differences still remain with other risk factors which greatly reduce the potential risk at the national level."</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Then, the next 24 pages tries to down-play the high risks of B.S.E. in the U.S., with nothing more than the cattle to sheep ratio count, and the geographical locations of herds and flocks. That's all the evidence they can come up with, in the next 24 pages.</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Something else I find odd, page 16;</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">"In the United Kingdom there is much concern for a specific continuous rendering technology which uses lower temperatures and accounts for 25 percent of total output. This technology was _originally_ designed and imported from the United States. However, the specific application in the production process is _believed_ to be different in the two countries."</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">A few more factors to consider, page 15;</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">"Figure 26 compares animal protein production for the two countries. The calculations are based on slaughter numbers, fallen stock estimates, and product yield coefficients. This approach is used due to variation of up to 80 percent from different reported sources. At 3.6 million tons, the United States produces 8 times more animal rendered product than the United Kingdom."</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">"The risk of introducing the BSE agent through sheep meat and bone meal is more acute in both relative and absolute terms in the United Kingdom (Figures 27 and 28). Note that sheep meat and bone meal accounts for 14 percent, or 61 thousand tons, in the United Kingdom versus 0.6 percent or 22 thousand tons in the United States. For sheep greater than 1 year, this is less than one-tenth of one percent of the United States supply."</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">"The potential risk of amplification of the BSE agent through cattle meat and bone meal is much greater in the United States where it accounts for 59 percent of total product or almost 5 times more than the total amount of rendered product in the United Kingdom."</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Considering, it would only take _one_ scrapie infected sheep to contaminate the feed. Considering Scrapie has run rampant in the U.S. for years, as of Aug. 1999, 950 scrapie infected flocks. Also, Considering only one quarter spoonful of scrapie infected material is lethal to a cow.</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Considering all this, the sheep to cow ration is meaningless. As I said, it's 24 pages of B.S.e.</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">To be continued...</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Bacliff, Texas USA</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Competing interests: No competing interests</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well</a><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Rapid response to:</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">US scientists develop a possible test for BSE</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">15 November 1999</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Terry S Singeltary</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">NA</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">BMJ 1999; 319 doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7220.1312b" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7220.1312b</a> (Published 13 November 1999)</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Cite this as: BMJ 1999;319:1312</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Article Related content Article metrics </div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Rapid responses </div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Response Rapid Response: Re: vCJD in the USA * BSE in U.S. In reading the recent article in the BMJ about the potential BSE tests being developed in the U.S. and Bart Van Everbroeck reply. It does not surprize me, that the U.S. has been concealing vCJD. There have been people dying from CJD, with all the symptoms and pathological findings that resemble U.K. vCJD for some time. It just seems that when there is one found, they seem to change the clarical classification of the disease, to fit their agenda. I have several autopsies, stating kuru type amyloid plaques, one of the victims was 41 years of age. Also, my Mom died a most hideous death, Heidenhain Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease. Her symptoms resemble that of all the U.K. vCJD victims. She would jerk so bad at times, it would take 3 of us to hold her down, while she screamed "God, what's wrong with me, why can't I stop this." 1st of symptoms to death, 10 weeks, she went blind in the first few weeks. But, then they told me that this was just another strain of sporadic CJD. They can call it what ever they want, but I know what I saw, and what she went through. Sporadic, simply means, they do not know. My neighbors Mom also died from CJD. She had been taking a nutritional supplement which contained the following; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. As I said, this woman taking these nutritional supplements, died from CJD. The particular batch of pills that was located, in which she was taking, was tested. From what I have heard, they came up negative, for the prion protein. But, in the same breath, they said their testing, may not have been strong enough to pick up the infectivity. Plus, she had been taking these type pills for years, so, could it have come from another batch?</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">CWD is just a small piece of a very big puzzle. I have seen while deer hunting, deer, squirrels and birds, eating from cattle feed troughs where they feed cattle, the high protein cattle by products, at least up until Aug. 4, 1997.</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">So why would it be so hard to believe that this is how they might become infected with a TSE. Or, even by potentially infected land. It's been well documented that it could be possible, from scrapie. Cats becoming infected with a TSE. Have you ever read the ingredients on the labels of cat and dog food? But, they do not put these tissues from these animals in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutritional supplements, hGH, hPG, blood products, heart valves, and the many more products that come from bovine, ovine, or porcine tissues and organs. So, as I said, this CWD would be a small piece of a very big puzzle. But, it is here, and it most likely has killed. You see, greed is what caused this catastrophe, rendering and feeding practices. But, once Pandora's box was opened, the potential routes of infection became endless.</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">No BSE in the U.S.A.? I would not be so sure of that considering that since 1990;</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Since 1990 the U.S. has raised 1,250,880,700 cattle;</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Since 1990 the U.S. has ONLY checked 8,881 cattle brains for BSE, as of Oct. 4, 1999;</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">There are apprx. 100,000 DOWNER cattle annually in the U.S., that up until Aug. 4, 1997 went to the renders for feed;</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Scrapie running rampant for years in the U.S., 950 infected FLOCKS, as of Aug. 1999;</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Our feeding and rendering practices have mirrored that of the U.K. for years, some say it was worse. Everything from the downer cattle, to those scrapie infected sheep, to any roadkill, including the city police horse and the circus elephant went to the renders for feed and other products for consumption. Then they only implemented a partial feed ban on Aug. 4, 1997, but pigs, chickens, dogs, and cats, and humans were exempt from that ban. So they can still feed pigs and chickens those potentially TSE tainted by-products, and then they can still feed those by-products back to the cows. I believe it was Dr. Joe Gibbs, that said, the prion protein, can survive the digestinal track. So you have stopped nothing. It was proven in Oprah Winfrey's trial, that Cactus Cattle feeders, sent neurologically ill cattle, some with encephalopathy stamped on the dead slips, were picked up and sent to the renders, along with sheep carcasses. Speaking of autopsies, I have a stack of them, from CJD victims. You would be surprised of the number of them, who ate cow brains, elk brains, deer brains, or hog brains.</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">I believe all these TSE's are going to be related, and originally caused by the same greedy Industries, and they will be many. Not just the Renders, but you now see, that they are re-using medical devices that were meant for disposal. Some medical institutions do not follow proper auto- claving procedures (even Olympus has put out a medical warning on their endescopes about CJD, and the fact you cannot properly clean these instruments from TSE's), and this is just one product. Another route of infection.</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Regardless what the Federal Government in the U.S. says. It's here, I have seen it, and the longer they keep sweeping it under the rug and denying the fact that we have a serious problem, one that could surpass aids (not now, but in the years to come, due to the incubation period), they will be responsible for the continued spreading of this deadly disease.</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">It's their move, it's CHECK, but once CHECKMATE has been called, how many thousands or millions, will be at risk or infected or even dead. You can't play around with these TSE's. I cannot stress that enough. They are only looking at body bags, and the fact the count is so low. But, then you have to look at the fact it is not a reportable disease in most states, mis-diagnosis, no autopsies performed. The fact that their one-in-a- million theory is a crude survey done about 5 years ago, that's a joke, under the above circumstances. A bad joke indeed........</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The truth will come, but how many more have to die such a hideous death. It's the Government's call, and they need to make a serious move, soon. This problem, potential epidemic, is not going away, by itself.</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Bacliff, Texas 77518 USA</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div><a href="mailto:flounder@wt.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder@wt.net">flounder@wt.net</a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; text-decoration-line: underline;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="color: blue; text-decoration-line: underline;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: blue; text-decoration-line: underline;">SENATORS URGE BIDEN TO WITHDRAW SHEEP IMPORT RULE DUE TO SCRAPIE TSE Prion CONCERNS</span></div><div><span style="color: blue; text-decoration-line: underline;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: blue; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/senators-urge-biden-to-withdraw-sheep.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/senators-urge-biden-to-withdraw-sheep.html</a></span></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Competing interests: No competing interests</div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/319/7220/1312.3" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/content/319/7220/1312.3</a></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-81297635714361179152021-10-28T12:59:00.002-05:002021-10-28T12:59:31.761-05:00National Scrapie Eradication Program September 2021 Monthly Report Fiscal Year 2021<div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">National Scrapie Eradication Program September 2021 Monthly Report Fiscal Year 2021 </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Program Summary</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Infected and Source Flocks – An infected sheep and goat herd was identified in Wisconsin on March 16, 2021, related to the positive ewe found in January 2021. One flock in Texas has an open infected status since April 2016, but there are no exposed animals on the premises. Animals in the Texas herd designated for test must be sampled and valid test results obtained before the status can be closed. The number of newly designated infected and source flocks by year since 1997, is shown in Chart 3. The peak was in 2005 with 180 flocks.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Scrapie in Goats –The total number of NVSL confirmed positive cases in goats is 44 since FY 2002. Samples from three of these positive animals were collected through RSSS, one in November 2014, the second in July 2018, and the most recent in June 2019. The remainder of the positive cases have been found through testing of clinical suspects, testing of exposed animals, and trace-out investigations. Figure 1 shows the number of positive cases by Stateand by fiscal year of last reported case.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Regulatory Scrapie Slaughter Surveillance (RSSS) started April 1, 2003. It is a targeted slaughter surveillance program which is designed to identify infected flocks. Samples have been collected from 697,010 animals since April 1, 2003. As of September 30, 2021, 28,389 samples have been collected in FY 2021, 21,041 from sheep and 7,348 from goats. There have been 491 NVSL confirmed positive animals (474 classical cases – 471 sheep and 3 goats) and 17 Nor98-like cases since the beginning of RSSS. One sheep sampled in January 2021 tested positive for classical scrapie.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/scrapie/downloads/monthly_scrapie_report.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/scrapie/downloads/monthly_scrapie_report.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Scrapie Field Trial Experiments Mission, Texas, The Moore Air Force Base Scrapie Experiment 1964 </div><div><br /></div><div>How Did CWD Get Way Down In Medina County, Texas? </div><div><br /></div><div>Confucius ponders... </div><div><br /></div><div>Could the Scrapie experiments back around 1964 at Moore Air Force near Mission, Texas, could this area have been ground zero for CWD TSE Prion (besides the CWD cases that have waltzed across the Texas, New Mexico border near WSMR Trans Pecos region since around 2001)? </div><div><br /></div><div>Epidemiology of Scrapie in the United States 1977 </div><div><br /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br /></div><div>Scrapie Field Trial Experiments Mission, Texas A Scrapie Field Trial was developed at Mission, Texas, to provide additional information for the eradication program on the epidemiology of natural scrapie. The Mission Field Trial Station is located on 450 acres of pastureland, part of the former Moore Air Force Base, near Mission, Texas. </div><div><br /></div><div>It was designed to bring previously exposed, and later also unexposed, sheep or goats to the Station and maintain and breed them under close observation for extended periods to determine which animals would develop scrapie and define more closely the natural spread and other epidemiological aspects of the disease. </div><div><br /></div><div>The 547 previously exposed sheep brought to the Mission Station beginning in 1964 were of the Cheviot, Hampshire, Montadale, or Suffolk breeds. </div><div><br /></div><div>They were purchased as field outbreaks occurred, and represented 21 bloodlines in which scrapie had been diagnosed. </div><div><br /></div><div>Upon arrival at the Station, the sheep were maintained on pasture, with supplemental feeding as necessary. </div><div><br /></div><div>The station was divided into 2 areas: </div><div><br /></div><div>(1) a series of pastures and-pens occupied by male animals only, and </div><div><br /></div><div>(2) a series of pastures and pens occupied by females and young progeny of both sexes. </div><div><br /></div><div>... snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>see full text ; </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030513212324/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m08b/tab64.pdf</a> </div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">Scrapie vs Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion ???</span><br clear="none" /><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Title: Scrapie transmits to white-tailed deer by the oral route and has a molecular profile similar to chronic wasting disease</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Author </div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"> item Greenlee, Justin item Moore, S - Orise Fellow item Smith, Jodi - Iowa State University item Kunkle, Robert item West Greenlee, M - Iowa State University Submitted to: American College of Veterinary Pathologists Meeting Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 8/12/2015 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Technical Abstract: The purpose of this work was to determine susceptibility of white-tailed deer (WTD) to the agent of sheep scrapie and to compare the resultant PrPSc to that of the original inoculum and chronic wasting disease (CWD). We inoculated WTD by a natural route of exposure (concurrent oral and intranasal (IN); n=5) with a US scrapie isolate. All scrapie-inoculated deer had evidence of PrPSc accumulation. PrPSc was detected in lymphoid tissues at preclinical time points, and deer necropsied after 28 months post-inoculation had clinical signs, spongiform encephalopathy, and widespread distribution of PrPSc in neural and lymphoid tissues. Western blotting (WB) revealed PrPSc with 2 distinct molecular profiles. WB on cerebral cortex had a profile similar to the original scrapie inoculum, whereas WB of brainstem, cerebellum, or lymph nodes revealed PrPSc with a higher profile resembling CWD. Homogenates with the 2 distinct profiles from WTD with clinical scrapie were further passaged to mice expressing cervid prion protein and intranasally to sheep and WTD. In cervidized mice, the two inocula have distinct incubation times. Sheep inoculated intranasally with WTD derived scrapie developed disease, but only after inoculation with the inoculum that had a scrapie-like profile. The WTD study is ongoing, but deer in both inoculation groups are positive for PrPSc by rectal mucosal biopsy. In summary, this work demonstrates that WTD are susceptible to the agent of scrapie, two distinct molecular profiles of PrPSc are present in the tissues of affected deer, and inoculum of either profile readily passes to deer.</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=317901" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=317901</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> “In summary, this work demonstrates that WTD are susceptible to the agent of scrapie, two distinct molecular profiles of PrPSc are present in the tissues of affected deer, and inoculum of either profile readily passes to deer.”</span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">223. Scrapie in white-tailed deer: a strain of the CWD agent that efficiently transmits to sheep?</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Justin J. Greenleea, Robyn D. Kokemullera, S. Jo Moorea and Heather West Greenleeb</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">aVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA; bDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">CONTACT Justin J. Greenlee <a href="mailto:Justin.Greenlee@ars.usda.gov" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:Justin.Greenlee@ars.usda.gov">Justin.Greenlee@ars.usda.gov</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">ABSTRACT</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of sheep and goats that is associated with widespread accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) in the central nervous and lymphoid tissues. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the natural prion disease of cervid species, and the tissue distribution of PrPSc in affected cervids is similar to scrapie in sheep. There are several lines of evidence that suggest that multiple strains of CWD exist, which may affect the agent’s potential to transmit to hosts of the same or different species. We inoculated white-tailed deer with the scrapie agent from ARQ/ARQ sheep, which resulted in 100% attack rates by either the intracranial or oronasal route of inoculation. When examining tissues from the brainstems or lymphoid tissues by traditional diagnostic methods such as immunohistochemistry or western blots, it is difficult to differentiate tissues from deer infected with scrapie from those infected with CWD. However, there are several important differences between tissues from scrapie-infected white-tailed deer (WTD scrapie) and those infected with CWD (WTD CWD). First, there are different patterns of PrPSc deposition in the brains of infected deer: brain tissues from deer with WTD scrapie had predominantly particulate and stellate immunoreactivity whereas those from deer with WTD-CWD had large aggregates and plaque-like deposits. Secondly, the incubation periods of WTD scrapie isolates are longer than CWD isolates in mice expressing cervid prion protein. Most notably, the transmission potential of these two isolates back to sheep is distinctly different. Attempts to transmit various CWD isolates to sheep by the oral or oronasal routes have been unsuccessful despite observation periods of up to 7 years. However, WTD scrapie efficiently transmitted back to sheep by the oronasal route. Upon transmission back to sheep, the WTD scrapie isolate exhibited different phenotypic properties when compared to the sheep receiving the original sheep scrapie inoculum including different genotype susceptibilities, distinct PrPSc deposition patterns, and much more rapid incubation periods in transgenic mice expressing the ovine prion protein. The scrapie agent readily transmits between sheep and deer after oronasal exposure. This could confound the identification of CWD strains in deer and the eradication of scrapie from sheep.</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> “The scrapie agent readily transmits between sheep and deer after oronasal exposure. This could confound the identification of CWD strains in deer and the eradication of scrapie from sheep.”</span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Title: Scrapie transmits to white-tailed deer by the oral route and has a molecular profile similar to chronic wasting disease</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=317901" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=317901</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">J Vet Diagn Invest . 2021 Jul;33(4):711-720. doi: 10.1177/10406387211017615. Epub 2021 May 28. D Cassmann 1, Rylie D Frese 1, Justin J Greenlee 1</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Affiliations expand PMID: 34047228 PMCID: PMC8229824 (available on 2022-05-28)DOI: 10.1177/10406387211017615 Full text linksCite Abstract</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">The origin of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids is unclear. One hypothesis suggests that CWD originated from scrapie in sheep. We compared the disease phenotype of sheep-adapted CWD to classical scrapie in sheep. We inoculated sheep intracranially with brain homogenate from first-passage mule deer CWD in sheep (sCWDmd). The attack rate in second-passage sheep was 100% (12 of 12). Sheep had prominent lymphoid accumulations of PrPSc reminiscent of classical scrapie. The pattern and distribution of PrPSc in the brains of sheep with CWDmd was similar to scrapie strain 13-7 but different from scrapie strain x124. The western blot glycoprofiles of sCWDmd were indistinguishable from scrapie strain 13-7; however, independent of sheep genotype, glycoprofiles of sCWDmd were different than x124. When sheep genotypes were evaluated individually, there was considerable overlap in the glycoprofiles that precluded significant discrimination between sheep CWD and scrapie strains. Our data suggest that the phenotype of CWD in sheep is indistinguishable from some strains of scrapie in sheep. Given our results, current detection techniques would be unlikely to distinguish CWD in sheep from scrapie in sheep if cross-species transmission occurred naturally. It is unknown if sheep are naturally vulnerable to CWD; however, the susceptibility of sheep after intracranial inoculation and lymphoid accumulation indicates that the species barrier is not absolute.</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Keywords: PrPSc proteins; chronic wasting disease; deer; prions; scrapie; sheep.</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34047228/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34047228/</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> ”Our data suggest that the phenotype of CWD in sheep is indistinguishable from some strains of scrapie in sheep. Given our results, current detection techniques would be unlikely to distinguish CWD in sheep from scrapie in sheep if cross-species transmission occurred naturally.”</span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34047228/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34047228/</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10406387211017615" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10406387211017615</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Title: Second passage of chronic wasting disease of mule deer in sheep compared to classical scrapie after intracranial inoculation</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Taken together, these data suggest that the phenotype of CWD in sheep is indistinguishable from some strains of scrapie in sheep. </div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=376956" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=376956</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">''We inoculated WTD by a natural route of exposure (concurrent oral and intranasal (IN); n=5) with a US scrapie isolate. All scrapie-inoculated deer had evidence of PrPSc accumulation.''</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Title: Passage of scrapie to deer results in a new phenotype upon return passage to sheep</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337278" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337278</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Title: Transmission of the agent of sheep scrapie to deer results in PrPSc with two distinct molecular profiles </div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">***> In summary, this work demonstrates that WTD are susceptible to the agent of scrapie, two distinct molecular profiles of PrPSc are present in the tissues of affected deer, and inoculum of either profile type readily passes to deer. </div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=376956" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=376956</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337278" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337278</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=314097" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=314097</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature"><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">COLORADO THE ORIGIN OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION?</span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD. The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr. Bob Davis. At or about that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had previously been occupied by sheep.</span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv0443828752AppleMailSignature"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv0443828752aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv0443828752aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv0443828752aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv0443828752aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div>Accomplishments 1. Showed that swine are potential hosts for the scrapie agent. A naturally occurring prion disease has not been recognized in swine, but the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy does transmit to swine by experimental routes. Swine are thought to have a robust species barrier when exposed to the naturally occurring prion diseases of other species, but the susceptibility of swine to the agent of sheep scrapie has not been thoroughly tested. ARS researchers at Ames, Iowa conducted this experiment to test the susceptibility of swine to U.S. scrapie isolates by intracranial and oral inoculation. Necropsies were done on a subset of animals at approximately 6 months post inoculation (PI): the time the pigs were expected to reach market weight. Remaining pigs were maintained and monitored for clinical signs of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) until study termination at 80 months PI or when removed due to intercurrent disease. Brain samples were examined by multiple diagnostic approaches, and for a subset of pigs in each inoculation group, bioassay in mice expressing porcine prion protein. At 6 months PI, no evidence of scrapie infection was noted by any diagnostic method. However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div class="yiv0443828752yqt8945001653" id="yiv0443828752yqtfd03576"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div class="yiv0443828752yqt8945001653" id="yiv0443828752yqtfd23163"><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin-top: 0px;">Title:</b></div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease</span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PMID: 6997404</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">76/10.12/4.6</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">i recall a memo from an official way back that i was corresponding with back in 2001 during the BSE crisis (i don't make this stuff up).</span></span></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">***> Confidential!!!!</span></span></div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</span></span></div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">---end personal email---end...tss</span></span></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/should-property-evaluations-contain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/should-property-evaluations-contain.html</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>and so it seems now...</div><div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Scrapie Agent (Strain 263K) Can Transmit Disease via the Oral Route after Persistence in Soil over Years</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Published: May 9, 2007</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div>Our results showed that 263K scrapie agent can persist in soil at least over 29 months. Strikingly, not only the contaminated soil itself retained high levels of infectivity, as evidenced by oral administration to Syrian hamsters, but also feeding of aqueous soil extracts was able to induce disease in the reporter animals. We could also demonstrate that PrPSc in soil, extracted after 21 months, provides a catalytically active seed in the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) reaction. PMCA opens therefore a perspective for considerably improving the detectability of prions in soil samples from the field.<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000435</a></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">***> This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids. <***<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;">Paper</span></div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;">Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</span></div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;">First published: 19 January 2019 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></span></div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div></div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">snip...</span></span></div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapie positive goat herds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 </div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0px;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, </span><span style="font-size: 16px;">but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY Volume 87, Issue 12</span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years Free</span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">Gudmundur Georgsson1, Sigurdur Sigurdarson2, Paul Brown3</span></div></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/87/12/3737.pdf?expires=1540908280&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=ED0572E1E5B272C100A32212A3E3761A" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/87/12/3737.pdf?expires=1540908280&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=ED0572E1E5B272C100A32212A3E3761A</a></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">THE tse prion aka mad cow type disease is not your normal pathogen. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">The TSE prion disease survives ashing to 600 degrees celsius, that’s around 1112 degrees farenheit. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">you cannot cook the TSE prion disease out of meat. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">you can take the ash and mix it with saline and inject that ash into a mouse, and the mouse will go down with TSE. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production as well. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">the TSE prion agent also survives Simulated Wastewater Treatment Processes. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">IN fact, you should also know that the TSE Prion agent will survive in the environment for years, if not decades. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">you can bury it and it will not go away. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">The TSE agent is capable of infected your water table i.e. Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">it’s not your ordinary pathogen you can just cook it out and be done with. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> that’s what’s so worrisome about Iatrogenic mode of transmission, a simple autoclave will not kill this TSE prion agent.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Bethesda, MD 20892. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them. </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PMID: 8006664 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Front. Vet. Sci., 14 September 2015 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032</a></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission</div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">These results suggest that the VRQ/VRQ sheep model may be more sensitive than sPMCA for the detection of environmentally associated scrapie, and suggest that extremely low levels of scrapie contamination are able to cause infection in susceptible sheep genotypes. </span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Keywords: classical scrapie, prion, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, sheep, field furniture, reservoir, serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification </span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">MONDAY, APRIL 19, 2021</span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Evaluation of the application for new alternative biodiesel production process for rendered fat including Category 1 animal by-products (BDI-RepCat® process, AT) ???</span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/evaluation-of-application-for-new.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/evaluation-of-application-for-new.html</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-9-134.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04154-8.pdf</a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">***> CONGRESSIONAL ABSTRACTS PRION CONFERENCE 2018</span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">P69 Experimental transmission of CWD from white-tailed deer to co-housed reindeer </span><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Mitchell G (1), Walther I (1), Staskevicius A (1), Soutyrine A (1), Balachandran A (1) </span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">(1) National & OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. </span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) continues to be detected in wild and farmed cervid populations of North America, affecting predominantly white-tailed deer, mule deer and elk. Extensive herds of wild caribou exist in northern regions of Canada, although surveillance has not detected the presence of CWD in this population. Oral experimental transmission has demonstrated that reindeer, a species closely related to caribou, are susceptible to CWD. Recently, CWD was detected for the first time in Europe, in wild Norwegian reindeer, advancing the possibility that caribou in North America could also become infected. Given the potential overlap in habitat between wild CWD-infected cervids and wild caribou herds in Canada, we sought to investigate the horizontal transmissibility of CWD from white-tailed deer to reindeer. </span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Two white-tailed deer were orally inoculated with a brain homogenate prepared from a farmed Canadian white-tailed deer previously diagnosed with CWD. Two reindeer, with no history of exposure to CWD, were housed in the same enclosure as the white-tailed deer, 3.5 months after the deer were orally inoculated. The white-tailed deer developed clinical signs consistent with CWD beginning at 15.2 and 21 months post-inoculation (mpi), and were euthanized at 18.7 and 23.1 mpi, respectively. Confirmatory testing by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot demonstrated widespread aggregates of pathological prion protein (PrPCWD) in the central nervous system and lymphoid tissues of both inoculated white-tailed deer. Both reindeer were subjected to recto-anal mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (RAMALT) biopsy at 20 months post-exposure (mpe) to the white-tailed deer. The biopsy from one reindeer contained PrPCWD confirmed by IHC. This reindeer displayed only subtle clinical evidence of disease prior to a rapid decline in condition requiring euthanasia at 22.5 mpe. Analysis of tissues from this reindeer by IHC revealed widespread PrPCWD deposition, predominantly in central nervous system and lymphoreticular tissues. Western blot molecular profiles were similar between both orally inoculated white-tailed deer and the CWD positive reindeer. Despite sharing the same enclosure, the other reindeer was RAMALT negative at 20 mpe, and PrPCWD was not detected in brainstem and lymphoid tissues following necropsy at 35 mpe. Sequencing of the prion protein gene from both reindeer revealed differences at several codons, which may have influenced susceptibility to infection. </span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Natural transmission of CWD occurs relatively efficiently amongst cervids, supporting the expanding geographic distribution of disease and the potential for transmission to previously naive populations. The efficient horizontal transmission of CWD from white-tailed deer to reindeer observed here highlights the potential for reindeer to become infected if exposed to other cervids or environments infected with CWD. </span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">SOURCE REFERENCE 2018 PRION CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;">Title: Horizontal transmission of chronic wasting disease in reindeer</span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;">Author</span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;">item MOORE, SARAH - ORISE FELLOW item KUNKLE, ROBERT item WEST GREENLEE, MARY - IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY item Nicholson, Eric item RICHT, JUERGEN item HAMIR, AMIRALI item WATERS, WADE item Greenlee, Justin</span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;">Submitted to: Emerging Infectious Diseases</span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;">Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal</span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;">Publication Acceptance Date: 8/29/2016</span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;">Publication Date: 12/1/2016</span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;">Citation: Moore, S., Kunkle, R., Greenlee, M., Nicholson, E., Richt, J., Hamir, A., Waters, W., Greenlee, J. 2016. Horizontal transmission of chronic wasting disease in reindeer. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 22(12):2142-2145. doi:10.3201/eid2212.160635.</span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;">Interpretive Summary: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that occurs in farmed and wild cervids (deer and elk) of North America and was recently diagnosed in a single free-ranging reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Norway. CWD is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) that is caused by infectious proteins called prions that are resistant to various methods of decontamination and environmental degradation. Little is known about the susceptibility of or potential for transmission amongst reindeer. In this experiment, we tested the susceptibility of reindeer to CWD from various sources (elk, mule deer, or white-tailed deer) after intracranial inoculation and tested the potential for infected reindeer to transmit to non-inoculated animals by co-housing or housing in adjacent pens. Reindeer were susceptible to CWD from elk, mule deer, or white-tailed deer sources after experimental inoculation. Most importantly, non-inoculated reindeer that were co-housed with infected reindeer or housed in pens adjacent to infected reindeer but without the potential for nose-to-nose contact also developed evidence of CWD infection. This is a major new finding that may have a great impact on the recently diagnosed case of CWD in the only remaining free-ranging reindeer population in Europe as our findings imply that horizontal transmission to other reindeer within that herd has already occurred. Further, this information will help regulatory and wildlife officials developing plans to reduce or eliminate CWD and cervid farmers that want to ensure that their herd remains CWD-free, but were previously unsure of the potential for reindeer to transmit CWD.</span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;">Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal prion disease of cervids. Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) are susceptible to CWD following oral challenge, and CWD was recently reported in a free-ranging reindeer of Norway. Potential contact between CWD-affected cervids and Rangifer species that are free-ranging or co-housed on farms presents a potential risk of CWD transmission. The aims of this study were to 1) investigate the transmission of CWD from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus; CWDwtd), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus; CWDmd), or elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni; CWDelk) to reindeer via the intracranial route, and 2) to assess for direct and indirect horizontal transmission to non-inoculated sentinels. Three groups of 5 reindeer fawns were challenged intracranially with CWDwtd, CWDmd, or CWDelk. Two years after challenge of inoculated reindeer, non-inoculated negative control reindeer were introduced into the same pen as the CWDwtd inoculated reindeer (direct contact; n=4) or into a pen adjacent to the CWDmd inoculated reindeer (indirect contact; n=2). Experimentally inoculated reindeer were allowed to develop clinical disease. At death/euthanasia a complete necropsy examination was performed, including immunohistochemical testing of tissues for disease-associated CWD prion protein (PrPcwd). Intracranially challenged reindeer developed clinical disease from 21 months post-inoculation (months PI). PrPcwd was detected in 5 out of 6 sentinel reindeer although only 2 out of 6 developed clinical disease during the study period (< 57 months PI). We have shown that reindeer are susceptible to CWD from various cervid sources and can transmit CWD to naïve reindeer both directly and indirectly.</span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=328261" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=328261</a></span></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Infectivity surviving ashing to 600*C is (in my opinion) degradable but infective. based on Bown & Gajdusek, (1991), landfill and burial may be assumed to have a reduction factor of 98% (i.e. a factor of 50) over 3 years. CJD-infected brain-tissue remained infectious after storing at room-temperature for 22 months (Tateishi et al, 1988). Scrapie agent is known to remain viable after at least 30 months of desiccation (Wilson et al, 1950). and pastures that had been grazed by scrapie-infected sheep still appeared to be contaminated with scrapie agent three years after they were last occupied by sheep (Palsson, 1979).</div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/ssc/out58_en.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/ssc/out58_en.pdf</a></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Dr. Paul Brown Scrapie Soil Test BSE Inquiry Document</div></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv0961116420aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="yiv1390730922aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>172. Establishment of PrPCWD extraction and detection methods in the farm soil</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Kyung Je Park, Hoo Chang Park, In Soon Roh, Hyo Jin Kim, Hae-Eun Kang and Hyun Joo Sohn</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Conclusions: Our studies showed that PrPCWD persist in 0.001% CWD contaminated soil for at least 4 year and natural CWD-affected farm soil. When cervid reintroduced into CWD outbreak farm, the strict decontamination procedures of the infectious agent should be performed in the environment of CWD-affected cervid habitat.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>THURSDAY, OCTOBER 21, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>National Scrapie Eradication Program August 2021 Monthly Report Fiscal Year 2021<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/10/national-scrapie-eradication-program.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/10/national-scrapie-eradication-program.html</a></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>SUNDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Voluntary Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program Annual Update, FY2020<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/voluntary-chronic-wasting-disease-herd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/voluntary-chronic-wasting-disease-herd.html</a></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div>Voluntary Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program Annual Update, FY2020</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/voluntary-cwd-hcp-annual-update-fy2020" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/voluntary-cwd-hcp-annual-update-fy2020</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Cervids: CWD Voluntary Herd Certification Program</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Last Modified: Jun 29, 2021</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cervid/cervids-cwd/cervids-voluntary-hcp</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>CWD status of captive herds</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/cwd/downloads/status-of-captive-herds.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">SATURDAY, OCTOBER 23, 2021 </span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">USDA APHIS Farmed Cervid Chronic Wasting Disease Management and Response Activities 2021 and other Cooperative Agreements 2021 Spending Plans</span><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/usda-aphis-farmed-cervid-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/usda-aphis-farmed-cervid-chronic.html</a></span></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>MONDAY, OCTOBER 04, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>APHIS Provides $5.7 Million in Funding to Control and Prevent Chronic Wasting Disease<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/aphis-provides-57-million-in-funding-to.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/aphis-provides-57-million-in-funding-to.html</a></div></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><div>WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 13, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Continuing Enhanced National Surveillance for Prion Diseases in the U.S.<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The estimated total program funding for this effort is $17,500,000.<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/continuing-enhanced-national.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/continuing-enhanced-national.html</a></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2560706674003621546.post-51129027547381336532021-10-28T11:34:00.001-05:002021-10-28T11:34:07.979-05:00Scrapie vs Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion ???<p> <span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">Scrapie vs Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion ???</span></p><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Title: Scrapie transmits to white-tailed deer by the oral route and has a molecular profile similar to chronic wasting disease</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Author </div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"> item Greenlee, Justin item Moore, S - Orise Fellow item Smith, Jodi - Iowa State University item Kunkle, Robert item West Greenlee, M - Iowa State University Submitted to: American College of Veterinary Pathologists Meeting Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 8/12/2015 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Technical Abstract: The purpose of this work was to determine susceptibility of white-tailed deer (WTD) to the agent of sheep scrapie and to compare the resultant PrPSc to that of the original inoculum and chronic wasting disease (CWD). We inoculated WTD by a natural route of exposure (concurrent oral and intranasal (IN); n=5) with a US scrapie isolate. All scrapie-inoculated deer had evidence of PrPSc accumulation. PrPSc was detected in lymphoid tissues at preclinical time points, and deer necropsied after 28 months post-inoculation had clinical signs, spongiform encephalopathy, and widespread distribution of PrPSc in neural and lymphoid tissues. Western blotting (WB) revealed PrPSc with 2 distinct molecular profiles. WB on cerebral cortex had a profile similar to the original scrapie inoculum, whereas WB of brainstem, cerebellum, or lymph nodes revealed PrPSc with a higher profile resembling CWD. Homogenates with the 2 distinct profiles from WTD with clinical scrapie were further passaged to mice expressing cervid prion protein and intranasally to sheep and WTD. In cervidized mice, the two inocula have distinct incubation times. Sheep inoculated intranasally with WTD derived scrapie developed disease, but only after inoculation with the inoculum that had a scrapie-like profile. The WTD study is ongoing, but deer in both inoculation groups are positive for PrPSc by rectal mucosal biopsy. In summary, this work demonstrates that WTD are susceptible to the agent of scrapie, two distinct molecular profiles of PrPSc are present in the tissues of affected deer, and inoculum of either profile readily passes to deer.</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=317901" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=317901</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> “In summary, this work demonstrates that WTD are susceptible to the agent of scrapie, two distinct molecular profiles of PrPSc are present in the tissues of affected deer, and inoculum of either profile readily passes to deer.”</span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">223. Scrapie in white-tailed deer: a strain of the CWD agent that efficiently transmits to sheep?</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Justin J. Greenleea, Robyn D. Kokemullera, S. Jo Moorea and Heather West Greenleeb</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">aVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA; bDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">CONTACT Justin J. Greenlee <a href="mailto:Justin.Greenlee@ars.usda.gov" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:Justin.Greenlee@ars.usda.gov">Justin.Greenlee@ars.usda.gov</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">ABSTRACT</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of sheep and goats that is associated with widespread accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) in the central nervous and lymphoid tissues. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the natural prion disease of cervid species, and the tissue distribution of PrPSc in affected cervids is similar to scrapie in sheep. There are several lines of evidence that suggest that multiple strains of CWD exist, which may affect the agent’s potential to transmit to hosts of the same or different species. We inoculated white-tailed deer with the scrapie agent from ARQ/ARQ sheep, which resulted in 100% attack rates by either the intracranial or oronasal route of inoculation. When examining tissues from the brainstems or lymphoid tissues by traditional diagnostic methods such as immunohistochemistry or western blots, it is difficult to differentiate tissues from deer infected with scrapie from those infected with CWD. However, there are several important differences between tissues from scrapie-infected white-tailed deer (WTD scrapie) and those infected with CWD (WTD CWD). First, there are different patterns of PrPSc deposition in the brains of infected deer: brain tissues from deer with WTD scrapie had predominantly particulate and stellate immunoreactivity whereas those from deer with WTD-CWD had large aggregates and plaque-like deposits. Secondly, the incubation periods of WTD scrapie isolates are longer than CWD isolates in mice expressing cervid prion protein. Most notably, the transmission potential of these two isolates back to sheep is distinctly different. Attempts to transmit various CWD isolates to sheep by the oral or oronasal routes have been unsuccessful despite observation periods of up to 7 years. However, WTD scrapie efficiently transmitted back to sheep by the oronasal route. Upon transmission back to sheep, the WTD scrapie isolate exhibited different phenotypic properties when compared to the sheep receiving the original sheep scrapie inoculum including different genotype susceptibilities, distinct PrPSc deposition patterns, and much more rapid incubation periods in transgenic mice expressing the ovine prion protein. The scrapie agent readily transmits between sheep and deer after oronasal exposure. This could confound the identification of CWD strains in deer and the eradication of scrapie from sheep.</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> “The scrapie agent readily transmits between sheep and deer after oronasal exposure. This could confound the identification of CWD strains in deer and the eradication of scrapie from sheep.”</span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Title: Scrapie transmits to white-tailed deer by the oral route and has a molecular profile similar to chronic wasting disease</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=317901" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=317901</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">J Vet Diagn Invest . 2021 Jul;33(4):711-720. doi: 10.1177/10406387211017615. Epub 2021 May 28. D Cassmann 1, Rylie D Frese 1, Justin J Greenlee 1</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Affiliations expand PMID: 34047228 PMCID: PMC8229824 (available on 2022-05-28)DOI: 10.1177/10406387211017615 Full text linksCite Abstract</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">The origin of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids is unclear. One hypothesis suggests that CWD originated from scrapie in sheep. We compared the disease phenotype of sheep-adapted CWD to classical scrapie in sheep. We inoculated sheep intracranially with brain homogenate from first-passage mule deer CWD in sheep (sCWDmd). The attack rate in second-passage sheep was 100% (12 of 12). Sheep had prominent lymphoid accumulations of PrPSc reminiscent of classical scrapie. The pattern and distribution of PrPSc in the brains of sheep with CWDmd was similar to scrapie strain 13-7 but different from scrapie strain x124. The western blot glycoprofiles of sCWDmd were indistinguishable from scrapie strain 13-7; however, independent of sheep genotype, glycoprofiles of sCWDmd were different than x124. When sheep genotypes were evaluated individually, there was considerable overlap in the glycoprofiles that precluded significant discrimination between sheep CWD and scrapie strains. Our data suggest that the phenotype of CWD in sheep is indistinguishable from some strains of scrapie in sheep. Given our results, current detection techniques would be unlikely to distinguish CWD in sheep from scrapie in sheep if cross-species transmission occurred naturally. It is unknown if sheep are naturally vulnerable to CWD; however, the susceptibility of sheep after intracranial inoculation and lymphoid accumulation indicates that the species barrier is not absolute.</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Keywords: PrPSc proteins; chronic wasting disease; deer; prions; scrapie; sheep.</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34047228/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34047228/</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> ”Our data suggest that the phenotype of CWD in sheep is indistinguishable from some strains of scrapie in sheep. Given our results, current detection techniques would be unlikely to distinguish CWD in sheep from scrapie in sheep if cross-species transmission occurred naturally.”</span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34047228/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34047228/</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10406387211017615" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10406387211017615</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Title: Second passage of chronic wasting disease of mule deer in sheep compared to classical scrapie after intracranial inoculation</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Taken together, these data suggest that the phenotype of CWD in sheep is indistinguishable from some strains of scrapie in sheep. </div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=376956" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=376956</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">''We inoculated WTD by a natural route of exposure (concurrent oral and intranasal (IN); n=5) with a US scrapie isolate. All scrapie-inoculated deer had evidence of PrPSc accumulation.''</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Title: Passage of scrapie to deer results in a new phenotype upon return passage to sheep</div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337278" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337278</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Title: Transmission of the agent of sheep scrapie to deer results in PrPSc with two distinct molecular profiles </div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">***> In summary, this work demonstrates that WTD are susceptible to the agent of scrapie, two distinct molecular profiles of PrPSc are present in the tissues of affected deer, and inoculum of either profile type readily passes to deer. </div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=376956" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=376956</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337278" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337278</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=314097" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=314097</a></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature"><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">COLORADO THE ORIGIN OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION?</span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD. The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr. Bob Davis. At or about that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had previously been occupied by sheep.</span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3802158032AppleMailSignature"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="font-family: monospace; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv6028450827aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv6028450827aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv6028450827aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv6028450827aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Accomplishments 1. Showed that swine are potential hosts for the scrapie agent. A naturally occurring prion disease has not been recognized in swine, but the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy does transmit to swine by experimental routes. Swine are thought to have a robust species barrier when exposed to the naturally occurring prion diseases of other species, but the susceptibility of swine to the agent of sheep scrapie has not been thoroughly tested. ARS researchers at Ames, Iowa conducted this experiment to test the susceptibility of swine to U.S. scrapie isolates by intracranial and oral inoculation. Necropsies were done on a subset of animals at approximately 6 months post inoculation (PI): the time the pigs were expected to reach market weight. Remaining pigs were maintained and monitored for clinical signs of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) until study termination at 80 months PI or when removed due to intercurrent disease. Brain samples were examined by multiple diagnostic approaches, and for a subset of pigs in each inoculation group, bioassay in mice expressing porcine prion protein. At 6 months PI, no evidence of scrapie infection was noted by any diagnostic method. However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><b style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin-top: 0px;">Title:</b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PMID: 6997404</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">76/10.12/4.6</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0